taxonID	type	description	language	source
5F2146EA658E52AD95C9522DBD826471.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet marokoroko is a Malagasy word meaning " rugose " or " rugged ". The name was chosen to describe the rugose skin texture of this species. The name is to be treated as an invariable noun in apposition.	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Cobb, Kerry A., Razafindraibe, Jary H., Abraham, Robin K., Lambert, Shea M. (2021): A fantastic new species of secretive forest frog discovered from forest fragments near Andasibe, Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97 (2): 483-495, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.73630, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.73630
5F2146EA658E52AD95C9522DBD826471.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gephyromantis marokoroko (Fig. 2) is a member of the family Mantellidae, subfamily Mantellinae, as diagnosed by Glaw and Vences (2006). The new species can be diagnosed to the genus Gephyromantis morphologically through its granular dorsum, moderately enlarged fingertips, absence of foot webbing, bifid tongue and small femoral glands present only in males as a small number of large granules (type 2; Glaw et al. 2000). Within Gephyromantis, the new species can be diagnosed to the subgenus Laurentomantis through its irregular and rough granular dorsum, single subgular vocal sac in males, completely connected lateral metatarsalia, inner and outer metatarsal tubercle present and tympanum is the same size in male and female. Gephyromantis marokoroko is characterised by bright red eyes, prominent ridge elements on dorsum, life colouration with a dark brown ground colour with mottled red and grey, hind-limbs dark brown containing red crossbands, absence of red colouration on the sides of thighs and ventre, white spots on grey-coloured ventre and males with bulbous type 2 femoral glands with eight granules in two rows of four on each thigh. Furthermore, the new species is characterised by an advertisement call with a moderately long call duration (1095 - 1431 ms), 22 - 28 notes / call, 2 - 4 strong amplitude-modulated pulses per note and a dominant frequency of 2250 - 2812 Hz. Finally, Gephyromantis marokoroko has a large genetic distance of 6 % or greater amongst related species in the 16 S rRNA marker and has strongly supported reciprocal monophyly to all other species in Laurentomantis (Fig. 3). Gephyromantis marokoroko can be distinguished from other members of Laurentomantis morphologically (Table 1; Fig. 5). The rugose and granular dorsal texture with prominent ridge elements and red mottled colouration and the larger number of eight prominent femoral gland granules per femur readily characterise this species from other Laurentomantis (Figs 3 and 5). The new species is easily distinguished from G. horridus (Boettger 1880), G. malagasius (Methuen and Hewitt 1913) and G. ranjomavo (Glaw and Vences 2011) by lacking tibial glands, its larger number of femoral gland granules and its rugose and granular dorsal texture with prominent ridge elements. Furthermore, the new species is easily distinguished from G. ventrimaculatus, where G. marokoroko has eight distinct femoral gland granules on each thigh (eight irregularly-shaped femoral gland granules in G. ventrimaculatus), by the dark grey and red dorsal colouration (light brown in G. ventrimaculatus) and by lacking blue marbling on the ventral surfaces (Fig. 5). The most similar species morphologically is G. striatus (Vences et al. 2002), but the new species differs from G. striatus through its larger number of femoral gland granules (8 vs. 3 - 6), the vertebral stripe is absent or indistinct and short (always distinct in G. striatus), bright red eye (orange-brown in G. striatus) and its prominent and strong ridge elements, as well as the dark grey and red colouration on the dorsum (weak ridge elements and brown and orange colouration on the dorsum in G. striatus). Figure 5. Ex-situ dorsal-lateral, dorsal and ventral photographs of A. Male Gephyromantis marokoroko sp. nov. (holotype, KU 343230); B. Gephyromantis striatus (Marojejy, ZCMV 15140; photographs by Mark D. Scherz); and C. Gephyromantis ventrimaculatus (Ranomanfana, KU 340917). Bioacoustically, the advertisement call of Gephyromantis marokoroko is similar to other species in Laurentomantis and can be distinguished from all other species in this subgenus through the following combination of continuous call characters: (1) moderately long call duration (1095 - 1431 ms); (2) 2 - 4 strongly amplitude-modulated pulses per note; and (3) a note repetition rate of 14 - 20 notes / s. Gephyromantis striatus, G. malagasius and G. horridus have overlapping call durations with the new species and overlapping note repetition rates, except for G. striatus, which has the fastest note repetition rate (Table 1). Despite these similarities, the clearly pulsed notes alone distinguish the new species from all other Laurentomantis, except G. ventrimaculatus (Angel 1935), which has ca. 5 - 6 pulses / note; however, G. ventrimaculatus differs by having the shortest call duration non-overlapping with other Laurentomantis species at 407 - 455 ms and a slightly faster note repetition rate of 21 - 24 notes / s. Temperature is not likely to be an important factor in the characteristic differences described here, as structural characters, such as clearly defined pulses, would not be affected by temperature (Schneider 1974). Motivation might affect number of notes emitted and, thus, call duration; however, the recording of G. ventrimaculatus is of a highly motivated male (i. e. many calls emitted in a short time) while the call of the new species was recorded from males which did not appear to be very motivated, emitting only 1 - 2 calls within an hour. Finally, comparisons could not be made to G. ranjomavo as calls were not available; however, the new species is clearly morphologically distinct (see above).	en	Hutter, Carl R., Andriampenomanana, Zo F., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Cobb, Kerry A., Razafindraibe, Jary H., Abraham, Robin K., Lambert, Shea M. (2021): A fantastic new species of secretive forest frog discovered from forest fragments near Andasibe, Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97 (2): 483-495, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.73630, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.73630
