identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
800A7F3A42BB5B2D966ED916A855AADC.text	800A7F3A42BB5B2D966ED916A855AADC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tityus (Tityus) (Tityus) C. L. Koch 1836	<div><p>Subgenus  Tityus (Tityus) C. L. Koch, 1836</p><p>Tityus (Tityus):  Lourenço (2006): 57, 58, 60, figures 3-6, 10-13, 22.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Scorpio bahiensis Perty, 1833 by monotypy.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This subgenus currently includes, among others, all species assigned to the  T. bahiensis Mello-Leitão, 1945;  T. bolivianus Kraepelin, 1895;  T. stigmurus Mello-Leitão, 1945, and  T. trivittatus Mello-Leitão, 1945 species-groups, according to the classification proposal of  Lourenço (2006). In addition to  T. brazilae Lourenço &amp; Eickstedt, 1984, here transferred to this subgenus (see Discussion). On the other hand,  Tityus sastrei Lourenço &amp;  Flórez, 1990 belongs to  Tityus (Atreus) and is excluded from  Tityus (Tityus) (see Discussion). Finally, according to previous hypotheses and our data, the  T. bolivianus Kraepelin, 1895 species-group forms an independent clade outside  Tityus (Tityus), but additional studies, including the study of the type species of this group, are required to propose a formal taxonomic decision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/800A7F3A42BB5B2D966ED916A855AADC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A.;Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo;Gallao 2, Jonas E.	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A., Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo, Gallao 2, Jonas E. (2021): Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
E532E5A964765A7B924D42D7F8C696CE.text	E532E5A964765A7B924D42D7F8C696CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tityus C. L. Koch 1836	<div><p>Genus  Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836</p><p>Tityus C. L. Koch 1836: 33.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E532E5A964765A7B924D42D7F8C696CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A.;Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo;Gallao 2, Jonas E.	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A., Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo, Gallao 2, Jonas E. (2021): Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
05B3683E83175DC39567AA5195E1784D.text	05B3683E83175DC39567AA5195E1784D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tityus spelaeus Moreno-González 1 & Pinto-da-Rocha 1 & Gallão 2 2021	<div><p>Tityus spelaeus sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Brazil: State of  Goiás: Holotype. Adult female from Posse,  Russão II cave, 14°05'05.3"S, 46°23'07.1"W, 01.iv.2007, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. (MZSP 74633). Paratypes. Four adult female paratypes, same data as the holotype (MZSP 74634); eight adult females, same locality as the holotype, 23.iv.2015, J. E.  Gallão &amp; C. C. de Paula leg. (LES/UFSCar 14668; LES/UFSCar 14669; LES/UFSCar 14670; LES/UFSCar 14671; LES/UFSCar 14672; LES/UFSCar 14673); four adult females, same locality as the holotype, 01.iv.2007, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. (MZSP 52228, 52229, 52230, 52231).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet is a derivative form of the Greek noun,  σπήλαιον (Latin: caverna), which means cave, in reference to the subterranean habitat where  Tityus spelaeus has an established population. It is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>(Based on female). This species belongs to the  Tityus trivittatus species-group (Figs 2, 3). Among members of the group distributed in Brazil ( T. carvalhoi Mello-Leitão, 1945;  T. charreyroni Vellard, 1932;  T. confluens Borelli, 1899;  T. fasciolatus Pessoa, 1935;  T. jeanvellardi Lourenço, 2001;  T. karaja Lourenço, 2016;  T. rupestre Lourenço, 2019;  T. sylviae Lourenço, 2005, and  T. trivittatus Kraepelin, 1898),  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov. can be readily recognized.  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov.;  T. carvalhoi;  T. charreyroni;  T. confluens;  T. fasciolatus;  T. rupestre, and  T. trivittatus share a subaculear tubercle small, and acute, pointing towards the tip of the aculeus (Fig. 12A). In contrast,  T. jeanvellardi;  T. karaja, and  T. sylviae exhibit a small and coarse subaculear tubercle that points either towards the tip of the aculeus ( T. sylviae) or towards the middle of the aculeus ( T. jeanvellardi and  T. karaja).</p><p>On the other hand,  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov. and  T. sylviae share a very large glandular region occupying beyond the anterior two thirds of the medial region of the pectinal basal piece of female pectines (Figs 6E, F, 11). In  T. carvalhoi;  T. charreyroni;  T. confluens;  T. fasciolatus, and  T. trivittatus (females of  T. jeanvellardi;  T. karaja and  T. rupestre are unknow) the glandular region occupies a large area of anterior two thirds of the anteriomedian region of the pectinal basal piece of female pectines (e.g., Fig. 5A, B).</p><p>Finally,  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov. and  T. karaja can be readily distinguished from  T. carvalhoi;  T. charreyroni;  T. fasciolatus;  T. jeanvellardi;  T. rupestre;  T. sylviae, and  T. trivittatus, based on the presence of residual spots on tergites (Figs 7, 13), and having the carapace (Figs 7, 8A) and chericeral manus immaculate (Fig. 8A). In contrast,  T. charreyroni;  T. confluens;  T. fasciolatus;  T. jeanvellardi;  T. rupestre;  T. sylviae, and  T. trivittatus have the carapace and tergites moderately covered with brownish spots and the cheliceral manus with reticulations (except  T. jeanvellardi that exhibit a cheliceral manus immaculate).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In an unpublished comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of  Tityus ( Moreno-González 2021), the  Tityus trivittatus species-group was one of the most morphologically homogeneous species-groups of the genus. In fact, no somatic character of the morphological matrix (~164 chars) was optimized as a synapomorphy in the nodes within the clade representing the  Tityus trivittatus species-group. Instead, those nodes were solely supported by unambiguous molecular synapomorphies. It is worth mentioning that, although coloration patterns presented high levels of homoplasy, they also showed significant differences at the species level, and the diagnosis of  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov. is based on this background knowledge. Nonetheless, additional studies including molecular and phenotypical evidence of poorly described species from the Central region of Brazil are required to untangle the phylogeny of this cryptic species complex.</p><p>On the other hand,  Tityus karaja Lourenço, 2016 was described based on a single male collected in 1929 in the region that corresponds to the northern portion of the state of  Goiás, Brazil. According to the brief description of  Lourenço (2016),  Tityus karaja could share a similar body coloration pattern to that of  T. spelaeus . However, given that the male of  T. karaja is almost a hundred years old, the coloration needs to be corroborated with fresh specimens. Despite this, according to  Lourenço’s (2016: fig. 5) illustration, the subaculear tubercle of  T. karaja is conical, small, and coarse, pointing towards the middle of the aculeus, whereas in  T. spelaeus sp. nov. it points towards the tip of the aculeus (Fig. 12A).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on the female holotype (MZSP 74633). Male unknown.</p><p>Total length. Female: 53.52 mm (measurements in Table 4).</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>General pattern (in ethanol 70%) (Fig. 7): light yellow, without variegated pigmentation. Carapace (Figs 7A, 8A): light yellow; lateral and median eyes, surrounded by black variegated pigments. Chelicerae (Figs 7A, 8A): coxa and hand light yellow, without pigments; fingers, dark reddish-brown. Mesosoma, coxosternal region, pedipalps, legs (Fig. 7A, B): all light yellow. Metasoma (Fig. 7A, B): segments light yellow, progressively becoming darker towards the telson. Telson (Fig. 7A, B): dark yellow; aculeus dark reddish-brown. Live coloration pattern (Fig. 13A-C) similar to that of preserved specimens, except for mesosoma with a faint brown median stripe crossing all tergites, telson light reddish-brown, pedipalp chela fingers and metasomal segments IV-V dark reddish-brown.</p><p>Morphology.</p><p>Carapace (Fig. 2B): densely covered with fine granulation and few coarse granules; anterior margin with deep median notch; anterior median carinae only feebly marked over anterior 1/3; central lateral, central median, lateral ocular, posterior, posterior median and superciliary carinae, all well-marked; and furrows (anterior median, anterior marginal, central transverse, lateral ocular, supercialiary, posterior transverse, posterior lateral and posterior marginal), all well-marked; ocular tubercle well-marked, located on the anterior half of carapace; median eyes separated by about 0.53 ocular diameters; with three pairs of lateral eyes and two pairs of lateral micro-ocelli.</p><p>Chelicerae (Fig. 8B): dentition characteristic of the family  Buthidae (Vachon 1963), densely covered with setae over the internal and ventral surfaces.</p><p>Pedipalps: Chela, short and slender (female, L/W= 5.5). Orthobothriotaxic pattern Type A, femur with alfa configuration (hand: Eb3:Eb2:Eb1:Esb:Est:Et, fixed finger: eb:esb:est:et:db:dt:it). Femur (Fig. 9A) with five carinae: VI, DI, DE, and VE crenulate, EM serratocrenulate, complete and pronounced, with intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granulation and few coarse granules. Patella (Fig. 9B, C) with seven carinae: VI, VE, DI, DE, and EM complete and crenulate; DM incomplete and crenulate; IM complete and serratocrenulate, with a short spiniform granule near the segment base; with intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granulation. Chela (tibia) (Fig. 10A-C) with eight carinae: VI, VE, D, DS, DMA, IM, and ES, complete and crenulate; SA, incomplete and crenulate, only present on the anterior half of the hand. Pedipalp movable and fixed fingers without basal lobe (Fig. 10A). Movable finger with 17-17 rows.</p><p>Coxosternal region (Fig. 7B): Sternum with posterior depression, outer ridge, and apical button, well-marked; sclerite covered with fine granulation, and few setae, except for the coxapophyses I-II, which are smooth; genital operculum longitudinally divided, composed of two sub-triangular plates.</p><p>Pectines (Fig. 11). Pectinal basal piece sub-rectangular and covered with a large and raised glandular region occupying beyond the anterior two thirds of the anteromedian region (Figs 6E, F, 11A, B; Table 3); pectinal tooth count of 19-22. Marginal lamellae, median lamellae, and fulcra moderately covered with setae (Fig. 5C). Basal middle lamellae, not dilated (Figs 6E, F, 11C). Pectinal tooth peg sensillae rectangular in cross-section, with a narrow distal openning (Fig. 11D, E).</p><p>Legs: Carinae present; intercarinal areas with sparse fine granulation; ventral telotarsal macrosetae acute and fine, arranged in two ventrosubmedian rows (Fig. 4K, L); telotarsi, counts of ventral macrosetae in the left (L) and right (R) legs on prolateral (pro) and retrolateral (retro) rows of legs I to IV (L (pro/retro) R (pro/retro)): 7/6 7/7: 7/7 7/7: 9/8 9/10: 10/10 9/11. Claws short and symmetrical.</p><p>Mesosoma: Tergites I-VI, moderately covered with fine granulation and few coarse granules; pre-tergites well defined, with median carina visible on the posterior margin of the post-tergites; tergite VII with DSM and DL carinae complete and crenulate, and median carina composed of a crenulate anteromedian eminence present on the anterior half of the post-tergite. Sternites densely covered with fine granulation; sternites III-VI with a pair of elliptic spiracles on the posterior half, which are progressively larger; sternite V with a hyaline subtriangular area on the posterior margin; sternite VI with VSM carinae crenulate, present on posterior half; sternite VII with VSM and VL carinae crenulate, present on posterior two thirds.</p><p>Metasoma (Fig. 12C, D): Segments II-V short and robust (L/W ratio: II= 1.9; III= 1.9; IV= 2.0; V= 2.5); segment V not incrassate (Fig. 12C). Segments I-II (Fig. 12C, D) with 10 complete carinae, parallel to one another and crenulate (paired DSM, DL, ML, VL, and VSM), ML of segment II represented by coarse granules on posterior two thirds, intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granulation; segments III-IV (Fig. 12C, D) with eight complete carinae, parallel to one another and crenulate (paired DSM, DL, VL, and VSM), intercarinal areas densely covered with fine granulation; segment V (Fig. 12C, D) with five complete carinae, crenulate (VM, paired DSM, and VL: DSM carinae feebly marked), intercarinal areas moderately covered with fine granulation and few coarse granules. Segments II-IV (Fig. 12C) with DSM carinae feebly marked, composed of evenly sized granules, without enlarged distoterminal granule.</p><p>Metasomal macrosetae: Segments I-IV each with two pairs of VSM macrosetae (2/2): pair of VSM1 located on the anterior third, and pair of VSM2 located near posterior margin of segment; and with two pairs of VL macrosetae (2/2): pair of VL1 located near anterior margin of segment, and pair of VL2 located on posterior two thirds of segment. Segment V with two pairs of VSM macrosetae (2/2), two pairs of VL macrosetae (2/2), and a single pair of ML macrosetae (1/1); pairs of VSM1 and VL1 located near anterior margin of segment; pair of VL2 located on posterior two thirds of segment, and pair of ML1 located dorsolaterally behind the DSM carinae near posterior margin of segment; anal arch with two pairs of setae on the intercrestal area: one pair of VSM macrosetae (1/1) and one pair of VL macrosetae (1/1).</p><p>Telson (Fig. 12A, B): Vesicle suboval, not elongated (L/H= 1.8), dorsal surface smooth, lateral surfaces with shallow longitudinal furrow; with VM, paired VSM, VL, and DL carinae, vestigial. Subaculear tubercle large, conical, with spiniform apex directed towards the distal region of the aculeus (Fig. 12A); subaculear tubercle with ventral pair of small, rounded granules, pointing towards the basal portion of the aculeus; aculeus strongly curved, shorter than vesicle and with ventral groove.</p><p>Variability (females).</p><p>Morphometrics. Total length (including telson): 48.30-57.98 mm (n= 17, mean= 52.70, standard deviation (SD)= 2.66). Chela L/W ratio: 4.42-5.78 (n= 17, mean= 5.44, SD= 0.37). Metasomal segment I L/W ratio: 1.24-1.51 (n= 17, mean= 1.30, SD= 0.06). Metasomal segment V L/W ratio: 2.31-2.68 (n= 17, mean 2.52, SD= 0.12). Telson vesicle L/H: 1.63-1.89 (n= 17, mean= 1.76, SD= 0.09). Meristics. Pectinal tooth count: 19-22 (n= 34, mode= 20). Number of movable finger oblique granular rows: 16-18 (n= 34, mode= 18). Metasomal macrosetae count: (n= 17): 2/2 VSM and 2/2 VL macrosetae on segments I-IV, 3/3 VSM and 2/2 VL macrosetae on segment V. However, one specimen (LES/UFSCar 14668) lost VSM1 on segment II, a second specimen (LES/UFSCAR 14669) lost VL1 on segment II, and a third specimen (LES/UFSCAR 014673) lost one VSM1 on segment I. Variation in the count of telotarsal ventrosubmedian setae is presented in Table 5.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Russão II cave is formed by limestone (a karstified type of rock), located in Posse municipality, the northeastern state of  Goiás, Central Brazil. This karst region is part of the  Bambuí geomorphological group, the large geomorphological group in Brazil, occurring in states of Bahia,  Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins.  Russão II cave is inserted on the Cerrado morphoclimatic domain ( Ab’Saber 1977), and the climate is tropical semi-humid (Nimer 1979). There is a stream crossing the cave although there are no surface drainages nearby (Tencatt and Bichuette 2017).  Russão II cave is located on private property, and in addition surface habitats are under impact from pollution through the discharge of domestic sewage, deforestation of surroundings for cattle pasture, and small mining projects (Tencatt and Bichuette 2017).  Russão II cave, like other caves in the region, has no legal protection under Brazilian environmental laws. The cave has a significant amount of bat guano piles and a large cricket population that is preyed upon by scorpions. In the aphotic zone of  Russão II cave, the temperature was 30.04 °C, the relative humidity of the air was 72.02%.</p><p>This species was studied in the past by Outeda-Jorge et al. (2009) who reported a litter size of two scorpionlings, but under laboratory conditions (Fig. 13A-C), another two females had a litter of four scorpionlings, and both females were fed upon their litter (Fig. 13A, B). The population of  Tityus spelaeus sp. nov. at the  Russão cave is well-established (Fig. 8A, B). During a one-hour-long visit to the cave in 2007, more than 20 live scorpions were observed on the ground and walls (Fig. 14A, B). In another two-hour visit in 2015, 32 individuals were counted, both adults and juveniles.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05B3683E83175DC39567AA5195E1784D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A.;Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo;Gallao 2, Jonas E.	Moreno-Gonzalez 1, Jairo A., Pinto-da-Rocha 1, Ricardo, Gallao 2, Jonas E. (2021): Bringing order to a complex system: phenotypic and genotypic evidence contribute to the taxonomy of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and support the description of a new species. ZooKeys 1075: 33-75, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1075.67459
