taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DA87EEC761FFD3FC88FCABAB097AF1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Grandixyela rasnitsyni Zheng, sp. nov.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC761FFD3FC88FCABAB097AF1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name derives from the Latin “ grandis ” meaning large and the generic name Xyela. The gender is feminine.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC761FFD3FC88FCABAB097AF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head large and broad. Antennal thread (remaining portion of flagellum, that is, flagellomeres 2 – 13) 12 - segmented and distinctly longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum distinctly shorter than wide. Pterostigma narrow (3.6 × as long as wide), completely sclerotized. 2 r-rs positioned near midlength of pterostigma. 1 - RS elongate (not dot-like), much shorter than 1 - M. RS distal of 2 r-rs gently curved S-like, reaching wing margin scarcely beyond pterostigma. RS + M arched. Cell 1 mcu slightly longer than wide, nearly pentagon-shaped. Crossvein 2 m-cu gently bent, r-m and 2 cu-a meeting at distinct angle. Fore tibia with a row of thick setae at flexor surface. Femora not particularly swollen.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC761FFD3FC88FCABAB097AF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Grandixyela is assigned to Syspastoxyelidae based on the synapomorphies of the family including forewing venation strongly contracted basally, with distal 0.4 of wing veinless and densely longitudinally corrugated, antennal thread with much elongated composite first flagellomere, cerci 3 - segmented and tibiae strongly spinose. Grandixyela is distinct from all known syspastoxyelids by the narrow and completely sclerotized pterostigma and, except for Syspastoxyela, by RS reaching wing margin at a short distance from pterostigma. Grandixyela is distinguished from other genera in having pronotum short (vs. pronotum remarkably elongate; a unique feature in Deltoxyela); pterostigma narrow and completely sclerotized (vs. narrow and not sclerotized in Pinguixyela, wide and completely sclerotized in Deltoxyela, Pinguixyela and Striaexyela, wide and not sclerotized in Syspastoxyela); RS reaching wing margin beyond apex of pterostigma (vs. joining pterostigma in all genera but Syspastoxyela), 1 - RS elongate, not dot-like (vs. dot-like in Burmoxyela), 2 r-rs positioned near midlength of pterostigma (vs. near one-third length of pterostigma in Pinguixyela). With the body almost 5 mm long, G. rasnitsyni is the largest syspastoxyelid sawfly known. All comparisons are shown in Table 1.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC762FFD4FF2AFE6BA9DA78E9.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2)	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC762FFD4FF2AFE6BA9DA78E9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male, NIGP 177617, mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, kept at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGP); a complete and well-preserved fossil insect specimen except that surface of head and thorax is covered with small air bubbles obscuring details.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC762FFD4FF2AFE6BA9DA78E9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honor of Professor Alexandr Pavlovich Rasnitsyn, a well-known palaeoentomologist who has made great contributions to the study of hymenopteran fossils.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC762FFD4FF2AFE6BA9DA78E9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As for genus. Locality and horizon. Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, northern Myanmar; mid-Cretaceous.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
03DA87EEC762FFD4FF2AFE6BA9DA78E9.taxon	description	Description. Male. Body large, 4.93 mm long (in dorsal view, from labrum to end of hypopygium; Fig. 1 A, B). Head (Fig. 1 C) oval and broad, clearly wider than thorax, 1.30 mm wide and 1.01 mm high (assessed except for the mandibles), with no occipital carinae or visible cuticular bridge between mouth cavity and occipital foramen. Compound eyes nearly suboval, bulging, short (occupying less than half head length), reaching head margin. Ocelli not visible. Clypeus transverse, with fore margin triangular. Antenna 15 - segmented (Fig. 1 C), 1.66 mm in length, 0.10 mm in maximum width; scape elongate and clavate, 0.31 mm length × 0.09 mm width; pedicel globular, short and broaden, 0.10 mm × 0.07 mm; first flagellomere elongate and thickened (0.51 mm × 0.10 mm), shorter than antennal thread; antennal thread 0.74 mm × 0.03 mm, narrow (0.30 × as wide as 1 st flagellomere), gradually reducing in width apically. Mandibles scythe-like, crossed widely scissor-like beyond the frontoclypeal area, oriented ventrally, with apical tooth about 0.38 mm length and 0.07 mm width (basal part of mandible invisible). Maxillary palp leg-like, with four segments visible, 0.27 mm, 0.24 mm, 0.20 mm and 0.09 mm, respectively, neither distinctly incrassate. Labial palp not visible. Mesosoma rectangular, 1.35 mm long and 0.97 mm wide across tegulae. Pronotum not elongate, wider than long, 0.42 mm long and 0.70 mm wide. Mesonotum small, apparently triangular, with details obscure. Metanotum short, with no details visible. Legs slender, mid coxa small, trapezoid, mid trochanter and trochantellus elongate, all tibiae with two strong apical spurs, mid one with 2 pairs of preapical spurs lower pair being subapically places N 1 = pronotum, shorter than wide (0) or longer than wide (1); No = notauli, meeting before mesoscutellum (0) or widely separated at mesoscutellum (1); NF = antennal thread, 8 - segmented (0) or 12 - segmented (1); F 1 = first flagellomere in respect to antennal thread (disal flagellomeres), shorter (0) or longer (1); Pt = pterostigma type, wide (0) or narrow (1) or sclerotised (2) or unsclerotised (3); 1 - RS = first radial sector dot-like (0) or linear (1); 4 - RS-Pt = fourth section of RS, gently curved (0) or strongly curved (1), ending to pterostigma before its apex (2) or ending to pterostigma beyond its apex (3); 1 mcu = cell, slightly longer than high (0) or twice as long as high (1); r-m - 2 cu-a = crossveins r-m meeting 2 cu-a, aligned (0) or distinctly angled (1); T 1 = fore tibia with row of short thick setae at flexor surface, present (0) or absent (1); F 2 = mid femur, almost disk-like swollen (0) or normal (1). (less clear for hind tibiae); all tibiae with numerous sharp spines dorsal and apical, fore tibia also with ventral spines (on its flexor surface). Fore leg (Fig. 1 D) with femur 0.92 mm long and 0.16 mm wide, tibia 0.66 mm long, 0.13 mm maximum wide and 0.04 minimum wide, tarsi 5 - segmented, with middle tarsomeres unusually short and apical one unusually long (tarsomeres lengths ratio: 0.28: 0.06: 0.07: 0.055: 0.25). Mid femur 0.75 mm long and 0.16 names indicated. Symbols: md = mandible, lr = labrum, cly = clypeus, pmx = maxillary palp, sti = stipes, N 1 = pronotum, N 2 = prescutum, pl 1 = propleuron, cx 2 = mesocoxa, cx 3 = metacoxa, cr = cercus, gcx = gonocoxa, gsty = gonostylus. Scale bars = 1 mm. mm wide, tibia 0.57 mm long and 0.04 mm (minimum) to 0.10 mm (maximum) wide, tarsi 5 - segmented, with basitarsomere 0.49 mm long and 0.04 mm wide, segments 2 – 4 slightly wider than basitarsomere, 5 th segment 0.18 mm long and 0.04 mm maximum wide. Hind coxae and trochanter ambiguous, femur swollen and spindle-like, with 1.05 mm long and 0.27 mm wide; tibia 1.10 mm long and 0.14 mm wide, tarsus length 0.70 mm, segments 2 – 4 wider than 1 or 5, the tarsomeres lengths ratio: 0.35: 0.06: 0.04: 0.05: 0.20. Claws large, acute and hooked apically, with small basal tooth, long lobe and big arolium (Fig. 1 E). Forewing 3.45 mm long and 1.34 mm wide, with about apical 40 % veinless, densely and regularly corrugated parallel to wing axis. Costal area narrow. Pterostigma (Fig. 1 F) narrow, completely sclerotised, 0.61 mm long and 0.17 mm wide. SC absent. R straight, strongly broaden basally, especially R + M + Cu section. 1 - RS slightly proclined, 2 × as long as vein wide, but much shorter than 1 - M, 1 - M distinctly arched. RS + M within cell 1 mcu gently bending midway, shorter than 1 - M. 1 r-rs and 2 + 3 - RS absent. 2 r-rs present, about 0.66 × as long as pterostigma wide. 4 - RS slightly curved, reaching wing margin beyond pterostigmal apex for short distance. 2 m-cu bent near 2 r-m and slightly S-curved posteriorly. M + Cu arching basally, angled with 1 - Cu. 1 - Cu straight and longer than RS + M. 1 m-cu long, slightly shorter than RS + M but longer than 2 - Cu. 1 cu-a subparallel to 1 m-cu and 2 m-cu, more than half of 1 - Cu in length. Hind wing venation obscure. Metasoma clearly wider than mesothorax, 2.57 mm long and 1.29 mm maximum width at fourth segment, then tapering posteriorly. Genitalia (Fig. 1 G) with gonocoxa long, arching, tapering, gonostylus short and small as preserved (incompletely visible), with other details unusual and difficult to interpret: no usual penis valves nor evident volsellae found but something like lateral bubbles aligned to gonocoxae and margined with sclerotized stripes (better preserved material is necessary to homologize the visible structures). Cercus elongate, three-segmented: basal segment thicker, terminal segment slender.	en	Zheng, Yan, Kopylov, Dmitry S., Zhang, Qi, Zhang, Hai-Guang, Qin, Min, Chen, Jun, Zhang, Hai-Chun (2021): Discovery of a new symphytan wasp in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Hymenoptera, Syspastoxyelidae). Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 629-636, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.12
