identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7A3D585A196EE80821BC682A9C6B26D0.text	7A3D585A196EE80821BC682A9C6B26D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Castianeira Keyserling 1879	<div><p>Genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879</p> <p>Type species: Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879 (by original designation).</p> <p>Diagnosis (modified after Reiskind 1969). PER only slightly wider than AER, AER moderately recurved, PER moderately to slightly procurved; eyes approximately equal but often with AME larger than ALE; thoracic groove usually present, often strong; carapace index of 54–76; cephalic region moderately narrow (cephalic index 47–73); abdomen with negligible petiole; trochanter IV notch often present and deep (Rubio et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. We do not include characters in our diagnosis that are provided for African (Haddad 2012) or Asian species (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001) of Castianeira that have not been tested on large series of Neotropical specimens. These include the shape of the labium, dorsal sclerite and male palpal cymbium, or the number of femoral spines, as these need to be confirmed for Neotropical species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A3D585A196EE80821BC682A9C6B26D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pett, Brogan L.;Perger, Robert	Pett, Brogan L., Perger, Robert (2021): Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 145-158, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4
7A3D585A196EE80921BC6A3F9DB825E3.text	7A3D585A196EE80921BC6A3F9DB825E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitao 1945	<div><p>Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945</p> <p>Figs 2–5</p> <p>Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945: 259, fig. 44.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♀: ARGENTINA: Misiones Province, San Ignacio, 1941, leg. Birabén (MACN-Ar 16.570) (examined by photos, Figs 1A–F).</p> <p>Material examined. PARAGUAY: 4♂, 2 juv., Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.866&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.866/lat -20.633)">Madrejón</a>, -20.633, -59.866, 10.xi.1982, “undisturbed low forest”, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.742); 2♀, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, 1-6.ix.1982 (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.744); 1♂, 3♀, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.309&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.423" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.309/lat -20.423)">Cerro León</a>, -20.423, -60.309, 19–27.xi.1984, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.747 and IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.748); 3♀, Ñeembucú department, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.844" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.305/lat -26.844)">Pilar</a> military base, -26.844, -58.305, 17.vi.2020, “pasture grassland”, leg. B.L. Pett &amp; V. Vladimirova (CIPLT-Ar 689); 2♂, Itapúa department, Distrito Alto Verá, Cangue Cuá, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.653&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.578" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.653/lat -26.578)">Estancia Mendieta</a>, -26.578, -55.653, 9–12.ii.1999, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.723). BOLIVIA: 3♂, 4♀, Santa Cruz department, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, “ Cerrado-like grassland in urbanization”, -17.760, -63.24, 432 m a.s.l., 21–28 Dec. 2019, leg. R. Perger (CBF).</p> <p>Remarks. The conspecificity of the males and females cited in the material is supported by the collection of a series of male and females co-occurring in the same microhabitats in Paraguayan and Bolivian locations.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Castianeira spinipalpis can be distinguished from other known Neotropical Castianeira by the following combination of characters: tibia I with 4-4 ventral spines (Figs 2C, D, 4B); relatively long and erect setae covering abdomen (Figs 3A, B, 4A); eyes all equal and relatively large (i.e. larger eye diameter / cephalic region surface area than other Castianeira) (Fig. 2B). Males can be recognized by the prolaterally-projected hook-like embolus with four coils (Figs 5A, B), largest and thickest coil at the basal curvature of the embolus, to very fine coils at apex. Sperm ducts convoluted. Females can be recognized by the ventral spines of tibia I strongly developed (Figs 2C, 3B), the conspicuous paddle-shaped ST with wide, longitudinal slit-like CO positioned postero-laterally to ST II (Figs 3C–F); CDs with one moderately well-sclerotized twist.</p> <p>Remarks. Castianeira vittatula Roewer, 1951 (replacement name for Castianeira vittata Keyserling, 1891) and C. luteipes Mello-Leitão, 1922 (both species described from Brazil) are the only other new world Castianeira with tibia I ventral spination 4-4. These species additionally have erect abdominal setae. However, since the descriptions of those species cite AME twice as large as the ALE (Keyserling 1891; Mello-Leitão 1922), they clearly could not be synonymous with C. spinipalpis.</p> <p>Description. Female (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.744)</p> <p>Measurements. Total length 6.04. Carapace: length 2.42, width 1.60, index 66. Cephalic region: width 0.77, index 32. Sternum: length 1.10, width 0.92. Abdomen: length 3.62, width 2.59. Clypeus height 0.45. Chelicerae: length 0.82, width 0.36. Eyes: AME 0.15, ALE 0.13, PME 0.14, PLE 0.14. Legs: formula 4132; I = 6.60 (1.83, 0.61, 1.71, 1.33, 1.12); II = 5.86 (1.50, 0.60, 1.41, 1.35, 1.00); III = 6.15 (1.92, 0.56, 1.42, 1.27, 0.98); IV = 8.18 (2.23, 0.72, 2.14, 2.29, 0.80).</p> <p>Carapace: Long and wide, ranging from deep orangish-brown (Figs 2B, D) to brown, with quite intense black mottling (Figs 3A, B), narrowed anteriorly and ocular region darkest.</p> <p>Eyes: Medium to large, all roughly equal in diameter. PER procurved, AER row recurved.</p> <p>Chelicerae: Chelicerae with two retromarginal teeth, two teeth on promargin, with distal one about twice the size, one very small denticle present just distal from larger tooth.</p> <p>Sternum: Shield-shaped, with dark edges (Fig. 2F).</p> <p>Legs: Coxae all pale (Fig. 2F). Femora I dark brown, otherwise all leg segments brown to orange, darkening at apices of tibiae. With 4-4 tibial spines on anterior legs (Fig. 2C).</p> <p>Abdomen: Oval, light brown to grey, with pale spots (areas without pigment showing pale cuticle underneath) throughout entire surface of abdomen (Figs 2B, E, F, 3A, B). Dorsal sclerite brown, sub-rectangular, around ¼ abdomen length. Relatively long, erect setae throughout abdomen giving hairy appearance (Figs 3A, B), hairs longer at final 1/3 of abdomen. Two roughly triangular white patches just posterior to dorsal sclerite (Figs 2B, 3A, B). Two strong spines present at anterior margin of dorsal sclerite. Venter lighter, with faint white markings where ventral sclerite is present in males (Fig. 2F). Epigastric sclerite weakly sclerotized, translucent orangish-brown.</p> <p>Epigyne: Clearly visible externally (Fig. 2E). ST appear paddle-like, with large anterior ST II oval, posteriorly extending into narrower and smaller ST I, with indistinct separation. COs distinct, slit-like and longitudinal, situated lateral of posterior end of ST II, directed posterolaterally (Figs 3C–F).</p> <p>Leg spination: I: F = d2 pl1 (rlv7 macrosetae), T = plv4 rlv4, Mt = plv2 rlv2; II: F = d3 (plv8 rlv8 macrosetae), T = plv4 rlv3, Mt = plv2 rlv2; III: F = d2 (plv9 rlv10 macrosetae), T = plv3 rlv4, Mt = plv2 rlv2; IV: F = d2, T = d3 (pl1), plv3 rlv3, Mt = d1, pld1 rld1, plv1 rlv2.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A3D585A196EE80921BC6A3F9DB825E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pett, Brogan L.;Perger, Robert	Pett, Brogan L., Perger, Robert (2021): Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 145-158, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4
7A3D585A1964E80221BC6F599A31277A.text	7A3D585A1964E80221BC6F599A31277A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1894	<div><p>Genus Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894</p> <p>Type species: Myrmecotypus fuliginosus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 (by original designation).</p> <p>Diagnosis (following Perger &amp; Rubio 2020a, 2021). Cephalic region wide (cephalic index range 64–89), carapace narrowed (carapace index ˂ 60), without thoracic groove but with slight depression instead; PER wider than AER and almost straight to moderately recurved, AME larger than ALE, PME–PME greater than PME–PLE, PLE situated close to lateral margin of cephalic area; abdomen only very slightly petiolated; tibia I ventral spines paired in 2–2, 3–2, 3–3 or 4–4 arrangement; trochanter IV notch usually absent, with only a tiny one, if present.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A3D585A1964E80221BC6F599A31277A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pett, Brogan L.;Perger, Robert	Pett, Brogan L., Perger, Robert (2021): Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 145-158, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4
7A3D585A1964E80021BC68D19B9C2713.text	7A3D585A1964E80021BC68D19B9C2713.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmecotypus rubioi Pett & Perger 2021	<div><p>Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov.</p> <p>(LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 351AA423-91AC-427E-A60C-86BEA6DD2D0A)</p> <p>Figs 7, 8</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: BOLIVIA: Beni department, José Ballivián province, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.216" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.666/lat -14.216)">Espiritu</a> (-14.216, -66.666), vegetation, 9.ix.1986, leg. W. Hanagarth &amp; J. Sarmiento (SMNK-ARA 13318).</p> <p>Other material examined. 1 subadult ♂, 1 subadult ♀: same data as holotype (SMNK-ARA 13318).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners by having tibia I spination of 3-2 and coxa II white (the remaining coxae dark) (Figs 7A–C). Additionally, the new species has a unique male palpal embolus with two broad embolic discs basal to embolus tip (Figs 8A, B), subapical disc well-sclerotized, forming part of the embolus, turning 1.5 times to a tapered, retrolaterally-directed point; and the RTA sharp, thornlike, ventrally projected (Fig. 8B).</p> <p>Remarks. Rubio &amp; Arbino (2009) and Perger &amp; Rubio (2020a) hypothesized that some Neotropical species of Apochinomma Pavesi, 1881 may belong to Myrmecotypus. Amongst those species, A. formicoides Mello-Leitão, 1939 is the only species with a sub-globose abdomen and light coxa II (remaining coxae dark) (Mello-Leitão 1939). Unfortunately, the female holotype of A. formicoides was not available for study, and it is probably lost (World Spider Catalog 2021; A. Kury, pers. comm.). According to the description and illustration that were provided by Mello-Leitão (1939), A. formicoides can be distinguished from M. rubioi sp. nov. by a carapace index of ~42 (59 in the new species), the cephalic area with lateral borders subparallel (narrowing in anterior direction in the new species), and tibia I spination of 3-3 (3- 2 in the new species).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is a genitive patronym in honour of Argentinian arachnologist, Dr. Gonzalo D. Rubio (Argentina), for his substantial contributions to the knowledge on Neotropical ant-like spiders.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Measurements. Total length 3.63. Carapace: length 1.74, width 1.03, index 59, height 0.67. Cephalic region: width 0.62, index 60. Abdomen: length 1.80 (1.89 incl. pedicel), width 1.10, index 58. Sternum: length 0.81, width 0.60, index 74. Chelicerae: length 0.51, width 0.35. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.06, PME 0.07, PLE 0.06. Legs: I = 3.04 (0.82, 0.32, 0.81, 0.62, 0.47); II = 3.11 (0.81, 0.30, 0.75, 0.67, 0.58); III = 2.73 (0.78, 0.26, 0.68, 0.63, 0.38); IV = 4.25 (1.20, 0.38, 1.04, 1.05, 0.58).</p> <p>Carapace: Broad oval-shaped dorsally (Fig. 7A), subtruncate anteriorly. Deep reddish-brown, with longish simple white hairs laterally and frontally, absent medially. No depression, highest point just posterior to fovea, slope towards cephalic region very gentle, slope posterior towards pedicel abrupt (Fig. 7B). Sparse short setae near lateral margins.</p> <p>Sternum: Concolorous with carapace, roughly shield-shaped, parallel straight lateral margins at region of coxae II (Fig. 7C). Short, fine silver setae present, sparse. Anteriorly truncated. Coxae II white, other coxae dark brown, right coxae III with lighter basal 1/3 and may be aberrant.</p> <p>Eyes: AER weakly recurved, AME about 2x larger than ALEs, ALE and PME clearly the smallest eyes. PER almost straight, weakly recurved in dorsal view, very weakly recurved in frontal view. AME clearly larger than other eyes. Long ocular setae.</p> <p>Legs: Legs I and II light yellow, with femora I and II with basal 1/3 dark, legs III and IV dark brown to reddish, with basal ½ of patellae III and IV light yellow. Femora with pair of strong dorsal spines, basal one about twice as long and thicker (spines on femora III and IV about ½ femur length). Basal portion of femora with mix of very short fine simple and feathery silver setae, more abundant on F III and IV. Tibia I with 3-2 spines, metatarsus I with 2-2 tibial spines.</p> <p>Chelicerae: Lighter than carapace, orange. Two small teeth on retromargin, distal one slightly larger, two teeth on promargin, distal one about twice the size of basal tooth, both promarginal teeth larger than retromarginal teeth. One tiny denticle more distal than distal tooth on promargin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Pyriform, broadest at posterior half, without constriction (Figs 7A–C). Deep red, darkest at anterior 1/3. Lateral regions not covered by sclerites, pale orangish-brown. Dorsal sclerite covering 4/5 of dorsum, moderately shiny, with sparse shallow punctures. Short, feathery fine silvery setae throughout, sparser further from anterior portion, long and straight erect simple white setae sparse dorsally, density highest in indistinct band at ¼ abdomen length. Two pairs of thick pedicellate setae, first pair at anterior margin of dorsum, rising at 10’30 position, just posterior to this are a second thicker and spine-like pair, projecting at 1 o’clock position. Venter with sclerite occupying middle ½, barrel-shaped, with wide posterior margins and recurved posterior edge. Small wedge-shaped inframamillary sclerite just anterior to spinnerets. Ventral and inframamillary sclerites light reddish-orange. Wellsclerotized full epigastric sclerite wrapping around pedicel and anterior portion of abdomen. Lateral regions not covered by sclerites, pale orangish-brown.</p> <p>Palp: Bulb drawn out into long neck that weakly narrows medially before broadening towards apex. Basal ridge of embolic region obvious as retrolateral protrusion, one broad unsclerotized basal embolic disc proximal to sclerotized embolus. Distal sub-apical disc sclerotized and forms embolus, with retrolaterally directed apex, turning 1.5 times. Sperm duct with two median loops and one more distal lateral loop on retrolateral side. Sharp thorn- like ventrally directed RTA. Long prolateral spine on palpal tibia (Figs 8A, B).</p> <p>Leg spination: I: F = d3 pl1, T = plv3 rlv2, Mt = plv2 rlv2; II: F = d2, P = d1, T = rlv2 plv2, Mt = rlv2 plv2; III: F = d2 pl1, P = d1, T = pl2 rl2 plv2, Mt = plv2 rlv2, 1 distal whorl; IV: F = d2, T = pl2 rl2 plv1, Mt = d1 pl2 rl2 plv2 rlv1, 1 distal whorl.</p> <p>Geographical and ecological distribution. This species is only known from the type locality in Espiritu, José Ballivián province, Beni Department, Bolivia. According to the ecoregion delineation by Olson et al. (2001), the locality is situated in Beni savanna (widely recognized as Moxos Plains Flooded Savannas (see Ibisch &amp; Merida 2003). This savanna is comprised of a mosaic of grasslands, swamplands and forest islands (Navarro &amp; Ferreira 2011). Based on the approximated GPS data of the collection locality (according to the information by the owner of Espiritu Ranch), it was not possible to determine the accurate ecosystem or habitat associations of M. rubioi sp. nov. Further studies are needed to determine this.</p> <p>Ant mimicry. In the other Bolivian species of Myrmecotypus, the colour of body parts and the colour and distribution of setae increases the resemblance to specific ant models of the tribes Camponotini or Dolichoderini (Perger &amp; Rubio 2020a, 2021a). Unfortunately, the live habitus of M. rubioi sp. nov. and co-occurring ants were not documented and the loss of setae due to the storage in ethanol hampered the assessment of mimetic relationships. However, as in other congeners, the body size, sub-oval carapace and abdomen mostly resemble ants of Camponotini or Dolichoderini. Additional field observations are needed to identify potential ant models.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A3D585A1964E80021BC68D19B9C2713	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pett, Brogan L.;Perger, Robert	Pett, Brogan L., Perger, Robert (2021): Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains. Zootaxa 5082 (2): 145-158, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4
