taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F4D96BFFC99C7EE3A9F9B8D02AFC6D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881).	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFC99C7EE3A9F9B8D02AFC6D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Belonocnema can be distinguished from all other Cynipini genera by the combination of the curved spine on the anterior side of the fore tibia (Fig. 3 A), and the strongly angulate Rs with narrow black stripes, which form a short radial cell in the fore wing (Fig. 4 A; Melika & Abrahamson, 2002). The genus is restricted to live oaks (Quercus section Quercus series Virentes). Sexual-generation males have 15 antennal segments with F 1 excavated, while the sexual females and asexual females have 14 and 13 antennal segments, respectively. The sexual females are larger than asexual-generation conspecifics (Hood & Ott, 2017: fig. 2 A) based on measurement of the length of the right tibia length, often used as a proxy for body size, (e. g., the average tibial length of sexual females of B. kinseyi = 1.46 ± 0.007 mm vs. that of asexual females = 1.05 ± 0.004 mm; Hood & Ott, 2017).	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFC99C7EE3A9F9B8D02AFC6D.taxon	description	Redescription: Female antenna 13 - segmented (asexual generation) (Fig. 4 C) and 14 - segmented (sexual generation) (Fig. 4 E), male antenna 15 - segmented and filiform. Head weakly sculptured, almost smooth or alutaceous to finely coriaceous. Occiput without distinct and sharp occipital carina. Ventral area of genae without vertical carinae. Malar space much shorter than height of compound eye and malar sulcus present. Lower face without striae radiating from sides of clypeus. Mesoscutum smooth and shiny. Notauli complete (Fig. 3 B), anterior parallel and parapsidal lines absent (Figs 2 F, 4 F). Scutellar foveae present (Figs 2 F, 4 F). Mesopleuron smooth and shiny. Propodeal carinae sharply curved. Second metasomal tergum large and medially setose. Radial cell of the forewings open, partially infumated, Rs strongly angulate, with or without areolet (Figs 3 B, 4 A). Fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine (Figs 2 C, 3 A), with or without middle tibia curved spine. Tarsi with swollen base, not toothed. Body colour varies from light yellow to orange to reddish brown.	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFCA9C7FE372FA02D190F9BA.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 A – D, 3)	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFCA9C7BE319F9D4D70EFBDC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Asexual generation – Syntype 1 F ‘ USA: FL, Clearwater, Reared Dec- 13 – 19, Quercus geminata, L. H. Weld Collector, Hopk. U. S. 15634 f, Type 24099, USNMENT 00802094 ’; Paratype 9 F same locality as Syntype USNMENT 00893032, 00893095, 00893115, 00893123, 00893218; 4 F ‘ USA: SC, Charleston Co. S. Car ’ 43, Q. virginiana, 1160 a, USNM’; 2 F ‘ USA: FL, Archbold Biol. Stn., 27.1846, - 81.3521, 19 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. geminata ’; 5 F ‘ USA: FL, Dickinson State Pk., 27.0261, - 80.1090, 18 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. geminata ’; 5 F ‘ USA: FL, Oceanside Village, 29.9542, - 85.4277, 30 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. geminata ’. Sexual Generation – 7 F 3 M ‘ USA: FL, Archbold Biol. Stn., 27.1846, - 81.3521, IV / 2018, Egan Lab, Q. geminata ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: FL, Dickinson State Pk., 27.0261, - 80.1090, III / 2017, Egan Lab, Q. geminata ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: FL, Lake Lizzie, 28.2277, - 81.1800, III / 2018, Egan Lab, Q. geminata ’; 4 M ‘ USA: FL, Volusia Co. Daytona Beach, IV- 6 - 1998, Urban beachside UV light trap, C Yorke, S. Fullerton, UCFC 0017693, 0017694, 0017695, 0017696 ’; 1 F 2 M ‘ USA: FL, Brevard Co. Malabar, Malabar Rd. 30 Mar – 25 May 2000, P. J. Russell, Z. Prusak, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0079161, 0100100, 0101364 ’; 2 F 3 M ‘ USA: FL, Brevard Co. Titusville, SR 405, 21 Feb – 15 May 2001, Z. Prusak, P. J. Russell, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0078923, 0079318, 0093022, 0093669, 0103143 ’; 2 F 2 M ‘ USA: FL, Orange Co. Rk. Spr. Rn. St. Res. IV- 13 – 1995, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0201995, 0202004, 0202411, 0202415 ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: FL, Orange Co. UCF 28 ° 36 ’ 37 ” N 81 ° 12 ’ 01 ” W LLP Flatwds, M. Carey, S. L. Kelly, S. M. Fullerton, III- 28 – 2008, UCFC 0463902, 0463926, 0463936, 0463954, 0463957, 0464351, 0464355, 0464384, 0464390, 0464524. 8 F 4 M ‘ USA: FL, Orange / Osceola Co. Walt Disney World, 24 Mar – 28 Apr 1998, Z. Prusak, S. Fullerton, UCFC 0017132, 0017146, 0017173, 0017230, 0017232, 0017601, 0017602, 0017603, 0017604, 0017608, 0017787, 0017793 ’; 2 M ‘ USA: FL, Sarasota Co. MCC- Venice Campus, III- 31 - 1997, K. J. Maharay, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0018361, 0018363 ’; 2 F 1 M ‘ USA: FL, Seminole Co. Econ. Wild. Area IV- 8 - 2000, T. Smith, UCFC 0054591, 0054607, 0060190 ’; 2 F 1 M ‘ USA: FL, Seminole Co. Lower Wekiva River St. Preserve, 28 - IV- 2001, P. J. Russell, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0108938, 0109646, 0109778 ’; 3 F ‘ USA: FL, Seminole Co. Oveido, rural yard, Malaise trap, IV- 7 - 1994, S. M. Fullerton, UCFC 0202173, 0202175, 0202190 ’; 4 F 6 M ‘ USA: FL, Seminole Co. Oveido, rural yard, UV light, 28 ° 39 ’ 25 ” N 81 ° 10 ’ 44 ” W, S. M. Fullerton, III- 28 – IV- 12 - 2009, UCFC 0446980, 0446991, 0446992, 0446993, 0446994, 0446996, 0448649, 0448658, 0448659, 0448660 ’. Diagnosis: Belonocnema fossoria can be distinguished from the other two known species by the spur on the anterior side of fore tibia longer than basitarsus and tibial spurs (Fig. 3 A). The asexual generation has small, non-functional wings, lack of areolet in the front wing, and the middle tibia with an additional spur. Description Asexual female (Figs 1 D, 3 A – C): Body length 2.5 – 3.5 mm (N = 12). Reddish brown; tip of mandibles, wing veins dark brown (Fig. 3 A). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 2.3 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.2 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; 1.2 × as broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.1 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.6 × longer than POL; OOL 2.3 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.8 × longer than height of eye and 1.5 × longer than height of lower face (Fig. 3 C); diameter of antennal torulus 2.3 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 1.4 × longer than diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeopleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 13 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.7 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 3 C). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron alutaceous, with few setae. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent (Fig. 3 B); Mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly broader posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae present but shallow and indistinct. Mesopleural triangle large, sparsely setose; Mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, central propodeal area glabrous, with rugae; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous. Legs short and stout; tibia setose on anterior edge; fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine (Fig. 3 A), longer than basitarsus and the tibial spur; tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle tibia also with curved spine but smaller than basitarsus and tibial spurs; middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Tarsi covered in setae. Fore wing hyaline, shorter than body and often curved upwards, margin with dense cilia; Radial cell 2 × as long as wide; 2 r and Rs infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet absent; Rs + medial vein (M) reaching to M; cubitus-anal crossvein (cu-a) absent; first cubitus vein (cu 1) broken (Fig. 3 B). Metasoma slightly longer than head + mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous; second metasomal tergite occupies setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy; ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 3 A). N = number tested; * see Supporting Information, Table S 1 for corresponding site abbreviations. Sexual female (Figs 1 B, 3 E): Body length 3.5 – 4.5 mm (N = 16). Reddish brown; pedicel, flagellomeres, vertex, tip of mandibles, tarsal claws, wing veins dark brown (Fig. 3 E). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 1.8 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.3 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; 0.7 × as broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.1 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.6 × longer than POL; OOL 1.4 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.6 × longer than height of eye and 1.3 × longer than height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 2 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 1.3 × longer than diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 14 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.3 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 3 E). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron alutaceous, with few setae. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent; mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly broader posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae present. Mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins; mesopleural triangle setose. Lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards, central propodeal area glabrous, with rugae; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous. Legs short and stout; tibia setose on anterior edge; fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine, longer than basitarsus and the tibial spur; tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle tibia also with curved spine but smaller than basitarsus and tibial spurs; middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Tarsi covered in setae (Fig. 3 E). Fore wing hyaline, shorter than body and often curved upwards, margin with dense cilia; radial cell 2 × as long as wide; 2 r and Rs infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet present; Rs + M reaching to M; cu-a absent; cu 1 broken (Fig. 3 E). Metasoma slightly longer than head + mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous; second metasomal tergite occupies setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy; ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part 1.5 × as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 3 E). Male: Body length 3.2 – 4.1 mm (N = 15). Colour and sculptures like the sexual female, Antenna 15 segmented; F 1 is curved, excavated, and incised medially. Metasoma smaller than head + mesosoma. Gall: Smooth, single-chambered pea galls (5.88 – 6.45 mm in diameter) on the ventral side of leaves for the asexual generation (Fig. 1 C); irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets for the sexual generation (Fig. 1 A; Egan et al., 2013). Host plant: Quercus geminata. Distribution: Georgia, Florida (USA). Biology: The small, often bent wings of the asexual generation (Figs 1 D, 3 A) appear to be non-functional (Table 2), and the large tibial spur and short, stout legs are likely fossorial adaptations that allows B. fossoria to reach the rootlets of Q. geminata in sandy soil where these species co-occur. The sexual generation emerges from early March to mid-April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their host Q. geminata (Hood et al., 2019). Remarks: Osten Sacken’s (1861) original description of C. quercusvirens was based on the asexual galls alone collected on ‘ live oak’ in Georgia, the wasp itself was described by Weld (1921) as B. fossoria. As both B. treatae and B. fossoria can be found in the region and both induce similar galls, it is difficult to know which species Osten Sacken collected and named. However, names described before 1930, and which were applied only to the product of an animal, are valid names for the organism itself under ICZN Article 1, section 3. Therefore, we here propose the name B. quercusvirens as species inquirenda.	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFCE9C65E0E0FB7FD40FFB83.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 E, F, 4)	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFCE9C65E0E0FB7FD40FFB83.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Asexual – Syntype 1 F ‘ USA: TX, Boerne, Nov. - 15 – 1917, Cotype 22832, USNMENT 00802145 ’; 46 F ‘ same locality as Syntype, Nov. - 15 – Dec. 1 - 1917, USNM’; 5 F ‘ USA: LA: Golden Meadow. 29.3939, - 90.2729, 22 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: LA, Oak Grove Hwy, 29.7668, - 92.9750, 21 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 2 F ‘ USA: MS, Gautier, 30.3803, - 88.6104, 28 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: MS, Picayune, 30.5271, - 89.6813, 30 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: OK, Quartz Mountain, 34.8901, - 99.3011, 17 / X / 2018, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, Encino, 26.8942, - 98.1352, 13 / IX / 2015, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, High Island, 29.5612, - 94.3918, 17 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, Live Oak Park, 27.8544, - 97.2105, 1 / XI / 2015, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, Luling, 29.6739, - 97.6350, 5 / XI / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, Pleasanton, 28.9523, - 98.4509, 23 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F ‘ USA: TX, Rocksprings, 29.8751, - 100.1086, 13 / XI / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’. Sexual generation – 4 F 6 M ‘ USA: TX, Rice University, 28.7174, - 95.4023, III / 2018, Egan Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 2 F UTIC 200066, 200067 ‘ USA, TX, Travis Co: Austin nr Austin Mem. Park Cemetery, 30.3281, - 97.7543, 210 m 14. III. 2016, A. L. Wild, UV Light, 20 – 2300 h’; 6 F 6 M ‘ USA: LA, Golden Meadow, 29.3939, - 90.2729. III / 2018, Egan Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: MS, Picayune, 30.5271, - 89.6813. III / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: OK, Quartz Mountain, 34.8901, - 99.3011. III / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 4 F 5 M ‘ USA: TX, Encino, 26.8942, - 98.1352, III / 2015, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 5 F 4 M ‘ USA: TX, Live Oak Park, 27.8544, - 97.2105, III / 2015, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’; 4 F 4 M ‘ USA: TX, San Marcos, 29.9373. - 98.0099, 11 / XI / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. fusiformis ’. Diagnosis: Belonocnema kinseyi can be distinguished from B. fossoria by the spur on the anterior side of fore tibia shorter than basitarsus and tibial spurs in both generations. It can also be separated from B. treatae in the sexual generation by the deeply delimited scutellar foveae separated narrowly by a carina, and the reddish brown colour along with an indistinctive areolet in the asexual generation. Description Asexual female (Figs 1 F, 4 A – C): Body length 2.6 – 3.3 mm (N = 22). Reddish brown; tip of mandibles, mesosoma (except for mesoscutum), wing veins, anterior third of first gastral tergite, anterior edge of fore, meso, and metacoxae, and distal edge of hind femora black (Fig. 4 A). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 2.1 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.4 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; equally broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.3 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.1 × longer than POL; OOL 2.2 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.4 × longer than height of eye and 1.3 × longer than height of lower face (Fig. 4 C); diameter of antennal torulus 2 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 2 × longer than diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 13 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.6 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 4 A). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron alutaceous, with few setae. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad; notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent (Fig. 4 B); mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae present. Mesopleural triangle covered with dense white setae, mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, bent outwards; central propodeal area rugose; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous. Tibia setose on anterior edge; Fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine, much shorter than tibial spur and basitarsus; tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle and hind tibia with two spurs (Fig. 4 A). Fore wing hyaline, longer than body, margin with dense cilia; radial cell 2 × as long as wide; 2 r infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet small and indistinct; Rs + M reaching to M; cu-a absent; cu 1 broken (Fig. 4 A). Metasoma shorter than head + mesosoma, 1.2 × longer than high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous; second metasomal tergite setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy; ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part 1.3 × as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 4 A). Sexual female (Fig. 4 E, F): Body length 3.5 – 4.0 mm (N = 15). Yellowish brown; scape, flagellomeres, tip of mandibles, propodeum, wing veins, distal edge of hind femora, hind tibia, and tarsi dark brown (Fig. 4 E). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 2.4 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.2 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; equally broad as cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.3 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.1 × longer than POL; OOL 2.2 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.8 × longer than height of eye and 1.7 × longer than height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 2.3 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 1.6 × longer than diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 14 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.6 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 4 E). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron alutaceous, with few setae. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad; notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent; mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae deeply excavated, fully delimited on all sides, separated narrowly by carina (Fig. 4 H). Mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, straight; central propodeal area punctate; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous (Fig. 4 F). Tibia setose on anterior edge; fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine, much shorter than tibial spur and basitarsus; tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle and hind tibia with two spurs (Fig. 4 E). Fore wing hyaline, longer than body, margin with dense cilia; radial cell 2.3 × as long as wide; 2 r infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet small and indistinct; Rs + M reaching to M; cu-a absent; cu 1 broken (Fig. 4 E). Metasoma shorter than head + mesosoma, 1.2 × longer than high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous; second metasomal tergite setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy. Ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part 1.5 × as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 4 E). Male: Body length 2.6 – 3.9 mm (N = 16). Colour darker than sexual female, scape, pronotum, mesoscutum and mesopleuron, metasoma dark brown, sculptures like the sexual female. Antenna 15 segmented; F 1 is curved, excavated, and incised medially. Metasoma smaller than head + mesosoma; see Lund et al. (1998: fig. 7) for comparison of lateral habitus of sexual generation male and female. Gall: Smooth, unilocular pea-like galls on the ventral side of leaves for the asexual generation (Fig. 1 E; Lund et al. 1998: figs 1, 2), irregular shaped, multilocular clusters of galls on the small rootlets for the sexual generation (Lund et al. 1998: figs 3, 4). Host plant: Quercus fusiformis (Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico) and Q. virginiana (east Texas to Florida, north to North Carolina). Distribution: Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas. Biology: The asexual generation has long, straight wings and is capable of flight (Table 2). Given the distribution of its host Q. fusiformis (Cavender-Bares et al., 2015), this species likely also occurs in northern Mexico. Remarks: Belonocnema kinseyi was previously synonymized by Lund et al. (1998) based on experimental rearing that linked the asexual and sexual generations developing on Q. fusiformis in Texas. Given the molecular and morphological evidence showing that populations west of the Gulf of Mexico represent a distinct species, the synonymy by Lund et al. (1998) is, therefore, rejected and B. kinseyi 17.15 is restored as a valid species. The genome of this species, B. kinseyi, has been sequenced and annotated (NCBI SRA: PRJNA 623416) originally under the name B. treatae.	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFD09C67E0D9FB94D436FE45.taxon	description	(FIG. 2)	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
03F4D96BFFD09C67E0D9FB94D436FE45.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Asexual generation – 12 F ‘ USA: FL: Jacksonville Type 2813, USNM, Dryorhizoxenus floridanus ’; 6 F ‘ USA: FL: E. Florida, USNM’; 1 F ‘ USA: FL: LaBelle, IV- 20 – 21, USNM’; 1 F ‘ USA: FL: Tampa 14 - 4, USNM’; 1 F ‘ USA: FL: Manatee Co., 111 – 26, R. F. Tinker, USNM’; 5 F ‘ USA: AL, Dauphin Island, 30.2504, - 88.1325, 29 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 2 F ‘ USA: FL, Archbold Biol. Stn., 27.1846, - 81.3521, 28 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: FL, Kissimmee River, 27.3780, - 81.0968, 18 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: FL, Perry, 30.1161, - 83.5895, 14 / X / 2015, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: GA, Jekyll Island, 31.0174, - 81.4297, 28 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 3 F ‘ USA: MS, Gautier, 30.3803, - 88.6104, 28 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: NC, Fort Macon, 34.6951, - 76.6862, 30 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F ‘ USA: SC, Charleston, 32.7688, - 79.9734, 30 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’. Sexual generation – 1 F Lectotype (photo only) ‘ Brief mai 78 N. Amer., Collect G. Mayr, Bel. Treatae det. G. Mayr, LECTOTYPE Belonocnema treatae Mayr desig. G. Melika 998 ’ NHMW. 5 F 6 M ‘ USA: AL, Gulf Shores, 30.2558, - 87.7205, 31 / X / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: FL, Kissimmee River, 27.3780, - 81.0968, III / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 10 M ‘ USA: FL, Okeechobee, 27.2434, - 80.8276, III / 2017, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’; 5 F 5 M ‘ USA: FL, Perry, 30.1161, - 83.5895, III / 2016, Ott Lab, Q. virginiana ’. Diagnosis: Belonocnema treatae can be distinguished from B. fossoria by the spur on the anterior side of fore tibia shorter than basitarsus and tibial spurs in both generations. It can also be separated from B. kinseyi in the sexual generation by the weakly delimited scutellar foveae separated broadly by a ridge and the yellowish brown colour along with a distinctive areolet in the asexual generation. Description Asexual female (Fig. 2 E): Body length 2.8 – 3.2 mm (N = 35). Yellowish brown; tip of mandibles, scutellum, propodeum, mesopleural triangle, metapleuron, scutellum, hind tibia dark brown (Fig. 2 E). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 2 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.3 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous; not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; 1.1 × broader than the cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.2 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.2 × longer than POL; OOL 2.4 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.7 × longer than height of eye and 1.8 × longer than height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin 3.3 × longer than diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 13 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.6 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 2 E). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron evenly setose. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad; notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent; mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae present. Mesopleural triangle covered with dense white setae, mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins. Lateral propodeal carinae distinctly raised and bent outwards, central propodeal area rugose; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous. Tibia setose on anterior edge. Fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine, much shorter than tibial spur and basitarsus; tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Fore wing hyaline, longer than body, margin with dense cilia. Radial cell 2.5 × as long as wide; 2 r infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet large and distinct; Rs + M reaching to M; cu-a absent; cu 1 broken (Fig. 2 E). Metasoma shorter than head + mesosoma, 1.1 × longer than high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous. Second metasomal tergite setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy. Ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part 1.2 × as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 2 E). Sexual female (Fig. 2 A – C, F): Body length 3.5 – 4.0 mm (N = 15). Yellowish brown; flagellomeres, tip of mandibles, metascutellum, propodeum, wing veins, middle and hind tibia, and tarsi dark brown (Fig. 2 A). Head finely coriaceous with sparse white setae; slightly rounded in dorsal view; 1.8 × as broad as long in dorsal view; 1.2 × as broad as long in frontal view; slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in dorsal view; 1.3 × broader than cross diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; eye 3 × higher than length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. OOL 1.3 × longer than POL; OOL 3.5 × longer than LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.4 × longer than height of eye and 1.4 × longer than height of lower face (Fig. 2 A); diameter of antennal torulus 2 × longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye margin equal to diameter of torulus. Lower face finely coriaceous, with white setae, without striae radiating from clypeus, median area not elevated. Clypeus trapezoid, flat, broader than high, with deep anterior tentorial pits, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons finely coriaceous, glabrous; vertex, interocellar area, occiput is finely coriaceous. Postgena coriaceous, glabrous. Antenna 14 segmented, longer than head + mesosoma; F 1 shorter than the length of scape + pedicel, 1.4 × longer than F 2 (Fig. 2 C). Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Propleuron alutaceous, with few setae. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous between notauli, alutaceous lateral to notaulus; longer than broad; notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length (Fig. 2 B); median mesoscutal line distinct; anterior parallel lines and parapsidal lines absent. Mesoscutellum only slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower posteriorly; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum (Fig. 2 B); scutellar foveae shallow, weakly delimited posteriorly, separated widely by a ridge (Fig. 2 F). Mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae along ventral and anterior margins. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, curved; central propodeal area rugose; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, with dense white setae; nucha short, coriaceous. Tibia setose on anterior edge. Fore tibia prolonged on the anterior side into a curved spine, much shorter than tibial spur and basitarsus (Fig. 2 C); tarsal claws simple with a slight ridge but never a full tooth. Middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Fore wing hyaline, longer than body, margin with dense cilia. Radial cell 2.3 × as long as wide; 2 r infumated, Rs curved upwards and thickened at apex; radial cell open; areolet small and indistinct; Rs + M reaching to M; cu-a absent; cu 1 broken (Fig. 2 A). Metasoma shorter than head + mesosoma, 1.2 × longer than high in lateral view, smooth and glabrous; second metasomal tergite setose medially; all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glossy. Ventral spine of the hypopygium short, prominent part 1.3 × as long as broad in ventral view, with white setae extending beyond the apex of spine (Fig. 2 A). Male: 3.7 mm (N = 26). Colour and sculptures like the sexual female, antenna 15 segmented; F 1 is curved, excavated and incised medially. Metasoma smaller than head + mesosoma. Gall: Smooth, pea-like galls (4.92 – 5.50 mm) on the ventral side of leaves for the asexual generation, irregular shaped, multilocular galls often in clusters on the small rootlets for the sexual generation (Egan et al., 2013). The leaf galls produced by B. treatae on Q. virginiana are indistinguishable from the leaf gall produced by B. kinseyi on both Q. fusiformis (Fig. 1 E) and Q. virginiana. Host plant: Quercus virginiana and rarely on Q. geminata. Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina. Biology: The asexual generation has long, straight wings and is capable of flight (Table 2). Sexualgeneration adults emerge from mid-March to end of April, corresponding with the timing of leaf flush of their main host Q. virginiana (Hood et al., 2019). Remarks: Few specimens of this species have been collected from Q. geminata, which is unsurprising given the much later leaf flushing time of Q. geminata (Hood et al., 2019). While the lectotype of B. treatae designated from Gustav Mayr’s collection at NHMW by Melika & Bechtold (2001) was not examined physically, the high-quality image of the habitus clearly shows the diagnostic characters of B. treatae (small fore tibial spine shorter than tibial spur, broadly separated scutellar foveae).	en	Zhang, Y. Miles, Egan, Scott P., Driscoe, Amanda L., Ott, James R. (2021): One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (4): 1234-1255, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab001
