taxonID	type	description	language	source
5849C365FFCCFFAA5A53FB08AD34A6CF.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Epigambrialongipennis Handlirsch, 1939, by monotypy. Emendeddiagnosis. Forewing: unknown. Hindwing: MA, MP deeply dichotomously forked [Polyosmylus: forked once, shallowly].	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFAA59F1F849ADA9A4D3.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Epigambria Handlirsch, 1939.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFAA59F1F849ADA9A4D3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. May be distinguished from members of the polystoechotid genus-group of Ithonidae s. l. by a combination of the following character states: (1) a single gradate series between branches of RP in both fore- and hind wings [two series in genera of the polystoechotid genus-group (rarely: outer series distinct, proximal crossveins numerous, not arranged in inner series in forewing)]; (2) absence of crossveins between branches of MP and CuA in forewing [present in genera of the polystoechotid genus-group]; (3) several crossveins between RA and RP nearly perpendicular to these veins in hind wing [few and oblique in most members of the polystoechotid genus-group].	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFAA59F1F849ADA9A4D3.taxon	discussion	Included genera. Epigambria, Polyosmylus, and Rasnitsyneura, gen. nov., all from the Early Jurassic (early Toarcian) of Germany. Remarks. Handlirsch (1913) and Zittel (1921, 1924) mentioned the name ‘ Epigambridae’, but no genera were included to this family until 1939.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFA95A53F96CAC6FA6DF.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFA95A53F96CAC6FA6DF.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Holotype FGWG 123 / 51, deposited in the collections of the Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Germany. Apoorly preserved crumpled complete hind wing. Germany: Dobbertin. Early Jurassic (early Toarcian, “ Grüne Serie ”, Harpoceras falciferum ammonite zone). Re-description. Hindwing 6.9 mmlong, 1.8 mmwide aspreserved (estimated completewidth ≥ 2 mm). Costal space relatively broad, slightly broadened proximally, moderately broadened distally. Subcostal veinlets widely spaced; basally simple, perpendicular to Sc; more proximally bent toward wing apex, simple or shallowly forked; distally once forked. Subcostal space moderately broad; crossveins not detected. Sc stout, approaching RA distally, with or without fusion unknown. RA stout, relatively long, entering margin somewhat proximad wing apex; with four long veinlets, once to twice forked. RA space narrow, with four preserved crossveins (nearly perpendicular to RA). RP originating relatively near wing base, with seven pectinate branches. RP 1, RP 3, RP 4, RP 6 deeply dichotomously forked; RP 2 similarly (but not so deep) branched; RP 5 once forked. Proximal part of Mnot preserved. MA, MP deeply dichotomously forked. CuA pectinately branched; its anterior trace, three branches once forked. CuP not clearly discernible (possibly few branched). Anal veins very poorly preserved. Crossveins in radial space very poorly preserved, probably forming one gradate series (three crossveins discernible).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCCFFA95A53F96CAC6FA6DF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The drawing of Handlirsch (Handlirsch, 1939: Pl. 7, Fig. 119) is largely incorrect, especially in the area of the cubital space; we revise it here (Fig. 1).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCFFFA95A53F918AD3FA87C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Polyosmylus excelsus Ansorge, 1996, by original designation. Emended diagnosis. Forewing: CuP deeply forked [shallowly forked in Rasnitsyneura]. Hind wing: MA, MP once forked, shallowly [Epigambria: deeply, dichotomously forked].	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCEFFAE59F1FF01A8A9A57A.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 4)	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCEFFAE59F1FF01A8A9A57A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype LGA 1033 (part only), deposited in MNB. A well-preserved, nearly complete forewing overlapping an incompletely preserved hind wing. Paratype LGA 540 (part only), deposited in MNB. Arather poorly preserved complete forewing. The same locality and horizon as the holotype. Type locality and horizon. Germany: Grimmen. Early Jurassic (early Toarcian; “ Grüne Serie ”, Harpoceras falciferum zone). Re-description. Holotype LGA 1033. Forewing 8.7 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Costal margin medially markedly concave. Costal space relatively narrow, broadened proximally and distally. Basal subcostal veinlets incompletely preserved; middle veinlets terminally curved to apex or forked with distal branch longer than proximal; some distal veinlets of Sc rather deeply once forked; some veinlets of RA twice forked. Subcostal space moderately broad distally; only basal crossvein detected located slightly proximad origin of RP. Sc, RA stout, distally approaching, probably not fused (Fig. 3 A). RA space relatively narrow, nearly equal width throughout length; five, rather regularly spaced crossveins in middle part. RP originating near wing base; anterior trace forked distally, not zigzagged, with nine branches. RP 1, RP 3, RP 4, RP 9 dichotomously forked distad outer gradate series; RP 2, RP 5, RP 6, RP 8 once shallowly forked; RP 7 simple. Two crossveins between Rand Min basal part: 1 r-m short, connecting R, M; 2 r-m long, connecting RP proximad origin of RP 1, MA. Mbasally not fused with R; forked far proximad origin of RP 1. MA basally (proximad 2 r-m) poorly discernible, forked distad outer gradate series (incompletely preserved). MP pectinately forked, with three long branches; each branch once shallowly forked. Crossveins in radial to medial spaces rare: two crossveins (between MA, MP and MP, CuA) form posterior part of inner gradate series; outer gradate series probably complete, eight crossveins detected from RP 7 to CuA (some poorly preserved). Cu dividing into CuA, CuP relatively near wing base. CuA pectinately forked, with four long branches (three proximad distal crossvein between MP, CuA; one distad); each branch once or twice shallowly forked. CuP deeply forked, each branch shallowly once forked near margin. Two long crossveins between CuA, CuP. One long distal crossvein between CuP, A 1 (basal crossvein not discernible). A 1 dichotomously branched. A 2, A 3 similarly configured, with two to three very short branches. Hind wing 5.9 mm long as preserved (estimated complete length ca. 7.0 – 7.5 mm), 2.1 mm wide as preserved (estimated completewidth ca. 2.2 mm). Preserved portion of costal space narrow. Subcostal veinlets oblique, mediallysimpleoronceshallowly forked. Subcostal space rather broad, crossveins not detected. Sc, RA stout. RA space slightly wider than subcostal space; with five preserved crossveins nearly perpendicular to RA. RP with seven preserved branches (possibly eight in life). RP 1 – RP 4 deeply dichotomously forked; RP 5, RP 6 shallowly forked. Mforked far distad origin of RP 1. MA, MP shallowly forked. Crossveins in radial to medial spaces poorly preserved; four crossveins partly preserved forming single gradate series. CuA pectinate, but only two branches fragmentarily preserved. CuP, anal veins not preserved. Paratype LGA 540. Forewing 8.1 mmlong, 3.0 mm wide. Costal margin medially markedly concave. Costal space relatively narrow, broadened proximally, distally. Humeral veinlet recurrent, with two very short branches; five basal subcostal veinlets simple, with their apices curved to wing apex; middle to distal veinlets bent toward apex, mainly once forked (often shallowly), rarely twice forked. Subcostal space moderately broad distally; only basal crossvein detected located slightly proximad origin of RP. Sc, RA stout, distally approaching, probably not fused (Fig. 3 B). RA space relatively narrow, nearly equal width throughout length; four crossveins detected in middle part. RP originating near wing base; anterior trace forked distally, not zigzagged, with nine branches. RP 3 dichotomously deeply forked far proximad outer gradate series; RP 1, RP 2, anterior branch of RP 3, RP 7 dichotomously forked distad outer series; posterior branch of RP 3, RP 4 – RP 6 once forked; RP 8, RP 9 simple. One long crossvein between R, Min basal part detected (2 r-m), connecting RP proximad origin of RP 1, MA. M basally not fused with R; forked far proximad origin of RP 1. MA basally (proximad 2 r-m) poorly discernible; pectinately forked distad outer gradate series with two forked branches. MP pectinately forked, with two long branches; each branch once shallowly forked. Crossveins of inner gradate series not detected; outer gradate series complete, nine crossveins detected from RP 7 to CuA (some poorly preserved). Two crossveins detected between MP, CuA. Cu dividing into CuA, CuP relatively near wing base. CuA pectinately forked, with four long branches (all proximad distal crossvein between MP, CuA); each branch once or twice shallowly forked. CuP deeply forked, each branch shallowly forked near margin (twice or three times). One long distal crossveins between CuA, CuP detected. Two long crossveins between CuP, A 1. A 1 dichotomously branched. A 2 dichotomously branched near wing margin.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFCEFFAE59F1FF01A8A9A57A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype and paratype are certainly conspecific based on their very similar wing venation and their wings lacking spots.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAE59F1FAFEAAB7A3F6.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Prohemerobius aequabilis Bode, 1953.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAE59F1FAFEAAB7A3F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus is named in honor of Professor Alexander P. Rasnitsyn, a well-known Russian paleoentomologist; the ending - neura is from Neuroptera. Gender: feminine.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAE59F1FAFEAAB7A3F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing: several brown spots [Polyosmylus: none]; CuP shallowlyforked [Polyosmylus: deeply forked]. Hind wing: unknown.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAE59F1FAFEAAB7A3F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bode (1953) described seven species of Prohemerobius with spotted forewings from two localities near Braunschweig in Germany (Hondelage and Schandelah): Prohemerobius aequabilis, P. septemvirgatus Bode, 1953, P. succisus Bode, 1953, P. dispar Bode, 1953, P. sexfasciatus Bode, 1953, P. quatuorpictus Bode, 1953, and P. obliquevirgatus Bode, 1953. Ponomarenko (1996) reexamined most of their types and assigned several additional specimens to them. He considered four species to be junior synonyms: P. aequabilis, P. succisus, and P. dispar to be synonyms of P. septemvirgatus; P. obliquevirgatus as a synonym of P. quatuorpictus. However, the situation is complicated by the fact thatthe present location of these types is unknown, thephotographs of them providedby Ponomarenko (1996) are poor and not very informative, and their drawings by Bode (1953) and Ponomarenko (1996) are not accurate, at least in some details. Therefore, this synonymy is not well justified, and the actual number of these Prohemerobius species is unknown, as their diagnostic characters and generic affinities remain unclear. However, we may reasonably assume that P. aequabilis, P. succisus, P. dispar and P. septemvirgatus belong to Rasnitsyneura gen. nov. judging from the similar size, maculation and venation (but considering that their venations were drawn or interpreted somewhat incorrectly) to those of the specimens described here. Three other species (P. sexfasciatus, P. quatuorpictus, and P. obliquevirgatus) probably do not belong to Epigambriinae judging from their smaller sizes, stouter bodies, and differing maculations.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAD5A53FC72AD2AA42F.taxon	description	(Figs 5 – 7)	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAD5A53FC72AD2AA42F.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Specimen PIN 5552 / 34 (part only); a wellpreserved, nearly complete forewing; deposited in PIN. Locality and horizon. Germany: Schandelah. Early Jurassic (early Toarcian, boreale nodule, Harpoceras falciferum ammonite zone).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAD5A53FC72AD2AA42F.taxon	description	Description. Specimen PIN 5552 / 34 (Fig. 5). Forewing 7.8 mm long, 2.6 mm wide. Costal margin medially markedly concave. Costal space relatively narrow, broadened proximally, distally. Humeral veinlet recurrent, with two short branches; terminal parts of proximal subcostal veinlets strongly bent toward wing apex, simple or with very shallow terminal fork; middle veinlets terminally curved to apex or forked with distal branch longer than proximal; distal veinlets of Sc, RA mainly once forked (two veinlets forked two or three times). Subcostal space moderately broad distally; only basal crossvein detected located slightly distad origin of RP. Sc, RA stout, distally approaching, probably not fused. RA space narrow, slightly dilated basally; five, rather regularly spaced crossveins in middle part. RP originating near wing base; anterior trace forked distally, not zigzagged, with seven branches. RP 1, RP 2, RP 4 dichotomously forked distad outer gradate series; RP 3, RP 5, RP 7 once shallowly forked; RP 6 dichotomously forked far proximad outer gradate series. One short crossvein between R, Min basal part (1 r-m) detected, connecting R, M. Fork of Mnot preserved. Anterior trace of MA forked distally, with one relatively short branch. MP pectinately forked, with five long branches, once to twice shallowly forked (one branch simple). Crossveins in radial to medial spaces poorly preserved; four crossveins (from RP 2 to RP 6) represented outer gradate series. Cu dividing into CuA, CuP relatively near wing base. CuA pectinately forked, with two, very long branches; each branch once shallowly forked. CuP shallowly once forked. One (proximal) crossvein between CuA, CuP detected. Two crossveins between CuP, A 1: basal crossvein short; distal crossvein rather long. A 1 profusely, pectinately branched, with two rather long branches, which are again pectinately or dichotomously branched. A 2 pectinately forked, with two short branches. Two long crossveins between A 1, A 2. A 3 fragmentarily preserved. Maculation: eight brown spots medially (different in size), two paler spots apically.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC8FFAD5A53FC72AD2AA42F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We assign this specimen to Rasnitsyneura aequabilis judging from the drawings of the holotype by Bode (1953: Fig. 326) and Ponomarenko (1996: Fig. 10, which we consider mostly correct). Both specimens have relatively narrow forewings, almost identical maculation shown by Bode (1953), and similar venation as shown by Ponomarenko (1996) if the anterior branch of Mis interpreted as RP 1, the posterior branch of Mas MA, CuA as MP, and CuP as CuA. The holotype of R. aequabilis is also from Schandelah.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC5FFA25A53FABBABCAA59E.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC5FFA25A53FABBABCAA59E.taxon	materials_examined	Material. PIN 5552 / 48, deposited in PIN. An incomplete crumpled hind wing. Locality and horizon. Germany: Schandelah. Early Jurassic (early Toarcian, boreale nodule, Harpoceras falciferum ammonite zone).	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC5FFA25A53FABBABCAA59E.taxon	description	Description. Hind wing 5.8 mmlong as preserved (estimated completelength ca. 6.2 – 6.5 mm), 2.3 mmwide aspreserved (estimated completelength ca. 2.5). Preserved portion of costal space relatively broad; broadened distally. Subcostal veinlets mainly oblique; simple or once shallowly forked medially; once to twice forked distally. Subcostal space rather narrow as preserved. Sc, RA stout. RA space narrow, with three preserved crossveins nearly perpendicular to RA (distal slightly oblique). RP with seven branches. RP 1 – RP 3 deeply dichotomously forked; other branches shallowly forked or their terminations not preserved. MA, MP dichotomously forked. CuA pectinate with at least five branches. CuP not completely preserved, probably few branched. Presumed A 1, A 2 each shallowly forked once (alternatively, A 1 dichotomously forked, A 2 not preserved). One distal crossvein between presumed A 1, A 2.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
5849C365FFC5FFA25A53FABBABCAA59E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The venation of this hind wing is very similar to that of Epigambria longipennis and is clearly distinguished from that of Polyosmylus excelsus by its dichotomously branched M. Judging from its size, this wing might also belong to Rasnitsyneura gen. nov.	en	Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg, Khramov, Alexander V. (2021): Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s. l. (Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 516-531, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1
