taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus Pararrhynchium by the following combination of characters: female clypeus pear shaped, truncated at apex, in frontal view about 1.14 times as high as wide; gena almost as wide as eye; propodeum with posterior surface clearly separated from dorsal surface by an upper sharp and well-developed carina, the carina surrounds metanotum from behind and produces to a sharp tubercle at lower lateral corners; mesepisternum without epicnemial carina; T 1 – 5 with thick smooth band apically; male vertex also with cephalic foveae situated far from each other, about 0.85 times as wide as distance between posterior ocelli.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, female, Vietnam: Simsan, Y Ty, Bat Xat, Lao Cai, 22 ° 37 ’ 48 ” N, 103 ° 34 ’ 52 ” E, alt. 1324 m, 2 Aug. 2019, LTP Nguyen, CQ Nguyen, NT Tran leg., deposited in IEBR. Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male, same data as holotype; Vietnam: Ha Giang: 1 female, Bat Dai Son, Quan Ba, NR, 750 m, 18 May 2018, LTP Nguyen leg., deposited in IEBR.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	description	Description. Female. Body length 13.2 – 13.5 mm (holotype: 13.5 mm); fore wing length 12.8 – 13.0 mm (holotype: 13.0 mm). Head in frontal view subcircular, slightly wider than high (Fig. 1). Vertex with cephalic foveae situated far from each other, distance between them slightly greater than half distance between posterior ocelli (Fig. 2). Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex 2.5 times distance from posterior ocellus to inner eye margin (Fig. 2). Gena almost as wide as eye; occipital carina complete, present along entire length of the gena, somewhat weak at dorsal part. Inner eye margins convergent ventrally; in frontal view nearly 1.18 times further apart from each other at vertex than at clypeus. Clypeus in lateral view prominently convex at basal half, then straight to apical margin; in frontal view about 1.14 times as high as wide (Fig. 1), with basal margin slightly convex medially and distinctly separated from antennal sockets; apical margin almost truncated medially, width of the truncation slightly greater than 1 / 3 width of clypeus between inner eye margin. Mandible with four prominent teeth. Antennal scape about 4 times as long as its maximum width, slightly curved; F 1 about 1.6 times longer than wide, F 2 longer than wide, F 3 – 9 wider than long, terminal flagellomere bullet-shaped, 0.86 times as long as its basal width (Fig. 1). Mesosoma longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 3). Pronotal carina strongly raised, reaching ventral corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum weakly convex, 1.1 times as long as wide between tegulae, with two longitudinal smooth and shiny area (close to tegula and parategula) running from apical margin to one-third length of the mesoscutum, with two depressed furrow running from apical margin to one-fourth length of the mesoscutum (Fig. 3). Disc of scutellum slightly convex, in lateral view at the same level of mesoscutum (Fig. 4). Metanotum weakly convex. Propodeum (Fig. 5) with horizontal area about half as long as the length of metanotum), concavity margined by a crest, posterior surface clearly separated from dorsal side by an upper sharp and well-developed carina, the carina surrounds metanotum from behind and produces to a sharp tubercle at lower lateral corner (Fig. 5). Metasomal segment 1 slightly narrower than segment 2, truncate at base; anterior vertical surface flat, with dense coarse punctures, clearly separable from posterior horizontal part, with partial carina, visible on lateral sides. T 1 in dorsal view about 1.86 times as wide as long; T 2 about 1.14 times as long as wide in dorsal view; S 2 strongly depressed at base, in lateral view almost straight from base to one-fifth, strongly curve, then straight to apical margin (Fig. 7); T 1 – 5 with thick smooth band apically. Vestiture. Body covered with short, silver hairs. Sculpture. Clypeus with dense, coarse punctures, border between punctures raised, each puncture bearing a very short bristle. Frons densely covered with very coarse punctures, border between punctures smooth and raised to form reticulations. Vertex with punctures similar to those on frons; gena with strong punctures, border between punctures smooth and much larger than those on vertex. Pronotum with punctures coarser than punctures on vertex. Mesoscutum densely and coarsely covered with flat-bottomed punctures, border between punctures raised to form longitudinal striae at apical half; punctures on scutellum dense, coarse and equal to those on mesoscutum, punctures on metanotum smaller. Mesepisternum with flat-bottomed punctures, punctures coarser to those on pronotum posterodorsally, minute punctured anteroventrally; border between posterodorsal and anteroventral parts distinct, without epicnemial carina. Dorsal part of metapleuron with several striae, ventral metapleural part with dense and strong punctures. Propodeum with very coarse and dense punctures on dorsal and lateral parts, border between punctures strongly raised to form reticulation; posterior surface shiny, smooth largely, with some small and shallow punctures at sides, and with dense oblique striations near median carina. T 1 covered with strong punctures, border between punctures with minute punctures and sometimes larger than puncture diameter; punctures near apex of T 2 – 5 much denser; T 6 with weaker and smaller punctures. Colour. Body black, the following part yellow: small triangular spot near base of mandible, antennal scape beneath, inner side of fore tibiae. Wing strongly infuscated, with purple reflexion, veins dark brown (Fig. 8). Male (Fig. 12). Body length 10.3 mm; fore wing length 10.0 mm. Structure as in female, but differing from the latter as follows: head proportionally smaller, transverse, 1.14 times as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 9); vertex also with cephalic foveae situated far from each other (Fig. 10), about 0.85 times as wide as distance between posterior ocelli; distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex nearly 2.3 times distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin (Fig. 10); inner eye margins strongly convergent, 1.56 times further apart from each other at vertex than at clypeus (Fig. 9); clypeus in frontal view 1.17 times as long as wide, apical margin deeply emarginated medially, forming sharp pointed tooth on each lateral side (Fig. 9), with of emargination slightly greater than half of clypeus with; mandible with four prominent teeth. Antenna slightly slender than in female, flagellomere 1 about 2 times as long as wide, F 2 – 5 longer than wide, F 6 – 9 wider than long, F 10 much smaller than F 9, the terminal flagellomere elongate, slightly curved, about 2 times as long as its basal width (Fig. 11). Sculpture. Body surface sculptured as in female, but clypeus with smaller punctures. Colour. Similar to female, but mandible entirely black, yellow strip on scape much shorter. Legs entirely black.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. North Vietnam.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the locality name, Simsan village, where species was collected; it is to be treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5FFFE107C5FDEB2549FD6F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is close to P. oceanicum Sk. Yamane, 1990 in having the epicnemial carina absent, but it has the propodeum with a distinct shelf between the crest and metanotum (versus the propodeum without a shelf in P. oceanicum), and the anterior vertical face of T 1 without a median longitudinal carina (versus anterior vertical face of T 1 with a median longitudinal carina in P. oceanicum).	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus Pararrhynchium by the following combination of characters: clypeus with flattened part well defined, in frontal view almost as high as wide, with sparse punctures, borders between punctures smooth, shining, and with micropunctures; propodeum with the carina produces to blunt tubercles behind metanotum and at lower lateral corner; T 1 with distinct basal transverse carina; T 2 almost as long as wide in dorsal view; and S 2 strongly depressed at base, in lateral view almost straight from base to half, then straight to apical margin.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, female, Vietnam: Cham Chu NR, Cao Duong, Yen Thuan, Ham Yen, Tuyen Quang, way to waterfall, 22 ° 17 ’ 32.5 ” N, 104 ° 59 ’ 28 ” E, alt. 643 m, 16 May 2019, LTP Nguyen & CQ Nguyen, deposited in IEBR. Paratypes: 4 females, same data as holotype, deposited in IEBR.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	description	Description. Female (Fig. 20). Body length 13.2 – 13.5 mm (holotype: 13.5 mm); fore wing length 12.8 – 13.0 mm (holotype: 13.0 mm). Head in frontal view subcircular, slightly wider than high (Fig. 13). Vertex with cephalic foveae situated close to each other, distance between them about one-fourth distance between posterior ocelli (Fig. 14). Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex 2 times distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin (Fig. 14). Gena almost as wide as eye; occipital carina complete, present along entire length of the gena, somewhat weak at dorsal part. Inner eye margins convergent ventrally; in frontal view nearly 1.25 times further apart from each other at vertex than at clypeus. Clypeus with flattened part well defined, in frontal view almost as high as wide (Fig. 13), with basal margin strongly convex medially and distinctly separated from antennal sockets; apical margin emarginate medially forming a blunt tooth on each side, width of the truncation slightly greater than 1 / 3 width of clypeus between inner eye margin. Mandible with four prominent teeth. Antennal scape about 3.8 times as long as its maximum width, slightly curved; F 1 about 1.7 times longer than wide, F 2 and 3 slightly longer than wide, F 4 as long as wide, F 5 – 9 wider than long, terminal flagellomere bullet-shaped, as long as its basal width (Fig. 13). Mesosoma longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 15). Pronotal carina strongly raised, reaching ventral corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum weakly convex, 1.1 times as long as wide between tegulae, with medial longitudinal smooth and shiny area running from apical margin to half length of the mesoscutum, with two depressed furrows running from apical margin to one-fourth length of the mesoscutum (Fig. 15). Disc of scutellum slightly convex, in lateral view at the same level of mesoscutum (Fig. 16). Metanotum weakly convex. Propodeum (Fig. 17) with propodeal dorsum forming shelf like area behind metanotum, with horizontal area slightly shorter than the length of metanotum, concavity margined by a crest, posterior surface clearly separated from dorsal side by an upper sharp and well-developed carina, the carina produces to blunt tubercles behind metanotum and at lower lateral corner (Fig. 17). Metasomal segment 1 (Fig. 18) clearly narrower than segment 2, about 0.9 times as wide as the width of segment 2, truncate at base, anterior vertical surface convex, with dense coarse punctures, clearly separable from posterior horizontal part, with completed carina. T 1 in dorsal view about 1.58 times as wide as long; T 2 almost as long as wide in dorsal view; S 2 strongly depressed at base, in lateral view almost straight from base to half, then straight to apical margin (Fig. 19); T 1 and T 2 with a narrow smooth band apically. Vestiture. Body covered with medium silver hairs. Sculpture. Clypeus with sparse punctures, each puncture bearing a very short bristle, border between punctures smooth, shining, and with micropunctures. Frons densely covered with very coarse punctures, border between punctures raised to form reticulations. Vertex with punctures similar to those on frons; gena with strong punctures, border between punctures smooth and much larger than those on vertex. Pronotum with punctures similar to those on vertex. Mesoscutum densely and coarsely covered with flat-bottom punctures, border between punctures raised to form reticulations; punctures on scutellum dense, smaller than those on mesoscutum, punctures on metanotum weaker than those on scutellum; scutellum with distinct median furrow. Mesepisternum with flat-bottomed punctures, punctures coarser than those on pronotum posterodorsally, small and sparse punctured and with a large smooth area anteroventrally; border between posterodorsal and anteroventral parts distinct, with epicnemial carina. Dorsal metapleuron with several strong striae, ventral metapleuron with sparse and shallow punctures, and several short striae. Propodeum with very coarse punctures and a smooth area on dorsal part, with dense and strong punctures, border between punctures sometimes weakly raised to form reticulation at lateral parts; posterior surface dull, rugose, with small shallow punctures at sides. T 1 covered with strong punctures, border between punctures with minute punctures and sometimes larger than puncture diameter; punctures on T 2 smaller and sparser than those on T 1; T 3 and T 4 with weaker and smaller punctures; T 5 and T 6 with minute punctures. Tegula shiny, with sparse minute punctures. Colour. Body almost black except two small orange- yellowish spots above between antennae. Wing strongly infuscated, veins dark brown. Male. Unknown.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. North Vietnam.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from the Latin sparsus (= sparse), indicating the sparsely punctured clypeus of this species	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA5AFFE207C5FCD02724FB3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pararrhynchium sparsum Nguyen & Ljubomirov, sp. nov. is close to P. tsunekii Tano & Yamane, 1983 in having the female clypeus with the flattened part well defined, with sparse fine punctures; scutellum with distinct median furrow; T 1 with a distinct basal transverse carina; and the apical margin of T 3 not lamellate. It can be differentiated from the later by the following characters: clypeus as long as wide (versus clypeus longer than wide in P. tsunekii); propodeum with superior carinae apically forming a pair of blunt teeth behind metanotum (versus propodeum with superior carinae apically forming a pair of relatively sharp teeth behind metanotum in P. tsunekii), and by the color pattern. Pararrhynchium sparsum Nguyen & Ljubomirov, sp. nov. is also close to P. ornatum (Smith, 1852) but can be differentiated from the later by the following characters: clypeus as long as wide (versus clypeus longer than wide in P. ornatum); and apical margin of T 3 not lamellate (versus apical margin of T 3 lamellate, slightly bent upward in P. ornatum).	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
03F37C76BA59FFED07C5FB612387FADD.taxon	discussion	This key deals with all species of Pararrhynchium, excluding the species of the “ Lissodynerus ” which was synonymized with Pararrhynchium and can be separated from the remaining members of the genus by these characters: propodeal dorsum below plane of metanotum, and prestigma of forewing more than half as long as pterostigma, measured along the posterior part (propodeal dorsum forming shelflike area behind metanotum and prestigma less than half as long as pterostigma in other members of the genus). The characters are applicable to both sexes unless the sex is specified.	en	Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Tran, Ngat Thi, Bui, Dien Trong, Ljubomirov, Toshko (2021): Contribution to the genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae), with description of two new species from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 159-168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.5
