identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039DFA6CFFDEFFDD6D65FD87CD59FEF8.text	039DFA6CFFDEFFDD6D65FD87CD59FEF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycytellidae Martynova 1952	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Polycytellidae Martynova, 1952 stat. rest. </p>
            <p> Type genus.  Polycytella Tillyard, 1922 (including  Polycytella triassica Tillyard, 1922 , Triassic, Australia; and  Polycytella rasnitsyni sp. nov. , Triassic, South Africa). </p>
            <p> Other genera.  Argentinoglosselytrina Martins- Neto &amp; Gallego, 2001 (including  Argentinoglosselytrina pulchella Martins-Neto and Gallego, 2001 , Triassic, Argentina), and  Moltenojurina gen. nov. (including  Moltenojurina parva sp. nov. , Triassic, South Africa). </p>
            <p>Emended diagnosis. Forewing: opposite the end of ScP, area anterior to RA large (accounting for about a quarter of wing width).</p>
            <p> Discussion. Genera herein assigned to the  Polycytellidae display two states that have been generally regarded as relevant to the systematics of  Glosselytrodea , namely: </p>
            <p>(1)occurrence of a single mid-vein (or, ‘two mid-veins fused into a single mid-vein, as opposed to ‘occurrence of two, closely adjoined but distinct, mid-veins’); and</p>
            <p>(2) anterior and posterior ambient veins joining each other at their apices (as opposed to ‘anterior and posterior ambient veins reaching the anterior and posterior margins, respectively’).</p>
            <p> Martynova (1952; and see Martynova, 1962, 1991) regarded these traits as diagnostic of the  Polycytellidae , to which she also assigned  Mesojurina Martynova, 1943 (including  Mesojurina sogjutensis Martynova, 1943 , Jurassic, Kyrgyzstan; and see below). However, Rasnitsyn &amp; Aristov in Aristov et al. (2013) considered that this combination of traits may have been acquired convergently within two distinct families, namely the oligoneurous  Jurinidae Zalessky,1929 and the polyneurous  Glosselytridae Martynov, 1938 . Besides the number of veins, which can be partly related to size, this proposal rests on scenarios of forewing elytrization, achieved either by membrane strengthening or veins strengthening. However, these aspects remain difficult to appreciate based on data currently available on  Glosselytrodea . </p>
            <p> Of further interest, it is common that the area between the anterior wing margin and ScP is enlarged in  Glosselytrodea . Consequently, the anterior wing margin has a marked inflexion opposite the end of ScP. However, in genera herein assigned to the  Polycytellidae , the area anterior to RA (i. e., between ScP and RA and then between the anterior wing margin and RA) is also enlarged (opposite the end of ScP, nearly as large as the area between RA and MP+CuA ant), with the consequence that the anterior wing margin regains a more continuous course. This trait can be described as follows: </p>
            <p>(3) ‘opposite the end of ScP, area anterior to RA large’ (as opposed to ‘RA close to ScP and, distal to the end of this vein, close to the anterior wing margin’).</p>
            <p> It is present in  Polycytella (Fig. 1),  Argentinoglosselytrina and the new material described below (Figs 2–4). This trait is most likely derived, as it is unique among  Glosselytrodea and, to our knowledge, winged insects as a whole. A seemingly similar condition occurs in Blattodea, in which the area between the anterior wing margin and the stem of R is often very wide (Rehn, 1951). However, this R stem emits successive anterior branches, the anterior-most ones belonging to RA.As a consequence, the actual area between ScP and RA corresponds to the area between ScP and the first anterior branch of R, and is narrow. The conditions in  Polycytellidae and Blattodea are therefore not homologous. </p>
            <p> Considering that  Mesojurina displays the plesiomorphic condition of the character (viz., the state ‘RA close to ScP and, distal to the end of this vein, close to the anterior wing margin’), we therefore exclude this genus from the  Polycytellidae , which, as a consequence, is strictly Gondwanan. Whether the corresponding taxon shall better be considered a subfamily to be nested within  Jurinidae or  Glosselytridae remains to be elucidated. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFDEFFDD6D65FD87CD59FEF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
039DFA6CFFDDFFDB6D65FEB2C9E1FB09.text	039DFA6CFFDDFFDB6D65FEB2C9E1FB09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycytella Tillyard 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Polycytella Tillyard, 1922</p>
            <p> Type species.  Polycytella triassica Tillyard, 1922 . </p>
            <p> Other species.  Polycytella rasnitsyni sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. CuP reaching the posterior wing margin distal to wing mid-length; apex slightly deflected posteriorly (best known in  Polycytella rasnitsyni , likely occurring in  Polycytella triassica ); marginal band not particularly broad (opposite the 3 rd quarter of wing length, accounting for about a quarter of total wing width); large size (forewing length ranging from about 8.2 mm to 9.4 mm in known species). </p>
            <p> Discussion. Despite the limited available data on  Argentinoglosselytrina , it can be assessed that species herein assigned to the genus  Polycytella share a termination of CuP located distal to the wing mid-length (it is located opposite to it in  Argentinoglosselytrina ; condition unknown in  Moltenojurina ),a putatively derived condition. Additionally, in both species the wing apex is slightly deflected posteriorly (a trait partly inferred for  Polycytella triassica ), while it is not that pronounced in  Argentinoglosselytrina and not the case in  Moltenojurina . The marginal band is very broad in  Moltenojurina , unlike in species herein assigned to  Polycytella (and in  Argentinoglosselytrina ). Finally, species herein assigned to  Polycytella (and  Argentinoglosselytrina ) share similar size range (forewing length 7.2–9.4 mm), in contrast to  Moltenojurina , which type and only known species has forewings about half smaller. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFDDFFDB6D65FEB2C9E1FB09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
039DFA6CFFDBFFDA6EC7FA81C983FBE0.text	039DFA6CFFDBFFDA6EC7FA81C983FBE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycytella triassica Tillyard 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycytella triassica Tillyard, 1922</p>
            <p>(Fig. 1)</p>
            <p>  Holotype.  Specimen GSQ81a [part, preserving a wing in dorsal aspect, but mostly as impression (i. e., negative view) of ventral side, partly with vein section as positive elevation, in particular along RA], housed at the Queensland  Museum (  Brisbane , Australia); and specimen NHMUK In.33279 (counterpart of GSQ81a), housed at the  Natural History Museum (London, United-Kingdom; not investigated) (Rix, 2021). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Forewing: length about 8.2 mm, aspect ratio 3.3; in the 3 rd quarter of wing length, cells between RA and CuA post as wide as long; occurrence of an intercalary vein between CuA post and CuP (originating before the end of the latter; but see below).</p>
            <p>Type locality and horizon. Denmark Hill, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia; Blackstone Formation; Carnian (possibly lowermost Norian).</p>
            <p>Redescription. A right forewing, with most of the margins and apex missing; preserved length 7.2 mm (about 8.2 mm if complete), width 2.2 mm; area between anterior wing margin and ScP broad, with at least 4 rows of small cells; in this area, occurrence of a conspicuous ambient vein parallel to the anterior wing margin; just distal to the end of ScP, area between anterior wing margin and RA broad (0.6 mm wide opposite the end of ScP); MP+CuA ant rectilinear in its basal half, then slightly deflected posteriorly; area between RA and MP+CuA ant broadening from wing base to the ca. 3/5 of wing length, then tapering, with 4 veins at its broadest; area between MP+CuA ant and CuA post broadening from the wing base to the ca. 3/5 of wing length, then tapering, with 4 veins at its broadest; CuA post simple, very slightly bent opposite the end of CuP; occurrence of an intercalary vein between CuA post and CuP, originating about 1.6 mm before the end of the latter; claval furrow concave, rectilinear, closely bordered by two convex vein-like elements, the anterior one herein regarded as CuP, the posterior one as AA1 or a derivative of cross-venation (thereafter ‘AA1’); distally, claval furrow and both of these elements barely distinguishable from a single vein, ending 4.7 mm distal to wing base; two well-defined veins (AA?) converging towards the end of CuP, with 4 rows of cells between AA1 and the first of these veins; the second of these veins located in a depression.</p>
            <p>Discussion. The polarity of the specimen GSQ81a is not evident at first glance. The fact that cross-veins are preserved as depressions points towards a negative imprint, while the claval furrow preserved as a depression points towards a positive imprint. One possibility, then, is that the specimen is a negative imprint of a ventral side. This interpretation is corroborated by portions of RA appearing as convex tubular elements (in particular opposite the end of ScP), representing a positive imprint of the dorsal side of a then right forewing. In turn, if this is a right forewing, negatively imprinted cross-veins can only be accounted for by a negative imprint of a ventral side.</p>
            <p> Whether an intercalary vein occurs between CuA post and CuP (as represented on Fig. 1), or whether this vein is the genuine CuA post instead, is not evident to assess, essentially because the posterior part of the marginal band is poorly preserved. Considering that, on one hand, CuA post is a conspicuously convex vein in  Polycytella rasnitsyni , and that, on the other, the vein of concern lies in a depression, while the vein anterior to it (‘CuA post ’ on Fig. 1) is elevated, we considered it unlikely that it could be CuA post. The development of an intercalary vein in this area is not unlikely, given that similar structures occur in the area between the anterior wing margin and ScP, and in the area anterior to RA. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFDBFFDA6EC7FA81C983FBE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
039DFA6CFFDAFFD96EC7FBDAC941FD1B.text	039DFA6CFFDAFFD96EC7FBDAC941FD1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycytella rasnitsyni Béthoux & Anderson 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycytella rasnitsyni sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 2, 3)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0D93F67B-6562-44BE-8E7B-8BC4B3A314B8</p>
            <p>  Holotype.  Specimen PRE/F/10559 (preserving a left forewing in ventral aspect and a right forewing in dorsal aspect),  Evolutionary Studies Institute ,  University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet honours Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, for his wide-ranging contribution to the fields of evolutionary entomology and systematics.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Forewing: length 9.4 mm, aspect ratio 3.6; in the 3 rd quarter of wing length, cells between RA and CuA post wider than long; no intercalary vein between CuA post and CuP (but see above); clavus large (0.7 mm wide opposite clavus mid-length; probably indicative of a large thorax; incompletely known in  Polycytella triassica ). </p>
            <p>Type locality and horizon. Birds River (locality code ‘Bir 111’; see Anderson &amp; Anderson, 1984), South Africa; Molteno Formation; lower Carnian, Upper Triassic (Anderson et al., 1998).</p>
            <p>Description. A pair of forewings, presumably from the same individual, with left forewing very well preserved, and outline and main veins of right forewing more or less discernible; forewing length 9.4 mm, width 2.6 mm; area between anterior wing margin and ScP broad, with at least 4 rows of small cells; in this area, occurrence of an ambient vein parallel to the anterior wing margin; just distal to the end of ScP, area between anterior wing margin and RA broad (0.6 mm wide opposite the end of ScP), with 4 or 5 rows of cells; area between anterior wing margin and RA gradually tapering, with 2 rows of cells until shortly before the apex; RA simple; MP+CuA ant rectilinear in its basal half, then slightly deflected posteriorly; area between RA and MP+CuA ant broadening from wing base to the ca. 3/5 of wing length, then tapering, with 4 veins at its broadest; area between MP+CuA ant and CuA post broadening from the wing base to the ca. 3/5 of wing length, then tapering, with 3 veins at its broadest; in the 3 rd quarter of wing length, cells between RA and CuA post wider than long; CuA post simple, slightly bent opposite the end of CuP; RA, MP+CuA ant and CuA post joining at their apices and delimiting a single marginal band; claval furrow concave, rectilinear, closely bordered by two convex vein-like elements, the anterior one herein regarded as CuP, the posterior one as AA1 or a derivative of cross-venation (hereafter ‘AA1’); distally, claval furrow and both of these elements barely distinguishable from a single vein, ending 5.4 mm distal to wing base; clavus large (0.7 mm wide opposite clavus mid-length); 2 well-defined AA veins (in addition to AA1), converging towards the end of CuP, with two rows of cells between them, and between AA1 and the first of these veins; area between the second of these AA veins and posterior wing margin with 5 rows of cells, progressively longer than wide towards the margin, and organized into vein-like elements parallel to the posterior wing margin, forming a depression along it.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The new material is very similar to  Polycytella triassica , particularly in the relatively distal location of the end of CuP (unknown in  Mo. parva , see below). Differences mainly regard aspect ratio, the shape of cells in the 3 rd quarter of wing length, and the occurrence, or lack thereof, of an intercalary vein between CuA post and CuP (basal to the end of the latter). Considering that it is more informative to emphasize similarities rather than differences, we propose to assign the new material to the same genus as  Polycytella triassica . </p>
            <p> The occurrence of intercalary veins running very close to the posterior wing margin, basal to the end of CuP, is probably part of a forewing interlocking mechanism. Indeed, the occurrence of one or several vein-like structures (main and/or intercalary vein(s)) bordering the actual posterior wing margin, basal to the end of CuP or along its entire length, is common in insects with elytrized forewings, such as Dermaptera and some Dictyoptera (Tillyard, 1931; Nel et al., 2014; Béthoux et al., 2016; Luo et al., in press). Most elaborated cases involve a three-dimensional tongue-and-groove structure, as in Coleoptera (Breed &amp; Ball, 1908; and see Nachtigall, 1974), which appears as composed of multiple, parallel vein-like elements when viewed dorsally. The bordering of the claval furrow by two vein-like elements (one of the two being CuP) is a configuration that can be observed in elytrized forewings of grasshoppers (OB, pers. observ.), among others. In  Polycytella rasnitsyni the interlocking mechanism may have involved the posterior margin of the clavus on one hand, and the area of the claval furrow on the other. Indeed, when folded along the claval furrow, the posterior margin of the clavus of the overlapping forewing overlaps the claval furrow of the overlapped forewing. To best appreciate this the reader is encouraged to cut wings illustrated on Fig. 3 along their margin, use the tip of a pointed blade (or a needle) and a ruler to gently imprint a line of weakness along the claval furrow, and assemble the wing pair in resting position, with the claval furrow forming a 90° angle. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFDAFFD96EC7FBDAC941FD1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
039DFA6CFFD9FFD96EC7FC92C92EFB5F.text	039DFA6CFFD9FFD96EC7FC92C92EFB5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moltenojurina Béthoux & Anderson 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Moltenojurina gen. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3433E663-4AC3-4FB1-92DFD8B38FF02905</p>
            <p> Type species.  Moltenojurina parva sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The proposed name is derived from Molteno, the name of the Formation where the holotype of the type species was found, and ‘ jurina ’, a suffix commonly used in the systematics of  Glosselytrodea ; gender feminine. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. As for the type species, because of monotypy.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFD9FFD96EC7FC92C92EFB5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
039DFA6CFFD9FFD86EC7FB4DCA79FE10.text	039DFA6CFFD9FFD86EC7FB4DCA79FE10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moltenojurina parva Béthoux & Anderson 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Moltenojurina parva sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BFCFDAB4-295D-4C86- A9AB-7441215855A4</p>
            <p>  Holotype.  Specimen PRE/F/20922 (part, preserving a wing in in ventral aspect),  Evolutionary Studies Institute ,  University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet, ‘  parva ’ (‘small’ in Latin) refers to the small size of the species. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Forewing: marginal band broad (opposite the 3 rd quarter of wing length, accounting for about a third of total wing width); apex not deflected posteriorly; small size (forewing length about 3.9 mm in known material).</p>
            <p>Type locality and horizon. Birds River (locality code ‘Bir 111’; see Anderson &amp; Anderson, 1984), South Africa; Molteno Formation; lower Carnian, Upper Triassic (Anderson et al., 1998).</p>
            <p>Description. A right forewing, posterior area incomplete, clavus missing, and, according to the proposed reconstruction, area between anterior wing margin and ScP missing; length 3.3 mm as preserved (ca. 3.9 mm if complete), width about 1.1 mm if complete; area anterior to RA broad (0.3 mm opposite the presumed end of ScP), with 4 rows of cells at best, and retaining 2 rows of cells until shortly before the apex; area between RA and MP+CuA ant with 2 veins, zigzagging and without clear origin; area between MP+CuA ant and CuA post with 2 zigzagging veins; in its posterior section, marginal band broad.</p>
            <p> Discussion. Because of its incompleteness and the symmetry characterizing  Glosselytrodea forewings, it was not straightforward to orientate the specimen. We rested on the fact that the clavus is commonly delimited by a series of rectilinear, close and parallel veins in  Glosselytrodea . Provided that it is not the case in the preserved area which could have been interpreted as the clavus, we interpreted it as the area anterior to RA instead. Additionally, veinlike elements preserved in the corresponding area display a zigzagging course, known to be the case for similar elements preserved in the area anterior to RA in  Polycytella and  Argentinoglosselytrina . In a similar line of reasoning, the lack of a rectilinear vein interpretable as ScP suggests that the specimen was broken along this vein, a damage not uncommon in fossil wings of  Glosselytrodea (see Hong, 2007; Rasnitsyn &amp; Aristov in Aristov et al., 2013). A tentative reconstruction was elaborated accordingly (Fig. 4). It implies that the area anterior to RA is very broad, ensuring the assignment of the specimen to the  Polycytellidae as diagnosed above. </p>
            <p> The new material differs from any known  Polycytellidae by its small size. As a matter of fact, to our knowledge, it is the smallest  Glosselytrodea to date. More decisively, the marginal band is broader than in other  Glosselytrodea : opposite the 3 rd quarter of wing length, the marginal band (anterior and posterior sections) accounts for about a quarter of wing width in  Polycytella spp. , while it accounts for more than a third in the new material. These traits justify the erection of a new genus and, incidentally, of a new species. </p>
            <p> General similarity between the new material and  Mesojurina sogjutensis Martynova, 1943 is regarded as due to the small size characterizing both species. Notably,  Mesojurina sogjutensis has an area anterior to RA comparatively narrow, this precluding its assignment to the  Polycytellidae as diagnosed above. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039DFA6CFFD9FFD86EC7FB4DCA79FE10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Béthoux, Olivier;Anderson, John M.	Béthoux, Olivier, Anderson, John M. (2021): The Polycytellidae viewed as Gondwanan Glosselytrodea. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 550-558, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.5
