identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F25FCB60FFD9134679AFE9F378C26BF4.text	F25FCB60FFD9134679AFE9F378C26BF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caribesialis Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos 2021	<div><p>Caribesialis Ardila-Camacho, Martins &amp; Contreras-Ramos gen. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D535251C-108D-42AF-90FF-56BE2142C760</p> <p>Figs 1–6</p> <p>Type and only species</p> <p>Sialis bifasciata Hagen 1861: 188.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Caribesialis gen. nov. is distinguished from other Sialidae genera by the presence of elongated, tubular and digitiform gonostyli 9. Similar structures are also present only in Sialis nevadensis Davis, 1903, but in this species these sclerites are short and unguiform. The presence of gonocoxites 10 forming a tiara-shaped sclerite with prominent median hook-shaped process is a unique character of this genus. The gonocoxites 10 are also present in some species of Sialis Latreille, 1802 and Austrosialis Tillyard, 1919; nevertheless, in these genera they are present as one or a pair of small sclerites. Another autapomorphy of the new genus is the structure of the gonocoxites 11, which form a barshaped sclerite fused to the inner region of the ectoproct. Species of Stenosialis Tillyard, 1919 and Sialis navasi Liu et al., 2009 also have this structure fused to the ectoproct; nevertheless, in Stenosialis the gonocoxites 11 are fused only with the ventral region of the ectoproct, while in S. navasi the gonocoxites 11 are completely fused with the ectoproct. The new genus has a median, short and straight, caudally projected bifid process (interpreted as gonostyli 11), whose base is fused forming a Y-shaped structure. In other genera of Sialidae, this structure is generally separated into two parts, and when their bases are fused (e.g., Sialis nigripes Pictet, 1865 and Sialis infumata Newman, 1838) they are elongated and projected posteroventrad or posterodorsad, instead of caudally.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The generic epithet is a combination of – caribe – in allusion to the native aboriginal people that inhabited a great part of northern South America and the Lesser Antilles, and – Sialis – the type genus of the family Sialidae.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Caribesialis gen. nov. belongs to the Sialis lineage (Liu et al. 2015a), which includes the new genus, the extant genera Protosialis and Sialis, and the fossil genus Proindosialis Nel, 1988. The new genus is closely related to Protosialis, sharing several characters of wings and female genitalia. Nevertheless, the presence of gonostyli 9, gonocoxites 10 as a tiara-like sclerite and gonocoxites 11 as a bar-like sclerite fused to the inner region of the ectoproct in the new genus clearly separates this group from Protosialis, which lacks gonostyli 9 and gonocoxites 10, and gonocoxites 11 are not fused with the ectoproct. The presence of welldeveloped gonostyli 9 in the new genus is an uncommon character within Sialidae, as it is absent in most of the species. Boudinot (2018) argued that the gonocoxite 9 of S. nevadensis is divided into two parts, one ventral and one dorsal, the later fused with the tergite 9. In the new genus, the gonostylus 9 is articulated to the dorsal part of the gonocoxite 9 (in the sense of Boudinot (2018)), a condition observed in Corydalidae. According to Liu et al. (2015a), a projection on the tergite 9 is present in Indosialis Lestage, 1927, Haplosialis afra (Navás, 1936), and the extinct Ilyobius herrlingi (Wichard, 2002), which should not be misinterpreted as homologous with the gonostyli 9 expressed in the new taxa described herein.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFD9134679AFE9F378C26BF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFDC134279DAE9197E4D6BF3.text	F25FCB60FFDC134279DAE9197E4D6BF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caribesialis bifasciata (Hagen 1861) Ardila-Camacho & Rivera-Gasperín & Martins & Contreras-Ramos 2021	<div><p>Caribesialis bifasciata (Hagen, 1861) comb. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1–6</p> <p>Sialis bifasciata Hagen, 1861: 188.</p> <p>Protosialis bifasciata – van der Weele 1909: 263.</p> <p>Revised diagnosis</p> <p>This species is distinguished by having the head mostly orange, with two lateral, longitudinal, brown bands, extended from antennal sockets to occiput (Fig. 1). The pronotum is orange with wide, lateral, longitudinal, brown bands. Sternite 9 is triangular; gonocoxite 9 is plate-like, and adjacent to sternite 9; gonostylus 9 is adjacent to the base of tergite 9, elongated, tubular, and curved posteromedially. The gonocoxites 10 are plate-like, forming a tiara-like sclerite, medially with a hook-like process, which is distinctively curved ventrad. The gonocoxites 11 form a bar-like structure, that is laterally connected to the ectoprocts; the gonostyli 11 are basally fused and form a bifid projection. The female sternite 8 is subpentagonal, the gonocoxites 8 are narrow, arched, setose, and posteromedially incised, and the gonapophyses 8 are smooth, arched, subtriangular, and glabrous.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>CUBA • 1 ♂; Santa Clara Prov., Soledad; 25 May 1939; C.T. Parsons leg.; pinned; MCZ • ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500‒3500 ft.; 8‒14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; “ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label; pinned; MCZ • 1 spec. (probably ♀); Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500‒3500 ft.; 8‒14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; “ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label; pinned; MCZ • ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500‒3500 ft.; 8‒14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; “ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label.; pinned, dissected; MCZ • ♀; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500‒3500 ft.; 8‒14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; “ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label pinned, dissected; MCZ • ♀; BuenosAires, Trinidad Mts.;alt. 2500‒3500ft.; 8‒14May 1936; Darlington leg.;“ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label; pinned, dissected; MCZ • ♂; Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mts.; alt. 2500‒3500 ft.; 8‒14 May 1936; Darlington leg.; “ Protosialis bifasciata Hag, BKS. ” white label; dissected; MCZ.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 2A–B). Width 1.9 mm, predominantly orange, dorsally with two longitudinal lateral brown bands, extended from antennal sockets to occiput, on occiput with circular orange marks, entire surface covered with minute light brown setae; postocular area with a longitudinal brown stripe and with a semicircular orange muscle scar, stripe posterodorsally extended and connected to dorsal stripe. Compound eyes dark brown. Antenna with scape nearly 1.5 times as long as wide, brown, covered with abundant light brown setae, pedicel brown, nearly as long as wide, flagellum brown with 36‒37 flagellomeres, densely covered with brown setae. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi light brown with abundant light brown setae. Occiput with orange muscle scars.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 1). Pronotum rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, with wide, lateral, longitudinal brown bands with embedded semicircular orange muscle scars, medially orange, densely covered with minute light brown setae. Mesonotum wider than long, scutum brown, scutellum light brown, entire surface densely covered with minute light brown setae. Metanotum light brown, slightly narrower than mesonotum, glabrous. Pteropleura brown, covered with abundant light brown setae.</p> <p>LEGS. Brown, all segments densely covered with brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and short; mid- and hind femur longer and slightly expanded towards apex. Tibial spurs short, brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer than that of fore- and midleg, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws light amber.</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 2C). Forewing 9.1‒9.6 mm long (n = 2), membrane translucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of same color as cuticle. Costal field narrow, with four crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial field with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin; a single crossvein between first and second RP branches. Radiomedial space with three crossveins; M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin, intramedial space with two crossveins; mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked, intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with two crossveins; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 11 mm long, general aspect similar to forewing. Costal field narrow, with two crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin; a single crossvein between RP branches. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked at ⅔ of wing length; intramedial space with single crossvein. Mediocubital space with single crossvein; Cu forked at ⅕ of wing length; CuA forked at apex, intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base; a single crossvein between A2 and A3 is present.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Uniformly brown with abundant light brown setae.</p> <p>MALE GENITALIA (Figs 3‒5). Tergite 8 membranous, moderately setose, setae longer on posterior area; sternite 8 semi-membranous, slightly sclerotized posteromedially, uniformly setose. Tergite 9 sclerotized, ring-shaped, laterally slightly widened and sparsely covered with long setae; anal tubercle slightly sclerotized; ectoproct lobe-like, setose. Sternite 9 in ventral view moderately sclerotized, triangular; gonocoxite 9 plate-like, paired, adjacent to sternum, both sternum and gonocoxite 9 uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 separated from gonocoxite 9, articulated to tergite 9 base, elongated, tubular and posteromedially curved inwards. Gonocoxites 10 lower portion plate-like, tiara-shaped, medially with a raised extension and a sclerotized hook-like process distinctively curved ventrad in caudal view. Gonocoxites 11 forming a bar-like sclerite, laterally slightly expanded and connected to ectoprocts; gonostyli 11 basally forming a sclerotized, bifid projection, whose processes appear divergent.</p> <p>FEMALE. Similar to male, antenna with 35‒36 flagellomeres. Forewing length 9.75‒11.7 mm (n = 5), head width 1.6‒1.7 mm.</p> <p>FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 6). Sternite 8 in lateral view posteroventrally somewhat projected, with apex broad, rounded; in ventral view subpentagonal, posteromedially rounded; gonocoxite 8 narrow, bar-shaped, moderately setose, narrow, arched, setose and posteromedially incised in ventral view; gonapophysis 8 in ventral view smooth, arched, subtriangular, glabrous, located just beneath gonocoxite 8. Tergite 9 in lateral view ventrally extended, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 elongated, ovoid, narrow, with long setae on dorsal ⅓; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular located at dorsal ⅓ of the gonocoxite length; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose. Bursa copulatrix sac-like.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Cuba (Cienfuegos, La Habana, Santiago de Cuba, Sancti Spíritus, Pinar del Río, Villa Clara) (Alayo 1968; Contreras-Ramos 2008) (Fig. 7A–B).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFDC134279DAE9197E4D6BF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFD0134F7A74E9187F9E6DFD.text	F25FCB60FFD0134F7A74E9187F9E6DFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyobius Enderlein 1910	<div><p>Genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910</p> <p>Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910: 381.</p> <p>Type species</p> <p>Sialis flavicollis Enderlein, 1910: 380 (by original designation).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFD0134F7A74E9187F9E6DFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFD013557A6EE9EA7D666E9F.text	F25FCB60FFD013557A6EE9EA7D666E9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyobius bimaculatus (Banks 1920)	<div><p>Ilyobius bimaculatus (Banks, 1920)</p> <p>Figs 8–10</p> <p>Protosialis bimaculata Banks, 1920: 326.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Ilyobius bimaculatus is known solely from the female holotype, which is in poor condition (Fig. 8). Only few diagnostic characters were observed, which include an area just behind the antennal sockets with a semicircular brown spot. The dorsal area adjacent to the compound eyes has a brown spot, posteriorly extended, flame-shaped, with three-pronged posterior extensions. The gonocoxites 8 appear as small, paired, ovoid sclerites in lateral and ventral view. The gonapophyses 8 are observed as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates in lateral and ventral view.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype BOLIVIA • ♀; Rio Longo [Río Grande?]; alt. 750 m; Fassel leg. MCZ type 10842.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 9A–B). Width 1.9 mm, nearly completely orange. Compound eyes dark brown, dorsal area adjacent to compound eyes with a brown spot, posteriorly extended, flame-shaped, with three-pronged posterior extensions. Antenna with scape subrectangular, enlarged, brown, covered with abundant brown setae, pedicel brown, nearly as long as wide. Area immediately behind antennal sockets with a semicircular brown spot. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi brown with abundant brown setae. Occiput with light orange muscle scars.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 9). Pronotum orange, rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, densely covered with minute light yellow setae. Mesonotum wider than long, dark brown, densely covered with minute light brown setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum, but slightly narrower. Pteropleura brown, covered with abundant setae of same color as cuticle.</p> <p>LEGS. Brown, all segments densely covered with brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and shorter than mid- and hind femur. Tibial spurs short, brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as the second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer than that of fore- and midleg, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws light amber.</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 9C). Forewing 12 mm long, membrane semitranslucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of same color as cuticle. Costal field slightly expanded on ⅓ of wing length, with nine crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins, M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin; intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with two crossveins; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 11 mm long, costal field narrow, with four crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked near mid-length of wing, intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; Cu forked near wing base, CuA forked at apex; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Dissected and cleared.</p> <p>MALE GENITALIA. Unknown.</p> <p>FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 10). Sternite 8 unmodified, densely covered by long setae; gonocoxite 8 as small, paired, ovoid sclerites; gonapophyses 8 as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates. Tergite 9 ventrally extended in lateral view, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 ovoid, uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular, posterodorsally located on gonocoxite 9; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Bolivia (probably Santa Cruz) (Fig. 7C).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Ilyobius bimaculatus is only known from the holotype female, which is in poor condition. Consequently, understanding the phylogenetic affinities of this species is difficult at present because the primary diagnostic characters are currently limited to the male genitalia. However, the color pattern of this species is similar to that of I. flammatus (Penny, 1982), I. mexicanus (Banks, 1901) and I. curvatus Liu et al., 2015b. In those species, the pronotum is uniformly orange and the head has posteriorly trifurcate dark markings around the compound eyes. Ilyobius bimaculatus can easily be distinguished by having the frons possessing a pair of ovoid black spots between the antennal fossae, which are absent in the other species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFD013557A6EE9EA7D666E9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFCA13517960EACF7F3D6DA4.text	F25FCB60FFCA13517960EACF7F3D6DA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyobius nigrocephalus Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos 2021	<div><p>Ilyobius nigrocephalus Ardila-Camacho, Martins &amp; Contreras-Ramos sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C033CC6B-32D3-4F61-9584-3329A25E4D08</p> <p>Figs 11–15</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is distinguished from others of the genus by having a dark brown head and orange pronotum (Fig. 11). The male sternite 9 is broadly rounded and shovel-like. The gonocoxites 9 are subtrapezoidal with posterior corners blunt. The gonocoxites 11 are elaborated, with two differentiated portions: the upper portion is posteriorly produced as lateral hook-shaped processes, and the lower portion as two narrow, arched, lateral sclerites, medially fused; in lateral view curved, elongated, and narrow with the distal part representing the gonostyli 11, which are dorsally connected to the upper portion and covered with minute spinulae. The membrane between gonocoxites 11 and sternite 9 is covered with minute spinulae. The female sternite 8 is subpentagonal, posteromedially produced into a short and blunt lobe. The gonocoxites 8 form an ovoid sclerite, located just beneath sternite 8; the bursa copulatrix is bilobed with the distal margin shallowly incised in ventral view.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet “ nigrocephalus ” is a combination of the Latin nigrum which means black, and the Greek κέφαλη (céfale) meaning head, alluding to the dark pigmentation of the head of this species. An adjective in the nominative case.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype ECUADOR • ♂; El Oro, 7 km, E. Piñas; 2 Aug. 1989; L. Stange and R. Miller leg.; FSCA.</p> <p>Paratype ECUADOR • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; FSCA.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 12A–B). Width 1.6 mm; nearly completely dark brown, ventrally light brown; compound eyes dark brown. Antenna with scape enlarged, dark reddish brown, covered with abundant light brown setae, pedicel dark brown, nearly as long as wide, flagellum dark brown with 32 flagellomeres, densely covered with dark brown setae. Frons densely setose, somewhat protuberant between antennae. Clypeus and labrum densely covered with light brown setae, anterior margin of clypeus with median concavity. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown with abundant dark brown setae. Occiput with dark brown muscle scars.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 11). Pronotum orange, rectangular, nearly 1.5 times as wide as long, densely covered with minute, light yellow setae. Mesonotum wider than long, dark brown, densely covered with minute, light brown setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum, but slightly narrower. Pteropleura dark reddish brown, covered with abundant light brown setae.</p> <p>LEGS. Dark brown, all segments densely covered with dark brown setae; fore femur somewhat expanded and shorter than mid- and hind femur. Tibial spurs short, dark brown. Basitarsus of fore- and midleg short, as long as second and third tarsomeres together; on hind leg longer, as long as remainder of tarsomeres together. Pretarsal claws dark brown.</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 12C). Forewing 9.5 mm long, membrane translucent, smoky, densely setose. Venation light brown, densely covered with fine setae of the same color as cuticle. Costal field slightly expanded on ⅓ of wing length, with nine crossveins; pterostigma absent. A single subcostal crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins, M forked near mid-length of wing, MA unforked, MP forked near posterior wing margin; intramedial space with two crossveins; mediocubital space with two crossveins; CuA vein forked slightly beyond level of M fork, CuP unforked; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein; area between A1 and A2 with a single crossvein, A2 forked before R fork level; area between A2 and A3 with single crossvein. Hindwing 8 mm long, with general aspect similar to forewing. Costal field narrow, with four or five crossveins; subcostal field with single crossvein. Radial space with three crossveins, RP with two branches, basal one forked near posterior wing margin. Radiomedial space with three crossveins. M vein forked near mid-length of wing, intramedial space with two crossveins. Mediocubital space with two crossveins; Cu forked near wing base, CuA forked at apex; intracubital space with single crossvein. Cubitoanal space with single crossvein. Area between A1 and A2 with a single sinuous crossvein, A2 forked near wing base.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Dark brown with abundant light brown setae.</p> <p>MALE GENITALIA (Figs 13–14). Tergite 8 semi-membranous, densely setose; tergite 9 sclerotized, ringshaped, sparsely covered with long setae, in dorsal view V-shaped around anal tubercle, laterally expanded; in lateral view trapezoidal with ventral half long, posteroventral side oblique, articulated to gonocoxite 9. Anal tubercle membranous; ectoproct mammilliform, elongated, setose, fused to anal tubercle. Sternite 9 sclerotized, broadly rounded in ventral view, densely setose, shovel-like in lateral view, reaching level of gonostyli 11 apex. Gonocoxite 9 sclerotized, adjacent to sternite 9, moderately setose, subtrapezoidal with posterior corners blunt and posterior margin slightly concave; gonostylus 9 absent. Membrane between sternite 9 and gonocoxites 11 covered with minute spinulae. Gonocoxites 11 elaborated, with two distinct portions: upper portion transversely elongated, with ventral margin arched and dorsal margin straight in caudal view; laterally not fused to ectoprocts; medially with fusion line somewhat distinct, in lateral view produced into lateral hook-shaped processes, extended slightly beyond level of ectoproct apex; lower portion as two narrow, arched, lateral sclerites, medially fused, with fusion line distinct; medial part representing the gonostyli 11, caudally produced, covered with minute spinulae and dorsally connected to upper portion.</p> <p>FEMALE. External morphology and coloration similar to male, head width 1.7 mm; forewing 9.8 mm long, antennae with 29 flagellomeres; costal field with 12 crossveins; radial space with three crossveins. Hindwing 8.5 mm long, costal field with five crossveins; radial space with three crossveins.</p> <p>FEMALE GENITALIA (Fig. 15). Tergite 9 in lateral view ventrally extended, expanded and articulated to gonocoxite 9, posteroventral margin straight; gonocoxite 9 ovoid, uniformly setose; gonostylus 9 small, semicircular, posterodorsally located on gonocoxite 9; ectoproct as a small ovoid sclerite, setose. Sternite 8 in lateral view posteroventrally projected, with blunt apex, extended on gonocoxite 8 slightly beyond its mid-length; in ventral view subpentagonal, posteromedially produced into short and blunt lobe, entire surface densely covered by long setae; gonocoxite 8 in lateral view narrow, plate-like, densely setose; in ventral view ovoid, located just beneath sternite 8; bursa copulatrix moderately sclerotized, sac-like in lateral view, bilobed, with distal margin shallowly incised in ventral view; gonapophyses 8 as lateral smooth, glabrous, ovoid plates.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Ecuador (El Oro) (Fig. 7D).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov. is related to Ilyobius ranchograndis (Contreras-Ramos, 2006) from Aragua, Venezuela because of the complex morphology of the gonocoxites 11 of the male, as well as the structure of the female genitalia (see Contreras-Ramos 2006). Both species lack the posteriorly trifurcate dark marking around the compound eyes, having the head uniformly colored. However, the new species has the head nearly completely dark brown, with some muscle scars on the median area of the vertex, while I. ranchograndis has the head orangish brown. Furthermore, the pronotum of I. nigrocephalus sp. nov. is uniformly orange, whereas in I. ranchograndis it is orangish brown with darker margins. Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov. is known from two specimens from El Oro province of Ecuador, which is located in the geographical area known as the coastal region, with its northwest region limited by the Pacific Ocean. Rivers in El Oro Province originate in the Andean Mountains and flow into the Gulf of Guayaquil. The climate of this mountainous region where the specimens were collected is rainier and colder compared to the coastal region.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFCA13517960EACF7F3D6DA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFCF13537897E918794E6AF9.text	F25FCB60FFCF13537897E918794E6AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sialidae Leach 1815	<div><p>Key to world genera of Sialidae</p> <p>(after Liu et al. (2015a) and Martins et al. (accepted); adults of † Sharasialis Ponomarenko, 2012 are unknown)</p> <p>Taxa that contain only extinct species are preceded by a dagger (†); taxa that contain both extant and extinct species are followed by “(+ †)”; taxa that contain only extant species are unannotated.</p> <p>1. Forewing: MA 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a–c)................................................................... 2</p> <p>‒ Forewing: MA simple (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8g ‒i)........................................................................... 6</p> <p>2. Forewing: costal area only weakly broadened proximally (ca 1‒1.5× as wide as distal costal area) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a–b); MA1 and MA2 ca 0.8–1.5× as long as MP1 and MP2 (length from its origin to its end on posterior wing margin) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a–b)......................................... 3</p> <p>‒ Forewing: costal area distinctly broadened proximally (ca 2× as wide as distal costal area) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8l); MA1 and MA2 ca 2× as long as MP1 and MP2 (length from its origin to its end on posterior wing margin) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8l)............................................................................................................................................................... † Proindosialis van der Weele, 1909 (France)</p> <p>3. Forewing: ra-rp crossveins all more or less perpendicular to RA and RP (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8a, g); male abdomen: 10 th gonocoxites present (as a pair of weakly sclerotized lobes) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 9a‒d)........................................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>‒ Forewing: 1‒2 ra-rp crossveins inwardly oblique (i.e., proximal angle with RA &gt;&gt; distal angle with RA) (Liu et al. 2015a: Fig. 8b–c); male abdomen: 10 th gonocoxites absent (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 10a‒d, 11a‒d)............................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>4. Forewing: medio-cubital space with two crossveins (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1a, 8a); CuA 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1a, 8a)................................................. Austrosialis Tillyard, 1919 (Australia)</p> <p>‒ Forewing: medio-cubital space with one crossvein (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8j); CuA 3-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8j)..................................... † Dobbertinia Handlirsch in Schröder, 1920 (Germany)</p> <p>5. Forewing: costal space with proximal subcostal veinlets not strongly oblique (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8b); male abdomen: tergite 9 without a digitiform posteroventral process (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10c); ectoproct with spiniform setae ventrally (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10d); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 fused as a single sclerite (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10f); gonapophyses 8 subtriangular in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 10f)................................................................................................................................................................................................ Stenosialis Tillyard, 1919 (Australia)</p> <p>‒ Forewing: costal space with (most) proximal subcostal veinlets strongly oblique (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8c); male abdomen: tergite 9 with a digitiform posteroventral process (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11c); ectoproct without spiniform setae ventrally (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11c); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 paired (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11f); gonapophyses 8 broadly shield-like in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 11f).................................................................................................................................................................. Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part (L. necopinata) (South Africa)</p> <p>6. Fore and hindwing: RP 4-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e, g); male abdomen: 9 th gonocoxites widely separated (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16b, d)................................................................................ 7</p> <p>‒ Fore and hindwing: RP ≥ 5-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8h–i); male abdomen: 9 th gonocoxites closely adjacent medially (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 18h, l)............................................................................................................................... Sialis Latreille, 1802 (+†) (Asia, †Europe and North America)</p> <p>7. Forewing: MP simple (Liu et al. 2015a: figs 1c, 8e)........................................................................ 8</p> <p>‒ Forewing: MP 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f–g).................................................................. 10</p> <p>8. Fore and hindwing: RP basal branch simple (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 1c)................................................................................................ Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part (L. africana) (South Africa)</p> <p>‒ Fore and hindwing: RP basal branch 2-branched (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e–f)................................. 9</p> <p>9. Hindwing: intramedial space with 2 crossveins (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e); male abdomen: sternite 9 without an elongate median lobe (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 13b–c); ectoproct without an elongate and weakly sclerotized projection (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 13a, c)........................................................................................................... Indosialis Lestage, 1927 (+†) (Southern Asia, east Pakistan, † Turkey)</p> <p>‒ Hindwing: intramedial space with one crossvein (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8k); male abdomen: sternite 9 with an elongate median lobe (Nel et al. 2002: fig. 5); ectoproct with an elongate and weakly sclerotized projection (Nel et al. 2002: fig. 5).............................† Eosialis Nel et al., 2002 (France)</p> <p>10. Male abdomen: gonostyli 9 absent (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c–d); gonocoxites 11 not fused laterally with ectoproct (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c–d); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 without longitudinal median incision (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15d).....................................................................................11</p> <p>‒ Male abdomen: gonostyli 9 present (Figs 3‒5); gonocoxites 11 fused laterally with ectoproct (Figs 3‒5); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 with longitudinal median incision (Fig. 6C– D)........................................................................................................................ Caribesialis gen. nov. (Cuba)</p> <p>11. Male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 large, not subtriangular (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c); ectoprocts free (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c–d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin not projected, dorsal region straight (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15c); gonapophyses 8 large and plate-like in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15b, d)................................................................................. 12</p> <p>‒ Male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 small, subtriangular (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16c); ectoprocts fused sagittally and closely surrounding the anus (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16c–d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin projected into a convex curvature (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16e); gonapophyses 8 small and subtriangular in ventral view (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 16f)........................................................................................................ Protosialis van der Weele, 1909 (USA)</p> <p>12. Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from MA (generally from its base) (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); base of CuP clearly distant from A1 base (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8e); male abdomen: median processes of 11 th gonocoxites directed posteroventrad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c–d)......................................... 13</p> <p>‒ Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from stem of M (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8d); base of CuP close to A1 base (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8d); male abdomen: median processes of 11 th gonocoxites directed posterodorsad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 12c–d)......................... Haplosialis Navás, 1927 (Madagascar)</p> <p>13. Forewing: costal veinlets absent on pterostigma region (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); crossvein 1a2– a3 absent (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); male abdomen: ectoproct with a slender, weakly sclerotized projection (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2b).................... † Haplosialodes Huang et al., 2016 (Myanmar)</p> <p>‒ Forewing: costal veinlets present on pterostigma region (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); crossvein 1a2–a3 present (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 8f); male abdomen: ectoproct without a slender, weakly sclerotized projection (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14c)................................................................................................................................................. Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (+†) (Mexico, Central and South America)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFCF13537897E918794E6AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
F25FCB60FFCC13527897EEE9794F6AC2.text	F25FCB60FFCC13527897EEE9794F6AC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyobius Enderlein 1910	<div><p>Key to world extant species of Ilyobius</p> <p>(after Liu et al. 2015b)</p> <p>1. Thorax: Pronotum pale, uniformly orange to reddish brown (fig. 12A).......................................... 2</p> <p>‒ Thorax: Pronotum dark, usually black, sometimes with pale markings (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)....... 8</p> <p>2. Head: without posteriorly trifurcate dark marking around compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)... 3</p> <p>‒ Head: with posteriorly trifurcate dark markings around compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 5)..... 5</p> <p>3. Head: blackish brown....................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>‒ Head: uniformly orange brown (Contreras-Ramos 2006: fig.1)................................................................................................................................................. I. ranchograndis (Contreras-Ramos, 2006)</p> <p>4. Head: dark orange on median portion of vertex (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 3)....................................................................................................................................................... I. flavicollis (Enderlein, 1910)</p> <p>‒ Head: completely dark brown, including the median portion of vertex (Fig. 12A–B)................................................................................................................................ Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov.</p> <p>5. Head: frons without any dark marking............................................................................................. 6</p> <p>‒ Head: frons with a pair of ovoid black spots between antennal fossae (Fig. 9A–B)........................................................................................................................................ I. bimaculatus (Banks, 1920)</p> <p>6. Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 short, ovoid, not directed posterodorsad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8), male gonocoxites 11 with median processes directed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8)........................ 7</p> <p>‒ Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 elongate and strongly directed posterodorsad (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 10), male gonocoxites 11 with median processes directed ventrad (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 10)..................................................................................................... I. flammatus (Penny, 1981)</p> <p>7. Forewing: length more than 11.0 mm in males and 12.0 mm in females; male abdomen: gonocoxites 11 with median processes straightly directed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14g); female abdomen: fused gonocoxites 8 bluntly prominent posteriad (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 15d).................................................................................................................................................... I. mexicanus (Banks, 1901)</p> <p>‒ Forewing: length less than 9.0 mm in males and 10.0 mm in females; male abdomen: gonocoxites 11 with median processes distinctly curved posteroventrad on distal half (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 8); female abdomen: fused gonocoxites 8 strongly narrowed posteriad (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 11)........................................................................................................................ I. curvatus Liu et al., 2015b</p> <p>8. Head: orange with a median black stripe extending from middle of vertex to frons; male abdomen: sternite 9 posteriorly with a long digitiform, median projection and a pair of short lateral projections (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 3)............................................................................................... 9</p> <p>‒ Head: orange with three broad black markings on frons and lateral portions of vertex, but middle of vertex without dark marking (Contreras-Ramos 2008: fig. 3); male abdomen: sternite 9 posteriorly with a long digitiform, median projection, but without any posterolateral projections (Liu et al. 2015a: fig. 14b).............................................................................................. I. chilensis (McLachlan, 1871)</p> <p>9. Head: with median black stripe anteriorly, not approaching compound eyes (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 1); female abdomen: gonapophyses 8 posteriorly convex (Contreras-Ramos et al. 2005: fig. 6)................................................................................. I. hauseri (Contreras-Ramos et al., 2005)</p> <p>‒ Head:with median black stripe anteriorly expanded and approaching compound eyes (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 12); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 posteriorly broadly concave (Liu et al. 2015b: fig. 14)........................................................................................................................ I. nubilus (Navás, 1933)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F25FCB60FFCC13527897EEE9794F6AC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian;Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza;Martins, Caleb Califre;Contreras-Ramos, Atilano	Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Martins, Caleb Califre, Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (2021): A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Neotropical Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera): with the description of a new genus from Cuba. European Journal of Taxonomy 782: 21-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1587
