taxonID	type	description	language	source
039C526CFFD99471FF25B5E4FD9EFEEB.taxon	description	Schmidt (1924) erected the genus Schwarzerion, synonymized with Callichroma Latreille, 1817 by Napp & Martins (2009), type species Callichroma holochlorum, and considered C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, and C. regalis as subspecies of S. holochlorum. Podaný (1965) followed Schmidt (1924), but considered the subspecies as “ morph. ” According to Villiers (1972), the holotype of C. opiparum is a male and not a female as indicated in the original description. As it is possible to see, C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, and C. regalis were never formally synonymized. Even so, they appear as synonymy from Demets (1976), who formally synonymized Callichroma euthalia Bates, 1879 and Callichroma carinatum Schmidt, 1924 with Callichroma holochlorum holochlorum, by then allocated in Schwarzerion (translated): “ The latter [S. h. holochlorum], extremely variable, includes two subspecies: h. holochlorum (Bates, 1872) and holochlorum melancholicum (Bates, 1872). The S. euthalia (Bates, 1879) and S. carinatum Schmidt, 1924, are considered as synonyms of S. h. holochlorum. The study of a great number of specimens of holochlorum, of euthalia, and of carinatum led me to conclude that there is only one subspecies and to consider the elytral sutural band of some specimens as an inconstant feature, varying in size and in sharpness. ” Giesbert (1998) revalidated S. euthalia: “ Demets (1976) placed S. euthalia as a junior synonym of S. holochlorum holochlorum (Bates). Examination of a large number of specimens from Panama shows a consistently distinguishing character between these two sympatric species: S. euthalia may be easily separated from S. holochlorum by the presence of a narrow metallic vita on the suture from scutellum to apex. ” Napp & Martins (2009) agreed with Giesbert’s opinion (translated): “ Callichroma h. holochlorum differs from the other species by the elytra without metallic longitudinal bands or, at most, with the suture metallic … ” Examination of a photograph of the lectotype of C. holochlorum and of the lectotype of C. euthalia (see Bezark 2021 a) suggests that Giesbert (1998) was right when considered them as different species, as also reported by Napp & Martins (2009). Notwithstanding, the metallic sutural band on the elytra of C. carinatum (see photograph of a syntype on Bezark 2021 a) is still more distinct than in the lectotype of C. euthalia, making incomprehensive to kept it in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum. This is because if C. euthalia differs from C. h. holochlorum by the presence of a distinct metallic sutural band, then C. carinatum also differs by the same feature. However, Schwarzerion carinatum was kept in the synonymy of S. h. holochlorum by Napp & Martins (2009). Currently, the status of C. chiriquina, C. opiparum, C. compressipes, C. regalis, and C. carinatum remains unchanged (in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum) in catalogs (e. g. Monné 2021; Tavakilian & Chevillotte 2021) and checklists (e. g. Bezark 2021 b). Examination of photographs of the holotype of C. compressipes and of a lectotype of C. regalis really indicates that they are true synonyms of C. h. holochlorum. In our opinion, the synonym between these true names needs to be attributed to Demets (1976), who first listed C. compressipes and C. regalis in the synonym of C. h. holochlorum. However, without examining the type material of C. opiparum and of C. chiriquina, it is not possible to know whether they are distinct species or even synonyms with C. h. holochlorum or another species. See notes on C. carinatum below.	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDA9471FF25B5ACFCA9F871.taxon	discussion	Schmidt (1924) described Schwarzerion carinatum (see photograph of a syntype on Bezark 2021 a) in a key as follows (translated): “ 1 ” Elytra strongly tomentose; with a glabrous, shiny, metallic band close to elytral suture; sometimes, with a longitudinal, shining carina extending from the humerus to the apex; the space between this carina and the band close to suture is usually more densely tomentose in the form of a more or less distinct longitudinal band, ” leading to S. carinatum Schmidt, 1924 and S. euthalia (Bates, 1879); and “ 1 ’ Elytra evenly and densely tomentose; the elytral tomentose area almost reaches the suture, where the elytra is glabrous, ” leading to S. holochlorum (Bates, 1872), S. holochlorum chiriquinum (Bates, 1879), S. holochlorum opiparum (Bates, 1874), S. holochlorum compressipes (Casey, 1912), S. holochlorum regalis (Casey, 1912), S. melancholicum (Bates, 1872), and S. cyanomelas (White, 1853) [this later not included in the key]; “ 2 ” Elytral sutural band broader, shiny light or golden green; the long carina on the disc of the elytra is distinct, more finely tomentose and shinier than its surroundings; the space between the carina and the sutural band, with shape of a longitudinal acute band ending on the apex of the elytra, is more strongly tomentose than the lateral areas. Underside lively shining golden-green, indistinctly whitish pubescent, almost glabrous. Dorsal surface green or golden green; the central band and the basal constriction of the pronotum glabrous and shinier than the densely punctate and irregularly transversely grooved disc; this pubescent as the sides of the elytra. Antennae and legs black; pro- and mesofemoral club, as well as the basal third or half of metafemora red. 26 – 33 mm. — Colombia (coll. Schw.) — “ West indies ” (Nepperschmidt Hbg.). carinatum sp. n. ” According to Schmidt (1924), S. carinatum would differ from S. euthalia (see photograph of the lectotype on Bezark 2021 a) by the metallic sutural band of the elytra broad (narrow in S. euthalia), longitudinal elytral carina distinct and shinier than on its sides (hardly recognizable in S. euthalia), and ventral surface golden-green, with indistinct whitish setae, almost glabrous (blue-green, with short brownish setae in S. euthalia). These differences seem to be just variations of the same species. Accordingly, we are transferring S. carinatum from the synonym of S. h. holochlorum to that of S. euthalia. Although Schmidt (1924) reported that the syntypes of S. carinatum were from Colombia and “ West Indies ”, they have been reported only as being from Colombia (e. g. Blackwelder 1946; Monné 2021; Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2021). Therefore, the type locality of this species is currently Colombia and West Indies. Napp & Martins (2009) changed the species group name “ euthalia ” to “ euthalium ”, probably because Callichroma is neuter gender. However, Euthalia (from the Greek Ευθαλια) is a feminine proper name. Therefore, it cannot be changed because it is a noun in apposition (ICZN 1999: 31.2.1). According to Monné (2021) and Tavakilian & Chevillotte (2021), the syntypes of S. carinatum are deposited at the ZMHB. However, they are not there. The syntype (s) from Colombia belonged to former collection of Bernhard Schwarzer; this collection is now deposited at the Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt / M since 1929 / 31 (Bernd Jaeger, personal communication). The other syntype (s) from West Indies belonged to Mr. Nepperschmidt is (are) neither at the ZMHB, and we do not know where it (they) is (are) currently (Bernd Jaeger, personal communication). There is a specimen from Peru (Figs 7 – 10) in the ZMHB collection, which was identified by Schmidt as S. carinatum. It agrees well with the syntype from Colombia, except for the absence of transverse pronotal striae. The identity of this specimen needs to be verified in the future.	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 5)	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.taxon	description	According to Monné (2021) and Tavakilian & Chevillotte (2021): Holotype male: Colombia, Muzo (ISNB). However, as it is possible to see in the original description, there are syntypes, and not holotype and paratypes. Damoiseau & Cools (1987) reported: “ collarti FUCHS, 1959, Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 35, 35: 2, 3, Callichroma. (*) [The etiquette of determination is handwritten by the author] / Type male, allotype female and paratype, (6), Colombie: Muzo, ex coll. Le Moult; Santa Fe De Bogota. ” The mention of the specimens of the type series as holotype, allotype, and paratypes, even based on labels included by the author of the species but not mentioned in the original description, has no nomenclatural value (ICZN 1999: 72.1.1). Napp & Martins (2009) synonymized C. collarti with C. sericeum (Fabricius, 1793) (translated): “ We could not find consistent morphological characters to distinguish C. brachyale, C. gisteli, and C. collarti (as well as the subspecies rubricrus of C. gounellei) from C. sericeum and we started to consider them as synonyms. ” Apparently, Napp & Martins (2009) did not see photographs of the syntypes of C. collarti, which would make it evident that the two names do not correspond to the same species.	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.taxon	description	The study of the original descriptions as well as examination of the holotype of C. magnificum and syntypes of C. collarti allowed concluding that the former is a junior synonym of the latter. Therefore, we are revalidating Callichroma collarti. In addition to the already mentioned chromatic variation, very common in American Callichromatini, the posterior area of the pronotum of C. collarti can be transversely striate or smooth.	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
039C526CFFDB9475FF25B4A9FC65FA9B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA, Boyacá: Território Vasquez, holotype male of C. magnificum, II. 1991, J. Urbina leg. (MZSP); Muzo, syntype female of C. collarti, ex coll. Le Moult [no more data] (HSCV). Bogotá: Santa Fé de Bogotá [Bogotá], syntype male of C. collarti [no more data] (HSCV).	en	Santos-Silva, Antonio, Schmid, Herbert (2021): Revalidation, synonymies, and notes in American Callichromatini (Coleoptera Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Zootaxa 5071 (4): 579-586, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.4.6
