identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F92F0ABE4AFFF1FC2EFB7FFBE05DB9.text	03F92F0ABE4AFFF1FC2EFB7FFBE05DB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruhnkebothrium Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>RUHNKEBOTHRIUM GEN. NOV.</p> <p>ZooBank registration: 9518EC43-EC41-4B3B-AF5C- C0C03F180D 9F.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Worms euapolytic, acraspedote. Scolex with four bothridia; cephalic peduncle and myzorhynchus lacking; neck present. Bothridia consisting of small, simple anterior loculus and expansive, highly folded posterior loculus. Scolex with slender gladiate or cyrillionate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches; slender band of papilliform filitriches on distal surface of bothridial rim. Neck and strobila scutellate. Immature proglottids wider than long; mature proglottids longer than wide. Testes numerous, extending throughout most of proglottid; post-ovarian field absent. Vas deferens minimal. Genital pores lateral, irregularly alternating; genital atrium shallow. Cirrus sac narrowly oblong or pyriform, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Vagina weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally to open into genital atrium anterior to cirrus; vaginal sphincter absent; seminal receptacle present. Ovary H-shaped in frontal view, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins lobulate or digitiform. Vitellarium follicular; follicles in two lateral bands; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending length of proglottid, usually interrupted dorsally and ventrally by terminal genitalia, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from anterior margin of ovary to level of cirrus sac. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Parasites of hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae Gill). Cosmopolitan.</p> <p>Type species: Ruhnkebothrium mattisi sp. nov.</p> <p>Additional species: Ruhnkebothrium bajaense sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: This genus honours Dr Tim Ruhnke, whose keen insight into the taxonomic complexity of the Phyllobothriidea has led to key advancements in the systematics of the members of this order. Bothrium is derived from the Greek βοθριων, a well or pit. The gender is neuter.</p> <p>Provisional name: New genus 10 of Caira et al. (2014) and Ruhnke et al. (2017).</p> <p>Remarks: Among the 18 genera of Phyllobothriidea considered valid (see Ruhnke et al., 2017; Caira et al., 2020b), Ruhnkebothrium differs from all but one in that, rather than bearing bothridia that are essentially oval in form, it bears bothridia that are narrow anteriorly and extensive and highly folded posteriorly. In addition, rather than an apical sucker, each bothridium bears an anterior loculus. In both respects, the bothridia of Ruhnkebothrium resemble those of Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890. The scolex of Thysanocephalum was considered historically to consist of four small bothridia followed by an elaborately folded structure referred to varyingly as a ‘pseudoscolex’ (e.g. Linton, 1892: p. 544) or a ‘metascolex’ (e.g. Euzet, 1959: p. 136). However, Caira et al. (1999) determined that the entire structure constitutes the scolex, which bears four extensive bothridia, each of which consists of a narrow anterior loculus and a broad, highly folded posterior loculus. Ruhnkebothrium is easily distinguished from Thysanocephalum, in that its uterus extends only to the cirrus sac, rather than to the anterior margin of the proglottid and in that the surface of its neck bears scutes rather than elaborate leaf-like folds (Caira et al., 1999). In addition, unlike Thysanocephalum, the proximal and distal bothridial surfaces of Ruhnkebothrium bear slender, simple gladiate or cyrillionate spinitriches rather than serrate gladiate spinitriches.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE4AFFF1FC2EFB7FFBE05DB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE48FFFEFC07FEAFFCBC5F8A.text	03F92F0ABE48FFFEFC07FEAFFCBC5F8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruhnkebothrium mattisi Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>RUHNKEBOTHRIUM MATTISI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2A–C, 3)</p> <p>ZooBank registration: 79276324-95ED-41AC-8B82- 544744F596AB.</p> <p>Description: [Based on two whole mature worms, one partial mature worm (hologenophore), one detached mature proglottid, three detached gravid proglottids, three detached dehisced proglottids, and two scolices examined with SEM.] Worms euapolytic, acraspedote, 33.6–36.2 mm long; proglottids 127–145 in total number; maximum width at level of scolex or terminal proglottid. Scolex consisting of four bothridia, 1043– 1223 long, 1121–1743 wide. Bothridia consisting of small, simple anterior loculus (Fig. 3B) and expansive, highly folded posterior loculus (Figs 2A, 3A), 1043–1223 (1111 ± 98; 2; 3) long, 509–878 (692 ± 179; 2; 4) wide, sessile anteriorly, free posteriorly; anterior loculus 69–94 (78 ± 10; 2; 5) long, 74–96 (87 ± 8; 2; 6) wide. Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck 2255–3245 long. Distal surface of anterior loculus with slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 3D); distal surface of anterior, narrow portion of posterior loculus with slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 3E, F); distal surface of posterior loculus with dispersed slender gladiate spinitriches and densely arranged capilliform filitriches (Fig. 3G); capilliform filitriches becoming less dense near margins of distal surfaces of posterior loculus; rim of distal surface of posterior loculus with small band of papilliform filitriches only (Fig.3C). Proximal bothridial surface with extremely slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 3H). Neck (Fig. 3I) and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in narrow, convex scutes. Immature proglottids wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity (Fig. 2B), 120–142 in number. Mature proglottids three to seven in number. Terminal proglottid 1326–2448 long, 1420– 1585 wide; length-to-width ratio 0.9–1.5:1 (Fig. 2C). Testes 211–306 (256 ± 44; 3; 5) in total number, 43–78 (59 ± 16; 3; 5) in number in post-poral field, 47–70 (56 ± 8; 2; 8) long, 58–86 (73 ± 8; 2; 8) wide. Vas deferens minimal, coiled medial to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac narrowly oblong (sensu Clopton, 2004), slightly curved anteriorly, 588–623 long, 118–155 wide, thin walled, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Genital pores irregularly alternating, 62–68% of proglottid length from posterior end; genital atrium shallow. Vagina surrounded by glandular cells, weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to open into common genital atrium anterior to cirrus. Ovary at posterior of proglottid, H-shaped in frontal view, 421–808 long, 737–810 wide, tetralobed in crosssection; ovarian margins digitiform. Vitellarium follicular; follicles somewhat irregular in shape, arranged in two lateral bands; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending throughout length of proglottid, interrupted dorsally and ventrally by terminal genitalia, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from ovarian isthmus to cirrus sac; uterine duct entering uterus at mid-level. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Detached mature proglottids 2477 long, 1782 wide, length-to-width ratio 1.4:1; genital pore 63% of proglottid length from posterior end; testes 229 in total number, 66 in post-poral field, 77–93 (87 ± 7; 1; 4) long, 77–87 (82 ± 4; 1; 4) wide; cirrus sac 562 long, 124 wide; ovary 615–701 long, 578–606 wide. Detached gravid proglottids (two from same host) 3514–5395 long, 1773–2001 wide, length-to-width ratio 2.0– 2.7:1; genital pore 51–60% of proglottid length from posterior end; testes degenerated; cirrus sac 627–740 long, 191–203 wide; ovary 766–807 long, 807–869 wide; oncospheres spherical, 22–26 (24 ± 1; 2; 8) long, 21–26 (25 ± 2; 2; 8) wide, too densely packed to assess whether packaged in cocoons. Detached dehisced proglottids (four from three different hosts) 2938–3947 (3407 ± 416; 4) long, 1096–1394 (1228 ± 150; 4) wide, length-to-width ratio 2.5–3.1 (2.8 ± 0.2; 4):1; genital pore 50–53% (50 ± 2; 4) of proglottid length from posterior end; testes degenerated; cirrus sac 554–689 (623 ± 68; 3) long, 162–217 (194 ± 29; 3) wide; ovary 638–721 (690 ± 36; 4) long, 477–894 (689 ± 175; 4) wide.</p> <p>Ty p e h o s t: S p h y r n a l e w i n i 1 o f t h e s c a l l o p e d hammerhead complex (sensu Naylor et al., 2012) (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae).</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.00362&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.057016" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.00362/lat 30.057016)">Gulf of Mexico</a> off Pensacola, FL, USA (30°03′25.26″N, 87°00′13.01″W).</p> <p>Additional localities: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.07166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.005" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.07166/lat 28.005)">Gulf of Mexico</a> off Horn Island, MS, USA (30°13′59.37″N, 88°40′10.79″W); Atlantic Ocean, FL, USA (28°00′18″N, 80°04′18″W).</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (mature worm, USNM no. 1638656), four paratype detached proglottids (one mature, USNM no. 1638657; one gravid, USNM no. 1638658; two dehisced, USNM nos 1638659 and 1638660); two paratypes [one complete mature worm, LRP no. 10295; one partial mature worm (hologenophore) LRP no. 8304]; three paratype detached proglottids (two gravid, LRP nos 10296 and 10297; one dehisced, LRP no. 10298); two paratypes (immature worm SEM vouchers, LRP nos 10274 and 10299).</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession KF865889, hologenophore LRP no. 8304 (TE-86; DEL-6).</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named after the late Dr Tom Mattis, not only for providing some of the type material, but also for his life-long interest in cestode taxonomy.</p> <p>Provisional name: New genus 10 n. sp. 1 of Caira et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE48FFFEFC07FEAFFCBC5F8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE47FFFCFCE5FC9FFB6E5CF2.text	03F92F0ABE47FFFCFCE5FC9FFB6E5CF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruhnkebothrium bajaense Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>RUHNKEBOTHRIUM BAJAENSE SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2D, E, 4)</p> <p>ZooBank registration: B2A2E247-2A00-4599-AA76- ABA973D3349E.</p> <p>Description: [Based on one whole mature worm, one partial mature worm (hologenophore), and two scolices examined with SEM.] Worms euapolytic, acraspedote, 31.7 mm long; proglottids 185 in total number; maximum width at level of terminal proglottid. Scolex consisting of four bothridia, 722 long, 749–858 wide. Bothridia consisting of small, simple anterior loculus (Fig. 4B) and expansive, highly folded posterior loculus (Figs 2D, 4A), 636–753 (695 ± 52; 2; 4) long, 366–391 (384 ± 10; 2; 5) wide, sessile anteriorly, free posteriorly; anterior loculus 43–50 (N = 1) long, 58–85 (73 ± 15; 2; 4) wide. Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck 845 long. Distal surface of anterior loculus with extremely slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 4D); distal surface of anterior, narrow portion of posterior loculus with slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 4E, F); distal surface of posterior loculus with slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 4G); capilliform filitriches becoming less dense near margins of distal surfaces of posterior loculus; rim of distal surface of posterior loculus with small band of papilliform filitriches only (Fig. 4C). Proximal bothridial surface near rim with cyrillionate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 4H), replaced by extremely slender gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches away from rim. Neck (Fig. 4I) and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in wide, flat scutes. Immature proglottids wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity, 180 in number. Mature proglottids five in number. Terminal proglottid 1362 long, 760 wide; length-to-width ratio 1.8:1 (Fig. 2E). Testes 234–257 in total number, 49–53 in number in post-poral field, 31–49 (39 ± 8; 2; 8) long, 34–53 (43 ± 7; 2; 8) wide. Vas deferens minimal, coiled medial to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac narrowly oblong (sensu Clopton, 2004), slightly curved anteriorly, 311–388 long, 76–113 wide, thin walled, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Genital pores irregularly alternating, 47% of proglottid length from posterior end; genital atrium shallow. Vagina weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to open into common genital atrium anterior to cirrus sac. Ovary at posterior of proglottid, H-shaped in frontal view, 273 long, 408 wide, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins lobulate. Vitellarium follicular; follicles somewhat irregular in shape, arranged in two lateral bands; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending throughout length of proglottid, interrupted dorsally and ventrally by terminal genitalia, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from ovarian isthmus to cirrus sac; uterine duct not observed. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid.</p> <p>Ty p e h o s t: S p h y r n a l e w i n i 2 o f t h e s c a l l o p e d hammerhead complex (sensu Naylor et al., 2012) (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae).</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.6925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.045834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.6925/lat 23.045834)">Gulf of California</a> off San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico (23°02′45″N, 109°41′33″W).</p> <p>Additional locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.327225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.831112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.327225/lat 25.831112)">Gulf of California</a> off Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico (25°49′52″N, 111°19′38″W).</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (mature worm, CNHE no. 10662); one paratype (partial mature worm hologenophore, LRP no. 10278), two paratypes (immature worm SEM vouchers, LRP nos 10276 and 10277).</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession MW 419962 (BJ- 323; JW504), hologenophore LRP no. 10278.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named for its type locality in the waters off the Baja Peninsula in Mexico; the name also serves as a reminder that this species parasitizes the Pacific form of the scalloped hammerhead.</p> <p>Remarks: This new species differs from its only known congener, Ru. mattisi, as follows. The genital pore of Ru. bajaense is more posterior in position in the proglottid (47% vs. 62–68% from posterior end), and its bothridia are much less folded than those of Ru. mattisi. Furthermore, it possesses cyrillionate rather than slender gladiate spinitriches near the rims of its proximal bothridial surfaces, and the scutes of its neck and strobila are wide and flat (Fig. 4I), rather than narrow and convex (Fig. 3I).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE47FFFCFCE5FC9FFB6E5CF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE45FFFBFC20FE77FEDC5B60.text	03F92F0ABE45FFFBFC20FE77FEDC5B60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yamaguticestus Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>YAMAGUTICESTUS GEN. NOV.</p> <p>ZooBank registration: B380C792-EF6D-47B5-A28C- 91AE303CE3F2.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Worms euapolytic, apolytic or anapolytic, acraspedote or weakly craspedote. Scolex with four bothridia; cephalic peduncle and myzorhynchus lacking; neck present. Bothridia round to oval in form, with apical sucker and single, undivided loculus. Scolex spinitriches gongylate columnar or gladiate; filitriches capilliform. Neck and strobila scutellate. Immature proglottids wider than long; mature proglottids square or longer than wide. Testes numerous, extending throughout most of proglottid; post-ovarian field absent. Vas deferens minimal. Genital pores lateral, irregularly alternating; genital atrium shallow. Cirrus sac narrowly oblong or pyriform, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Vagina straight or weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally to open into genital atrium anterior to cirrus; vaginal sphincter present or absent; seminal receptacle absent. Ovary terminal or subterminal, H-shaped in frontal view, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins digitiform. Vitellarium follicular; follicles in two lateral bands; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending length of proglottid, can be interrupted ventrally by terminal genitalia, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from ovarian isthmus to level of cirrus sac. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Parasites of catsharks (Scyliorhinidae Gill and Pentanchidae Smith) and small squaliform sharks. Cosmopolitan.</p> <p>Type species: Yamaguticestus metini sp. nov.</p> <p>Additional species: Yamaguticestus longicollis (Molin, 1858) comb. nov. and Yamaguticestus squali (Yamaguti, 1952) comb. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: This genus honours Professor SatyuYamaguti for his extensive contributions to cestode systematics, which included description of the first member of this lineage known to parasitize a squaliform shark. Cestus is Latin for ‘girdle’. The gender is masculine.</p> <p>Provisional name: New genus 18 of Ruhnke et al. (2017).</p> <p>Remarks: Yamaguticestus differs from the 19 valid genera of the Phyllobothriidea (i.e. including Ruhnkebothrium) as follows. Its possession of bothridia that lack facial and marginal loculi distinguishes it from Cardiobothrium, Chimaerocestos Williams &amp; Bray, 1984 and Trilocularia Olsson, 1867. It differs from Thysanocephalum and Ruhnkebothrium in that its bothridia are flat and oval, rather than triangular and highly folded. Its flat, oval bothridia also distinguish it from Alexandercestus Ruhnke &amp; Workman, 2013, Bibursibothrium, Clistobothrium Dailey &amp; Vogelbein, 1990, Flexibothrium, Guidus Ivanov, 2006, Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett &amp; Cribb, 2011 and Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850, which bear bothridia that are stalked, highly folded, recurved anteriorly to form open grooves, bear a deep central cavity or are pouch-like in form. Yamaguticestus differs from Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863 in that its bothridia lack, rather than bear, a unique central glandulomuscular organ. Unlike those of Monorygma Diesing, 1863 and Pelichnobothrium Monticelli, 1889, the vitelline follicles of Yamaguticestus are arranged in two lateral fields, rather than in a circumcortical band. The new genus differs from Bilocularia Obersteiner, 1914 in its possession of a testicular field that extends to the anterior margin of the ovary in post-poral and anti-poral regions, rather than being limited to the region anterior to the cirrus sac. It differs from Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893 in possessing, rather than lacking, a post-poral field of testes. Unlike Crossobothrium Linton, 1889, the proglottids of Yamaguticestus bear, rather than lack, posterior laciniations. This new genus most closely resembles Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927 but differs in its possession of an ovary with digitiform, rather than lobulated, margins and a uterus that occupies no more than half the length of the mature proglottid, rather than extending two-thirds or more of the length of the proglottid.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE45FFFBFC20FE77FEDC5B60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE42FFF9FF40F9D4FBF15CF2.text	03F92F0ABE42FFF9FF40F9D4FBF15CF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yamaguticestus squali (Yamaguti 1952) Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>YAMAGUTICESTUS SQUALI (YAMAGUTI, 1952) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>BASIONYM: PHYLLOBOTHRIUM SQUALI YAMAGUTI, 1952</p> <p>(FIG. 5A–E)</p> <p>The following details of the surface features on the scolex of this species, based on examination of a specimen with SEM collected from the type host near the type locality, expand the original description of this species by Yamaguti (1952) and the redescription based on the holotype by Vasileva et al. (2002).</p> <p>Anterior-most regions of bothridia densely covered with capilliform filitriches (Fig. 5B). Distal surfaces of loculus densely covered with gongylate columnar spinitriches and capilliform spinitriches (Fig. 5C); distal surfaces of apical sucker not observed. Proximal bothridial surfaces densely covered with capilliform filitriches (Fig. 5D). Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck (Fig. 5E) and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in wide scutes.</p> <p>Synonyms: Phyllobothrium squali Yamaguti, 1952; Crossobothrium squali (Yamaguti, 1952) Williams, 1968.</p> <p>Type host: Pacific spiny dogfish, Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855), (Squaliformes: Squalidae de Blainville).</p> <p>Additional hosts: None.</p> <p>Type locality: Pacific Ocean, off Onahama, Hukusiima Prefecture, Japan.</p> <p>Additional localities: Sea of Japan, off Oga City, Akita Prefecture, Japan (39°46′55.8″N, 139°51′49.2″E) (JN- 67); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.135475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.83553" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.135475/lat 48.83553)">eastern Pacific Ocean</a>, off Bamfield, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.135475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.83553" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.135475/lat 48.83553)">Vancouver Island</a>, Canada (48°50′7.9152″N, 125°08′7.7208″W).</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Material examined: One specimen examined with SEM collected from a shark collected off the west coast of Japan.</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession MW 419975, hologenophore (BAM 5-wP9) LRP no. 8674.</p> <p>Remarks: By erecting the genus Yamaguticestus, we have established a more appropriate home for the species formerly referred to as Phyllobothrium squali. The transfer of this species from Phyllobothrium, as Yamaguticestus squali, resolves the issue of the nonmonophyly of Phyllobothrium that has been raised by a number of previous authors (e.g. Ruhnke, 2011; Caira et al., 2014). However, issues surrounding the identity of Y. squali remain. It was originally described by Yamaguti (1952) from a host identified as the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi as Squalus suckleyii) off the eastern coast of Japan. Vasileva et al. (2002) subsequently provided a thorough redescription of this species based on examination of the holotype, in which they included illustrations of the scolex and details of the terminal genitalia for the first time. However, this species has also been reported from sharks identified as the piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias) from a variety of other localities globally, including the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean in the Bay of Biscay off Concarneau, France (Euzet, 1959) and the Irish Sea (McCullough &amp; Fairweather, 1983; McCullough et al., 1986), the western Atlantic Ocean off Rhode Island, USA (Pickering &amp; Caira, 2012; Ruhnke &amp; Workman, 2013; Caira et al., 2014) and the Black Sea (Vasileva et al., 2002). Given the relatively strict degree of host specificity seen in most groups of elasmobranch-hosted cestodes (Caira &amp; Jensen, 2014), reports from two different host species would normally have warranted closer scrutiny. However, the situation was confounded by the fact that Squalus suckleyi has been considered a junior synonym of Squalus acanthias for decades (see Compagno, 1984), and this synonymy has been embraced by many of those working with P. squali previously. For example, Vasileva et al. (2002) listed Squalus acanthias as the type host of P. squali, and Pickering &amp; Caira (2012) referred to the cestodes of Squalus acanthias off Rhode Island as P. squali because Squalus acanthias was the accepted identity of the type host of this cestode species at that time. The relatively recent application of molecular methods to help inform elasmobranch identifications has led to a more careful assessment of the identities and distributions of species of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 globally (Ebert et al., 2010). One of the results of that work was the resurrection of the name Squalus suckleyi for the species that occurs in the northern Pacific Ocean and is both molecularly and morphologically distinct from Squalus acanthias, which is now considered to be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and the southern portions of the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p>Thisrevisedhosttaxonomyhasprofoundimplications for the taxonomy of P. squali. The type host of P. squali is Squalus suckleyi, but the shark specimens reported to host this cestode species off Rhode Island, France and Ireland and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas are Squalus acanthias. This causes us to revisit the question of the conspecificity of the cestodes reported from Squalus suckleyi and Squalus acanthias. Although Vasileva et al. (2002) found their worms from the Black Sea (and thus from Squalus acanthias) generally to be consistent with the morphology of the holotype of P. squali (from Squalus suckleyi), they reported the worms from the Black Sea to be substantially larger than the holotype from Squalus suckleyi off Japan (i.e. 214–603 vs. 141 mm). Also interesting is the fact that the bothridia of the worm identified as P. squali taken from Squalus acanthias in the Irish Sea and examined with SEM by McCullough &amp; Fairweather (1983: fig. 9) are more folded than those of the specimen of P. squali from Squalus suckleyi off Japan examined here (Fig. 5A). These differences led us to begin to question the conspecificity of material from these two host species and thus to advocate that the concept of P. squali be limited to information taken from specimens parasitizing Squalus suckleyi in the northern Pacific Ocean. More detailed comparisons between that material and specimens collected from Squalus acanthias in localities throughout the Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent water bodies are required to assess whether specimens from the two host species and their associated localities are conspecific. Until that time, specimens from Squalus acanthias, including those of Ruhnke &amp; Workman (2013) and Caira et al. (2014) for which sequence data were generated, should be referred to as Yamaguticestus cf. squali.</p> <p>As noted by Vasileva et al. (2002), the material from the velvet belly shark Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758), which Euzet (1959) identified as Crossobothrium squali, differs from Y. squali in a number of respects. We believe this material is likely to represent an undescribed species of Yamaguticestus, the formal description of which requires examination of additional material.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE42FFF9FF40F9D4FBF15CF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE40FFF8FC13FE78FEBE5FCB.text	03F92F0ABE40FFF8FC13FE78FEBE5FCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia	<div><p>YAMAGUTICESTUS LONGICOLLIS (MOLIN, 1858) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>BASIONYM: TETRABOTHRIUM LONGICOLLIS MOLIN, 1858, AS ‘ LONGICOLLE ’</p> <p>A detailed account of the taxonomic history of Y. longicollis was provided by Ruhnke (2011) in his monograph on the Phyllobothriidae. Given the lack of figures and the brevity of the original description by Molin (1858), Ruhnke (2011) discussed the redescription and associated specimens of Euzet (1959) from the type host, Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758), and included photomicrographs of one of Euzet’s specimens (MNHN HEL 138). In that work, Ruhnke (2011) treated this species as incertae sedis under the name Crossobothrium longicolle (Molin, 1858) Euzet, 1959, noting that, although it failed to conform to the diagnosis of Crossobothrium and in fact resembled P. squali, a more appropriate generic home was unavailable at that time. This species as redescribed by Euzet (1959) and characterized by Ruhnke (2011) is fully consistent with the concept of Yamaguticestus advanced here. We hereby transfer this species to the new genus as Yamaguticestus longicollis. It differs conspicuously from Y. squali in its possession of a smaller scolex that is much longer than wide (600–800 by 300–400 vs. 2900 in diameter).</p> <p>Our results help to resolve a puzzling issue surrounding the identity of a specimen collected from the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula off the UK, for which sequence data for the D1–D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene (AF286958; LRP no. 2113) were generated by Olson et al. (2001). These authors referred to this specimen as Crossobothrium longicolle. However, Ruhnke &amp; Workman (2013) found this specimen to be morphologically consistent with, and identical in sequence to, a specimen they identified as Phyllobothrium squali (KC543441; LRP no. 7967) collected from the dogfish Squalus acanthias off Rhode Island. In the absence of reports of Y. squali or any of its relatives from catsharks, Ruhnke &amp; Workman (2013) suggested that this cestode and the host from which it came might have been misidentified by Olson et al. (2001). In the tree resulting from our analysis, Olson et al. ’s (2001) specimen of ‘ Crossobothrium longicolle ’ groups robustly among species of Yamaguticestus, members of which we now know can be hosted by either squaliform sharks or catsharks. This suggests that the original identification of the host of this specimen as Scyliorhinus canicula was probably correct. However, the specific identity of this specimen as ‘ C. longicolle ’ is doubtful given that the type host of Y. longicollis is Scyliorhinus stellaris. The fact that the sequences are identical is insufficient to reject this hypothesis given the low amount of sequence divergence seen among members of this genus in this region of the 28S rDNA gene. As a consequence, we believe this species is likely to represent an undescribed member of the genus, the description of which will require examination of additional material.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE40FFF8FC13FE78FEBE5FCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE41FFE6FF64FD5CFEC359B0.text	03F92F0ABE41FFE6FF64FD5CFEC359B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yamaguticestus metini Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>YAMAGUTICESTUS METINI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 5F–J, 6)</p> <p>ZooBank registration: 54904E20-1BBD-4F54-AE02- EA093DE8E5DE.</p> <p>Description: (Based on one whole mature worm, one partial mature worm, one immature worm, two detached mature proglottids, two detached gravid proglottids, four detached dehisced proglottids, and one scolex examined with SEM.) Worms euapolytic, acraspedote, 80 mm long; proglottids 400 in total number; maximum width at level of mature proglottids. Scolex consisting of four bothridia, 472–596 long, 529–704 wide. Bothridia oval, with apical sucker and single, undivided loculus (Figs 5F, 6A), 409–435 (478 ± 60; 2; 4) long, 280–315 (302 ± 15; 2; 4) wide, sessile anteriorly, free posteriorly; apical sucker 201– 281 (231 ± 28; 3; 8) long, 176–253 (224 ± 27; 3; 6) wide; apical sucker length as percentage of bothridial length 46–57% (50 ± 4; 3; 6). Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck 1016 long. Distal surface of apical sucker (Fig. 5G) and anterior-most regions of loculus densely covered with acicular filitriches; distal surface of remainder of loculus densely covered with gongylate columnar spinitriches and capiliform filithriches (Fig. 5H). Proximal bothridial surface densely covered with acicular filitriches (Fig. 5I). Neck and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in wide scutes (Fig. 5J). Immature proglottids wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity (Fig. 6B), 397 in number. Mature proglottids three in number. Terminal proglottid 2138 long, 1567 wide; length-to-width ratio 1.4:1 (Fig. 6C). Testes 158–184 in total number, 13–20 in number in post-poral field, 30–42 (34 ± 4; 2; 8) long, 33–50 (42 ± 6; 2; 8) wide. Vas deferens minimal, coiled medial to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac narrowly oblong (sensu Clopton, 2004), 451 long, 79 wide, thin walled, containing weakly coiled cirrus (Fig. 6E); cirrus armed with spinitriches. Genital pores irregularly alternating, 73% of proglottid length from posterior end; genital atrium shallow. Vagina surrounded by glandular cells, weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to open into common genital atrium anterior to cirrus sac. Ovary subterminal in position, H-shaped in frontal view, 577 long, 554 wide, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins strongly digitiform (Fig. 6D). Vitellarium follicular; follicles irregular in shape, arranged in two lateral bands; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending throughout length of proglottid, interrupted ventrally by terminal genitalia, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from ovarian isthmus to cirrus sac; uterine duct entering uterus at mid-level. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Detached mature proglottids (two, each from different host) 1977–2814 long, 1521–2019 wide, length-to-width ratio 1.3–1.4:1; genital pore 67–68% of proglottid length from posterior end; testes 169–186 in total number, 17 in post-poral field, 29–43 (36 ± 4; 2; 8) long, 37–60 (49 ± 8; 2; 8) wide; cirrus sac 389–417 long, 68–84 wide; ovary 435–591 long, 578–606 wide. Detached gravid proglottids (two from same host) 4065–5318 long, 1781–3097 wide, length-to-width ratio 1.7–2.3:1; genital pore 57–58% of proglottid length from posterior end; testes 187–203 in total number, 22–24 in post-poral field, 45–57 (50 ± 5; 2; 8) long, 61–72 (67 ± 4; 2; 8) wide; cirrus sac 422–429 long, 87–92 wide; ovary 652–938 long, 615–711 wide; oncospheres spherical, 23–26 (24 ± 1; 2; 8) long, 20–25 (23 ± 2; 2; 8) wide, too densely packed to assess whether packaged in cocoons. Detached dehisced proglottids (four from same host) 6145–8028 (6971 ± 882; 4) long, 1974–2552 (2269 ± 236; 4) wide, length-to-width ratio 1.8–2.2 (2 ± 0.2; 4):1; genital pore 45–56% (50 ± 5; 4) of proglottid length from posterior end; testes 159–172 (167 ± 7; 3) in total number, seven to 14 in post-poral field, 54–104 (81 ± 14; 4; 16) long, 70–104 (82 ± 9; 4; 16) wide; cirrus sac 499–586 (540 ± 37; 4) long, 85–129 (109 ± 18; 4) wide; ovary 827–1323 (1045 ± 218; 4) long, 749–1092 (866 ± 154; 4) wide.</p> <p>Type host: Tiger catshark, Halaelurus natalensis (Regan, 1904) (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae).</p> <p>Ty p e l o c a l i t y: I n d i a n O c e a n o f f S o u t h A f r i c a (33°47′40.2″S, 26°05′7.2″E).</p> <p>Additional localities: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.915333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.168667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.915333/lat -34.168667)">Indian Ocean</a> off South Africa (33°59′24″S, 25°12′1.2″E; 34°10′7.2″S, 24°54′55.2″E).</p> <p>mm</p> <p>5</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype [mature worm (on three slides), NMB P no. 734], two paratype detached proglottids (both dehisced, NMB P nos 735 and 736); one paratype (mature worm, USNM no. 1638648), three paratype detached proglottids (one mature, USNM no. 1638649; one gravid, USNM no. 1638650; one dehisced, USNM no. 1638651); one paratype (immature worm, LRP no. 10288), five paratype detached proglottids (one mature, LRP no. 10289; one gravid, LRP no. 10290; three dehisced, LRP nos 10291, 10331, and 10332), one paratype (immature worm SEM voucher, LRP no. 10292).</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession MW 419963, hologenophore (AF-179; JW423) LRP no. 10326.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named for Dr Metin Coşgel, Professor of Economics at the University of Connecticut, in recognition of his dedication, advocacy and enthusiasm for ecology and evolutionary biology as interim Head of the Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology.</p> <p>Remarks: Yamaguticestus differs from both Y. squali and Y. longicollis in the remarkably large size of its apical sucker, which, rather than being restricted to the anterior margin of the bothridium as in Y. longicollis and Y. squali as redescribed by Euzet (1959) and Vasileva et al. (2002), occupies nearly half of the length of the bothridium. Furthermore, unlike both previously described species, the ovary of Y. metini is subterminal, rather than terminal, in position in the proglottid.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE41FFE6FF64FD5CFEC359B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE5FFFE5FEBCFAA9FDDC5887.text	03F92F0ABE5FFFE5FEBCFAA9FDDC5887.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rockacestus Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>ROCKACESTUS GEN. NOV.</p> <p>ZooBank registration: E44B4965-FD5A-4B87-8813- AA9CE2244938.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Worms euapolytic, acraspedote or craspedote. Scolex with four bothridia; cephalic peduncle and myzorhynchus lacking; neck present. Bothridia moderately to highly folded, with apical sucker and marginal loculi. Scolex spinitriches gladiate; filitriches papilliform or acicular. Neck and strobila scutellate. Immature proglottids wider than long; mature proglottids longer than wide. Testes numerous, extending throughout most of proglottid; post-ovarian field of testes absent. Vas deferens minimal or extensive. Genital pores lateral, irregularly alternating; genital atrium shallow. Cirrus sac pyriform to elongate oval, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Vagina weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, following anterior margin of cirrus to open into genital atrium anterior to cirrus; vaginal sphincter present or absent; seminal receptacle absent. Ovary terminal to subterminal in proglottid, H-shaped in frontal view, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins lobulated or rarely digitiform. Vitellarium follicular; follicles in two extensive lateral bands usually converging on midline in mature proglottids; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending length of proglottid, interrupted or not by terminal genitalia; uninterrupted by ovary. Uterus medial, ventral, sacciform, extending from ovarian isthmus to cirrus sac. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Parasites of skates (Rajiformes). Cosmopolitan.</p> <p>Type species: Rockacestus carvajali sp. nov.</p> <p>Additional species: Rockacestus arctowskii (Wojciechowska, 1991) comb. nov., Rockacestus brittanicus (Williams, 1968) comb. nov., Rockacestus conchai sp. nov., Rockacestus georgiensis (Wojciechowska, 1991) comb. nov., Rockacestus piriei (Williams, 1968) comb. nov., Rockacestus radioductus (Kay, 1942) comb. nov., Rockacestus rakusai (Wojciechowska, 1991) comb. nov., Rockacestus siedleckii (Wojciechowska, 1991) comb. nov. and Rockacestus williamsi (Schmidt, 1986) comb. nov.</p> <p>Provisional species: Rockacestus sp. nov. 4 ex Dipturus batis; Rockacestus sp. nov. 5 ex Amblyraja doellojuradoi; Rockacestus sp. nov. 6 ex Dipturus lamillai.</p> <p>Etymology: The name Rajicestus Rocka &amp; Laskowski, 2017 was originally established for cestodes from skates with the features of this genus. Unfortunately, Rocka &amp; Laskowski in Rocka (2017) neither provided text differentiating the genus nor designated a type species and thus, based on the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999; Articles 13.1 and 13.3), the name Rajicestus is unavailable. The name Rockacestus honours both Dr Anna Rocka’s earlier work on the cestodes of skates and the fact that she and her colleague were the first to recognize the distinctive nature of these skate cestodes. Cestus is Latin for ‘girdle’. The gender is masculine.</p> <p>Provisional name: New genus 20 of Ruhnke et al. (2017) and Bueno (2018).</p> <p>Remarks: Rockacestus differs conspicuously from all but four of the 20 valid genera of phyllobothriideans (i.e. including Ruhnkebothrium and Yamaguticestus) in its possession of marginal loculi on its bothridia. With respect to the four other genera with marginal loculi, it differs from Cardiobothrium in lacking, rather than possessing, distinct facial loculi. Unlike Chimaerocestos, the vitelline follicles of Rockacestus are distributed throughout the length of the proglottid, rather than being restricted to the posterior regions of the proglottid. It is readily distinguished from Crossobothrium in that its proglottids lack laciniations, and its neck and strobila bear, rather than lack, scutes. Rockacestus differs from the subset of species of Scyphophyllidium with marginal loculi in that its bothridia are moderately to highly folded, rather than essentially flat, and in that the spinitriches on its scolex are simple gladiate rather than serrate gladiate or gongylate columnar.</p> <p>Beyond providing an appropriate generic home for the two new species described here, erection of this genus provides an appropriate generic placement for all eight species of Phyllobothrium from skates considered incertae sedis by Ruhnke et al. (2017) in the most recent revision of the Phyllobothriidea, and we hereby transfer these eight species to Rockacestus. These species parasitize a variety of skate taxa. Wojciechowska (1991) described Ro. arctowskii, Ro. georgiensis, Ro. rakusai and Ro. siedleckii from Bathyraja sp. 2, Amblyraja georgiana (Norman, 1938), Bathyraja maccaini Springer, 1971 and Bathyraja eatonii (Günther, 1876), respectively. Williams (1968) described Ro. brittanicus, Ro. piriei and Ro. williamsi (as Phyllobothrium minutum Williams, 1968) from Raja montagui Fowler, 1910, Leucoraja naevus (Müller &amp; Henle, 1841) (as Raja naevus) and Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758) (as Raja fullonica), respectively. Rockacestus radioductus was described from Beringraja binoculata (Girard, 1855) (as Raja binoculata) by Kay (1942). Sequence data were generated here for three additional, putatively novel species of Rockacestus, which we have referred to provisionally as Rockacestus sp. nov. 4, Rockacestus sp. nov. 5 and Rockacestus sp. nov. 6.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE5FFFE5FEBCFAA9FDDC5887	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE5CFFE2FE9AF990FDD75978.text	03F92F0ABE5CFFE2FE9AF990FDD75978.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rockacestus carvajali Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>ROCKACESTUS CARVAJALI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 7, 8A–E)</p> <p>ZooBank registration: C1BE31F7-1E16-4A24-920B- E42B5796066E.</p> <p>Description (Based on two whole mature worms, three whole immature worms, and three scolices examined with SEM.) Worms euapolytic, craspedote, 13.1–14.5 mm long; proglottids 75–81 in total number; maximum width at level of scolex. Scolex consisting of four bothridia, 546–903 (774 ± 165; 4) long, 900– 1146 (1049 ± 104; 5) wide. Bothridia folded (Figs 7A, 8A), with apical sucker and single loculus, 406–648 (509 ± 104; 4; 7) long, 378–753 (552 ± 134; 4; 7) wide when folded, sessile anteriorly, free posteriorly; loculus with marginal loculi and posterior depression bounded by circular band of muscle fibres (Fig. 7B); apical sucker 84–155 (118 ± 21; 5; 15) long, 85–154 (116 ± 21; 5; 16) wide; posterior depression 126–214 (156 ± 36; 3; 7) long, 132–199 (165 ± 30; 3; 7) wide. Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck 5.2–6.7 mm long. Distal surface of apical sucker and anterior portions of loculus with papilliform filitriches (Fig. 8B); distal surface of posterior depression with lingulate spinitriches and papilliform filitriches (Fig. 8C). Proximal bothridial surface with papilliform filitriches (Fig. 8D). Neck (Fig. 8E) and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in wide scutes. Immature proglottids wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity, 71–76 in number (Fig. 7C). Mature proglottids wider than long (Fig. 7D), becoming longer than wide posteriorly (Fig. 7E), four or five in number. Terminal proglottid 1143–1424 long, 537–540 wide, length-to-width ratio 2.1–2.6:1. Testes 46–55 (50 ± 4; 4; 4) in total number, nine to 12 (10 ± 1; 4; 4) in number in post-poral field, 38–53 (47 ± 5; 2; 6) long, 64–83 (74 ± 8; 2; 6) wide. Vas deferens coiled medial to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac oval, 302 long, 132 wide, thin walled, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Genital pores irregularly alternating, 73–79% of proglottid length from posterior end; genital atrium shallow. Vagina weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to open into common genital atrium anterior to cirrus. Ovary at or near posterior margin of proglottid, H-shaped in frontal view, 344–406 long, 182–252 (217 ± 50; 4) wide, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins lobulate. Vitellarium follicular; follicles arranged in two lateral bands that converge medially; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending throughout length of proglottid, partly or fully interrupted by terminal genitalia, uninterrupted by ovary; follicles highly variable in form. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Gravid proglottids not observed.</p> <p>Type host: Yellownose skate, Dipturus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) (Rajiformes: Rajidae de Blainville).</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.03778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.92861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.03778/lat -41.92861)">Pacific Ocean</a> off Puñihuil on the island of Chiloé, Chile (41°55′43″S, 74°02′16″W).</p> <p>Additional locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.4/lat -39.85)">Pacific Ocean</a> off Niebla, Los Rios, Chile (39°51′S, 73°24′W).</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (mature worm, MNHNCL no. PLAT-15023); two paratypes (one mature worm, USNM no. 1638652; one immature worm, USNM no. 1638653); two paratypes (immature worms, LRP nos 9770 and 9771), three paratypes (mature worm SEM vouchers, LRP nos 9773–9775).</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession MW 419973, hologenophore (CHL-76-5; VB136) LRP no. 8913.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named for Chilean parasitologist Dr Juan Carvajal, without whose assistance with the logistics, our fieldwork in Chile, which led to collection of the type material of this species, would not have been possible.</p> <p>Remarks: Rockacestus carvajali is the smallest member of the genus, with a total length of 13.1– 14.5 (vs. 15–33, 170, 60–170, 50, 26–58, 50–140, 36–62 and 90 mm in Ro. arctowskii, Ro. brittanicus, Ro. georgiensis, Ro. piriei, Ro. radioductus, Ro. rakusai, Ro. siedleckii and Ro. williamsi, respectively). It further differs from all of these species except Ro. georgiensis and Ro. piriei in possessing bothridia that are highly, rather than moderately, folded. It possesses fewer testes per proglottid than both of the latter species (47 vs. 140–190 and 150, respectively).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE5CFFE2FE9AF990FDD75978	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
03F92F0ABE5BFFE0FE93FBE1FEE55EDC.text	03F92F0ABE5BFFE0FE93FBE1FEE55EDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rockacestus conchai Caira & Bueno & Jensen 2021	<div><p>ROCKACESTUS CONCHAI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 8F–K, 9)</p> <p>ZooBank registration: A1AA7903-EA81-4CEB-BE94- 1F1A1B8D713B.</p> <p>Description (Based on five whole mature worms, and three scolices examined with SEM.) Worms euapolytic, craspedote, 9.9–16.9 (12.9 ± 3; 5) mm long; proglottids 64–105 (81 ± 17; 5) in total number; maximum width at level of scolex. Scolex consisting of four bothridia (Figs 8F, 9A), 1122–1775 (1306 ± 265; 5) wide. Bothridia highly folded (Fig. 8G), with apical sucker and single loculus, 478–624 (559 ± 76; 3; 4) long, 600– 830 (699 ± 96; 3; 4) wide when folded, sessile anteriorly, free posteriorly; loculus with marginal loculi; apical sucker 81–135 (111 ± 18; 4; 12) long, 96–140 (121 ± 12; 5; 13) wide. Cephalic peduncle lacking. Neck 5.1–7.4 (5.8 ± 1; 5) mm long. Distal surface of apical sucker (Fig. 8H) and anterior portions of loculus (Fig. 8I) with aciculuar filitriches; distal surface of loculus with sparsely arranged lingulate spinitriches and acicular filitriches (Fig. 8J). Proximal bothridial surface with acicular filitriches. Neck (Fig. 8K) and strobila with capilliform filitriches arranged in wide scutes. Immature proglottids wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity (Fig. 9B), 63–101 (78 ± 16; 5) in number. Mature proglottids becoming longer than wide posteriorly (Fig. 9C, D), one to three (2.4 ± 0.9; 5) in number. Terminal proglottid 987–1580 (1270 ± 275; 5) long, 368–540 (462 ± 77; 5) wide, lengthto-width ratio 2.3–3 (2.7 ± 0.3; 5):1. Testes 51–73 (61 ± 9; 4; 4) in total number, ten to 14 (12 ± 2; 4; 4) in number in post-poral field, 35–55 (43 ± 5; 5; 20) long, 60–90 (76 ± 8; 5; 20) wide. Vas deferens extensive, coiled medial to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac oval, 209–358 (281 ± 57; 5) long, 113–164 (143 ± 21; 5) wide, thin walled, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus armed with spinitriches. Genital pores irregularly alternating, 66–75% (69 ± 3; 5) of proglottid length from posterior end; genital atrium shallow. Vagina weakly sinuous, extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to open into common genital atrium anterior to cirrus. Ovary at or near posterior margin of proglottid, H-shaped in frontal view, 252–445 (325 ± 77; 5) long, 167–266 (214 ± 49; 4) wide, tetralobed in cross-section; ovarian margins lobulated. Vitellarium follicular; follicles arranged in two lateral bands that converge medially; each band consisting of multiple columns of follicles, extending throughout length of proglottid, interrupted partly or completely by terminal genitalia, uninterrupted by ovary; follicles highly variable in form. Excretory vessels 4, arranged in one dorsal and one ventral pair on each lateral margin of proglottid. Gravid proglottids not observed.</p> <p>Type host: White-dotted skate, Bathyraja albomaculata (Norman, 1937) (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae Fowler).</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.745167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-48.653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.745167/lat -48.653)">Atlantic Ocean</a> off the Falkland Islands (48°39′10.8″S, 60°44′42.6″W).</p> <p>Additional localities: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.845333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-49.647167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.845333/lat -49.647167)">Atlantic Ocean</a> off the Falkland Islands (49°38′49.8″S, 59°50′43.2″W).</p> <p>Site of infection: Spiral intestine.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (mature worm, NHMUK no. 2020.12.17.1); two paratypes (mature worms, USNM nos 1638654 and 1638655); two paratypes (mature worms, LRP nos 10293 and 10294), three paratypes (immature worm SEM vouchers, LRP nos 10279–10281).</p> <p>Sequence data: GenBank accession MW 419959, hologenophore (FA-70, KW1011) LRP no. 10324.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named for elasmobranch biologist Francisco Concha, in recognition of his appreciation of cestode taxonomy as evidenced by his collection of the type material of this species from the Falkland Islands.</p> <p>Remarks: Rockacestus conchai is smaller in total length (9.9–16.9 vs. 170, 70–170, 50, 26–58, 50–140, 36–62 and 90 mm) and has fewer testes (73 vs. 100, 140–190, 150, 100 or more, 120–165, 85–105 and 80–100) than Ro. brittanicus, Ro. georgiensis, Ro. piriei, Ro. radioductus, Ro. rakusai, Ro. siedleckii and Ro. williamsi, respectively. The bothridia of Ro. conchai are conspicuously more delicate and folded than those of the remaining two species (i.e. Ro. arctowskii and Ro. carvajali). It can be distinguished further from Ro. arctowskii in possessing a smaller apical sucker (81–135 long by 96–140 vs. 212–250 in diameter) and from Ro. carvajali in lacking, rather than possessing, a posterior depression bounded by circular band of muscle fibres.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F92F0ABE5BFFE0FE93FBE1FEE55EDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Caira, Janine N.;Bueno, Veronica;Jensen, Kirsten	Caira, Janine N., Bueno, Veronica, Jensen, Kirsten (2021): Emerging global novelty in phyllobothriidean tapeworms (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from sharks and skates (Elasmobranchii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1336-1363, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa185
