identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
203B87D1FF84E166FCC9CC4FB134FC3D.text	203B87D1FF84E166FCC9CC4FB134FC3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium Jacq.	<div><p>Key to recognized sections of Homalium</p> <p>1. Stamens in fascicles of 2 or more per petal.................... 2</p> <p>1a. Stamens 1 per petal....................................................... 5</p> <p>2. Stamens partly inserted on the petals; petals shorter than the sepals in flower and/or fruit (to nearly equal); perianth accrescent, the sepals often more so than the petals.......................................................................... 7. Sect. Pierrea</p> <p>2a Stamens all inserted between the sepal glands; petals longer than or equal to the sepals; perianth often moderately accrescent, if so then the petals at least as much so as the sepals....................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Calyx tube turbinate to narrowly funnelform or tubular, at least in fruit (rarely funnelform or hardly visible in flower), usually prominently ridged; sepals and petals 5-12(-13), usually ciliate with usually long and/or stiff trichomes; upper surface of ovary usually narrowly conical (rarely nearly flat), the styles free to near base; ovary locule elongated and narrow (rarely to obconical), pubescent; Asia, Malesia, Pacific................................. 8. Sect. Polyanthera</p> <p>3a Calyx tube broadly funnelform, in fruit becoming convex to cup-shaped or nearly hemispherical (in H. trigynum short-cylindrical or turbinate becoming broadly ellipsoid in fruit), not prominently ridged; sepals and petals 4-7, not ciliate (ciliolate); upper surface of ovary usually broad, nearly flat to conical, in fruit conical to convex, the styles free to near base or fused into a short stylar column; ovary locule broad, ovoid to ellipsoid or subglobose, pubescent or glabrous; Africa, Madagascar, Americas................... 4</p> <p>4. Petals 4-5(-6), ovate to elliptical (to somewhat oblong, broadly spatulate), moderately accrescent; upper surface of ovary prominently conical; styles usually fused at base into a short distinct column (free to near base, fused for most of length); locule of fruit ellipsoid with a shallowly to strongly conical apex, more or less pubescent; Central and South America, Africa................ 1. Sect. Homalium</p> <p>4a. Petals 5-7, obovate to oblanceolate (in H. trigynum to spatulate), little accrescent; upper surface of ovary nearly flat to shallowly (moderately) conical in flower, in fruit moderately conical to convex; styles free to near base; locule of fruit subglobose, glabrous (in H. trigynum ellipsoid, partly divided or filled with spongy tissue, sparsely pubescent); Madagascar.............. 4. Sect. Eumyriantheia</p> <p>5. Bracts very large, reniform, persistent, enfolding and completely or almost completely concealing flowers............................................................................. 2. Sect. Antinisa</p> <p>5a. Bracts variable in size and persistence, not large enough to cover flowers................................................................. 6</p> <p>6. Stipules fused opposite petiole (in H. intercedens free and axillary); sepals longer than (in H. louvelianum about equal to) petals...................................................... 5. Sect. Nisa</p> <p>6a. Stipules free, axillary; sepals shorter than or about equal to petals............................................................................. 7</p> <p>7. Sepals reduced to minute deltoid teeth or small and ligulate to lanceolate-oblong; petals small, ovate to transversely ovate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptical, not or very little accrescent; styles free to base, often short; upper surface of ovary broad and nearly flat (to convex) in flower, becoming convex in fruit...... 6. Sect. Odontolobus</p> <p>7a. Sepals variable in relative size, not minute; petals usually broadest above the midpoint or ligulate to narrowly elliptical or oblong (rarely to linear, oblong-ovate, or narrowly deltoid), at least modestly accrescent; styles free, with ovary conical in flower, or lower portion of styles usually fused, with ovary nearly flat to moderately conical or convex in flower, in fruit usually becoming conical to convex unless apical surface is very narrow.......................................... 8</p> <p>8. Bracteoles usually absent; calyx tube turbinate to narrowly funnelform or tubular (seldom short, funnelform), usually prominently ridged; perianth 5-12(-15)-merous, usually ciliate, usually with long and/or stiff trichomes; upper surface of ovary conical in flower, usually prominently so in fruit; styles free (though upper part of narrowly conical ovary may resemble a stylar column).................................................................... 3. Sect. Blackwellia</p> <p>8a. Bracteoles present, caducous or persistent; calyx tube broadly funnelform, in fruit convex to nearly hemispherical (in a few species cylindrical and ridged or grooved); perianth (4-)5-6(-8)-merous, not ciliate or ciliate with soft, often short trichomes; upper surface of ovary nearly flat (to shallowly convex or conical) at anthesis, in fruit convex or conical (or remaining nearly flat); styles usually partly fused (seldom quite short)............................................. 9</p> <p>9. Bracts and bracteoles usually small and caducous; calyx tube funnelform, in fruit cup-shaped, not prominently ridged; sepals acute, often little accrescent, not strongly curved over fruit; Africa.......... 10. Sect. Symphyostylium</p> <p>9a. Bracts broad, bracts and bracteoles persistent; calyx tube tubular to funnelform, in fruit tubular to cup-shaped or ellipsoid and often ridged or grooved; sepals accrescent, usually broad to apex, tending to curve over the fruit; Madagascar......................................... 9. Sect. Rhodonisa</p> <p>Taxonomic treatment</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF84E166FCC9CC4FB134FC3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF85E166FCD6CBA7B1D8FC49.text	203B87D1FF85E166FCD6CBA7B1D8FC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.	<div><p>Homalium Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.: 5. 1760.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium racemosum Jacq.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF85E166FCD6CBA7B1D8FC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF85E161FCD6CBF9B4C9FDFC.text	203B87D1FF85E161FCD6CBF9B4C9FDFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Homalium) Jacq.	<div><p>1. Homalium sect. Homalium</p> <p>= Racoubea Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 589, tab. 236. 1775. ÷ Homalium sect. Racoubea (Aubl.) C.B. Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 597. 1879.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken. (÷ Racoubea guianensis Aubl.).</p> <p>= Napimoga Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 592, tab. 237. 1775. Typus: Napimoga guianensis Aubl.</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose (to spicate) or paniculate; bracts small or narrow, usually persistent, bracteoles small, usually borne high on pedicel. Flowers pedicellate to subsessile (in part sessile), with pedicels articulated, 5-7- merous. Sepals ovate (to somewhat oblong or oblong-lanceolate), often moderately accrescent; calyx tube funnelform, in fruit to nearly hemispherical or broadly turbinate; sepal glands quite large, rounded to oblong-elliptic. Petals ovate to elliptical (to somewhat oblong, in H. fulviflorum Sleumer broadly spatulate), similar to sepals in size or longer, usually spreading at anthesis, often moderately accrescent; sepals and petals not ciliate or minutely ciliate. Stamens (2-)3-7(-8) per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblongelliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel. Upper surface of ovary conical (to nearly flat) in flower, conical (sometimes very prominently) in fruit; styles fused basally into a short column (less often free to near base, or fused for most of length), the branches 3-4(-5). Locule of fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, apically conical, pubescent; seeds where known 1-2 per fruit, often ellipsoid, mostly filling the locule (sometimes several immature seeds present, possibly not maturing).</p> <p>Distribution. – Africa, Central and South America.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium abdessammadii, H. angustifolium Sm., H. fulviflorum, H. guianense, H. racemosum, H. senarium Moç. &amp; Sessé ex DC.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF85E161FCD6CBF9B4C9FDFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF82E161FF79CA99B77DF889.text	203B87D1FF82E161FF79CA99B77DF889.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Antinisa) Warb.	<div><p>2. Homalium sect. Antinisa Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35. 1893.</p> <p>÷ Nisa Noronha ex Thouars [unranked] Antinisa Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 8: 73. 1857. ÷ Homalium [unranked as §] Antinisa (Tul.) Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium involucratum (DC.) O. Hoffm. (÷ Nisa involucrata DC.).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences spicate with flowers mostly in few-flowered clusters; bracts very large, reniform and usually completely concealing flowers, persistent; bracteoles 2 per flower, broad, ciliolate, persistent. Flowers sessile; perianth 5-8-merous. Sepals lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, modestly accrescent; calyx tube broad-based funnelform, densely sericeous; sepal glands irregularly rounded, unusually prominent. Petals lanceolate, becoming longer than sepals after anthesis, erect or nearly so, more accrescent than sepals and sometimes curving over fruit; sepals and petals ciliolate in conjunction with surface pubescence. Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands; anthers basifixed, the locules very small, attached by a deep bulbous connective (hence anther is somewhat rounded-deltoid in shape viewed from above) diverging at a relatively narrow angle, with slits of dehiscence lateral. Upper surface of ovary conical (sometimes shallowly) in flower, in fruit conical; styles 3-6, free to near base. Locule of fruit narrowly ellipsoid, densely pubescent in upper portion; seeds 1-4 per fruit, ellipsoid, largely filling the locule.</p> <p>Distribution. – Madagascar.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium involucratum.</p> <p>Notes. – The description of Homalium sect. Antinisa includes fruit morphology not seen in this study but mentioned in literature (Sleumer, 1973).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF82E161FF79CA99B77DF889	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF82E160FCC9C919B6CEFE7A.text	203B87D1FF82E160FCC9C919B6CEFE7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Blackwellia) Benth.	<div><p>3. Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth.</p> <p>in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 33. 1859.</p> <p>÷ Homalium subg. Blackwellia (Benth.) Warb. in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35. 1893. ÷ Blakwellia Comm. ex Lam., Encycl. 1: 428. 1785 [nom. illeg.] [non Blakwellia Scop.].</p> <p>Typus: Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (÷ Blakwellia paniculata Lam.) (designated by Sleumer, 1954: 52).</p> <p>= Astranthus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 221. 1790. Typus: Homalium cochinchinensis (Lour.) Druce. (÷ Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour.).</p> <p>= Pythagorea Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 243. 1790. ÷ Homalium sect. Pythagorea (Lour.) Kuntze in Post &amp; Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan., Prop.: 285. 1903. ÷ Homalium subg. Pythagorea (Lour.) Sleumer, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 5: 52. 1954. Typus: Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour.</p> <p>= Homalium sect. Eublackwellia Warb. in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Lectotypus (designated here): Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (÷ Blakwellia paniculata Lam.).</p> <p>= Homalium sect. Paniculata S.S. Lai [as Paniculatae], Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14: 222. 1994 [nom. illeg.] [non Homalium [unranked] Paniculata Benth.]. Typus: Homalium phanerophlebium F.C. How &amp; W.C. Ko.</p> <p>= Homalium sect. Racemosa S.S. Lai [as Racemosae], Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14: 223. 1994 [nom. illeg.] [non Homalium [unranked] Racemosa Benth.]. Typus: Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (÷ Blackwellia ceylanica Gardner).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose (to spicate) or paniculate; bracts usually small or narrow, caducous, bracteoles absent (sometimes possibly very small and rapidly caducous). Flowers pedicellate to subsessile (sessile) with pedicels usually short, articulated (at least post-anthesis); perianth 5-12(-15)- merous. Sepals ligulate to narrowly elliptical (linear, oblong; seldom much reduced), usually modestly accrescent; calyx tube turbinate to narrowly funnelform or tubular, at least in fruit (seldom short, funnelform), usually prominently ridged; sepal glands usually small and rounded, rarely elliptical. Petals similar in shape and size to sepals or narrowly elliptical to spatulate or oblanceolate (narrowly obovate, oblong-ovate, narrowly deltoid) and markedly longer than sepals, ascending to spreading (usually only in a few flowers at one time), usually modestly accrescent; sepals and petals usually ciliate, usually with long and/or stiff trichomes. Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblong-elliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel, or broader than long, usually small, with subglobose locules diverging at a broad angle, slits of dehiscence often toward the apex; Upper surface of ovary conical, usually narrowly, in flower, more prominently so in fruit; styles (2-)3-5(-6, or reportedly 7 in H. barandae), free to near base. Locule of fruit usually elongated (rarely to subglobose in very short-flowered species), conical above, pubescent (to glabrate) at least on lower portion; seeds usually several per fruit, small, confined to apical portion of ovary.</p> <p>Distribution. – Asia, Malesia, Pacific to Australia, Madagascar, Mascarenes, South Africa.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium acutissimum Gilg, H. axillare (Lam.) Benth., H. barandae S. Vidal ex Fern. -Vill., H. bismarckense Craven, H. brachybotrys (F. Muell.) F. Muell., H. brachyrhachis Sleumer, H. brevidens Gagnep., H. breviracemosum F.C. How &amp; W.C. Ko, H. caput-avis Craven, H. cauliflorum H. Perrier, H. ceylanicum, H. chasei Wild, H. cochinchinense, H. decaryanum H. Perrier, H. dentatum, H. erianthum (Tul.) Baill., H. glandulosum Tagana &amp; V.H. Nguyen, H. integrifolium (Lam.) Baill., H. kainantense Masam., H. kwangsiense F.C. How &amp; W.C. Ko, H. loheri Merr., H. longifolium Benth., H. micranthum (Boivin ex Tul.) O. Hoffm., H. microphyllum O. Hoffm., H. mollissimum Merr., H. multiflorum Merr., H. myrtifolium Sleumer, H. napaulense (DC.) Benth., H. panayanum, H. paniculatum, H. paniculiflorum F.C. How &amp; W.C. Ko, H. peninsulare Sleumer, H. perrieri Sleumer, H. petelotii Merr., H. phanerophlebium, H. reductum Craven, H. retivenium Sleumer, H. rufescens, H. sabiifolium F.C. How &amp; W.C. Ko, H. serratum Guillaumin, H. sleumerianum Lescot, H. stenophyllum Merr. &amp; Chun, H. thuarsianum (Tul.) Baill., H. tomentosum (Vent.) Benth., H. viguieri H. Perrier</p> <p>Notes. – Homalium sect. Blackwellia was intended to be based upon Lamarck’s (1785: 428) genus Blackwellia, but as the generic name is an illegitimate later homonym, Bentham (1859) alone is credited with the name. The later-published sect. Eublackwellia is not a nomenclatural synonym of sect. Blackwellia, but because the name has not been used, it has never been typified. The type designated for sect. Eublackwellia above is chosen to ensure that it will be a synonym of sect. Blackwellia, as it has always been considered to be.</p> <p>At least two of three African species are distinctly unusual. The petals of Homalium chasei from Zimbabwe can be as few in number as 5, at most short-ciliolate, and unusually different in shape from the sepals. Specimens were not seen, but online images make it appear that the calyx tube is funnelform to relatively short turbinate, and the perianth parts are strongly reflexed after anthesis, which is quite unusual. Homalium dentatum has a very short calyx cup and short-ciliolate petals, appears likely to have rapidly caducous bracteoles or unusually plentiful bracts, and sometimes is reported to have a single large seed (Sleumer, 1973). The latter species is observed to have Homalium -like anthers, whereas the southern African H. rufescens and all Malagasy species of sect. Blackwellia have small anthers with subglobose locules. These species occur in the region overlapping the strictly southern distribution of H. rufescens and the usually more northerly distribution of species of sect. Symphyostylium, and seem in some ways morphologically intermediate.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF82E160FCC9C919B6CEFE7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF83E163FCD6C9FEB5B5FC9C.text	203B87D1FF83E163FCD6C9FEB5B5FC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Eumyriantheia) Warb.	<div><p>4. Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 36. 1893.</p> <p>÷ Myriantheia Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 21. 1806. ÷ Homalium [unranked as §] Myriantheia (Thouars) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886 [as Myrianthea]. ÷ Homalium sect. Myriantheia (Thouars) Kuntze in Post &amp; Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan., Prop.: 285. 1903 [as Myriantheja].</p> <p>Typus: Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill. (÷ Myriantheia laxiflora Tul.) (designated by Sleumer, 1973: 315).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose or paniculate; bracts ovate to deltoid, sometimes broadly, of small to moderate size; bracteoles usually 2 per flower, often borne on pedicel (1 per flower, or absent or rapidly caducous). Flowers pedicellate with pedicels articulated (in H. trigynum sessile or short-pedicellate); perianth 4-5(-6)-merous. Sepals oblong to elliptical, ovate or obovate, sometimes narrowly (oblanceolate), very little accrescent; calyx tube funnelform, in fruit becoming convex to cup-shaped or nearly hemispherical (in H. trigynum short-cylindrical or turbinate becoming broadly ellipsoid in fruit); sepal glands usually large, oblong to elliptical or irregularly trapezoid (semicircular), sometimes elevated. Petals obovate to oblanceolate (in H. trigynum to spatulate), similar to sepals in length or up to twice as long, spreading or ascending at anthesis, very little accrescent; sepals and petals not ciliate (appearing ciliolate in conjunction with overall surface indument). Stamens 3 (aberrantly 4, in H. boinense H. Perrier 5) per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblong-elliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel. Upper surface of ovary conical, usually shallowly, to nearly flat in flower, in fruit sometimes becoming convex; styles 3-5, free to base or near base. Locule of fruit subglobose (in H. trigynum ellipsoid and partly filled with spongy tissue), glabrous (sparsely pubescent); seeds sometimes 1 (to 2) per fruit, large and subglobose to ellipsoid (possibly at least 4 in H. nobile Baill.).</p> <p>Distribution. – Madagascar.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium boinense, H. brevipedunculatum Scott-Elliot, H. capuronii Sleumer, H. dorrii Appleq., H. graciliflorum Sleumer, H. laxiflorum, H. maringitra H. Perrier, H. nobile, H. oppositifolium (Tul.) Baill., H. pseudoboinense Appleq., H. pulchrum Sleumer, H. randrianasoloi Appleq., H. ranomafanicum Appleq., H. schatzii Appleq., H. trigynum.</p> <p>Notes. – Sleumer (1973) wrongly corrected the name of Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia to “sect. Myriantheia ” and presumed it to have been based upon Thouars’ Myriantheia. The two were not nomenclatural synonyms, but because he explicitly treated them as such, he effectively designated the same type for both simultaneously.</p> <p>Homalium trigynum has some unusual features that are similar to features common in sect. Blackwellia, which also occurs in Madagascar (see discussion above); molecular data regarding its relationships would be of interest. A recent revision describes five new species in the section (Applequist, 2016).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF83E163FCD6C9FEB5B5FC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF80E163FF79CB59B1BFFEFC.text	203B87D1FF80E163FF79CB59B1BFFEFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Nisa) (Thouars) Warb.	<div><p>5. Homalium sect. Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill. ex Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 36. 1893.</p> <p>÷ Nisa Noronha ex Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 24. 1806. ÷ Homalium [unranked as §] Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. (÷ Nisa nudiflora DC.) (designated by Sleumer, 1973: 295).</p> <p>Stipules opposite the petiole base and fused (in H. intercedens Sleumer axillary, free). Inflorescences spicate; bract and bracteoles large, broad, thick-textured, persistent. Flowers sessile (rarely subsessile); perianth 5-6(-7)-merous. Sepals obovate to oblanceolate (to nearly ligulate), oblanceolateoblong or narrowly elliptical, or ovate to oblong-ovate), spreading, accrescent; calyx tube short, broadly funnelform to cup-shaped, or in fruit hemispherical; sepal glands large, elliptical to elongated oblong-elliptical or roughly trapezoid. Petals ovate to oblong, usually smaller than sepals and curving over fruit (in H. louvelianum similar in size and spreading), accrescent; sepals and petals not ciliate or ciliolate in conjunction with overall surface pubescence). Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblongelliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel. Upper surface of ovary often nearly flat in flower, in fruit becoming hemispherical or broadly conical; styles fused basally into a short but distinct column (rarely fused for most of length), the branches 3-4. Locule of fruit subglobose or vertically compressed, glabrous (short-pubescent); seeds 1 per fruit, subglobose, largely filling the locule (or several small immature seeds).</p> <p>Distribution. – Madagascar.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium intercedens, H. louvelianum, H. nudiflorum, H. stelliferum H. Perrier.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF80E163FF79CB59B1BFFEFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF80E163FCC9C979B0A1F9BC.text	203B87D1FF80E163FCC9C979B0A1F9BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Odontolobus) Warb.	<div><p>6. Homalium sect. Odontolobus Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35, 36. 1893.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium parkeri Baker (designated by Sleumer, 1973: 306).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences spicate to racemose (in part panicles with racemoid branches) with most flowers borne in small clusters or glomerules (singly in H. brachystylis); bracts small, often broad, usually persistent; bracteoles minute to broad and larger than bracts, usually thick-textured, caducous or persistent. Leaves alternate (partly opposite or subopposite), glabrous (occasionally glabrate with few hairs on midrib). Flowers sessile or short-pedicellate, pedicels not articulated; perianth 5-8-merous. Sepals reduced to minute deltoid teeth or small and ligulate to lanceolate-oblong, not at all accrescent; calyx tube short and broadly funnelform (to narrowly in H. lucidum), in fruit becoming nearly hemispherical; sepal glands rounded (to elliptical), densely pubescent (to sparsely so, usually with age). Petals ovate, sometimes broadly to transversely, or narrowly oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptical, sometimes quite small but larger than sepals, spreading, not or very little accrescent; sepals and petals not ciliate, ciliolate, or ciliate with sometimes long, wavy, fine trichomes. Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands (filaments usually short); anthers basifixed, broader than long, very small, with subglobose locules diverging at a broad angle, slits of dehiscence short and at or near the apex. Upper surface of ovary broad and nearly flat (to convex) in flower, in fruit becoming convex to hemispherical; styles 2-4(-5), free, usually quite short. Locule of fruit subglobose to obovoid, sparsely pubescent to glabrate; seeds 1 per fruit, subglobose, occupying entire locule (several-seeded, seeds possibly not mature).</p> <p>Distribution. – Madagascar</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium brachystylis, H. longistaminum, H. lucidum, H. moniliforme H. Perrier, H. parkeri, H. planiflorum</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF80E163FCC9C979B0A1F9BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF80E162FCC9CE39B775FB5C.text	203B87D1FF80E162FCC9CE39B775FB5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Pierrea) (Hance) Warb.	<div><p>7. Homalium sect. Pierrea (Hance) Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 36. 1893.</p> <p>÷ Pierrea Hance in J. Bot. 15: 339. 1877.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb. (÷ Pierrea dictyoneura Hance).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose to spicate or paniculate; bracts often large and broad, sometimes small, caducous or moderately persistent, bracteoles variable in size, caducous. Flowers pedicellate, with pedicels articulated (often elongating in fruit), to sessile (subsessile in flower, short-pedicellate in fruit); perianth (5-)6-10-merous. Sepals oblong to narrowly elliptical, narrowly oblong, oblanceolate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, or spatulate, ascending to spreading, accrescent, sometimes becoming quite large in fruit; calyx tube funnelform to turbinate or hemispherical in fruit; sepal glands fairly large, rounded to broadly elliptical or somewhat oblong. Petals lanceolate to ovate or oblong, usually shorter than sepals in flower, fruit or both (nearly equal), accrescent and sometimes curving over the fruit; sepals and petals not ciliate (often pubescent overall). Stamens (4-)5-12 per petal, inserted both between glands and on the petals; anthers sometimes very large, dorsifixed, broadly oblong-elliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large (sometimes crested) connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel. Upper surface of ovary conical (ovary in H. grandiflorum sometimes mostly free, distinctly lobed); styles 3-8(-9), free to or almost to the base. Locule of fruit [where seen] ellipsoid, glabrous or glabrate; sometimes 1 large ellipsoid seed per fruit, sometimes few (to several) ovules or small immature seeds.</p> <p>Distribution. – Southern to southeast Asia, Malesia.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium burmanicum M.P. Nayar &amp; G.S. Giri, H. dictyoneurum, H. gitingense Elmer, H. glabrifolium Geddes, H. grandiflorum, H. jainii A.N. Henry &amp; Swamin., H. minahassae Koord.</p> <p>Notes. – Little herbarium material of Homalium sect. Pierrea was seen, so the sectional description relies heavily on previously published species descriptions (Sleumer, 1953, 1985; Lescot, 1970) and type images.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF80E162FCC9CE39B775FB5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF81E162FF86CD19B699F8DC.text	203B87D1FF81E162FF86CD19B699F8DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Polyanthera) Warb.	<div><p>8. Homalium sect. Polyanthera Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35, 36. 1893.</p> <p>Lectotypus (designated here): Homalium deplanchei (Vieill.) Warb. (÷ Blackwellia deplanchei Vieill.)</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose (to spicate) or paniculate (usually short-branched); bracts usually small or narrow, bracteoles small, at least the bracts usually persistent past anthesis. Flowers pedicellate with pedicels articulated to subsessile or sessile; perianth 5-12(-13)-merous. Sepals ligulate to linear or narrowly elliptical (ovate to lanceolate, narrowly oblong; seldom much reduced), usually modestly accrescent; calyx tube turbinate to narrowly funnelform or tubular, at least in fruit (rarely funnelform in flower), usually prominently ridged; sepal glands usually small and round, rarely broad. Petals similar in size and shape to sepals or narrowly elliptical to spatulate or oblanceolate (narrowly obovate, oblong-ovate, narrowly deltoid) and markedly longer than sepals, ascending to partly spreading (seldom nearly erect or reflexed after anthesis), usually modestly accrescent; sepals and petals usually ciliate, usually with long and/or stiff trichomes. Stamens 2-10(- 12) per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblong-elliptical with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel, or broader than long, usually very small, with subglobose locules diverging at a broad angle, slits of dehiscence often toward the apex. Upper surface of ovary conical in flower and fruit (in a few species, nearly flat and narrow, the ovary almost entirely inferior); styles 3-5(-7), free to near base. Locule of fruit much taller than broad, apex shaped like that of the ovary, pubescent at least in lower portion; seeds usually several per fruit, small, confined to apical portion of ovary.</p> <p>Distribution. – Southern Asia, Malesia, Pacific to Australia.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium acuminatum Cheeseman, H. alnifolium Thwaites &amp; F. Muell., H. aneityense Guillaumin, H. austrocaledonicum Seem., H. betulifolium Däniker, H. bracteatum Benth., H. buxifolium Däniker, H. caryophyllaceum (Zoll. &amp; Moritz) Benth., H. celebicum Koord., H. circumpinnatum, H. dasyanthum, H. decurrens (Vieill.) Briq., H. dentrecasteauxense, H. deplanchei, H. foetidum, H. francii Guillaumin, H. guillainii (Vieill.) Briq., H. intermedium (Vieill.) Briq., H. juxtapositum Sleumer, H. kanaliense (Vieill.) Briq., H. kunstleri, H. laurifolium A.C. Sm., H. leratiorum Guillaumin, H. maneauense Craven, H. mathieuanum, H. moto H. St. John, H. moultonii, H. mouo H. St. John, H. myriandrum Merr., H. nitens Turrill, H. oblongifolium Merr., H. pallidum A.C. Sm., H. polystachyum (Vieill.) Briq., H. protectum Sleumer, H. ramosii Merr., H. rivulare (Vieill.) Briq., H. rubiginosum (Vieill.) Briq., H. rubrocostatum Sleumer, H. samarense Merr., H. schlichii Kurz, H. spathulatum Ridl., H. streimannii Craven, H. subcordatum Craven, H. tatambense Sleumer, H. taypau H. St. John, H. tongaense H. St. John, H. travancoricum Bedd. H. undulatum King, H. velutinum Craven, H. villarianum S. Vidal, H. vitiense Benth., H. whitmeeanum H. St. John.</p> <p>Notes. – The original publication of Homalium sect. Polyanthera did not designate a type, and included two species, Homalium deplanchei and H. polyandrum Warb. Because H. polyandrum is now considered to be a junior synonym of H. mathieuanum (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980), H. deplanchei is preferred as type. Some species-level taxonomic problems exist in this group, perhaps especially in the Pacific island taxa most recently dealt with by St. John (1977). Whistler (2004) tentatively treats H. tongaense as a synonym of H. whitmeeanum (described from Samoa) and implies that H. taypau and H. mouo are likely to be synonymous with H. acuminatum and H. moto respectively.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF81E162FF86CD19B699F8DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF8EE16DFF79C919B740F8E9.text	203B87D1FF8EE16DFF79C919B740F8E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Rhodonisa) (Tul.) Sleumer	<div><p>9. Homalium sect. Rhodonisa (Tul.) Sleumer</p> <p>in Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 300. 1973.</p> <p>÷ Nisa [unranked] Rhodonisa Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 8: 70. 1857 [as Rhodonisae].</p> <p>Typus: Homalium sanguineum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill. (÷ Nisa sanguinea Boivin ex Tul.) (designated by Sleumer, 1973: 300).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences spiciform to paniculate; bracts broad (sometimes rather short), bracts and bracteoles persistent. Flowers short-pedicellate, with pedicels articulated usually just below the receptacle, to subsessile or sessile; perianth (4-)5(-6)-merous. Sepals oblong, sometimes broadly or narrowly, to somewhat obovate, ovate, or elliptical (seldom to oblanceolate or lanceolate), moderately accrescent and usually curving over the fruit; calyx tube tubular with a narrowed base, often visibly ridged or grooved, to funnelform, in fruit tubular to turbinate or ellipsoid; sepal glands of moderate size, broadly elliptical to rounded (somewhat oblong or trapezoid). Petals oblanceolate to obovate, much longer than sepals, ascending (spreading), accrescent; sepals and petals ciliate, usually shortly, or not. Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands; anthers varying from broadly oblong-elliptical with oblong-elliptical locules, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel, to small, broader than long with small subglobose locules, widely separated lateral slits towards apex (sometimes apparently or nearly basifixed with connective not prominent). Upper surface of ovary sometimes quite narrow, nearly flat to shallowly conical in flower, in fruit convex to conical (or little expanded in narrow-ovaried species); styles usually fused into a column (or connivent) for at least half of length (sometimes quite short), the branches 4-5. Locule of fruit narrowly cylindrical or ellipsoid (to narrowly obovoid), pubescent throughout; seeds 2-4 per fruit, small (possibly no mature seeds seen).</p> <p>Distribution. – Madagascar.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium albiflorum, H. baillonii Scott- Elliot, H. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill., H. rubriflorum, H. sanguineum.</p> <p>Notes. – The most recent treatment of Malagasy Homalium (Sleumer, 1973) recognized only three species in sect. Rhodonisa, with Homalium leucophloeum and H. baillonii synonymized under H. albiflorum var. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill. ex H. Perrier. Preliminary study of the H. albiflorum complex (Applequist, unpubl. data) suggests that it encompasses several distinct species and that H. leucophloeum and H. baillonii should be resurrected for two of these.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF8EE16DFF79C919B740F8E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
203B87D1FF8EE16DFCC9C919B61EF993.text	203B87D1FF8EE16DFCC9C919B61EF993.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalium (sect. Symphyostylium) Warb.	<div><p>10. Homalium sect. Symphyostylium Warb.</p> <p>in Engler &amp; Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III(6a): 35. 1893.</p> <p>Typus: Homalium africanum (Hook. f.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, 1973: 265).</p> <p>Stipules axillary, free. Inflorescences racemose (to spicate) or paniculate; bracts generally small and caducous (rarely large or small but persistent), bracteoles usually very small (rarely broad), rapidly caducous. Flowers pedicellate, with pedicels usually short and articulate, to subsessile; perianth (4-)5-6(- 8)-merous. Sepals small, narrowly deltoid to lanceolate, ovate, or subulate, acute, very little to moderately accrescent; calyx tube funnelform, in fruit cup-shaped; sepal glands elliptical (to irregularly oblong-elliptical, sometimes shallowly bilobed, or nearly orbicular). Petals oblanceolate to obovate, usually much larger than sepals, ascending to spreading, at least moderately accrescent; sepals and petals not ciliate or ciliolate in conjunction with similar overall surface pubescence. Stamens 1 per petal, inserted between glands; anthers dorsifixed, broadly oblong-elliptical (sometimes quite small) with oblong-elliptical locules and a large connective, the slits of dehiscence nearly parallel. Upper surface of ovary nearly flat to modestly conical or convex, especially in fruit; styles fused into a column for usually more than half of length (in H. stipulaceum free to near base and short), the branches 3-5 (abnormally to 6 in H. stipulaceum). Locule of fruit broadly ellipsoid (to somewhat rhomboid in longitudinal section), sparsely to moderately pubescent; immature seeds usually 10 or more per fruit, small (3-4-seeded or occasionally 1 seed largely filling locule; it is not clear whether all seeds in many-seeded fruits may mature).</p> <p>Distribution. – Africa.</p> <p>Species included. – Homalium africanum, H. dalzielii Hutch., H. dewevrei De Wild. &amp; T. Durand, H. elegantulum Sleumer, H. gracilipes Sleumer, H. henriquesii Gilg, H. hypolasium Mildbr., H. lastoursvillense Pellegr., H. letestui Pellegr., H. longistylum Mast., H. ogoouense Pellegr., H. oubanguiense Tisser., H. smythei Hutch. &amp; Dalziel, H. stipulaceum, H. viridiflorum Exell.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/203B87D1FF8EE16DFCC9C919B61EF993	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Applequist, Wendy L.	Applequist, Wendy L. (2016): A reconsideration of the infrageneric classification of Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae). Candollea 71 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a9
