identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
024DE714D24CAE5E07C6885DFC16F9DF.text	024DE714D24CAE5E07C6885DFC16F9DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllina Desutter-Grandcolas 1987	<div><p>Subtribe Paragryllina Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987</p> <p>Comments. The subtribe is differentiated mainly by the following characters: head globose, palps reduced; hind wings always present, truncated at apex, exceeding forewing; hind tibiae with three outer and three (or less) inner subapical spurs close to the tibia apex; male epiproctus ornamented or not; female ovipositor curved and elongated. The male genitalia can be tubular, with the pseudepiphallic sclerite elongated, subdivided, and curved upward; or with a simpler structure, endophallic sclerite in the shape of an inverted V without being noticeably prolonged. Among other characters that it shares with other members of the subtribe: the mirror and harp with numerous veins dividing it, the shape of the distal part of ovipositor, which is slightly thickened, acute at the apex, with distinctly widened (high) subapical part of upper valves and well exposed apical part of lower valves in profile.</p> <p>In all variation in the taxonomic rank of the Paragryllidae /inae/ini classification, we propose that three groups should be revalidated from the Desutter-Grandcolas’ classification (1987, 1988, 1990), originally described as subfamilies or tribes of Paragryllidae. However, we suggest they be treated as generic groups for now: Paragryllae Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987 n. stat., Rumeae Desutter-Grandcolas, 1988 n. stat. and Benoistellae Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987 n. stat. These three groups are well defined and have characteristics that clearly and precisely differentiate them, especially characteristics of the male genitalia. If the classification changes, eventually, these groups could be treated as subtribes. The genera are grouped as follows the next key.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24CAE5E07C6885DFC16F9DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24CAE5F07C68A80FA19FAEB.text	024DE714D24CAE5F07C68A80FA19FAEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllina Desutter-Grandcolas 1987	<div><p>Key to Paragryllina genera</p> <p>(modified from Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Feberon, 2020)</p> <p>1. Hind tibiae with three outer and two or three inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one in Rumea, in which the second inner spur can be regressed or even absent). Species not so flattened (head deeper than wide in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes longer). Forewings exceeding abdominal tip in males and females. Fastgium narrow, half as wide as the first antennal segment. Median ocellus nearly apical............................................................................ 2</p> <p>- Hind tibiae with three outer and one inner subapical spur. Species flattened (head wider than deep in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes very short). Forewings not exceeding or slightly exceeding abdominal tip. Fastigium broad, as wide as first antennal segment. Median ocellus subapical on fastigium........................................ Benoistellae n. stat....3</p> <p>2. Hind tarsomeres mostly with a single row of spines. Hind tibiae mostly with three inner subapical spurs. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres not regressed; ectophallic fold simple, membranous, its apex visible dorsally between pseudepiphallic parameres. Female forewings: transversal veins as marked as longitudinal veins.... Paragryllae n. stat....5</p> <p>- Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Hind tibiae with two inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres regressed; ectophallic fold hypertelic, sclerotized (Figs. 1A–C). Female forewings: longitudinal veins stronger than transversal veins........................................ Rumeae n. stat.... Rumea</p> <p>3. Tympanum present on both sides of the fore tibia. Tibiae very short, and hind tibiae thick. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres elongated and not curved on the dorsal margin, obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe rounded at the distal edge and undivided. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at the apex (copulatory papilla of Izerskya species, unknown)....................................................... 4</p> <p>- Fore tibia with a prominent inner tympanum and no outer tympanum. Tibiae more elongated, not or little thickened. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres short, curving distally, not obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe moderately divided in lateral view, with an upper lobe larger than the lower one (Figs. 1D–F). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla barely sclerotized, long, plicated over its whole length (Fig. 1G)................................... Silvastella</p> <p>4. Mid-size (12‒15 mm). General coloration of body yellowish with some veins bluish green. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite short, with two large membranous areas; pseudopiphallic parameres conical and parallel; ectophallic fold not reduced (Figs. 1H–J). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at apex (Fig. 1K).................................................................................................. Benoistella</p> <p>- Small-size (8‒10 mm). General coloration of body greyish with some veins white or grey. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite without membranous areas. Pseudopiphallic parameres thin and divergent distally. Ectophallic fold strongly reduced (Figs. L–N).................................................................................... Izerskya</p> <p>5. Fore tibia with tympanum on both sides. Hind tibia without spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines. Male genitalia symmetrical............................................................ 6</p> <p>- Fore tibia with tympanum only on the outer side. Hind tibia with the last outer subapical spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Male genitalia highly asymmetrical (Figs. 2A–C).................. Dambachia</p> <p>6. Male genitalia tubular and elongated‒shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe..................................................................................................... 7</p> <p>- Male genitalia not tubular‒shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe not connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe....... 8</p> <p>7. Mirror and harp membranous and occupying much of the tegmina, with clearly defined veins. Pseudepiphallus not fused in its tubular section, without conspicuous streaks or channels; lateral lobe without long spine or if it is present, as a very short prolongation (Figs. 2D–F)..................................................................... Aclogryllus</p> <p>- Mirror and harp slightly membranous, with similar thickness of the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined (Fig. 6A). Pseudepiphallus fused much as a tubular section, most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area. Lateral lobe as a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 6B–D).............................................................................. Alfarogryllus n. gen.</p> <p>8. Male epiproctus with a pair of thin and long processes (Figs. 3N). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with three inner and three outer spurs; one conspicuous and glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically with ventral edge bearing denticles.................................................................................... Paragryllus</p> <p>- Male epiproctus without processes or notable modifications (Fig. 3M). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with less than three spurs on both margins; no glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically without denticules............................................................................................................ Bolivacla</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24CAE5F07C68A80FA19FAEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24DAE5807C689CDFC47FE5F.text	024DE714D24DAE5807C689CDFC47FE5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus Guerin-Meneville 1844	<div><p>Paragryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1844</p> <p>Comments. The species of this genus are distinguished by their well-developed wings, males with numerous arched veins; female tegmina with a vein separating the dorsal area from the lateral one; in the dorsal area, the veins are irregular. The males have the third internal apical spur of the hind tibia widened, possibly of a glandular type; epiproctus with ornamentations. Regarding the male genitalia, the endophallic sclerite has an inverted “V” shape, accompanied by two terminal apodemes, the endophallic cavity is membranous and more or less compressed; the ectophallic apodemes, rami, pseudepiphallus, and its parameres are well developed. The copulatory papilla of the female is compressed, subrectangular, curved at the apex, which can be straight or divided (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992; Gorochov, 2007; 2014).</p> <p>Three recently described species from Trinidad and Tobago have taxonomic conflicts. Paragryllus cocos Otte &amp; Perez-Gelabert, 2009 nomen nudum: there is no valid original description that meets the minimum requirements of the zoological nomenclature code. Only the repository collection and a couple of photographs were cited for this species, without morphological information.</p> <p>Paragryllus arima Otte &amp; Perez-Gelabert, 2009 n. syn. is proposed as a synonym under Ectecous insolitus (Otte &amp; Perez-Gelabert, 2009) n. comb. (originally described as Paragryllus). Both species have the same male genital structure and wing venation. The two species fit the diagnostic characters of Ectecous Saussure, 1878 (Paragryllini: Neoaclina), such as the presence of the elongated tympanum on the outer margin of fore tibia, and male genitalia with pseudepiphallic sclerite regressed, without a median process; dorsal valves more or less hypertelic (Desutter- Grandcolas, 1992). E. insolitus n. comb. is the first species of the genus known for Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean region. The species currently known are distributed from French Guyana (Cayena) to Brazil (Espirito Santo), and with this new record, their distribution should be even wider in northern South America.</p> <p>Paragryllus is the most widely distributed of the tribe, occurring from Mexico to Brazil, including islands from the Caribbean region, and two species of doubtful affiliation from Africa, which must be studied to clarify their status. Based on the differences found in the species with neotropical distribution, they are grouped into three subgenera. African species are kept as incertae sedis (Paragryllus simplex Chopard, 1948 and Paragryllus tricaudatus (Fairmaire, 1858)), and possibly should be included in a different genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24DAE5807C689CDFC47FE5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24AAE5807C68FA5FD9AFA28.text	024DE714D24AAE5807C68FA5FD9AFA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus (Paragryllus) (Paragryllus) Guerin-Meneville 1844	<div><p>Paragryllus (Paragryllus) Guérin-Méneville, 1844 s.s.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium to large size (19‒28 mm.). Harp of the tegmina with 5‒6 veins; the mirror of the tegmina divided by more than six veins (only P. circularis with five veins), apical area pronounced or moderately reduced (Figs. 3I, 4C). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles, well-pronounced and with cylindrical or conical shape in lateral view. Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, tapering towards the apex, and ending in a hook; in ventral view, intersecting with the other parallel branch. Endophallic sclerite well‒developed and ectophallic fold arising slightly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3J–L).</p> <p>Taxa included. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) martinii Guérin-Méneville, 1844 (Type species), P. (P.) circularis Gorochov, 2007 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) concolor Gorochov, 2007, P. (P.) rex Saussure, 1874, P. (P.) eclogos Otte, 2006, P. (P.) elapsus Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) ovalis Gorochov, 2007 and P. (P.) lyrae Cadena-Castañeda n. sp.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24AAE5807C68FA5FD9AFA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24AAE5807C68E7EFA18FC36.text	024DE714D24AAE5807C68E7EFA18FC36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus Guerin-Meneville 1844	<div><p>Key to Paragryllus subgenera</p> <p>1. Mirror of the tegmina divided by more than six veins (only P. circularis with five veins); apical area pronounced or moderately reduced. Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view. Endophallic sclerite well developed............................................................................................... 2</p> <p>- Mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins; apical area slightly pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex in lateral view. Endophallic sclerite reduced (Figs. 3B–D).............................. Melloius n. subgen.</p> <p>2. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4‒5 veins (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles, poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F–H).............. Souzaius n. subgen.</p> <p>- Medium to large size (19‒28 mm.). Harp of the tegmina with 5‒6 veins (Figs 3I, 4C). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles, well-pronounced and with cylindrical or conical shape in lateral view. Ectophallic fold arising slightly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3J–L)................................................................. Paragryllus s.s.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24AAE5807C68E7EFA18FC36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24AAE5907C68981FAAFFBF3.text	024DE714D24AAE5907C68981FAAFFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus (Paragryllus) lyrae Cadena-Castaneda 2021	<div><p>Paragryllus (Paragryllus) lyrae Cadena-Castañeda n. sp.</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516602</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0AA05DFB-E3CD-4079-AA22-E3464A75E43B</p> <p>(Figures 4–5)</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to the memory of Carmen Lyra, pseudonym of María Isabel Carvajal Quesada (1887–1949), in recognition of her valuable contributions to Costa Rican education and literature, as well as the defense of her political cause. A historical, heroic, and fighter woman.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype. Male. Costa Rica, Puntarenas, District of Golfito, Guaycará, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.20216&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.700691" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.20216/lat 8.700691)">La Gamba Biological Station</a>. 8°42’2.49”N, 83°12’7.79”W. 80 m. April 2018. F. Etl. (CAUD).</p> <p>Description. In addition to characters to the genus and subgenus. Male. Mid-sized. Body predominantly ocher brown with dark brown and yellow stripe (Figs 4A–C). Head ochre with almost grey-brown spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, and dark brown antennal flagellum having sparse, small, and almost indistinct lightish spots (Fig. 4B). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc ochre, posterior margin of pronotal disc outlined in yellow. Fore and middle femora brown spotted; hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost dark brown. Tegmina with lateral and anterior part ochregrey, not dark; veins of lateral field gold; hind wings greyish (Fig. 4C). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown. Head almost as wide as high in frontal view; maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, slightly dilated from the base to the apex. Pronotum rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 4C). Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, on both sides, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia dorsally with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the modified spur on the inner side. Tegmina with oval and transverse mirror, wider than long, with six dividing veins; harp with eight dividing veins; apical area moderately pronounced (Fig. 4C); stridulation file with 178 teeth (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Abdomen. Epiproctus with long paired processes, 2.5 times longer than epiproctus, digitiform, and dorsoventrally flattened. Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid and small notch. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with bristles on median lobes (Fig. 5); lateral lobe conical, with apex rounded, and slightly curved downward (Figs 5A, D). Pseudepiphallic paramere is divided into two branches, slim and thin ventral branch with a sharp ventrolateral prolongation before the apex; dorsal branch lanceolate with a ventral and small prolongation at the mid of its length in lateral view (Fig. 5D). In dorsal view, arc with a mid-U-shaped notch (Fig. 5A). Ectophallic fold cylindrical, with rounded apex, moderately long, prolonged to median lobe level (Figs. 5A–B). Endophallic sclerite flattened, and divergent (Fig. 5B). Rami as a lateral plate curved inward on ventral and dorsal margin (Fig. 5D). Ectophallic apodeme mostly membranous, longer than rami, and with the same thickness from the base to the apex (Figs 5A, B, D).</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm). Holotype: LB: 24. Pr: 4.2. Teg: 18.5. HF: 17. HT: 18.</p> <p>Comparison. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp. is the second species of the genus reported for Costa Rica (south of the country, near the Pacific coast), the first species was P. (P.) eclogos (south of the country, near the Atlantic coast). The new species is closer to P. (P.) eclogos, but this differs from the new species because, according to its original description, it only has a small inner and no outer tympanum. Also, the ectophallic fold is short, slightly apparent in the middle of the pseudepiphallic sclerite in dorsal view; on the other hand, the branches of the pseudepiphallic paramere do not have the additional and pointed ventral prolongations, which are present in the new species. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp., is smaller (24 mm) and with fewer teeth in the stridulatory file (178 teeth) vs P. (P.) eclogos 25 mm length and 299 teeth.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24AAE5907C68981FAAFFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24BAE5907C68A78FBC5F84A.text	024DE714D24BAE5907C68A78FBC5F84A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus (Melloius) Cadena-Castañeda & Páez & Buitrago & Quintana-Arias & Tavares 2021	<div><p>Melloius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen.</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516603</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5874E715-AC87-4B22-86CE-414E2E852182</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium size (19 mm). Harp and mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins, apical area little pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles (Figs. 3B), with a pronounced lower branch in lateral view (Figs. 3C–D). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex and with wavy dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 3D). Endophallic sclerite reduced and ectophallic fold short and slightly overhanging in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Taxa included. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878</p> <p>Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello, a legendary orthopterist, in recognition of a lifetime in the study of crickets in his country, and a pioneer in the systematics of crickets in Brazil, teacher of many fellow orthopterists. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24BAE5907C68A78FBC5F84A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D24BAE5907C688DAFE30FA51.text	024DE714D24BAE5907C688DAFE30FA51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus (Paragryllus) eclogos Otte 2006	<div><p>Paragryllus (Paragryllus) eclogos Otte, 2006</p> <p>Comments. Unfortunately, this species is very poorly described, and the sparse data are confusing, perhaps erroneous and not informative: e.g., “ File teeth with long wings” (how can a stridulatory file or teeth file have long wings? There is evidence of a lapse in character, perhaps the author was referring to the fact that the insect has long wings.). “With no obvious metanotal glands. With small inner and no outer tympanum” (this character must be reviewed in the type specimen; once the other described and valid species have tympana on both sides of the fore tibia). “Antennae with bristles ”. It is necessary to redescribe this species, detailing and reviewing the morphological characteristics. Another problem is the holotype specimen which was designated a female, but it is actually a male. The female is not known.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D24BAE5907C688DAFE30FA51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D247AE5607C68B36FA12FE07.text	024DE714D247AE5607C68B36FA12FE07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragryllus (Souzaius) Cadena-Castañeda & Páez & Buitrago & Quintana-Arias & Tavares 2021	<div><p>Souzaius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen.</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516604</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E4FE5E6-9928-43EE-8D45-069913923CBF</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4‒5 veins and mirror divided by seven veins, apical area reduced (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles and poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F–G). Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, and with the ventral branch obliquely truncated ventrally, rectangular and with similar width from the base to the apex in ventral view (Fig. 3H). Endophallic sclerite well developed; ectophallic fold considerably prolonged in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3F–G).</p> <p>Taxa included. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009</p> <p>Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Pedro Guilherme B Souza-Dias, friend and great Brazilian orthopterist, in recognition of his contributions to the crickets of his country. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D247AE5607C68B36FA12FE07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D244AE5707C68DB4FB36FEEB.text	024DE714D244AE5707C68DB4FB36FEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alfarogryllus Cadena-Castaneda 2021	<div><p>Alfarogryllus Cadena-Castañeda n. gen.</p> <p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516605</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 016524AB-D0B8-4128-B0D6-AFA3ECA765FB</p> <p>Type species: Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte, 2006) n. comb., by monotypy and original designation.</p> <p>Description. Body mid-sized (19 mm) (Fig. 6A), color grey, banded frons, top of the head and between the eyes dark brown; pronotum dorsum with black bands along frontal and posterior margins; lateral lobes with the downward arching broad with a black band through the middle section; forewing with pale veins and darker cells; legs distinctly banded. Head wider than pronotum, rounded and smooth; almost as wide as high in frontal view; vertex convex; fastigium almost 0.5 times as wide as scape; eyes ovoid, not protruding; ocelli rounded, frontal ocellus reduced in contrast to lateral ocelli; antennal sockets located at the level of the lower margin of the eyes; maxillary palps elongated in comparison to the other genera of the subtribe, the last segment dilated and with a rounded apex.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotal disc as wide as long, covered by small bristles; anterior and posterior margins straight; lateral lobes squared, as wide as high, and with rounded margins. Legs elongated and thin, fore tibia with a small inner and a small outer tympanum, and with two apical and ventral spurs, small compared to tarsomeres; mid tibia with two ventral apical spurs; hind tibia with three inner subapical spurs, the mid apical spurs longer than other two ones of the inner and outer margins, ventral and dorsal outer spurs of both sides subequal; hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines, and distally armed with a spur. Wings surpassing the apex of the abdomen, apical area very long. Male tegmina: mirror and harp slightly membranous, with a similar thickness to the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined, harp with five veins and mirror with five cross veins (Fig. 6A). Female tegmina: CuP vein, clearly dividing the anterodorsal margin of the tegmina; dorsal field with numerous transverse veins. Abdomen. Male and female epiproctus without processes or notable modifications; cerci extremely long, 1.5 times longer than the body; female ovipositor well-developed, as long as the hind femur, without apical modifications. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus fused as an almost tubular section (Figs. 6B–D), most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area, in ventral and lateral view (Fig. 6B). Pseudepiphallic arms long, slightly branching at the apex (Fig. 6C), lateral margins wavy, apex obliquely truncated in ventral view; median lobe rectangular in lateral view, lateral lobe with a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 6D); ectophallic fold membranous, thin, and not surpassing the apex of the median prolongation of pseudepiphallus; endophallic sclerite broad, membranous and translucent (Fig. 6C), ectophallic apodeme thin and short; rami longer than the ectophallic apodeme (Fig. 6B–C), curving inward at the dorsal margin and apex. Female. As the male in appearance and coloration. Dorsal area of the tegmina with parallel veins, the area between the CuA vein and the anal border with poorly defined veins (Fig. 6E). Elongated cerci, twice as long as the body. Slender ovipositor and a little longer than the posterior femur, without modifications.</p> <p>Etymology. This new genus is dedicated to the memory of Anastasio Alfaro González (1865‒1951), for his valuable contributions to Costa Rican science, and the creation of the National Museum of Costa Rica, the institution he directed from 1887 to 1930. The dedication of this genus also involves his great-great-grandson Jim Córdoba Alfaro, who has followed in the footsteps of Anastasio Alfaro and makes valuable efforts to contribute to the conservation in Costa Rica. The Latin word – gryllus is added to the end of the genus name, which means “cricket” and is usually used in cricket names. Although the last component of the name is masculine, the gender of the name is being established as neuter.</p> <p>Comparison. This new genus differs from the other genera of the Paragryllina subtribe by the texture and thickness of the tegmina, thicker than in the other taxa, and very long cerci, 1.5 times longer than the body (the cerci of the other genera it does not exceed the total length of the body) (Fig. 6A). Regarding the male genitalia, Alfarogryllus n. gen., contrasts with the other genera of the subtribe, because the medial portion of the pseudepiphallus is prolonged as an aedeagus, the lateral lobe is cylindrical and elongated (Figs. 6B–D), which is absent in the other taxa. Although the lateral lobe of Paragryllus s.l., is medium or small-sized, the pseudepiphallic arms have a similar appearance as Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus; they are parallel throughout their length and do not intertwine from the mesal portion to the apex, as in Paragryllus s.s. and Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D244AE5707C68DB4FB36FEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
024DE714D243AE5107C68CD0FAE6FBBB.text	024DE714D243AE5107C68CD0FAE6FBBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte 2006) Cadena-Castañeda & Páez & Buitrago & Quintana-Arias & Tavares 2021	<div><p>Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte, 2006) n. comb.</p> <p>(Figure 6)</p> <p>Comments. Unfortunately, this species is briefly described in its original description, but the description of Alfarogryllus n. gen., which includes this unique species, will allow better identification of this taxon. On the other hand, there are some inconsistencies in the designation of type specimens provided by Otte (2006). He designated the female as the holotype but in the brief description or recognition (according to the author), he focused on the male, and there are no specific characters for the female.Also, in the legend of figure 58, the male is mentioned as the holotype and the female as a paratype. In the measurements, priority is also given to the male. In the ‘specimens’ section, he mentioned a holotype and a paratype, both female. With the previous notation, the author intended to designate the male as a holotype and the female as a paratype, as is usual in most Orthoptera taxa since, in general, this sex is the one that contributes with more characters for species identification. The author was clearly confused when designating the type specimens, and the male with code 122 should be considered the holotype and the female with code 123 as a paratype. Although the female had been erroneously established as the holotype of Alfarogryllus panoplos n. gen. et comb., the main characteristics we used to diagnose this new genus are based on the male specimen.</p> <p>Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2013), in their list of Eneopterinae from Costa Rica, doubted that Eneoptera panoplos Otte, 2006 belonged to the genus Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838, suggesting that it could be included in the genus Lerneca Walker, 1869. The same authors designated Eneoptera spodios Otte, 2006 as a species inquirenda since it did not fit either the diagnostic characters of Eneoptera, but when reviewing the type specimen of E. spodios, it fits the diagnostic characters of Lerneca. So, here we consider the type specimen as a conspecific female of Lerneca digrediens (Otte, 2006), originally described in Amphiacusta Saussure, 1874, but reclassified by Desutter- Grandcolas (2014). Therefore, we designate Eneoptera spodios Otte, 2006 n. syn., as a new synonym under Lerneca digrediens (Otte, 2006). With the previously mentioned taxonomic changes, the status of the Central American Eneoptera species is clarified, and the species studied by Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005) for the Neotropical region are preserved, although the status of Eneoptera fasciata (Scudder, 1869), had not yet become clear.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/024DE714D243AE5107C68CD0FAE6FBBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Páez, Geraldine;Buitrago, Oscar;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Tavares, Gustavo Costa	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Tavares, Gustavo Costa (2021): Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species. Zootaxa 5081 (1): 60-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2
