identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A4A269793961161B11F9728A6D659A.text	03A4A269793961161B11F9728A6D659A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycirridae Malmgren 1866	<div><p>Family Polycirridae Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>Figs 1B, 2</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Hutchings et al. 2021a; most important diagnostic characters highlighted in bold)</p> <p>Transverse prostomium attached to dorsal surface of upper lip; basal part usually as thick horse-shoe shaped crest, eye spots absent; distal part either as another thick crest, with flaring distal lobes, with or without mid-dorsal process, or extending along upper lip until near anterior margin of lip; prostomium</p> <p>frequently extending ventrally, terminating laterally to mouth (Fig. 2A–D). Buccal tentacles of two types at least, short ones thin, uniformly cylindrical, long tentacles stouter, expanded at tips to variable degrees, distally spatulate (Fig. 2B, D) or more specialised. Peristomium forming lips; lips expanded, upper lip large, frequently circular and convoluted, folded into three lobes; swollen lower lip, only midventral or cushion-like across ventrum, sometimes extending posteriorly for a few segments (Fig. 2A– D). Segment I reduced, frequently only visible ventrally, sometimes completely hidden. Segment II distinctly narrower than following segments, constricting body posteriorly to “lips head”; SG II usually with rectangular or pentagonal mid-ventral shield at beginning of mid-ventral groove, sometimes extending anteriorly through SG I until near posterior margin of lower lip (Fig. 2C). Anterior segments highly glandular ventrally, frequently papillose or tessellated, with paired ventro-lateral pads separated from each other within pairs by mid-ventral groove extending from SG II–IV to posterior body (Fig. 2A–D). Branchiae absent. Notopodia, if present, from SG III (Fig. 2A–D), extending for variable number of segments, usually few; bilobed, elongate notopodia, post-chaetal lobes sometimes longer, notochaetae originating between lobes along all extension of notopodia, separating lobes from base on ventral side of notopodia (Fig. 2A–D); notochaetae winged (Fig. 2E) and/or pinnate, wings of variable width. Neuropodia, if present, located posteriorly to notopodia, frequently from posterior thoracic segments or only on abdomen; neurochaetae as acicular spines or avicular uncini, of two types, and arranged in a single row (Figs 1C, 2F–G). Nephridial and genital papillae usually present, at anterior bases of all notopodia, or only at anteriormost notopodia (Fig. 2A). Pygidium smooth or with rounded ventral papilla.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This family was previously considered as a subfamily of Terebellidae (Polycirrinae Malmgren, 1866), but was recently raised to familial level after a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis showed the monophyly of this group (Nogueira et al. 2013). Polycirridae is represented by six genera (Amaeana Hartman, 1959; Biremis Polloni, Rowe &amp; Teal, 1973; Enoplobranchus Verrill, 1879; Hauchiella Levinsen, 1893; Lysilla Malmgren, 1866 and Polycirrus Grube, 1850), distinguished from each other by the presence/ absence of noto- and neuropodia, and if present, the type of neurochaetae. Only Amaeana (Fig. 2A, C), Hauchiella, Lysilla and Polycirrus (Fig. 2B, D–G) are represented in European waters (Lavesque et al. 2020b) (Table 1).</p> <p>Main morphological characters of European species</p> <p>PARAPODIA. The parapodia of the members of this family are extremely important to separate the different genera. The genus Hauchiella is characterised by the absence of parapodia and Lysilla by the absence of neuropodia only. The neuropodia of members of Amaeana are characterised by the presence of spines, while those of Polycirrus bear avicular uncini (Figs 1B, 2F–G). Within the genus Polycirrus, the number and location of segments with notopodia and/or neuropodia are of important taxonomic value. Particularly, some species have uncini present only on abdominal segments, i.e., on segments without notopodia, and others have uncini starting before the end of the thorax, on segments bearing also notopodia.</p> <p>SHAPE OF THE LIPS. As for other terebellids, polycirrids have a peristomium with well-defined upper and lower lips. The upper lip is large and can be trilobed (Fig. 2B) or with a single medial lobe (Fig. 2D). Generally, the upper lip is trilobed but the lobes differ in size and shape and lateral lobes can be reduced or well developed. The shape and the size of the lower lip is also highly variable between species. This lip can be rectangular, squared, rounded or subtriangular, swollen or not, longer than wide or wider than long (Fig. 2B–D).</p> <p>.</p> <p>NOTOCHAETAE. Two types of notochaetae can be present: winged chaetae as for P. glasbyi (Fig. 2E) and/ or pinnate as for P. plumosus. The winged notochaetae have wings of different width which are often conspicuous under light microscope but appear hirsute under SEM (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>UNCINI SHAPE AND DENTICULATION. In Polycirrus two types of uncini are present: Type 1 with a short occipitum (back) and a straight to slightly convex base (Fig. 1B); and Type 2 with a long occipitum and a concave base (Glasby &amp; Hutchings 2014). To date, all described European species have Type 1 uncini. The denticulation of uncini is also helpful in separating species, with the presence (as for P. catalanensis) (Fig. 2F) or the absence (as for P. arenivorus) of a main tooth above the main fang, and the number of rows of secondary teeth.</p> <p>Key to European species of Polycirridae (after Lavesque et al. 2020b)</p> <p>1. Parapodia absent (no chaetae)............................................. Hauchiella tribullata (McIntosh, 1869)</p> <p>– Parapodia present.............................................................................................................................. 2</p> <p>2. Only notopodia present....................................................................................................... 3 (Lysilla)</p> <p>– Notopodia and neuropodia present................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>3. Notochaetae with smooth tips, 6 pairs of thoracic papillae............... Lysilla loveni Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Notochaetae with plumose tips, 9 pairs of thoracic papillae............ Lysilla nivea Langerhans, 1884</p> <p>4. Neuropodia with spines..................................................................................................5 (Amaeana)</p> <p>– Neuropodia with avicular uncini..................................................................................6 (Polycirrus)</p> <p>5. Upper lip without lobe, lower lip rounded, long achaetous region.......................................................................................................... A. gremarei Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>– Upper lip with trilobed, lower lip rectangular, short achaetous region......................................................................................................................................................... Amaeana trilobata (Sars, 1863)</p> <p>6. With 28 or more segments with notochaetae.................................................................................... 7</p> <p>– With 22 or fewer segments with notochaetae................................................................................... 8</p> <p>7. With 29 segments with notopodia, neuropodia from SG XII, lower lip longer than wide, uncini without a main tooth above the main fang........................... Polycirrus arenivorus (Caullery, 1915)</p> <p>– With 46 segments with notopodia, neuropodia from SG XIV, lower lip longer than wide, uncini with a main tooth above the main fang............................................. Polycirrus aurantiacus Grube, 1860</p> <p>– With 28 segments with notopodia, neuropodia from SG XV, lower lip wider than long, uncini with a main tooth above the main fang........................................................................................................................................... Polycirrus gujanensis Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>8. Neuropodia beginning before SG VIII............................................................................................. 9</p> <p>– Neuropodia beginning between SG IX and SG XII....................................................................... 10</p> <p>– Neuropodia beginning after SG XIII.............................................................................................. 14</p> <p>9. Upper lip trilobed, lower lip wider than long, uncini with 2 rows of teeth above the main tooth.......................................................................................... Polycirrus asturiensis Cepeda &amp; Lattig, 2016</p> <p>– Upper lip with single medial lobe, lower lip longer than wide, uncini with 1 row of teeth above the main tooth........................... Polycirrus idex Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020b</p> <p>10. Uncini without a main tooth about the main fang.............. Polycirrus norvegicus Wollebaek, 1912</p> <p>– Uncini with a main tooth about the main fang................................................................................11</p> <p>11. Lower lip subtriangular, pointed towards mouth............................................................................ 12</p> <p>– Lower lip oval or oblong................................................................................................................ 13</p> <p>12. With 12 or 13 segments with notopodia, lower lip longer than wide......................................................................................................................................... Polycirrus denticulatus Saint-Joseph, 1894</p> <p>– With 16 segments with notopodia, lower lip wider than long........................................................................................................................................................... Polycirrus elisabethae McIntosh, 1915</p> <p>13. With 18 or more segments with notopodia, lower lip oval, ventro-lateral pads not separated by a large mid-ventral groove............................................................................................................................................................... Polycirrus glasbyi Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>– Fewer than 18 segments with notopodia, lower lip oblong, ventro-lateral pads separated by a large midventral groove................ Polycirrus readi Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>14. With 16 or more segments with notopodia..................................................................................... 15</p> <p>– Fewer than 16 segments with notopodia........................................................................................ 17</p> <p>15. Neuropodia beginning from SG XIV–XVI.................................................................................... 16</p> <p>– Neuropodia beginning from SG XVIII–XX....................... Polycirrus plumosus (Wollebaek, 1912)</p> <p>16. Upper lip elongated, uncini with a main tooth above the main fang, ventro-lateral pads well developed..................... Polycirrus nogueirai Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>– Upper lip semicircular, uncini without a main tooth above the main fang, ventro-lateral pads poorly defined................................................................................................ Polycirrus arcticus Sars, 1865</p> <p>17. Neuropodia beginning from SG XIV, uncini with four teeth above the main fang arranged in single vertical series; lower lip large, shield-like, wider than long......... Polycirrus latidens Eliason, 1962</p> <p>– Neuropodia beginning from SG XV or after, secondary teeth of uncini not as above................... 18</p> <p>18. Upper lip trilobed, lower lip subtriangular pointed toward mouth............................................................................................................................................................... Polycirrus medusa Grube, 1850</p> <p>– Upper lip with a single median lobe, lower lip not subtriangular.................................................. 19</p> <p>19. Upper lip with thick medial lobe, uncini with two small lateral teeth above the main tooth, lower lip rectangular longer than wide................................................................................................................................................ Polycirrus catalanensis Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p> <p>– Upper lip with elongated triangular medial lobe, uncini with two rows of teeth above the main tooth, lower lip oval and wider than long.................................................................................................................................................... P. pennarbedae Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2020</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A269793961161B11F9728A6D659A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
03A4A269792D610918B2FEA98C98652D.text	03A4A269792D610918B2FEA98C98652D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Telothelepodidae Nogueira, Fitzhugh & Hutchings 2013	<div><p>Family Telothelepodidae Nogueira, Fitzhugh &amp; Hutchings, 2013</p> <p>Figs 3–4</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Nogueira et al. 2018; Hutchings et al. 2021a, most important diagnostic characters highlighted in bold)</p> <p>Transverse prostomium attached to dorsal surface of upper lip; basal part as thick crest, eyespots frequently present in one pair of dorso-lateral clusters, each with several rows of eyespots (Fig. 3A); distal part at base of upper lip, frequently with low or erect mid-dorsal tongue-like process, fused to upper lip at variable degrees, with free distal lobe(s), or free from the base. Buccal tentacles of two types, short ones thin, uniformly cylindrical, long tentacles stouter and expanded at tips, slightly spatulate (Figs 3A–B, F, 4A). Peristomium forming lips and continuing dorsally at least for short extension, with dorso-lateral nuchal organs at margin with prostomium; lips expanded, upper lip distinctly elongate and narrow, undulated to convoluted; swollen lower lip extending across ventrum, cushion-like or segment-like, frequently deeply grooved (Figs 3A–B, 4A). Either SG I or SG II reduced, not forming complete ring in many species. Anterior segments glandular ventrally, smooth, discrete shields absent and frequently with glandular regions poorly developed in comparison to other families of Terebellidae s.l.; mid-ventral groove frequently extending from anterior segments. Two pairs of cirriform branchiae on SG II–III, each pair with simple thin, curled and relatively short filaments progressively tapering to tips (Figs 3A, 4A), originating from raised crests on anterior margins of SG II and III, or from specialised, apparently glandular, dorso-lateral cushion-like pads occupying from anterior margins to level of posterior bases of notopodia of those segments. Notopodia beginning from SG II or III, usually SG III, extending for at least 15 segments; notopodia as short cones, notochaetae originating from central core on top, distal lobes absent; notochaetae winged, sometimes with bulbous head and alimbate tips (bayonet-like chaetae), at least in anterior row of anterior thoracic segments. Neuropodia beginning posteriorly to notopodia, usually around SG VIII–XII; neuropodia in conjunction with notopodia as sessile tori, as distinctly low pinnules after notopodia terminate; neurochaetae in single row, as avicular uncini about as long as high, with short triangular heel directed posteriorly, wide and slightly curved base, and dorsal button near midlength of uncini, but closer to anterior margin (Fig. 4E). Nephridial and genital papillae, if conspicuous, on SG V–VII, posterior to bases of notopodia.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This recent family was described by Nogueira et al. (2013) after conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. The members of this family were previously considered as Thelepodidae but differ in having a narrow and elongate upper lip, poorly developed neuropodia and anterior segments less glandular ventrally than in other thelepodids. In European waters, this family is represented by a single species, Parathelepus collaris (Figs 3A–B, 4A, E; Table 1), characterised by an expanded, tongue-like upper lip, by neuropodia poorly developed and beginning from SG XI.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A269792D610918B2FEA98C98652D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
03A4A269792D610C1B63F9248A6D6064.text	03A4A269792D610C1B63F9248A6D6064.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelepodidae Hessle 1917	<div><p>Family Thelepodidae Hessle, 1917</p> <p>Figs 1F, 3–4</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Hutchings et al. 2021a, most important diagnostic characters highlighted in bold)</p> <p>Transverse prostomium attached to dorsal surface of upper lip; basal part as thick crest, eyespots frequently present, in short lateral rows, or extending transversely across basal part of prostomium, usually progressively more spaced towards dorsal mid-line, with mid-dorsal gap or not; distal part of base of upper lip short, from nearly indistinct to shelf-like. Buccal tentacles all uniformly thin and cylindrical, to slightly spatulate distally (Figs 3D, F, 4B). Peristomium forming lips, sometimes also complete annulation, with dorso-lateral nuchal organs as ciliated grooves; lips expanded, relatively short upper lip, hood-like, about as long as wide; swollen, button-like, mid-ventral lower lip (Figs 3D, F, 4B–C). Segment 1 usually present all around, frequently with ventral lobe marginal to mouth (Figs 3D, F, 4B–C); SG II typically with anterior margin as protruding crest, at least ventrally (Figs 3D–E, 4B–C); lobes on following anterior segments sometimes present. Anterior segments highly glandular ventrally, smooth to highly corrugated between neuropodia within pairs, discrete shields absent (Figs 3D F, 4B); mid-ventral groove frequently extending from anterior segments with notopodia. Two to three pairs of branchiae, on SG II–III or II–IV, each pair with simple thin, curled and relatively short filaments progressively tapering to tips (Figs 3C, E, 4C), leaving mid-dorsal gap or not between filaments within pairs; branchial filaments originating directly from the body wall or from specialised dorsolateral cushion-like pads. Notopodia beginning on SG II–III, usually extending to mid-body, at least, sometimes until near posterior end; cylindrical to rectangular, distally bilobed notopodia, notochaetae originating between lobes; most taxa with winged notochaetae only, with wings of variable width (Fig. 4D), distally serrated notochaetae sometimes also present; bayonet-like and pinnate chaetae both absent. Neuropodia beginning posteriorly to notopodia, on SG IV–VI, typically on SG V; neuropodia in conjunction with notopodia as fleshy, swollen ridges, as raised rectangular to cylindrical pinnules after notopodia terminate; neurochaetae as avicular uncini frequently longer than high, with short triangular heel directed posteriorly, distinctly curved and wide base, and dorsal button near anterior margin of uncini, or within anterior third of distance between anterior margin of uncini and base of main fang (Fig. 4F). Nephridial and genital papillae usually present, on SG IV–VII, posterior to bases of notopodia or between parapodial lobes (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis conducted by Nogueira et al. (2013) permitted the elevation of the previous Thelepodinae subfamily to Thelepodidae family level, as they represented a separate clade from other terebellids. This family is represented in European waters by three genera Euthelepus McIntosh, 1885 (a single species), Streblosoma Sars, 1872 (seven species) and Thelepus Leuckart, 1849 (nine species) (Table 1). Among these species, Thelepus japonicus Marenzeller, 1884, native from Japan, is considered as a non-indigeneous species in French waters, probably introduced with oyster transfers (Lavesque et al. 2020a) (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Main morphological characters of European species</p> <p>BRANCHIAE. Both in Thelepus and Streblosoma genera, the number of pairs of branchiae varies between two (e.g., Streblosoma lindsayae or Thelepus nucleolata) and three (e.g., Streblosoma hutchingsae or Thelepus setosus). Branchiae in Thelepodidae are always cirriform (Figs 3C, E, 4C) but the number of branchial filaments varies among the species with for example 5–10 filaments on the second and third pairs of branchiae for Streblosoma cabiochi (Fig. 3E) and only three or less filaments for Streblosoma intestinale. Finally, the size of the medial dorsal gap separating the pairs of branchiae is a good diagnostic character. This gap is for example inconspicuous for T. parapari and wide for Thelepus cincinnatus (Nogueira 2019).</p> <p>PRESENCE OF EYESPOTS. The eyespots are very useful in differentiating species of Streblosoma and Thelepus for which they can be absent (e.g., Thelepus davehalli or Streblosoma hutchingsae) or present (e.g.m Thelepus corsicanus or Streblosoma nogueirai). Also, the arrangement of the eyespots, if in a continuous line, or leaving a medial gap is of taxonomic importance (Nogueira et al. 2010).</p> <p>START AND EXTENSION OF NOTOPODIA. The segment with the first appearance of notopodia permits the discrimination between the genus Streblosoma, for which notopodia begin on the second segment, and Euthelepus and Thelepus for which it begins on the third segment. These notopodia also extend for a variable number of segments, sometimes present only on the anterior half of the body (e.g., T. corsicanus) or present until the end of the body (T. japonicus).</p> <p>SHAPE OF NEUROPODIA AND UNCINI. In most of the species, the uncini start on SGV which could correspond to CH 3 (as in Thelepus) or CH 4 (as in Streblosoma). The uncini are arranged habitually in single rows but some have uncini forming loops (C-shaped arrangement) from mid thorax onwards. This last character is found for example in S. nogueirai. Between species, the uncini differ in the development of the prow (e.g., well developed in T. triserialis), the shape of the base (e.g., strongly curved in S. cabiochi), the position of the dorsal button (e.g., far from anterior margin in S. bairdi or in a terminal position for T. japonicus (Fig. 1F) and number of secondary of teeth.</p> <p>CREST AND LATERAL LOBES. The presence of lateral lobes on SG II–IV allows the separation of the genus Euthelepus from other genera of the family. The presence of lateral crests on SG II (= thick anterior margin) is an important character within the Streblosoma genus. For example, S. cabiochi has a very low crest on SG II (Fig. 4C) while S. bairdi has a protruding crest (Nogueira 2019).</p> <p>Key to European species of Thelopodidae (after Lavesque et al. 2020a)</p> <p>1. Notopodia from SG II (i.e., first branchiferous segment), start of uncini from CH 4.............................................................................................................................................................2 (Streblosoma)</p> <p>– Notopodia from SG III (i.e., second branchiferous segment), start of uncini from CH 3.................. 8</p> <p>2. Two pairs of branchiae................................................................................................................................................................ Streblosoma lindsayae Lavesque, Londoño-Mesa, Daffe &amp; Hutchings, 2020</p> <p>– Three pairs of branchiae.................................................................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Uncini arranged in C-shaped loops from mid thorax....................................................................... 4</p> <p>– Uncini always in straight rows......................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>4. Notopodia not extending to posterior body...................................................................................... 5</p> <p>– Notopodia until posterior body................. Streblosoma pseudocomatus Lezzi &amp; Giangrande, 2019</p> <p>5. Eyespots absent.............................................. Streblosoma hutchingsae Lezzi &amp; Giangrande, 2019</p> <p>– Eyespots present................................................. Streblosoma nogueirai Lezzi &amp; Giangrande, 2019</p> <p>6- Branchiae on SG III and SG IV with 3 or less filaments on each side.......................................................................................................................... Streblosoma intestinale M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872</p> <p>– Branchiae on SG III and SG IV with 5–10 filaments on each side.................................................. 7</p> <p>7. Absence of prostomial process, presence of lateral crest on SG II, absence of branchial cushion............................................. Streblosoma cabiochi Lavesque, Londoño-Mesa, Daffe &amp; Hutchings, 2020</p> <p>– Presence of prostomial process, absence of lateral crest on SG II, presence of branchial cushion................................................................................... Streblosoma bairdi (Malmgren, 1866)</p> <p>8. Lateral lobes on SG II–IV................................................. Euthelepus setubalensis McIntosh, 1885</p> <p>– Lateral lobes on SG I only.............................................................................................. 9 (Thelepus)</p> <p>9. Two pairs of branchiae.................................................................................................................... 10</p> <p>– Three pairs of branchiae................................................................................................................. 15</p> <p>10. Uncini in a single row throughout...................................................................................................11</p> <p>– Uncini in loops from SG XIV.............................................. Thelepus nucleolata (Claparède, 1870)</p> <p>11. Notopodia present on 50–66% of body length............................................................................... 12</p> <p>– Notopodia present on at least 90% of body length......................................................................... 13</p> <p>12. Eyespots absent................................................................................ Thelepus davehalli Jirkov, 2018</p> <p>– Eyespots present.............. Thelepus corsicanus Lavesque, Londoño-Mesa, Daffe &amp; Hutchings, 2020</p> <p>13. Uncini of CH 1 with one tooth above main fang............................................................................ 14</p> <p>– Uncini of CH 1 with two teeth above main fang............................. Thelepus parapari Jirkov, 2018</p> <p>14. Eyespots present................................................................. Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780)</p> <p>– Eyespots absent................................................................................. Thelepus marthae Jirkov, 2018</p> <p>15. Prow of uncini well developed; notch between the prow and dorsal button of the uncini well marked......................................................................................... Thelepus triserialis (Grube, 1855)</p> <p>– Prow of uncini poorly developed; notch between the prow and dorsal button of the uncini poorly marked............................................................................................................................................ 16</p> <p>16. Notopodia present on about 60% of the body length............. Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages, 1866)</p> <p>– Notopodia present until end of the body length.................... Thelepus japonicus Marenzeller, 1884</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A269792D610C1B63F9248A6D6064	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
03A4A2697928610518C6FCE68C1A660A.text	03A4A2697928610518C6FCE68C1A660A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Terebellidae Johnston 1846	<div><p>Family Terebellidae Johnston, 1846 (sensu stricto)</p> <p>Figs 1C–D, 5–6</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Hutchings et al. 2021a, most important diagnostic characters highlighted in bold)</p> <p>Transverse prostomium attached to dorsal surface of upper lip; basal part as thick crest, eyespots frequently present (Fig. 5B), in short rows at each lateral sides, or extending transversely across basal part of prostomium. Buccal tentacles all usually uniformly cylindrical. Peristomium usually forming lips only; lips expanded, relatively short upper lip, hood-like, about as long as wide; swollen, usually button-like and mid-ventral lower lip. Segment I terminating laterally to ventro-laterally, partially fused to expanded lower lip, or developed, forming lobes of variable extension and position. Lobes on anterior segments frequently present, of variable length, sometimes extending to SGV–VII (Figs 5B–D, 6A– D). Anterior segments highly glandular ventrally, with discrete, smooth to corrugated, rectangular to trapezoidal mid-ventral shields extending from anterior segments until termination of notopodia, or near it; mid-ventral groove extending from termination of mid-ventral shields. Two to three pairs of branchiae usually present (Figs 5A–D, 6A–D), but three genera have a single pair and several are abranchiate; branchial filaments originating all together from single point on body wall, on either side of branchiferous segments, unbranched, or, more frequently, originating from conspicuous main stalk on either side of pair, branching from one to several levels, in plumose (spiraled), dichotomous, pectinate or arborescent arrangement. Notopodia beginning on SGII–V, SGIV in most genera, usually extending to mid-body, around SGXX, but sometimes present on fewer segments or extending more posteriorly for variable extension, rarely until near posterior end; first pairs of notopodia inserted dorso-laterally, progressively more laterally, then vertically aligned; cylindrical to rectangular notopodia. Notochaetae originating from central core on top, distal lobes absent; notochaetae distally winged, wings of variable length and width, or serrate, sometimes with wings at midlength, basally to a serrated blade; some more specialised types of notochaetae may be present (Fig. 5E–G). Neuropodia beginning posteriorly to notopodia, on SGV–IX, usually on SGV; neuropodia in conjunction with notopodia as low, sessile ridges, sometimes continuing posteriorly until pygidium, but most taxa with rectangular to cylindrical or foliaceous neuropodial pinnules after notopodia terminate; neurochaetae as avicular uncini usually as long as high, with short triangular heel directed posteriorly, slightly curved and wide base, and dorsal button (Figs 1C–D, 6E–F); uncini arranged in double rows (Fig. 6E) from around SGXI usually until termination of notopodia, but several genera with double rows.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>In European waters, the Terebellidae s.s. are represented by 19 genera and 44 species (Table 1). Four genera are represented only by a single species: Artacama Malmgren, 1866; Baffinia Wesenberg-Lund, 1950; Laphania Malmgren, 1866; Leaena Malmgren, 1866 and Stschapovella Levenstein, 1957. Eleven of them are represented by two European species each: Amphitritides Augener, 1922; Axionice Malmgren, 1866; Lanassa Malmgren, 1866; Lanice Malmgren, 1866; Loimia Malmgren, 1866; Nicolea Malmgren, 1866; Paramphitrite Holthe, 1976; Phisidia Saint-Joseph, 1894; Pistella Hartmann-Schröder, 1996; Proclea Saint-Joseph, 1894 and Terebella Linnaeus, 1767 (Lavesque et al. 2021). The genus Eupolymnia Verrill, 1900 is represented by four species and the two most diverse European genera are Amphitrite Müller, 1771, with ten species, and Pista Malmgren, 1866 with eleven (Lavesque et al. 2021). In our recent paper focusing on French Terebellidae s.s. we have confirmed the synonymy of Neoamphitrite with Amphitrite, as suggested by several authors (Jirkov 2020; Hutchings et al. 2021a). In contrast, we consider that Amphitritides, Lanice Loimia and Paramphitrite are still valid genera (Read &amp; Fauchald 2021), contrary to what was proposed by Jirkov (2020) (see details in Lavesque et al. 2021).</p> <p>Main morphological characters of European species</p> <p>BRANCHIAE. The number and shape of branchiae are very important to separate species of Terebellidae s.s. Typically, species 2–3 pairs of branchiae are present on SG II–III or II–IV, but members of some genera, as for Polycirridae, completely lack branchiae: Baffinia, Lanassa, Laphania, Leaena, Phisidia and Proclea. Terebella banksyi is characterised by having branchiae on discontinuous segments: SG II–III and V (Fig. 5D). Generally branchiae are branching (dichotomous or arborescent), originating dorsolaterally from a main stalk (Figs 5A–D, 6A–D) or a single point on body wall, but some species have multiple unbranching branchial filaments, like Amphitrite cirrata or A. rzhavskyi. The presence or absence and the size of the branchial stem is important, like in Eupolymnia (Figs 5A–B, 6D).</p> <p>LOBES. Genera of Terebellidae s.s. are distinguished from each other by the presence (or absence) and morphology of anterior lobes, usually positioned laterally. These structures are flaps of tissues covering at least part of the preceding segment (Nogueira et al. 2010) (Figs 5B–C, 6A–D). They can be absent, as in Nicolea or Terebella, narrow, as in Paramphitrite birulai or large, as in Lanice and Eupolymnia (Fig. 5 A–C) and they also vary significantly in morphology and position, from ventral to dorso-lateral (Figs 5B–C, 6A–D).</p> <p>NEPHRIDIAL AND GENITAL PAPILLAE. Terebellids are characterised by the presence of papillae situated close to the notopodia or between parapodial lobes. The nephridial papillae occur from SG III–V, while genital papillae are present from SG VI onwards and are prominent only when the animals are mature (Fig. 5C–D, 6C). When they are visible, the morphology and the number of these papillae and their number permit the discrimination of species, as for Amphitrite or Terebella for example.</p> <p>NOTOPODIA AND NEUROPODIA. Terebellidae s.s. differ by the number of pairs of notopodia, the segment on which notopodia and neuropodia start and the morphology of both noto- and neurochaetae. Usually, notochaetae are present on 17 segments, beginning from SG IV, but several exceptions exist as for example for Lanassa (n&lt;15) or Terebella (n&gt;25, often present to the pygidium). Notochaetae of Terebellidae are divided in two types: distally smooth as in Pista, Eupolymnia or Lanice, or distally serrated as in Amphitritides or Paramphitrite (Fig. 5E), and each types are sub-divided in sub groups (Nogueira et al. 2010: table 4). Concerning the neurochaetae, each part of the uncinus (Fig. 1C–D) differ greatly among the genera of Terebellidae and their morphology should be examined in detail. For example, members of the genus Pista have long-handled uncini, with the handle originating from the heel (Fig. 1C), while uncini in most of the other genera have short-handles. Contrary to tendons which are soft and thin structures attached to uncini, handles are chitinous structures extended from the heel. Members of the genus Loimia are unique due to the presence of pectinate uncini, with teeth arranged vertically in a single row (Fig. 1D), while other species have multiple transverse rows of secondary teeth above the main fang (Fig. 6E–G). The dorsal button is generally well developed and situated about midway between the base of the main fang and the tip of the prow, but is inconspicuous in specimens of Lanice and can be closer to the tip of the prow, as in Eupolymnia gili or the base of the main fang, as for Artacama proboscidea. Finally, the prow and the heel vary in shape and can be distally rounded or pointed.</p> <p>Key to European species of Terebellidae (sensu stricto) (after Lavesque et al. 2021).</p> <p>1. Peristomium ventrally forming a large conical process...... Artacama proboscidea Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Absence of peristomial ventral process............................................................................................. 2</p> <p>2. Notochaetae on more than 25 segments, body uniform throughout................................................. 3</p> <p>– Notochaetae on 25 or fewer segments, thorax and abdomen clearly defined................................... 5</p> <p>3. Branchiae absent........................................................................ Baffinia hesslei (Annenkova, 1924)</p> <p>– Branchiae present............................................................................................................4 (Terebella)</p> <p>4. Branchiae on SG II–IV, five pairs of nephridial and genital papillae...................................................................................................................................................... Terebella lapidaria Linnaeus, 1767</p> <p>– Branchiae on SG II–III and V, 12 pairs of nephridial and genital papillae.................................................................................... Terebella banksyi Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>5. Absence of branchiae........................................................................................................................ 6</p> <p>– Presence of branchiae..................................................................................................................... 12</p> <p>6. Uncini from CH 2.............................................................................................................................. 7</p> <p>– Uncini from CH 3............................................................................................................ 11 (Proclea)</p> <p>– Uncini from CH 7......................................................................... Laphania boecki Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>7. Notopodia with two types of notochaetae........................................................................................ 8</p> <p>– Notopodia with one type of notochaetae only................................................................................ 10</p> <p>8. Notochaetae on 10 segments......................................................... Leaena ebranchiata (Sars, 1865)</p> <p>– Notochaetae on more than 13 segments.......................................................................... 9 (Phisidia)</p> <p>9. Uncini in double rows on about 24 segments, eyespots present........................................................................................................................................................... Phisidia oculata (Langerhans, 1880)</p> <p>– Uncini in double rows on 9–10 segments, eyespots absent............ Phisidia aurea Southward, 1956</p> <p>10. Notochaetae on 11 segments............................................................. Lanassa venusta (Malm, 1874)</p> <p>– Notochaetae on 15 segments............................................. Lanassa nordenskioldi Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Notochaetae on 16 segments............................................. Stschapovella tatjanae Levenstein, 1957</p> <p>11. Ventral lobe of SG II smooth and moderately protruding.......... Proclea graffii (Langerhans, 1884)</p> <p>– Ventral lobe of SG II papillose and clearly protruding......... Proclea malmgreni (Ssolowiew, 1899)</p> <p>12. All notochaetae subdistally denticulate.......................................................................................... 13</p> <p>– Notochaetae smooth........................................................................................................................ 26</p> <p>13. Lateral lobes absent............................................................................................... 14 (Amphitritides)</p> <p>– Lateral lobes present....................................................................................................................... 15</p> <p>14. Notochaetae on 17–20 segments; 8 segments with nephridial and genital papillae............................................................................................................................. Amphitritides gracilis (Grube, 1860)</p> <p>– Notochaetae on 24 segments; 11–13 segments with nephridial and genital papillae........................................................................................ Amphitritides kuehlmanni Arvanitidis &amp; Koukouras, 1995</p> <p>15. Two pairs of arborescent branchiae, on SG II–III................................................ 16 (Paramphitrite)</p> <p>– Three pairs of unbranched branchiae, on SG II–IV....................................................17 (Amphitrite)</p> <p>16. Branchiae separated by a wide dorsal gap, developed lateral lobes on SG II–IV, absence of nephridial papillae on SG IV........................................................................................................................................................... Paramphitrite dragovabeci Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>– Branchiae without dorsal gap, small lateral lobes on SG II–IV, presence of nephridial papillae on SG IV................................................................................ Paramphitrite birulai (Ssolowiew, 1899)</p> <p>17. Notopodia present on 17 chaetigers................................................................................................ 18</p> <p>– Notopodia present on more than 17 chaetigers............................................................................... 23</p> <p>18. Branchiae with simple filaments..................................................................................................... 19</p> <p>– Branchiae dichotomous.................................................................................................................. 21</p> <p>19. Seven pairs of nephridial and genital papillae (SG III and SG VI–XI)........................................................................................................................................................ Amphitrite cirrata Müller, 1771</p> <p>– Four pairs of nephridial and genital papillae (SG III and SG VI–VIII)......................................... 20</p> <p>20. Branchiae arising from short stem or directly from body wall......................................................................................................................................... Amphitrite fauveli Jirkov, Ravara &amp; Cunha, 2018</p> <p>– Branchiae arising from large and stout stem............................... Amphitrite rzhavskyi Jirkov, 2020</p> <p>21. Nine pairs of nephridial and genital papillae, on SG III–XI.......................................................................................................................................................... Amphitrite edwardsi (Quatrefages, 1866)</p> <p>– Six pairs of nephridial and genital papillae, on SG III–VIII.......................................................... 22</p> <p>22. Branchiae with few ramifications, neuropodia of first abdominal segment less than half size of neuropodia of last thoracic segment........................................... Amphitrite affinis Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Branchiae with many ramifications, neuropodia of first abdominal segment about same size as neuropodia of last thoracic segment........................................... Amphitrite variabilis (Risso, 1826)</p> <p>23. Notopodia present on 19 chaetigers................................ Amphitrite groenlandica Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Notopodia present on more than 19 chaetigers............................................................................... 24</p> <p>24. Notopodia present on 21 chaetigers, 9–10 pairs of nephridial and genital papillae.................................................................................................................................. Amphitrite grayi Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Notopodia present on more than 21 chaetigers, more than 10 pairs of nephridial and genital papillae............................................................................................................................................ 25</p> <p>25. Notopodia present on first 23–27 chaetigers, 16 pairs of nephridial and genital papillae, uncini in double rows on SGXI–XXV........................................................ Amphitrite figulus (Dalyell, 1853)</p> <p>– Notopodia present on first 22–24 chaetigers, 13–15 pairs of nephridial and genital papillae, uncini in double rows almost to end of abdomen............................................ Amphitrite rubra (Risso, 1826)</p> <p>26. Absence of lateral lobes.................................................................................................. 27 (Nicolea)</p> <p>– Presence of lateral lobes................................................................................................................. 28</p> <p>27. Notochaetae on 15 segments, branchiae with short stems........... Nicolea zostericola (Ørsted, 1844)</p> <p>– Notochaetae on 17–18 segments, branchiae with long stems.... Nicolea venustula (Montagu, 1819)</p> <p>28. Double rows of uncini in a back to back arrangement................................................................... 29</p> <p>– Double rows of uncini in a face-to-face or intercalated arrangement............................................. 32</p> <p>29. Uncini pectinate, with teeth in a single vertical row....................................................... 30 (Loimia)</p> <p>– Uncini avicular, with several transverse rows of secondary teeth....................................31 (Lanice)</p> <p>30. Eyespots present, pygidium without distinct papillae, thoracic uncini with 4–5 rows of secondary teeth.................................................................................................. Loimia medusa (Savigny, 1822)</p> <p>– Eyespots absent, pygidium with 14 distinct papillae, thoracic uncini with 6 rows of secondary teeth............................. Loimia ramzega Lavesque, Bonifácio, Londoño-Mesa, Le Garrec &amp; Grall, 2017</p> <p>31. Ventral shields fused on SGII–IV, notopodia short, neuropodia as low ridges, upper lip dorsally pigmented...................................................................................... Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766)</p> <p>– Ventral shields well defined on SGIII–IV, notopodia well developed, neuropodia prominent, upper lip without pigmentation............................................................................................................................................................... Lanice kellyslateri Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>32. Notopodia on 15–16 segments, a single pair of short dichotomously branchiae..........33 (Axionice)</p> <p>– Notopodia on 17 segments.............................................................................................................. 34</p> <p>33. Notopodia on 15 segments............................................................. Axionice flexuosa (Grube, 1860)</p> <p>– Notopodia on 16 segments.......................................................... Axionice maculata (Dalyell, 1853)</p> <p>34. Short-handled avicular uncini throughout...................................................................................... 35</p> <p>– Long-handled avicular uncini, at least on anterior neuropodia (i.e., SGV–VII).................40 (Pista)</p> <p>35. A single pair of plumose branchiae.................................................................................36 (Pistella)</p> <p>– Three pairs of branching branchiae......................................................................... 37 (Eupolymnia)</p> <p>36. Branchial filaments arranged in distinct tiers, ventral shields on SG II–XV, dorsal crest on SG III..................................................................................... Pistella rovignensis Mikac &amp; Hutchings, 2017</p> <p>– Branchial filaments arranged in spiral, ventral shields on SG VI–XX, dorsal crests on SG II–IV........................................................................................................... Pistella lornensis (Pearson, 1969)</p> <p>37. Branchiae with long stems.............................................................................................................. 38</p> <p>– Branchial stems short or absent...................................................................................................... 39</p> <p>38. Abdominal neuropodia dorsally pointed, lateral lobes translucent.................................................................................................. Eupolymnia gili Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>– Abdominal neuropodia rounded, lateral lobes not translucent................................................................................................... Eupolymnia lacazei Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>39. First pair of branchiae without stem, lateral lobes on SG III bilobed, lateral lobes of SG II small................................................................................................ Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu, 1819)</p> <p>– First pair of branchiae with short stem, lateral lobes on SG III spherical, lateral lobes of SG II welldeveloped............... Eupolymnia meissnerae Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>40. A single branchia inserted mid-dorsally on SG II............................................................................................................................ Pista labruneae Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>– All branchiae paired........................................................................................................................ 41</p> <p>41. One or two pairs of branchiae......................................................................................................... 42</p> <p>– Three pairs of branchiae....................................................................... Pista cretacea (Grube, 1860)</p> <p>42. One pair of branchiae...................................................................................................................... 43</p> <p>– Two pairs of branchiae.................................................................................................................... 46</p> <p>43. Absence of lateral lobes on SG II................................................... Pista mirabilis McIntosh, 1885 *</p> <p>– Presence of lateral lobes on SG II................................................................................................... 44</p> <p>44. Lateral lobes present on SG I–III, small on SG I and III............................................................................................................................................................................. Pista bansei Saphronova, 1988 *</p> <p>– Lateral lobes present on SG II–III, well developed on SG III........................................................ 45</p> <p>45. Lateral lobes well developed on SG II, asymmetrical on SG III.................................................................................................................. Pista colini Labrune, Lavesque, Bonifácio &amp; Hutchings, 2019</p> <p>– Lateral lobes narrow on SG II, rectangular on SG III................................................................................................................................................................... Pista adriatica Mikac &amp; Hutchings, 2017</p> <p>46. Uncini of SG V very high, with a vertical prow........................ Pista mediterranea Gaillande, 1970</p> <p>– Uncini of SG V with regular size.................................................................................................... 47</p> <p>47. Absence of long-handled uncini on SG X (CH 5)........................................................................... 48</p> <p>– Presence of long-handled uncini on SG X...................................................................................... 49</p> <p>48. Lateral lobes on SGI short, on SGIV long............................................. Pista cristata (Müller, 1776)</p> <p>– Lateral lobes on SGI large, on SGIV very small................................................................................................................................. Pista sauriaui Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>49. Lateral lobes on SG I small, on SG IV well developed, eyespots absent......................................................................................................................................................... Pista wui Saphronova, 1988 *</p> <p>– Lateral lobes on SG I absent, on SG IV small, almost inconspicuous, eyespots present.................................................................... Pista miosseci Lavesque, Daffe, Londoño-Mesa &amp; Hutchings, 2021</p> <p>* doubtful record, probably a misidentification.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A2697928610518C6FCE68C1A660A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
03A4A2697939611D1996FC588A6D65D0.text	03A4A2697939611D1996FC588A6D65D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Terebellidae Johnston 1846	<div><p>Key to the families of Terebellidae sensu lato</p> <p>1. Notopodia, if present, elongate, roughly cylindrical, distally bilobed; branchiae absent; ventrum of anterior segments with paired glandular pads (Fig. 2B, D)................ Polycirridae Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Notopodia always present, short, conical, distally bi- or single lobed; branchiae usually present; development and shape of ventral glandular areas of anterior segments variable between families, but never as paired mid-ventral pads................................................................................................ 2</p> <p>2. Thoracic uncini acicular (Figs 1A, 7D).................................... Trichobranchidae Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>– Thoracic uncini avicular (Fig. 1B–F)............................................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Neuropodia with uncini in double rows on some segments (Fig. 6E); branchiae, if present, cirriform, arborescent or spiralled.................................................... Terebellidae Johnston, 1846 sensu stricto</p> <p>– Neuropodia with uncini in single rows throughout; branchiae rarely absent, always cirriform....... 4</p> <p>4. Upper lip expanded, distinctly longer than wide (Figs 3F, 4A); neuropodia poorly developed throughout, as nearly sessile ridges and distinctly low pinnules on thoracic and abdominal segments, respectively............................................. Telothelepodidae Nogueira, Fitzhugh &amp; Hutchings, 2013</p> <p>– Upper lip short, hood-like, about as wide as long, frequently circular (Figs 3D–E, 4B–C); welldeveloped neuropodia throughout, as fleshy ridges and elongate pinnules on thoracic and abdominal segments, respectively............................................................................ Thelepodidae Hessle, 1917</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A2697939611D1996FC588A6D65D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
03A4A269792161381B3CFA388A6C6409.text	03A4A269792161381B3CFA388A6C6409.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichobranchidae Malmgren 1866	<div><p>Family Trichobranchidae Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>Figs 1A, 7–8</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Hutchings et al. 2021a, most important diagnostic characters highlighted in bold)</p> <p>Transverse prostomium attached to dorsal surface of upper lip; basal part as thick crest, eyespots sometimes present; distal part at base of upper lip or extending along lip. Buccal tentacles of two types, uniformly cylindrical and expanded at tips, spatulate. Peristomium forming lips, sometimes also a ventral lobe, as an extension of the lower lip; lips expanded, circular upper lip, distal margin folded or convoluted; lower lip button-like, usually continuing by ventral lobe, or expanded, forming large scoop-shaped process (Figs 7A–C, 8A, C–D). Segment I usually short, frequently only visible ventrally; anterior margin of anterior segments with lobes as low, even-length collars covering posterior margins of preceding segments, at least ventrally; ventro-lateral or lateral lobes on anterior segments sometimes present. Anterior segments poorly glandular ventrally, smooth, discrete shields absent; midventral groove extending from posterior segments with notopodia. Two to four pairs of branchiae, beginning from SGII, each pair with single, thick and elongate, tapered or foliaceous filament, or two pairs fused in single four lobed structure originating mid-dorsally between SGII–III or II–IV (Figs 7C, 8C–D). Notopodia beginning from SGIII–VI, typically terminating at SGXX; short, conical notopodia, chaetae emerging from central core on top, distal lobes absent; narrowly-winged notochaetae in both rows throughout. Neuropodia beginning on same segment as notopodia or slightly posteriorly, rarely beginning before notopodia; sessile neuropodia until termination of notopodia, neurochaetae emerging directly from body wall, as rectangular to foliaceous pinnules after termination of notopodia; thoracic neurochaetae as acicular uncini (Figs 1A, 7D, 8F), sometimes with small hood or beard below main fang; avicular abdominal uncini, with secondary teeth in rows on top and laterally to main fang. Nephridial papillae on SGIII usually present, other papillae sometimes present on SGVI and SGVII, but reduced to inconspicuous in most taxa. Pygidium smooth to slightly crenulate, sometimes bilobed.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>In the past, the Trichobranchidae family was considered to be a subfamily of Terebellidae (Fauvel 1927; Day 1967; Garrafoni &amp; Lana 2004), but recent phylogenetic analyses support the hypothesis of a valid family (Glasby et al. 2004; Nogueira et al. 2013). The family includes only three genera, i.e., Octobranchus Marion &amp; Bobretzky, 1875, Terebellides Sars, 1835, and Trichobranchus Malmgren, 1866. For Trichobranchus and Octobranchus, only three species of each occur in Europe. The genus Terebellides is very speciose and is represented in Europe by 19 species, 13 of them described in the last two years (Lavesque et al. 2019b; Parapar et al. 2020a) (Table 1).</p> <p>Main morphological characters for European species</p> <p>The number of branchiae is the best character to discriminate the different genera, with Terebellides having a single large branchia, Trichobranchus with two or three pairs of branchiae and finally Octobranchus with four pairs.</p> <p>Trichobranchus species are easy to differentiate based on the number of branchiae (two vs three) (Figs 7C, 8C) and the absence or presence of eyespots. In Octobranchus, the species differ by the shape of the branchiae (Fig. 8D) and the number of secondary teeth above the main fang of the uncini. Regarding Terebellides species, recent studies highlighted that several characters are very important for identification to the species level (Lavesque et al. 2019a; Parapar et al. 2020a, 2020b). However, as many cryptic species occur at a small geographical scale (Nygren et al. 2018), which currently are confirmed only by molecular analyses (Parapar et al. 2020a) much more work needs to be done to resolve all the species present.</p> <p>BRANCHIAE. Even if Terebellides branchiae seem to be very similar within the genus (Figs 7A–B, 8A–B), several morphological characters permit the discrimination of species, such as the presence of a fifth anterior branchial lobe (e.g., T. europaea), the degree of fusion of both upper and lower lobes (e.g.. not fused on T. ceneresi), the presence of long terminal filaments (e.g., in T. shetlandica) or short posterior processes (Fig. 7B), and finally the presence and the shape of papillae situated on the margins of the branchial lamellae (Fig. 8B) (e.g., T. lilasae).</p> <p>NOTOCHAETAE FROM FIRST CHAETIGER. The size of notochaetae of the first chaetiger varies between species. For most of the species, these chaetae are of a similar size compared to those of the following chaetigers. However, they can be absent or much shorter (e.g., T. ceneresi) or much longer (e.g., T. mediterranea).</p> <p>PRESENCE OF GENICULATE CHAETAE ON ONE OR TWO CHAETIGERS. The geniculate chaetae are exclusive to members of Terebellides and they are typically present on CH 6 (SG VIII) only (Fig. 8E), but in some species they are present on two chaetigers, as for example in T. bigeniculatus.</p> <p>UNCINI DENTICULATION. The different types of uncini follow the classifications provided by Parapar et al. (2020b) for thoracic uncini (Fig. 8F) and Parapar et al. (2020a) for abdominal uncini. These</p> <p>classifications are based on the ratio between the length of the main fang (rostrum) and the crest of secondary teeth (capitium), and the size and number of the secondary teeth.</p> <p>THORACIC CILIATED PAPILLAE. Following the recent study of Parapar et al. (2020a), the absence or the presence of thoracic ciliated papillae allow for the discrimination of Terebellides species. These papillae are situated dorsally to the thoracic notopodia (see for example Parapar et al. 2020a; Fig. 7B).</p> <p>METHYL GREEN PATTERN. The colouration of Terebellides specimens prior to identification is essential. Indeed, MG staining highlights the presence and the shape of the glandular region of the third thoracic chaetiger (e.g., undulating glandular region present and in members of T. gentili, oval for T. lilasae Fig. 7B) and the compact/striped pattern of the ventral part of anterior chaetigers (e.g., CH 4 (SG VI) white in T. ceneresi).</p> <p>Key to European species of Trichobranchidae (after Lavesque et al. 2019a and Parapar et al. 2020a)</p> <p>1. One large branchia consisting of a stem and four lobes with transverse lamellae.....5 (Terebellides)</p> <p>– Two or three pairs of branchiae........................................................................... 2 (Trichobranchus)</p> <p>– Four pairs of branchiae........................................................................................... 4 (Octobranchus)</p> <p>2. Two pairs of branchiae...................................................................................................................... 3</p> <p>– Three pairs of branchiae, eyespots present................................................................................................................................................................................. Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren, 1866</p> <p>3. Eyespots absent......................................................................... Trichobranchus roseus Malm, 1874</p> <p>– Eyespots present.................................................................................................................................... Trichobranchus demontaudouini Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>4. Pairs of branchiae of different shapes; abdominal uncini with three rows of secondary teeth above the main fang..................................................... Octobranchus floriceps Kingston &amp; Mackie, 1980</p> <p>– All pairs of branchiae similar; abdominal uncini with two rows of secondary teeth above the main fang..................................................................................... Octobranchus lingulatus (Grube, 1863)</p> <p>– Bases of branchiae covered by dorso-lateral lobes, abdominal uncini with two rows of secondary teeth above the main fang.............................. Octobranchus sikorskii (Leontovich &amp; Jirkov. 2001)</p> <p>5. Geniculate acicular chaetae on CH 5 (SG VII) and CH 6 (SG VIII)............................................................................................................. Terebellides bigeniculatus Parapar, Moreira &amp; Helgason, 2011</p> <p>– Geniculate acicular chaetae on CH 6 (SG VI) only........................................................................... 6</p> <p>6. Branchial lamellae without marginal papillae.................................................................................. 7</p> <p>– Branchial lamellae with marginal papillae..................................................................................... 15</p> <p>7. Lower branchial lobes with long filaments....................................................................................... 8</p> <p>– Lower branchial lobes with or without short projections................................................................. 9</p> <p>8. Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) present; branchial lamellae pointed; notochaetae from CH 1 longer than following ones; dorsal papillae absent............................................................................................................... Terebellides parapari Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>– Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) absent; branchial lamellae rounded; all notochaetae equal-sized; dorsal papillae present........................ Terebellides shetlandica Parapar, Moreira &amp; O’Reilly, 2016</p> <p>9. Ventral white band present on CH 4 (SG VI) after MG staining..................................................... 10</p> <p>– No distinct pattern on CH 4 (SG VI) after MG staining...................................................................11</p> <p>10. Large species (&gt; 30 mm); 5 th branchial lobe present; notochaetae of CH 1 (SG III) similar to following ones; main fang of thoracic uncini straight.................................... Terebellides gracilis Malm, 1874</p> <p>– Small species (&lt;20 mm); 5 th branchial lobe absent; notochaetae of CH 1 (SG III) absent or shorter than following ones; main fang of thoracic uncini ‘eagle head’ (= curved) shaped................................................... Terebellides ceneresi Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>11. First notopodia and notochaetae longer than following ones............................................................................................................................... Terebellides mediterranea Parapar, Mikac &amp; Fiege, 2013</p> <p>– First notopodia and notochaetae similar or shorter than following ones........................................ 12</p> <p>12. Large-sized species (&gt; 50 mm); dorsal rounded projections on CH 1– CH 5 conspicuous............... 13</p> <p>– Small-sized species (&lt;20 mm); dorsal rounded projections on CH 1– CH 5 absent; main fang of thoracic uncini straight................................................................................................................... 14</p> <p>13. Abdominal uncini of type 1 (length of capitium about 0.7 length of the main fang, capitium simple consisting of a few, wide denticles).................................................................................................................................................... Terebellides kongsrudi Parapar, Capa, Nygren &amp; Moreira, 2020 and Terebellides bakkeni Parapar, Capa, Nygren &amp; Moreira, 2020 complex</p> <p>– Abdominal uncini of type 2 (capitium of about same length as main fang, capitium complex composed of a first row of 4(5) denticles and a variable number of teeth in two more rows)..................................................................................................................... Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835</p> <p>14. Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) and 5 th branchial lobe both absent................................................................................................................................................... Terebellides atlantis Williams, 1984</p> <p>– Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) and 5 th branchial lobe both present............................................................................ Terebellides gralli Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>15. Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) rounded or oval......................................................................... 16</p> <p>– Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) otherwise.................................................................................. 17</p> <p>16. Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) staining in white, branchial lamellae with rounded papillae, CH 1– 3 without conspicuous dorsal projection....................................................................................................................... Terebellides lilasae Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>– Glandular region on CH 3 (SG V) staining in blue, branchial lamellae with conical papillae, CH 1–3 with conspicuous dorsal projection................................................................................................................................ Terebellides bonifi Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>17. Most branchial lamellae with marginal papillae............................................................................. 18</p> <p>– Only anterior branchial lamellae with marginal papillae................................................................ 19</p> <p>18. Branchial lamellae with digitiform papillae, upper lip elongated; MG staining pattern as compact bands from CH 1–5.................................................................................................................................................... Terebellides resomari Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>– Branchial lamellae with widely spaced, small and elongated digitiform papillae; MG staining pattern leaving white stripes from CH 1–5................................................................................................................................ Terebellides gentili Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019</p> <p>19. Thoracic uncini type 1 (main fang vs capitium length ratio 2(3)/1; capitium with 2(3) large teeth, following ones much smaller).................................................................................................................................................................. Terebellides ronningae Parapar, Capa, Nygren &amp; Moreira, 2020</p> <p>– Thoracic uncini type 3 (main fang vs. capitium length ratio 1/1; capitium with 4(5) mid-sized teeth, following ones slightly smaller)..................................................................................................... 20</p> <p>20. Deep-water species, mostly found below 200 m deep.............................................................................................................................. Terebellides norvegica Parapar, Capa, Nygren &amp; Moreira, 2020</p> <p>– Shallow-water species, mostly found above 100 m deep.................................................................................. Terebellides europaea Lavesque, Hutchings, Daffe, Nygren &amp; Londoño-Mesa, 2019 and Terebellides scotica Parapar, Capa, Nygren &amp; Moreira, 2020 complex</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A269792161381B3CFA388A6C6409	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lavesque, Nicolas;Hutchings, Pat;Londoño-Mesa, Mario H.;Nogueira, João M. M.;Daffe, Guillemine;Nygren, Arne;Blanchet, Hugues;Bonifácio, Paulo;Broudin, Caroline;Dauvin, Jean-Claude;Droual, Gabin;Gouillieux, Benoit;Grall, Jacques;Guyonnet, Benjamin;Houbin, Céline;Humbert, Suzie;Janson, Anne-Laure;Jourde, Jérôme;Labrune, Céline;Lamarque, Bastien;Latry, Lise;Garrec, Vincent Le;Pelaprat, Corine;Pezy, Jean-Philippe;Sauriau, Pierre-Guy;Montaudouin, Xavier De	Lavesque, Nicolas, Hutchings, Pat, Londoño-Mesa, Mario H., Nogueira, João M. M., Daffe, Guillemine, Nygren, Arne, Blanchet, Hugues, Bonifácio, Paulo, Broudin, Caroline, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Droual, Gabin, Gouillieux, Benoit, Grall, Jacques, Guyonnet, Benjamin, Houbin, Céline, Humbert, Suzie, Janson, Anne-Laure, Jourde, Jérôme, Labrune, Céline, Lamarque, Bastien, Latry, Lise, Garrec, Vincent Le, Pelaprat, Corine, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Montaudouin, Xavier De (2021): The “ Spaghetti Project ”: the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia). European Journal of Taxonomy 782 (1): 108-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1593
