identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039C526CFFD99471FF25B5E4FD9EFEEB.text	039C526CFFD99471FF25B5E4FD9EFEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callichroma holochlorum subsp. holochlorum holochlorum (Bates 1872	<div><p>Callichroma holochlorum holochlorum Bates, 1872</p> <p>Callichroma holochlorum Bates, 1872: 185.</p> <p>Callichroma opiparum Bates, 1874: 222.</p> <p>Callichroma chiriquina Bates, 1879: 402.</p> <p>Callichroma compressipes Casey, 1912: 314.</p> <p>Callichroma regalis Casey, 1912: 314.</p> <p>Bates (1872) described Callichroma holochlorum from Nicaragua as follows (translated): “Size similar to that of C. plicatum [currently Plinthocoelium suaveolens plicatum (LeConte, 1853)]; very robust, green-bronze, elytra distinctly greenish, sericeous, legs black, pro- and mesofemora (except apex), and basal half of metafemora reddish; metatibiae slightly sinuous, gradually and very wide-compressed; antennal tubercles obtuse; antennae black, in male more than twice body length; thorax subshining, disc indistinctly transversely rugose; ventral surface of the body barely pubescent.” Later, Bates (1874) described C. opiparum (Fig. 12) from Nicaragua; Bates (1879) described C. chiriquina (Fig. 11) from Panama; and Casey (1912) described C. compressipes from Guatemala and C. regalis from Mexico (Guerrero).</p> <p>Schmidt (1924) erected the genus Schwarzerion, synonymized with Callichroma Latreille, 1817 by Napp &amp; Martins (2009), type species Callichroma holochlorum, and considered C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, and C. regalis as subspecies of S. holochlorum. Podaný (1965) followed Schmidt (1924), but considered the subspecies as “morph.” According to Villiers (1972), the holotype of C. opiparum is a male and not a female as indicated in the original description. As it is possible to see, C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, and C. regalis were never formally synonymized. Even so, they appear as synonymy from Demets (1976), who formally synonymized Callichroma euthalia Bates, 1879 and Callichroma carinatum Schmidt, 1924 with Callichroma holochlorum holochlorum, by then allocated in Schwarzerion (translated): “The latter [S. h. holochlorum], extremely variable, includes two subspecies: h. holochlorum (Bates, 1872) and holochlorum melancholicum (Bates, 1872). The S. euthalia (Bates, 1879) and S. carinatum Schmidt, 1924, are considered as synonyms of S. h. holochlorum. The study of a great number of specimens of holochlorum, of euthalia, and of carinatum led me to conclude that there is only one subspecies and to consider the elytral sutural band of some specimens as an inconstant feature, varying in size and in sharpness.” Giesbert (1998) revalidated S. euthalia: “ Demets (1976) placed S. euthalia as a junior synonym of S. holochlorum holochlorum (Bates). Examination of a large number of specimens from Panama shows a consistently distinguishing character between these two sympatric species: S. euthalia may be easily separated from S. holochlorum by the presence of a narrow metallic vita on the suture from scutellum to apex.” Napp &amp; Martins (2009) agreed with Giesbert’s opinion (translated): “ Callichroma h. holochlorum differs from the other species by the elytra without metallic longitudinal bands or, at most, with the suture metallic …” Examination of a photograph of the lectotype of C. holochlorum and of the lectotype of C. euthalia (see Bezark 2021a) suggests that Giesbert (1998) was right when considered them as different species, as also reported by Napp &amp; Martins (2009). Notwithstanding, the metallic sutural band on the elytra of C. carinatum (see photograph of a syntype on Bezark 2021a) is still more distinct than in the lectotype of C. euthalia, making incomprehensive to kept it in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum. This is because if C. euthalia differs from C. h. holochlorum by the presence of a distinct metallic sutural band, then C. carinatum also differs by the same feature. However, Schwarzerion carinatum was kept in the synonymy of S. h. holochlorum by Napp &amp; Martins (2009).</p> <p>Currently, the status of C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, C. regalis, and C. carinatum remains unchanged (in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum) in catalogs (e.g. Monné 2021; Tavakilian &amp; Chevillotte 2021) and checklists (e.g. Bezark 2021b). Examination of photographs of the holotype of C. compressipes and of a lectotype of C. regalis really indicates that they are true synonyms of C. h. holochlorum. In our opinion, the synonym between these true names needs to be attributed to Demets (1976), who first listed C. compressipes and C. regalis in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum. However, without examining the type material of C. opiparum and of C. chiriquina, it is not possible to know whether they are distinct species or even synonyms with C. h. holochlorum or another species. See notes on C. carinatum below.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C526CFFD99471FF25B5E4FD9EFEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos-Silva, Antonio;Schmid, Herbert	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDA9471FF25B5ACFCA9F871.text	039C526CFFDA9471FF25B5ACFCA9F871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callichroma euthalia Bates 1879	<div><p>Callichroma euthalia Bates, 1879</p> <p>Callichroma euthalia Bates, 1879: 403; Lameere, 1883: 35 (cat.); 1893: 274 (distr.); Ross, 1910: 62 (cat.); Aurivillius, 1912: 311; Blackwelder, 1946: 578 (checklist); Villiers, 1972: 21 (lect.).</p> <p>Schwarzerion euthalia; Schmidt, 1924: 388; Podaný, 1965: 39; Giesbert, 1998: 63 (reval.); Monné, 2005: 36 (cat.); Monné &amp; Hovore, 2006: 31 (checklist).</p> <p>Callichroma euthalium; Napp &amp; Martins, 2009: 344; Monné, 2021: 37 (cat.).</p> <p>Schwarzerion carinatum Schmidt, 1924: 387; Blackwelder, 1946: 579 (checklist). Podaný, 1965: 39. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Schwarzerion holochlorum holochlorum (part); Demets, 1976: 124, 125 (syn.).</p> <p>Schmidt (1924) described Schwarzerion carinatum (see photograph of a syntype on Bezark 2021a) in a key as follows (translated): “1” Elytra strongly tomentose; with a glabrous, shiny, metallic band close to elytral suture; sometimes, with a longitudinal, shining carina extending from the humerus to the apex; the space between this carina and the band close to suture is usually more densely tomentose in the form of a more or less distinct longitudinal band,” leading to S. carinatum Schmidt, 1924 and S. euthalia (Bates, 1879); and “1’ Elytra evenly and densely tomentose; the elytral tomentose area almost reaches the suture, where the elytra is glabrous,” leading to S. holochlorum (Bates, 1872), S. holochlorum chiriquinum (Bates, 1879), S. holochlorum opiparum (Bates, 1874), S. holochlorum compressipes (Casey, 1912), S. holochlorum regalis (Casey, 1912), S. melancholicum (Bates, 1872), and S. cyanomelas (White, 1853) [this later not included in the key]; “2” Elytral sutural band broader, shiny light or golden green; the long carina on the disc of the elytra is distinct, more finely tomentose and shinier than its surroundings; the space between the carina and the sutural band, with shape of a longitudinal acute band ending on the apex of the elytra, is more strongly tomentose than the lateral areas. Underside lively shining golden-green, indistinctly whitish pubescent, almost glabrous. Dorsal surface green or golden green; the central band and the basal constriction of the pronotum glabrous and shinier than the densely punctate and irregularly transversely grooved disc; this pubescent as the sides of the elytra. Antennae and legs black; pro- and mesofemoral club, as well as the basal third or half of metafemora red. 26–33 mm.— Colombia (coll. Schw.)—“West indies” (Nepperschmidt Hbg.). carinatum sp. n. ”</p> <p>According to Schmidt (1924), S. carinatum would differ from S. euthalia (see photograph of the lectotype on Bezark 2021a) by the metallic sutural band of the elytra broad (narrow in S. euthalia), longitudinal elytral carina distinct and shinier than on its sides (hardly recognizable in S. euthalia), and ventral surface golden-green, with indistinct whitish setae, almost glabrous (blue-green, with short brownish setae in S. euthalia). These differences seem to be just variations of the same species. Accordingly, we are transferring S. carinatum from the synonym of S. h. holochlorum to that of S. euthalia.</p> <p>Although Schmidt (1924) reported that the syntypes of S. carinatum were from Colombia and “West Indies”, they have been reported only as being from Colombia (e.g. Blackwelder 1946; Monné 2021; Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2021). Therefore, the type locality of this species is currently Colombia and West Indies.</p> <p>Napp &amp; Martins (2009) changed the species group name “euthalia” to “euthalium”, probably because Callichroma is neuter gender. However, Euthalia (from the Greek Ευθαλια) is a feminine proper name. Therefore, it cannot be changed because it is a noun in apposition (ICZN 1999: 31.2.1).</p> <p>According to Monné (2021) and Tavakilian &amp; Chevillotte (2021), the syntypes of S. carinatum are deposited at the ZMHB. However, they are not there. The syntype (s) from Colombia belonged to former collection of Bernhard Schwarzer; this collection is now deposited at the Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt/M since 1929/31 (Bernd Jaeger, personal communication). The other syntype (s) from West Indies belonged to Mr. Nepperschmidt is(are) neither at the ZMHB, and we do not know where it(they) is(are) currently (Bernd Jaeger, personal communication).</p> <p>There is a specimen from Peru (Figs 7–10) in the ZMHB collection, which was identified by Schmidt as S. carinatum. It agrees well with the syntype from Colombia, except for the absence of transverse pronotal striae. The identity of this specimen needs to be verified in the future.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C526CFFDA9471FF25B5ACFCA9F871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos-Silva, Antonio;Schmid, Herbert	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.text	039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callichroma collarti Fuchs 1959	<div><p>Callichroma collarti Fuchs, 1959, revalidated</p> <p>(Figs 1–5)</p> <p>Callichroma (s. str.) collarti Fuchs, 1959: 2.</p> <p>Callichroma collarti; Damoiseau &amp; Cools, 1987: 8 (types); Monné, 1993: 3 (cat.); Martínez, 2000: 86 (distr.); Monné, 2005: 26 (cat.).</p> <p>Callichroma sericeum (part); Napp &amp; Martins, 2009: 329 (syn.).</p> <p>Callichroma magnificum Napp &amp; Martins, 2009: 345; Monné et al., 2017: 6 (holotype); Taboada-Verona et al., 2017: 2; Monné, 2021: 39 (cat.). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Fuchs (1959) described Callichroma collarti (Figs 3–5) as follows (translated): “Male. Frons irregularly, confusedly punctate, genae as long as the lower eye lobes, vertex and space between the antennal tubercles irregularly wrinkled and dense, finely punctate between the wrinkles, also with distinct median groove; area behind eyes rugose. The whole head, except for the black mandible apex, metallic green. Antennae black, more than twice as long as the body, the scape robust, irregularly wrinkled and punctate, with a depression in front of the end and a smaller one at the base; antennomeres III to X increasing in length, XI longer than IX and X together, III to XI carinate lengthways. Anterior margin of the pronotum projected forward centrally, posterior margin straight; lateral tubercles broadly conical, with blunt apex; in front of these, near the anterior margin, a transverse bulge on each side; pronotum constricted anteriorly and posteriorly; the whole surface transversely wrinkled, between the wrinkles and near the anterior margin very densely, finely punctate, lateral of prothorax and prosternum wrinkled; the whole prothorax metallic green, on both sides next to the midline of the pronotum between the wrinkles with more or less short, black pubescence. Scutellum triangular, very finely and densely punctate, with a smooth central longitudinal line, glabrous. Elytra narrowing backward and individually rounded at apex; covered with black-green pubescence, with a narrow, shiny metallic green sutural band, crosswise wrinkled; from the humerus to almost the apex there is a matt, metallic green longitudinal carina; the space between this carina and the side edge is slight lighter green than the space between the carina and the sutural band. Underside of the body shiny metallic green, smooth, with sparse punctures; prosternal process narrow, rounded; mesoventral process broader, flattened. Legs black, pro- and mesofemora, as well as the base half of the metafemora red; femora not punctate; the metafemora surpassing elytral apex, flattened on both sides. Female. Antennae slightly longer than the body, the antennomere XI slight longer than X (one of the females has completely black legs). Length; 28-36 mm. 3 males and 6 females from Muzo, Colombia, or Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia. (The 2 specimens from Sta. Fé de Bogotá carry a note: Callichroma nov. sp. Gounelle, 1911). Closest related to Batesi Gahan, but larger, stouter. Batesi has close to each side of the median line of the pronotum one black tomentose spot, the back of the head is only weakly punctate, the sides of the prothorax, the sloping part of the pronotum and the prosternum are smooth, and only the smooth midline of the pronotum and the shiny part immediately next to the black pubescent spots are wrinkled across; the areas under the black pubescent spots are extremely fine and tightly punctate. In addition, Batesi ’s ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen has short silver-white setae, while in the new species almost no setae can be seen.”</p> <p>According to Monné (2021) and Tavakilian &amp; Chevillotte (2021): Holotype male: Colombia, Muzo (ISNB). However, as it is possible to see in the original description, there are syntypes, and not holotype and paratypes. Damoiseau &amp; Cools (1987) reported: “ collarti FUCHS, 1959, Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 35, 35: 2, 3, Callichroma. (*) [The etiquette of determination is handwritten by the author] / Type male, allotype female and paratype, (6), Colombie: Muzo, ex coll. Le Moult; Santa Fe De Bogota.” The mention of the specimens of the type series as holotype, allotype, and paratypes, even based on labels included by the author of the species but not mentioned in the original description, has no nomenclatural value (ICZN 1999: 72.1.1).</p> <p>Napp &amp; Martins (2009) synonymized C. collarti with C. sericeum (Fabricius, 1793) (translated): “We could not find consistent morphological characters to distinguish C. brachyale, C. gisteli, and C. collarti (as well as the subspecies rubricrus of C. gounellei) from C. sericeum and we started to consider them as synonyms.” Apparently, Napp &amp; Martins (2009) did not see photographs of the syntypes of C. collarti, which would make it evident that the two names do not correspond to the same species.</p> <p>Cerambyx sericeus (Fig. 6) has been reported as described by Fabricius (1793), and posteriorly mentioned by Olivier (1795). However, according to Fabricius (1793): “ sericeus. Cerambyx with thorax [prothorax] spined, entirely dark velvety, with elytral suture green, femora red. Cerambyx sericeus. Oliv. Ins. 67. tab. 5. Fig. 37. From Brazil, Museum of Dr. Olivier. Antennae not notably long, black. Head and thorax black, velvety, with distinct green macula [band]. Legs dark, femora red, the metafemora before middle. Metatibiae flattened. Olivier (1795) reported on Cerambyx sericeus: “Fab. Ent. Syst. emend. tom. I pars 2. pag. 253. nº 8.” Although the authorship and publication date are somewhat doubtful, the description in Fabricius (1793) and Olivier (1795), as well as the drawing in Olivier, do not allow having doubts about the mistake in the synonymy, especially by the pronotum densely pubescent in Cerambyx sericeus.</p> <p>Napp &amp; Martins (2009) described Callichroma magnificum (Figs. 1–2) as follows (translated): “Male. Metallic green with cupreous reflections. Elytra only with metallic cupreous sutural band. Pro- and mesofemora red with peduncle and apex black. Metafemora black with red area near of the base. Antennae twice longer than the body length. Scape robust, with basal depression and apical projection; coarsely rugose-punctate. Antennomere III with distinct sulcus, as long as IV, and shorter than the following ones that have increasing lengths; XI at least 3 times the length of the III. Pronotum entirely striate; striae slender, smooth and distant between them; area between striae with punctures very fine and dense; pubescence not distinct. Striae of the pronotum extend over the lateral tubercles of the prothorax where they are weakest and with sparse punctures. Remaining surface of the sides of the prothorax smooth, shiny. Base shiny, not punctate, with some striae on anterior half and sides. Scutellum microrugose from base to near apex; pubescence not distinct; median sulcus smooth, more distinct on apical half; sulcus and apex of the scutellum cupreous. Sutural band of the elytra glabrous, rugose. On sides, depending on the angle of the light, appears to has a band (or line) very narrow, lighter, starting after the humerus and disappearing on apical third (almost indistinct). Pro- and mesofemora without basal sulcus; profemora with coarse punctures basally; mesofemora with very fine and shallow punctures on peduncle; metafemora opaque, flattened on entire length, without differentiated punctures, reaching the elytral apex. Metatibiae strongly flattened, sinuously expanded on apical half, as wide as the metafemora. Prosternum shiny with striae on entire surface (similar to the prothorax); procoxae surrounded on sides by striae; pubescence indistinct. Mesoventrite almost smooth, shiny. Metaventrite with sparse pubescence, with coarse, distinct punctures throughout. Ventrites shiny, almost smooth, with slight distinct pubescence. Apex of ventrite 6 truncate. Dimensions, mm, holotype male. Total length, 31.2; humeral width, 9.9. Type material. Holotype male, Colombia, Boyaca: Território Vazquez, II.1991, J. Urbina col. (MZSP).”</p> <p>The study of the original descriptions as well as examination of the holotype of C. magnificum and syntypes of C. collarti allowed concluding that the former is a junior synonym of the latter. Therefore, we are revalidating Callichroma collarti.</p> <p>In addition to the already mentioned chromatic variation, very common in American Callichromatini, the posterior area of the pronotum of C. collarti can be transversely striate or smooth.</p> <p>Material examined. COLOMBIA, Boyacá: Território Vasquez, holotype male of C. magnificum, II.1991, J. Urbina leg. (MZSP); Muzo, syntype female of C. collarti, ex coll. Le Moult [no more data] (HSCV). Bogotá: Santa Fé de Bogotá [Bogotá], syntype male of C. collarti [no more data] (HSCV).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos-Silva, Antonio;Schmid, Herbert	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
