taxonID	type	description	language	source
8F749744FF9AFFF7FF0BFD00FA01FE28.taxon	discussion	This is a monotypic and extinct subfamily, it includes the only genus Pherhombus Kasparyan, 1988. According to the latest revision (Manukyan, 2019), the fauna of Baltic amber contains six species: P. antennalis Kasparyan, 1988, P. brischkei Brues, 1923, P. dolini Tolkanitz & Narolsky, 2005, P. kasparyani Manukyan, 2019, P. krextepellensis Manukyan, 2019, and P. sorgenauensis Manukyan, 2019. The biology of pherhombines was reconstructed based on the structure of the mandibles, ovipositor, metasoma, claws and other parts of the body. They most probably developed as parasites of openly living insect larvae. Active nuptial flight took place in spring, probably in the twilight or night hours. Their females mainly inhabited the humid lower shrub-herbaceous layer of the “ amber forest ”, where the hosts also lived (Manukyan, 2019).	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9AFFF7FF0BFE1AFECCF8CD.taxon	discussion	This is an extinct subfamily known from Baltic amber and Bembridge have been described. Undescribed taxa were reported also from the Tadushi Formation (Kopylov et al., 2018). They are numerous in Baltic amber and are second in number only to cryptines and pherhombines — more than 18 % according to our own data. The subfamily is represented in Baltic amber by five species from four genera (Kasparyan, 1994): Rasnitsynites tarsalis Kasparyan, 1994, Lygurella tibialis Kasparyan, 1994 (tribe Rasnitsynitini), Townesites mandibularis Kasparyan, 1994, Marjorietta minor Kasparyan, 1994 and M. major Kasparyan, 1994 (tribe Townesitini); the most common species is M. minor. Two species, Marjorietta gigantea Khalaim, 2014 and M. disrupta (Cockerell, 1921), are known from Bembridge marls, and another species, Acourtia perplexa Cockerell, 1921, was described from a single forewing and is tentatively placed in Townesitinae (Khalaim, 2014).	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9AFFF6FCA9FD25FE3FFE49.taxon	discussion	Tryphoninae is a worldwide subfamily of Ichneumonidae. Most species are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of Tenthredinidae. More than 57 genera and 1,250 species are known in the Recent fauna (Kasparyan, 2019).	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9AFFF6FCA9FD25FE3FFE49.taxon	description	Three genera of Tryphoninae with three species were described (Townes, 1973); later all of them were placed in a separate fossil subfamily Labenopimplinae (Kopylov, 2012). Fossil tryphonines were recorded from Green River (Spasojevic et al., 2018 a) and Biamo (Khalaim, 2008). One species is known from Baltic amber — Thymariodes areolaris Kasparyan, 1988.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF6FF0BFD56FC25FE91.taxon	discussion	About 64 genera and 1,760 species are known in the world fauna (Broad et al., 2018); all banchines are koinobiont endoparasites of Lepidoptera. The earliest banchines are known from the Green River Formation, from which the species Glypta transversalis Scudder, 1890 was described. The status of this species is questionable (Spasojevic et al., 2018 a). Until now, only one other fossil species, Lissonota perkovskyi Khalaim, 2011 has been described from the Rovno amber. One specimen on Banchinae with unclear taxonomic position was found in the KAM collection.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF6FF0BFBFEFD96F930.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 A – H) Twenty-two recent genera of Diplazontinae are currently recognized in the world fauna, with 355 species described to date (Broad et al., 2018). Most species have been described from the Holarctic region, with boreal and alpine areas of especially high species richness (Manukyan, 1995; Klopfstein, 2014). All diplazontines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Oviposition occurs into the egg or larva of the host, and emergence occurs from the puparium. The only fossil species, Lithotorus cressoni Scudder, 1890, was described from the Green River, and preliminarily placed in Diplazontinae by Townes (1966). However, subsequent research has shown an uncertain taxonomic position of this species (Spasojevic et al., 2018 a). Therefore, there are no confirmed records of fossil Diplazontinae up to the present. In the collection of KAM, we found a puparium with an emergence hole typical of Diplazontinae (Fig. 2 A, B). Diplazontinae emerge from the puparium of the host from the head end. The mechanism of cutting through the puparium, the shape of the holes and the semicircular flaps left are similar in all diplazontines (Rotheray, 1981) (see Fig. 2 C – F), while in other parasitoids of syrphid flies, the cutouts are not semi-circular. Species of the genus Callaspidia Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) cut out irregular holes on the lateral surface of the puparium and Cryptinae cut irregularly rounded holes in the center of the dorsal surface (Fig. 2 G). The gregarious Bothriothorax Ratzeburg, Syrphophagus Ashmead (Encyrtidae), and Asaphes Walker (Pteromalidae) cut a small hole on the lateral surface of the puparium (Fig. 2 H), which is then used by all emerging specimens. Our finding is the first record of subfamily Diplazontinae in the upper Eocene.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF6FCA9FB36FC58FC09.taxon	discussion	A small subfamily, with three genera and 30 species known in the world fauna (Broad et al., 2018), of which 21 belong to the genus Stilbops Förster, 1869 (Holarctic and Northern border of the Nearctic and Oriental regions), two species belong to the genus Panteles Förster, 1869 and the monotypic Chilean genus Notostilbops Townes, 1970. They are recorded as koinobiontic parasitoids on moths of the families Adelidae, Incurvariidae and Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera) (Quicke, 2005).	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF6FCA9FB36FC58FC09.taxon	description	Fossil stilbopines were recorded only in Rovno amber, from which the monotypic genus Rovenosa Khalaim, 2011, with only species R. rasnitsyni Khalaim, 2011 was described (Khalaim, 2011). Three species of Rovenosa, including two undescribed species, are found in Baltic amber.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 A, B)	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. GPIH No. 5046 (ex. coll. Gröhn, no. 9186), ♀. Well preserved complete ichneumonid wasp. Left fore leg tarsi missing; the right hind leg is separated from the body. Amber piece 26 × 21 × 7 mm. Syninclusion: Diptera, Ceratopogonidae.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new species is named in honor of Professor Alexander Pavlovich Rasnitsyn, the prominent Russian hymenopterist and palaeontologist.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species differs from R. khalaimi in its straight ovipositor and sheaths, as well as in the by hidden of multiparous plate sensillae on the female antenna. It differs from R. rasnitsyni, which also has a straight ovipositor, by the absence of notauli, and having a propodeum with weak carina.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality and horizon. Baltic amber. Upper Eocene, Prussian Formation. Baltic Sea coast and amber quarry Yantarny near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Province, Russia.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9BFFF0FCA9FE07FE85F7D2.taxon	description	Description. Body length about 5.5 mm (Fig. 3 A), fore wing length about 4.9 mm. Temple short, strongly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view. Distance from lateral ocellus to eye margin is equal to ocellus diameter. Mandible and malar space are not visible. Clypeus convex, separated from face by distinct impression, without teeth on its ventral margin. Clypeus and face with fine granulated sculpture, without punctures. Occipital carina probably complete. Antennae with 28 flagellomeres, multiporous plate sensillae are hidden; flagellomeres 1 – 4 about 5 times as long as wide; flagellomeres 5 – 17 slightly elongated, about 1.2 times as long as wide; subapical flagellomeres transversе. Mesosoma moderately wide. Mesoscutum without notauli, with fine granulated sculpture; without punctures. Prepectal carina present. Sternauli and pospectal carina absent. Mesopleura punctured along mesopleural carina. Metapleural carina complete. Submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad lobe. Metapleura anteriorly finely punctuate. Propodeum with weak carina; areola about 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 3 B). Fore wing with areolet oblique and pointed above but without stalk. Vein 2 m-cu inclivous and arcuate; bulla in the half of 2 m-cu directly below areolet. Pterostigma moderately broad, about 3.6 times as long as wide. Metacarp (2 R 1) falls short of the apex of fore wing. Vein 4 Rs long, about 2.4 times as long as r-rs. Nervulus interstitial and weakly inclivous. Hind wing invisible. Hind coxae and trochanters are enlarged, length of coxae 1.1 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide, longer than first metasomal tergite. Length of hind femur 0.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide. Length of hind tibia 1.5 mm, about 8 times as long as wide; spurs are short and strong. Dorsal surface of tibia without sharp spines. Claws of hind tarsi thin, weakly curved. Hind tibia and tarsi with dense, elongate and adjoined pubescence. Metasoma sharply convex behind segment 2. First metasomal tergite weakly convex dorsally in lateral view; dorsomedian carinae weak, more or less reaching post 0.7 of tergite: spiracle in 0.5 of tergite just below dorsolateral carina (Fig. 3 B). Tergites finely punctate. The body is uniformly dark brown or black, without pubescent.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A – C, 5 A – E)	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. KAM No. 7468, ♀. Well preserved complete specimen. Syninclusion: Diptera (fragments of legs). Paratypes. KAM No. 7514 - 1, ♂, hind wings behind the areolet and apical flagellomeres ground off; the tarsus of the hind right leg behind the 2 nd segment damaged. KAM No. 7514 - 2 a, ♂, KAM No. 7514 - 2 b, ♂, antennae behind the flagellomere 9 and the distal half of the wings ground off.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the expert in Ichneumonidae Dr. Andrey I. Khalaim (ZIN; Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Mexico).	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rovenosa khalaimi differs from other members of the genus by its upcurved ovipositor and sheath, by having ventral surfaces of middle and hind tibiae sharp spines and antenna with multiparous plate sensillae behind flagellomere 16 – 17 distinct and long, almost over entire length of each flagellomere.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality and horizon. Baltic amber. Upper Eocene, Prussian Formation. Baltic Sea coast and amber quarry Yantarny near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Province, Russia.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All three paratypes were originally in one stone. Later they were separated and kept under separate accession numbers — paratypes KAM No. 7514 - 2 a, b in one stone, paratype KAM No. 7514 - 1 — in another.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9DFFF2FCA9F946FC2DF8FA.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype). Body length about 5.3 mm (Fig. 4 A), fore wing length 4.0 mm. Temple short, strongly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 4 B). Distance from lateral ocellus to eye margin 1.1 times than ocellus diameter. Mandible narrow and slender, their basal width 1.2 times as its apical width; the upper tooth is rounded, the lower tooth is sharp and longer than the upper one. Malar space short, its length is equal to the basal width of the mandibles. Clypeus in lateral view strongly convex, separated from face by distinct impression, without teeth on its ventral margin. Clypeus and face with fine and distinct punctures. Occipital carina most probably complete. Antennae with 29 flagellomeres; basal flagellomeres 1 – 4 long about 5 times as long as wide; middle flagellomeres 5 – 17 slightly elongated, about 2 times as long as wide; subapical flagellomeres strongly transversе. Multiparous plate sensilla behind the 16 – 17 segments distinct and long, almost over the entire length of the segment. Labial palpus 4 - segmented, maxillary palpus 5 - segmented. Mesonotum narrow, abruptly narrowing toward anterior margin; the surface is matt, with fine granulated sculpture, without punctures; notaulus in 0.4 of the mesoscutum sharp. Prepectal carina present. Sternauli and pospectal carina absent. Mesopleura punctured along mesopleural carina. Metapleural carina complete. Submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad lobe. Metapleura anteriorly with distinct and sharp punctures, smooth between punctures. Propodeum with well developed carina (Fig. 4 C); areola elongated, about 2.5 times as long as broad. Area petiolaris deeply impressed, carina distinctly raised above the surface of the propodeum. Fore wing without areolet (Fig. 4 A); vein 2 m-cu slightly inclivous, bulla in the half of 2 m-cu directly below areolet. Pterostigma broad, about 3.3 times as long as wide. Metacarp (2 R 1) falls short of the apex of fore wing. Vein 4 Rs long, about 2.4 times as long as r-rs. Nervulus interstitial and inclivous. Hind coxae and trochanters are enlarged, length of coxae 1.1 mm, about 1.9 times as long as wide, noticeably longer than first metasomal tergite. Length of hind femur 1.7 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.9 mm. Ventral surface of hind and middle tibia with sharp spines (Fig. 5 A, B). Spurs moderately long and thin, 0.4 times as long as basitarsus. Claws of hind tarsi thin, weakly curved. Metasoma cylindrical, curved downward (Fig. 5 B). First metasomal tergite short, weakly convex dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 4 C); dorsomedian carinae weak reaches barely 0.8 times the length of tergite; spiracle in 0.3 of tergite just below dorsolateral carina. Ovipositor and sheaths distinctly upcurved (Fig. 5 A, B), ovipositor length more 2.3 mm, distinctly shorter than the hind tibia; sheaths more 2.2 mm. The body is uniformly dark brown or black, finely shagreened; without pubescent, only clypeus with long and dense pubescence. Face, malar space and scutellum with fine punctures. Propodeum with deep punctures. Male. Body length about 5.5 – 5.7 mm (Fig. 5 D), fore wing length 4.2 mm. The teeth of mandibles sharp, equal in length. Ocelli enlarged, distinctly raised above head surface in lateral view (Fig. 5 C); lateral ocellus diameter slightly greater than distance from lateral ocellus to eye. Antennae narrowing in the upper half, multiparous plate sensillae on the distal half thin and moderately dense. Labial palpus short, 3 - segmented; maxillary palpus elongated, 4 - segmented. Mesopleura deeply punctured along mesopleural carina. Spurs moderately 0.4 times as long as basitarsus. Metasoma cylindrical, curved downward.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9FFFFDFCA9FD11FEBCFA11.taxon	materials_examined	Material. The species was described from a single female from Rovno amber from the collection of the Zoological Institute of the National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, (Kiev). We provide a description of the male that we found in the CCHH collection. Only differences from the female are given. Type locality and horizon. Baltic amber. Upper Eocene, Prussian Formation. Baltic Sea coast and Amber quarry Yantarny near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Province, Russia.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9FFFFDFCA9FD11FEBCFA11.taxon	description	Description. No. 1726 - 4, ♂, Amber piece 14 × 8 × 3 mm, placed by the owner in a protective polyester-resin cube 16 × 13 × 8 mm (method by Hoffeins, 2001). Well preserved ichneumonid wasp. Tarsus of the hind left leg behind the 2 nd segment ground off; right hind leg behind trochanters and claws of right middle leg damaged. Syninclusion: Diptera, Ceratopogonidae; trichomes of oak flower (Quercus spp.). Body length about 4.7 mm, fore wing length about 3.6 mm. Temple short, strongly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view. Frons with weak but distinct longitudinal keel between antennal sockets. Mandible narrow and slender, the lower tooth is sharp and longer than the upper one. Face with vertical bulge along median line. Occipital carina invisible. Basal flagellomeres 1 – 4 long about 5 times as long as wide; middle flagellomeres 5 – 17 slightly elongated, about 2.5 times as long as wide; subapical flagellomeres transversе; multiparous plate sensillae on apical segments thin and sparse. Notaulus in 0.3 of the mesoscutum sharp. Vein 2 m-cu postfurcal; bulla in the half of 2 m-cu directly below areolet. Length of hind femur 1.1 mm, 6.5 times as long as wide. Length of hind tibia 1.2 mm, 9.5 times as long as wide. The body is uniformly dark brown or black, without discernible pubescent.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
8F749744FF9FFFFDFCA9FD11FEBCFA11.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We assigned the specimen to the species R. rasnitsyni on the basis of the following features: 1) the presence of a carina between the antennal fossa, 2) the presence of a notaulus on the mesonotum, 3) the propodeum with sharp ridges raised above the surface of the propodeum.	en	Manukyan, Andranik R., Zhindarev, Leonid A. (2021): Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber. Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 637-647, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13
