taxonID	type	description	language	source
D03F421CFFE9FFA33E74FEAC26FBCE97.taxon	type_taxon	Typus: Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees (÷ Dianthera trisulca Forssk.)	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA33E74FEAC26FBCE97.taxon	discussion	For a complete list of generic synonyms, see VOLLESEN (2010).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA33E74FEAC26FBCE97.taxon	description	Shrubs to small trees, cystoliths present, nodes often swollen. Leaves opposite, evergreen or deciduous, (sessile to) petiolate, margin entire to crenate. Inflorescence of sessile to pedunculate dichasiate spikes or racemes or of dichasia in leaf axils; dichasia sessile to pedunculate. Bracts opposite. Bracteoles 2. Flowers sessile to pedicellate. Calyx 5 - lobed, lobes equal to unequal in length, 1 lobe sometimes reduced or absent. Corolla 2 - labiate, purple, red, yellow, orange, greenish, or whitish, tube shorter than limb, subcylindric (at least near base) or sometimes ± expanded distally, with 2 invaginations (from the outer surface; i. e., appearing as pubescent projections internally) on lateral surfaces, upper lip arching forward and hoodlike, entire or 2 - fid, rugulate within, lower lip tightly coiled or spirally twisted like a dangling corkscrew at maturity, 3 - lobed. Stamens 2, exserted from corolla tube, inserted near base or apex of corolla tube, ± appressed to upper lip and opening toward lower lip (i. e., flower nototribic), anthers 2 - thecous, thecae parallel to subperpendicular, subequally to unequally inserted, lacking basal appendages or with one or both shortmucronate at base; staminodes 0. Pollen 2 - 4 - aperturate. Capsule stipitate, head subspheric to ellipsoid, sometimes with a slight medial constriction. Seeds 4 (or fewer by abortion), subdiscoid, surfaces usually rugose, rarely pubescent (with either glandular or hygroscopic / eglandular trichomes).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA33E74FEAC26FBCE97.taxon	discussion	Anisotes is a Paleotropical genus of subfamily Acanthoideae, tribe Justicieae (DANIEL & al., 2007; DANIEL & al., 2013) with 31 species currently recognized. 23 species occur on the African mainland, six species are endemic to Madagascar, and 2 species are endemic to the Comoros Archipelago.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA33E74FEAC26FBCE97.taxon	description	Key to Anisotes in the Comoros Archipelago	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA03D2FFDC827C9CEF6.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotypus (designated here): COMOROS. Grande Comore: s. l., VII. 1886, Humblot 1584 (P [P 00184832]!; iso-: LD [LD 1212195] image seen, P [P 00184831, P 00184833]!).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA03D2FFDC827C9CEF6.taxon	description	Perennial to 3.5 [or more?] dm tall. Older stems not seen; younger stems pubescent with flexuose to retrorse eglandular trichomes 0.2 - 0.5 mm long, trichomes ± evenly disposed or becoming concentrated in 2 lines. Leaves petiolate, petioles to 45 m long, blades membranaceous, ovate to elliptic, 60 - 102 mm long, 22 - 37 mm wide, 2.1 - 2.8 X longer than wide, cuneate to subattenuate at base, acuminate at apex, major veins ± prominent, secondary veins 5 - 7 per side, surfaces pubescent with antrorse to flexuose eglandular trichomes. Spikes axillary, mostly opposite at leaf nodes, (1 -) 2 - 4 per axil, densely bracteate, pedunculate, peduncles 3 - 16 mm long, pubescent like young stems, fertile portion of spike (excluding corollas) 10 - 22 mm long, rachis not visible, puberulent with mostly erect eglandular trichomes to 0.1 mm long. Bracts light colored, imbricate, 4 - ranked (2 adjacent rows fertile; thus ± secund), membranaceous, elliptic, 6 - 8.5 mm long, 2.5 - 4 mm wide, acute- to acuminate-apiculate at apex, apiculum 0.3 - 1 mm long, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent with antrorse to flexuose eglandular trichomes and with an inconspicuous understory (sometimes absent) of sessile to subsessile glands to 0.05 mm long, major veins evident but not conspicuous, 5, subparallel to midvein, margin sparsely ciliate with erect to flexuose eglandular trichomes 0.1 - 0.3 mm long, proximal pair of bracts sterile and often smaller (4 - 5.5 X 2.2 - 3.2 mm) than fertile ones. Bracteoles lanceolate, 4 - 5 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm wide, abaxial surface pubescent like bracts to nearly glabrous, only midvein evident, margin ciliate like bracts. Calyx 5 - lobed, 5.5 - 7 mm long, tube 0.5 - 1 mm long, lobes lanceolate, 4.5 - 6 mm long, subequal in length (posterior lobe smallest), 0.5 - 0.7 mm wide, long-aristate at apex (aristae to 2 mm long), abaxially pubescent like bracts to nearly glabrous, margin not noticeably hyaline, ciliate. Corolla color unknown, 20 - 24 mm long, externally pubescent with erect to flexuose to retrorse eglandular trichomes 0.1 - 0.3 mm long, tube slightly and gradually expanded from near base to mouth, 8.5 - 11 mm long (0.43 - 0.55 X as long as corolla), 1.5 - 2.5 mm in diameter near midpoint, upper lip 10 - 13 mm long, entire at apex, lower lip 10 - 11.5 mm long, recurved to recoiled, lobes 1.5 - 2.2 mm long, 0.5 - 2 mm wide. Stamens inserted near apex of corolla tube, 10 - 13 mm long, not extending beyond upper lip of corolla, filaments pubescent proximally and glabrous distally, thecae parallel to subperpendicular, unequally inserted (overlapping by 0.8 - 1 mm), 1.5 - 1.8 mm long (proximal theca slightly longer than distal theca), glabrous, distal theca usually with an inconspicuous basal appendage to 0.1 mm long, proximal theca with a basal appendage 0.3 - 0.4 mm long. Pollen 2 - colporate, 4 - pseudocolpate, globose-elliptic, polar diameter (P) 36 - 37 µm, equatorial diameter (E) in apertural view 23 µm, equatorial diameter in interapertural view 17 µm, P: E in apertural view = 1.57, P: E in interapertural view = 2.18, longer E: shorter E = 1.35, exine bireticulate. Style ca. 18 - 21 mm long, not or but barely extending beyond upper lip of corolla, pubescent proximally, stigma inconspicuous, lobes (if present) not evident. Capsule and seeds not known. Phenology. – Flowering in July.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA03D2FFDC827C9CEF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. – Comoros Archipelago; endemic to Grande Comore island (Fig. 1); the species is known only from the type collection made in 1886 from an undisclosed locale.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFE9FFA03D2FFDC827C9CEF6.taxon	discussion	Discussion. – There are three specimens at P, one annotated (recently) as the holotype and two as isotypes. No herbarium of deposit was cited in the protologue, and Humblot’s collections were widely distributed (LANJOUW & STAFLEU, 1957) including to B, where Lindau worked on Acanthaceae after 1892. If a single specimen at B was used by Lindau in creating his protologue, it would have been the holotype. Such a specimen is no longer extant at B. The specimen at P annotated as the holotype bears Lindau’s name in a handwriting that resembles that of Benoist rather than that of Lindau, and would thus appear to represent either a syntype or an isosyntype. This specimen (Humblot 1584 [P 00184832]), which also bears the unpublished combination attributed to Benoist, is here designated as lectotype of Himantochilus comorensis. LINDAU (1894) indicated that H. comorensis could be distinguished from its congeners by the shape of the leaves and the much smaller flowers. BADEN (1981 b) treated Lindau’s H. comorensis as a “ doubtful taxon ”, did not see the type, and noted that based on Lindau’s description it was unlikely to pertain to Anisotes. Although Anisotes is not well distinguished morphologically from Justicia (DANIEL & al., 2007; DANIEL & al., 2013), Lindau’s species contains the characteristic floral attributes of the former genus: relatively large (22 - 65 mm long) and strongly bilabiate corollas with ascending cochlear aestivation, a relatively short corolla tube (tube: corolla length up to 0.56, but usually 0.33 or less), a hoodlike and internally rugulate upper lip, and a lower lip that is usually recoiled. Pollen of this species (Fig. 2) is two-colporate with two pseudocolpi in each mesocolpium. Similar pollen was noted in Anisotes subcoriaceus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo from Madagascar (DANIEL & al., 2013).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: MAYOTTE: Bénara, 600 m, 26. V. 1997, fl., Pascal 936 (holo-: CAS!; iso-: K, P!).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	diagnosis	Species calycis lobis majoribus ovatis et 3 - 5 mm longis X 1.5 - 2 mm latis, corolla purpureo-rubra et 24 - 32 mm longa, et polline 4 - aperturato a congeneribus diversa.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	description	Shrubs to 1 m tall. Older stems dark greenish, brown, or slightly pinkish; younger stems evenly and ± densely pubescent with retrorsely to antrorsely appressed eglandular trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Leaves petiolate, petioles to 52 mm long, blades membranaceous, ovate, 56 - 116 mm long, 23 - 44 mm wide, 2.1 - 3.4 X longer than wide, rounded to subcuneate at base, acuminate at apex, venation ± prominent, secondary veins 4 - 7 per side, surfaces pubescent (trichomes mostly restricted to midvein) with appressed eglandular trichomes. Spikes axillary, alternate or opposite at leaf nodes, 1 - 2 per axil, densely bracteate, pedunculate, peduncles 4 - 15 mm long, pubescent with antrorsely appressed eglandular trichomes, fertile portion of spike (excluding corollas) 10 - 24 mm long, rachis not visible, nearly glabrous or sparsely pubescent with erect to flexuose eglandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long. Bracts green and lighter (hyaline) toward margin and apex, imbricate, 4 - ranked (2 adjacent ranks fertile; thus ± secund), coriaceous, (ovate-elliptic to) elliptic (to obovate-elliptic), 5.5 - 7.5 mm long, 2.7 - 3.5 mm wide, acute-apiculate at apex, apiculum to 0.5 mm long, abaxial surface puberulent with erect to antrorse eglandular trichomes to 0.05 (- 0.1) mm long, major veins conspicuous, 5, parallel to midvein, margin ciliate with erect to flexuose eglandular trichomes to 0.8 mm long, proximal pair of bracts sterile. Bracteoles linear-oblanceolate, 4 - 5.7 mm long, 0.8 - 1.2 mm wide, abaxial surface pubescent like bracts (to nearly glabrous), 1 - 3 - veined, margin ciliate like bracts. Calyx either 5 - lobed with 1 lobe conspicuously reduced or equally 4 - lobed, 6 - 9 mm long, tube 3 - 4 mm long, 4 lobes ovate, 3 - 5 mm long, equal in length, 1.5 - 2 mm wide, subacuminate at apex, abaxially puberulent with eglandular and subglandular trichomes <0.05 mm long, margin hyaline and ciliate, 5 th lobe (if present) linear to lanceolate, 2 - 3 mm long, 0.5 - 1 mm wide, otherwise like larger lobes. Corolla purplish red, 24 - 32 mm long, externally pubescent with subglandular and eglandular trichomes <0.05 - 0.2 mm long, tube subcylindric proximally, expanded distally, 6 - 13 mm long (0.25 - 0.46 X as long as corolla), 2.5 - 3 mm in diameter near midpoint, upper lip 14 - 24 mm long, entire at apex, lower lip recoiled, 15 - 24 mm long, lobes 3 mm long, 0.9 - 1 mm wide. Stamens inserted near apex of corolla tube, 17 - 18 mm long, not extending beyond upper lip of corolla, filaments glabrous distally, thecae subparallel, unequally inserted (overlapping by 1 - 1.5 mm), 2 - 2.5 mm long (± equal in length), glabrous, distal theca with a basal appendage 0.1 - 0.2 mm long, proximal theca with a basal appendage 0.3 - 0.6 mm long. Pollen 4 - colporate, 8 - pseudocolpate (the 2 pseudocolpi in each mesocolpium often fused near poles to form pseudocolpal ellipses), euprolate to perprolate, polar diameter (P) 41 - 60 µm, equatorial diameter (E) 21 - 27 µm, P: E = 1.56 - 2.86, exine bireticulate. Style 24 - 32 mm long, not extending or extending beyond upper lip of corolla, glabrous distally, stigma inconspicuous, lobes (if present) not evident. Capsule and seeds not known. Phenology. – Flowering: May-June.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. – Comoros Archipelago; known from two relatively recent collections from the crests of the southern highlands on the island of Mayotte (Fig. 1), where it is endemic; plants occur in humid evergreen forest (with Olea capensis L., Labramia mayottensis Labat, M. Pignal & O. Pascal, Dicoryphe platyphylla Tul., Strychnos mitis S. Moore, Syzygium sp., Gastonia duplicata Baill., Grisollea myriantha Baill., Nuxia pseudodentata Gilg, Ravensara areolata Kosterm., Scolopia coriacea Tul., Trophis montana (Leandri) C. C. Berg) at elevations between 350 and 600 m.	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	vernacular_names	Local name. – “ Nanatsy be ” (Shibushi; Barthelat & al. 386).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	discussion	Discussion. – This species shows variation in the number of calyx lobes from five (4 + 1) to four. The presence of both forms on Barthelat & al. 386 suggests that the reduced fifth lobe is sometimes lost. Similar variation in the number and configuration of calyx lobes is known for Justicia, but apparently has not been reported in other species of Anisotes. It is noteworthy that A. comorensis and at least one Malagasy species (A. venosus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo; DANIEL & al., 2013) have a calyx with one lobe somewhat reduced in size relative to the others. The four-aperturate pollen of this species (Fig. 2) is unusual in the genus. It has been previously documented only for the tropical west African species, A. guineensis Lindau (BADEN, 1981 b).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
D03F421CFFEAFFAF3D58FE2A23C1CCDD.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypi. – MAYOTTE: Grande Terre, Tsararano, Bénara, Crètes du Bénara, 10. V. 2001, Barthelat & al. 386 (MO, P); Grande Terre, Tsararano, Réserve Forestière du Bénara, ch. de crête-sommet, 27. V. 2001, Barthelat & al. 1188 (P); Mlima Choungi, 10. VI. 1996, Pascal 563 (P).	en	Daniel, Thomas F. (2014): Taxonomy of nisotes Nees (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) in the Comoros Archipelago and a preliminary list of canthaceae in the Islands. Candollea 69 (1): 45-54, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v691a5
