taxonID	type	description	language	source
039C6B6DFF83FFAFD618C59C4F5AF9C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: In honour of Lawrence J. Flynn (Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University) in recognition for his important contributions to palaeomammalogy.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF83FFAFD618C59C4F5AF9C4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: AJ 13 (Fig. 3 A), right m 1. Paratypes: AJ 7 (Fig. 3 B), left M 1; AJ 11 (Fig. 3 C), left M 2; AJ 12 (Fig. 3 D), left M 2. All material is housed in the collections of the MNHN. Type locality: Al Jadidah area (~ 25 ° 41 ′ N; 49 ° 29 ′ E), Saudi Arabia. Horizon: Hofuf Formation. Age: Middle Miocene, MN 6? Diagnosis: Species of Potwarmus with relictual or absent ‘ normal’ longitudinal crest; m 1 with main cusps arranged in rows, having anterior part very reduced, and posterior cingulum well developed, but lacking hypoconulid; upper molars with posterior main cusps higher than anterior ones; M 1 having bilobed anterocone, main cusp-pairs slightly alternating, strong ledge on anterior face of anterocone, and well-developed lingual cingulum bearing enterostyle; M 2 having main cusps arranged in rows, prominent anterolabial and lingual cingula, the latter with an enterostyle. Differential diagnosis: Differing from Potwarmus primitivus in having the anterior side of m 1 much more reduced, the protoconid more anteriorly located, on M 1 the enterostyle less prominent, and in lacking metaloph on the M 2; distinct from Potwarmus thailandicus in having the anterior part of m 1 more reduced and in having a prominent crest located anterior to the anterocone, a less broader valley between the middle and last row of cusps on the M 1, and in lacking metaloph on the M 2; differing from Potwarmus sp. nov. from Jebel Zelten in having the anterior part strongly reduced and a posterior cingulum without hypoconulid on m 1, and a more anteriorly situated enterostyle on M 1; distinct from Dakkamys zaiani in lacking a new longitudinal crest, in having an isolated and smaller enterostyle on the upper molars, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from ‘ Dakkamys ’ asiaticus and ‘ Dakkamys ’ barryi in lacking anterior arms of lingual and labial cusps on the upper and lower molars, respectively, in having an isolated and small enterostyle on the upper molars, and in having the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; distinct from Paradakkamys chinjiensis in having much less prominent and isolated enterostyle on the upper molars, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; distinct from ‘ Paradakkamys ’ ouaichi in having the cusps less alternating and a well-developed longitudinal crest on the M 1; differing from ‘ Paradakkamys ’ seboui in lacking longitudinal crest, in having the enterostyle isolated on the M 1 - M 2, and the anterior part of the m 1 very reduced; distinct from Myocricetodon afoudensis in lacking a new longitudinal crest, a mesoloph, and alternating cusps, and in having an isolated enterostyle; distinct from ‘ Myocricetodon ’ sivalensis in lacking the anteroconid and longitudinal crest, and in having the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from Myocricetodon eskihisarensis in having a smaller and isolated enterostyle, lacking a paracone spur and longitudinal crest on the upper molars, and in having the anterior part of m 1 reduced; distinct from ‘ Myocricetodon ’ liui in having a smaller enterostyle on M 1, absent metaloph on M 2, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from Vallaris zappai in lacking longitudinal crest, mesoloph, mesolophid, hypoconule, and hypoconulid on the cheek teeth; distinct from Antemus chinjiensis and Progonomys debruijni in lacking the basic murine pattern of three chevrons. Description m 1: The occlusal outline of this tooth is subrectangular, longer than wide, with its anterior part somewhat rounded and slightly narrower than the posterior one. The longitudinal crest is absent; the main cusps are arranged in rows, forming two rather elevated, oblique, and nearly parallel ridges, which are separated by a transverse valley. These cusps are higher posteriorly. The posterior cusps (entoconid – hypoconid) are larger than the anterior ones (metaconid – protoconid). The anterior part of this tooth is strongly reduced, having the anteroconid fused with the low anterior cingulum. The anterior cingulum is long and well developed: its labial branch connects to the anterolabial side of the protoconid, whereas the lingual one reaches the lingual side of the tooth. This tooth has a minute ectostylid as well as an incipient mesostylid. The posterior cingulum is well developed but lacks the hypoconulid; it reaches the posterolingual side of the entoconid, enclosing a rather shallow, but large, posterolingual valley. Its labial branch reaches the base of the hypoconid. Two roots are present. The absolute as well as relative size (LM 1 / Lm 1 ratio) of this tooth is well within the range shown by all the species of Potwarmus known so far (Jaeger, Tong & Buffetaut, 1985; Lindsay, 1988; Wessels et al., 2003). M 1: On this tooth the posterior cusps are higher than the anterior ones (the metacone – hypocone are higher than the paracone – protocone and the latter are, in turn, higher than the anterocone). The occlusal outline is longer than wide with the greatest width near the mid-length. The large anterocone is clearly divided into two asymmetric lobes: the labial one is larger than the lingual one. They are separated by a relatively deep groove. There is a prominent ridge anterior to the anterocone. The anterolophule is lacking and there is a deep transversal valley separating the anterocone from the paracone – protocone. The anterior cingulum is swollen lingually as an incipient anterostyle: it descends lingually, joining with the strong lingual cingulum. This cingulum is continuous around the protocone to connect to the small enterostyle near the base of the hypocone. The enterostyle is isolated from both lingual cusps. This tooth has an incipient cusp close to the anterolabial base of the paracone. The short protoloph is narrow and joins the paracone with the posterior part of the protocone. The hypocone is fused with the metacone and with the posterior cingulum, an enamel funnel remaining in the centre. The lingual main cusps (protocone and hypocone) are situated slightly anteriorly with respect to the labial ones, and the protocone is slightly more lingually located than the hypocone. The separation between the protocone and the hypocone is less marked than between the paracone and the metacone: this manifests itself as a relict of the longitudinal crest. Posterior sulcus and posterosinus are lacking. This tooth has three roots. M 2: These teeth have the occlusal outline subrectangular, longer than wide, with the posterior part rounded. The posterior main cusps are higher than the anterior ones. The anterior cingulum is low and strong, with both branches well developed. The labial branch is longer than the lingual one, and reaches the anterolabial base of the paracone, enclosing a low anterolabial valley. The lingual branch is interrupted before reaching the anterolingual base of the protocone. The weak anterolophule connects the anterior cingulum with the protocone. These teeth lack the longitudinal crest (AJ 11) or show a relict of it (AJ 12). The anterior cusps are separated from the posterior ones by a narrow and relatively deep transversal valley. This valley has its labial part shallower than the lingual side. The paracone is fused with the anterior part of the protocone. The metacone joins with the posterior cingulum, but not with the hypocone, from which it is isolated. These teeth lack a labial cingulum, and have a very short lingual cingulum that bears a small and isolated enterostyle. They have three roots.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF83FFAFD618C59C4F5AF9C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species of Potwarmus with relictual or absent ‘ normal’ longitudinal crest; m 1 with main cusps arranged in rows, having anterior part very reduced, and posterior cingulum well developed, but lacking hypoconulid; upper molars with posterior main cusps higher than anterior ones; M 1 having bilobed anterocone, main cusp-pairs slightly alternating, strong ledge on anterior face of anterocone, and well-developed lingual cingulum bearing enterostyle; M 2 having main cusps arranged in rows, prominent anterolabial and lingual cingula, the latter with an enterostyle. Differential diagnosis: Differing from Potwarmus primitivus in having the anterior side of m 1 much more reduced, the protoconid more anteriorly located, on M 1 the enterostyle less prominent, and in lacking metaloph on the M 2; distinct from Potwarmus thailandicus in having the anterior part of m 1 more reduced and in having a prominent crest located anterior to the anterocone, a less broader valley between the middle and last row of cusps on the M 1, and in lacking metaloph on the M 2; differing from Potwarmus sp. nov. from Jebel Zelten in having the anterior part strongly reduced and a posterior cingulum without hypoconulid on m 1, and a more anteriorly situated enterostyle on M 1; distinct from Dakkamys zaiani in lacking a new longitudinal crest, in having an isolated and smaller enterostyle on the upper molars, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from ‘ Dakkamys ’ asiaticus and ‘ Dakkamys ’ barryi in lacking anterior arms of lingual and labial cusps on the upper and lower molars, respectively, in having an isolated and small enterostyle on the upper molars, and in having the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; distinct from Paradakkamys chinjiensis in having much less prominent and isolated enterostyle on the upper molars, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; distinct from ‘ Paradakkamys ’ ouaichi in having the cusps less alternating and a well-developed longitudinal crest on the M 1; differing from ‘ Paradakkamys ’ seboui in lacking longitudinal crest, in having the enterostyle isolated on the M 1 - M 2, and the anterior part of the m 1 very reduced; distinct from Myocricetodon afoudensis in lacking a new longitudinal crest, a mesoloph, and alternating cusps, and in having an isolated enterostyle; distinct from ‘ Myocricetodon ’ sivalensis in lacking the anteroconid and longitudinal crest, and in having the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from Myocricetodon eskihisarensis in having a smaller and isolated enterostyle, lacking a paracone spur and longitudinal crest on the upper molars, and in having the anterior part of m 1 reduced; distinct from ‘ Myocricetodon ’ liui in having a smaller enterostyle on M 1, absent metaloph on M 2, and the anterior part of the m 1 reduced; differing from Vallaris zappai in lacking longitudinal crest, mesoloph, mesolophid, hypoconule, and hypoconulid on the cheek teeth; distinct from Antemus chinjiensis and Progonomys debruijni in lacking the basic murine pattern of three chevrons.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF83FFAFD618C59C4F5AF9C4.taxon	description	Description m 1: The occlusal outline of this tooth is subrectangular, longer than wide, with its anterior part somewhat rounded and slightly narrower than the posterior one. The longitudinal crest is absent; the main cusps are arranged in rows, forming two rather elevated, oblique, and nearly parallel ridges, which are separated by a transverse valley. These cusps are higher posteriorly. The posterior cusps (entoconid – hypoconid) are larger than the anterior ones (metaconid – protoconid). The anterior part of this tooth is strongly reduced, having the anteroconid fused with the low anterior cingulum. The anterior cingulum is long and well developed: its labial branch connects to the anterolabial side of the protoconid, whereas the lingual one reaches the lingual side of the tooth. This tooth has a minute ectostylid as well as an incipient mesostylid. The posterior cingulum is well developed but lacks the hypoconulid; it reaches the posterolingual side of the entoconid, enclosing a rather shallow, but large, posterolingual valley. Its labial branch reaches the base of the hypoconid. Two roots are present. The absolute as well as relative size (LM 1 / Lm 1 ratio) of this tooth is well within the range shown by all the species of Potwarmus known so far (Jaeger, Tong & Buffetaut, 1985; Lindsay, 1988; Wessels et al., 2003). M 1: On this tooth the posterior cusps are higher than the anterior ones (the metacone – hypocone are higher than the paracone – protocone and the latter are, in turn, higher than the anterocone). The occlusal outline is longer than wide with the greatest width near the mid-length. The large anterocone is clearly divided into two asymmetric lobes: the labial one is larger than the lingual one. They are separated by a relatively deep groove. There is a prominent ridge anterior to the anterocone. The anterolophule is lacking and there is a deep transversal valley separating the anterocone from the paracone – protocone. The anterior cingulum is swollen lingually as an incipient anterostyle: it descends lingually, joining with the strong lingual cingulum. This cingulum is continuous around the protocone to connect to the small enterostyle near the base of the hypocone. The enterostyle is isolated from both lingual cusps. This tooth has an incipient cusp close to the anterolabial base of the paracone. The short protoloph is narrow and joins the paracone with the posterior part of the protocone. The hypocone is fused with the metacone and with the posterior cingulum, an enamel funnel remaining in the centre. The lingual main cusps (protocone and hypocone) are situated slightly anteriorly with respect to the labial ones, and the protocone is slightly more lingually located than the hypocone. The separation between the protocone and the hypocone is less marked than between the paracone and the metacone: this manifests itself as a relict of the longitudinal crest. Posterior sulcus and posterosinus are lacking. This tooth has three roots. M 2: These teeth have the occlusal outline subrectangular, longer than wide, with the posterior part rounded. The posterior main cusps are higher than the anterior ones. The anterior cingulum is low and strong, with both branches well developed. The labial branch is longer than the lingual one, and reaches the anterolabial base of the paracone, enclosing a low anterolabial valley. The lingual branch is interrupted before reaching the anterolingual base of the protocone. The weak anterolophule connects the anterior cingulum with the protocone. These teeth lack the longitudinal crest (AJ 11) or show a relict of it (AJ 12). The anterior cusps are separated from the posterior ones by a narrow and relatively deep transversal valley. This valley has its labial part shallower than the lingual side. The paracone is fused with the anterior part of the protocone. The metacone joins with the posterior cingulum, but not with the hypocone, from which it is isolated. These teeth lack a labial cingulum, and have a very short lingual cingulum that bears a small and isolated enterostyle. They have three roots.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF86FFAFD5DCC5BD4ADBF915.taxon	discussion	Wessels et al. (1982) erected the new species Antemus primitivus on the basis of eight complete and seven incomplete isolated cheek teeth from the Chinji Formation (near Banda Daud Shah), Pakistan. They assigned this taxon to the genus Antemus. Later, Jacobs et al. (1989) excluded this species from the genus Antemus because it has a single lingual cusp on the M 1 (the enterostyle), whereas A. chinjiensis (type species of the genus) has two (an isolated enterostyle and an anterostyle, t 1, connected to the lingual anterocone, t 2). The reassessment conducted by Jacobs et al. (1989), then in press, together with the study of additional material from the Middle Miocene Pakistani localities YGSP 589, YGSP 709 (Chinji Formation) and YGSP 591 and YGSP 592 (Kamlial Formation), motivated Lindsay (1988) to re-allocate A. primitivus to the new genus Potwarmus, an action with which I agree. Lindsay (1988) also erected a new species of Potwarmus, P. minimus, the holotype being an isolated left m 1 (YGSP 19555) from the Middle Miocene locality YGSP 589 (Chinji Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan) (Lindsay, 1988: pl. 10, fig. l). This species was said to be also recorded in Pakistan, in the Middle Miocene locality YGSP 642 in the Kamlial Formation and, possibly, in some HGSP localities in the Chinji Formation at Banda Daud Shah (Lindsay, 1988). However, based on analysis of a larger sample from a single locality, Lindsay (1994) synonymized P. primitivus and P. minimus. Incidentally, Lindsay (1994: table 1) listed P. primitivus in the Kamlial Formation of Pakistan, but also in the Manchar Formation and not in the Chinji Formation.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF86FFAFD5DCC5BD4ADBF915.taxon	materials_examined	The holotype of this species (H-GSP 5521) is a right M 1 from Chinji locality H-GSP 107, which is possibly Middle Miocene in age (Wessels et al., 1982). The morphology of the first lower molar of Potwarmus primitivus is very distinct from P. flynni sp. nov. The m 1 s of P. primitivus have an unreduced anterior portion: they have a distinct single anteroconid and a metaconid, which are not distinct in P. flynni sp. nov. Potwarmus primitivus has a larger enterostyle and a better developed longitudinal crest on the M 1 s than AJ 7. On the M 2 s of P. primitivus, the longitudinal crest is also better developed than in the Arabian specimens and, the strong, long lingual branch of the anterior cingulum descends lingually continuing posteriorly as a prominent lingual cingulum. In contrast, these cingula are less prominent, much shorter and not in continuity both in AJ 11 and AJ 12. In addition, the hypocone joins with the metacone more anteriorly on the M 2 of P. primitivus than in P. flynni sp. nov.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF86FFAED62BC5BD4CF7F8CC.taxon	discussion	This species was originally erected as Antemus thailandicus on the basis of five cheek teeth. The holotype of this species is a left first upper molar (L 84 - 6, housed in DMRB) from the Middle Miocene (Chaimanee et al., 2007) Li vertebrate locality of the Mae Long Sub-Basin, Li Basin, northern Thailand (Jaeger et al., 1985: pl I, fig. b). Lindsay (1988) pointed out that ‘ A. ’ thailandicus is closely related to Potwarmus primitivus and, for this reason, he transferred it to the genus Potwarmus. As for ‘ A. ’ primitivus (see above), Jacobs et al. (1989) excluded this species from the genus Antemus based on the presence of two lingual cusps on the M 1 s of A. chinjiensis and the absence of one of them (the anterostyle) in ‘ A. ’ thailandicus. From the Li basin, about 300 additional specimens of this taxon have been reported by Mein & Ginsburg (1985), but unfortunately no description of this material is available. However, the BSPG houses casts of numerous specimens, which allows comparison of the new Arabian species with Potwarmus thailandicus. The M 1 s of Potwarmus thailandicus differ from AJ 7 in being higher crowned, in lacking a prominent crest located anterior to the anterocone, in having more prominent lingual cingula, a larger enterostyle, and the protoloph joining with the posterior part of the protocone (it joins the posterior arm of the protocone in AJ 7). With regard to the M 2 s, those of P. thailandicus have a very strong anterior cingulum, which is in continuity with the prominent lingual cingulum whereas in the Arabian specimens the anterior cingulum is less strong and it is not in connection with the lingual cingulum, which is very short. In addition, the M 2 s of P. thailandicus have a quite large enterostyle, a rather deep posterior valley, and a posterior cingulum that bears a hypoconule. In P. flynni sp. nov., the enterostyle is smaller, and there is neither a posterior valley nor a hypoconule. The m 1 s of P. thailandicus are distinct from that of P. flynni sp. nov., in being higher crowned, in having the anterior part of the teeth less reduced, in having strong anterior and labial cingula that are in continuity, and a posterior cingulum bearing an hypoconulid. AJ 13 has a very weak labial cingulum that is not continuous with the labial branch of the anterior cingulum. de Bruijn & Hussain (1984) reported a primitive species of Antemus from locality 81.14 (Lower Manchar Formation, Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan). According to them, this species would be more archaic than ‘ A. ’ primitivus from the Chinji Formation near Banda Daud Shah. Mein & Ginsburg (1985) pointed out that the description of this material could correspond to ‘ A. ’ thailandicus. However, according to the description provided by de Bruijn & Hussain (1984), the four known M 2 s of this species of Antemus lack the enterostyle (t 4). As the latter is present in most M 2 s of ‘ A. ’ thailandicus, the species reported by de Bruijn & Hussain (1984) is unlikely to be ‘ A. ’ thailandicus.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF87FFAED6F7C0ED4A91F97C.taxon	discussion	This species was erected by Jaeger (1977 a) on the basis of 93 isolated cheek teeth, a fragment of mandible, and a piece of maxilla. The holotype is the latter specimen with M 1 – M 2 (C. BR. 793) from the Middle Miocene of Beni Mellal, Morocco. This material is housed at the SGM. As for other species mentioned below (‘ Paradakkamys ’ seboui and ‘ P. ’ ouaichi), there appears to be an inaccuracy of the specific epithet: zaianensis rather than zaiani would have been expected if the species is dedicated to the Zaian country. The M 1 of Dakkamys zaiani differs from AJ 7 in having a new longitudinal crest and an enterostyle connected to the posterior arm of the protocone by a low ridge. In contrast, AJ 7 shows only a relict of a ‘ normal’ longitudinal crest and an enterostyle that does not connect to the posterior arm of the protocone. With regard to the M 2, one of the differences between D. zaiani and AJ 11 and AJ 12 is the presence of an enterostyle joined with the posterior arm of the protocone in the former, whereas it is isolated in the Arabian specimens. The morphology of the m 1 of D. zaiani is very distinct from that of AJ 13: the former has the anterior part of the tooth unreduced, a welldeveloped single anteroconid, and a longitudinal crest, which are absent in AJ 13.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF87FFAED600C38C4A3AFCE8.taxon	discussion	This species was described, but not named, by Wessels et al. (2003) on the basis of five cheek teeth (3 M 1 s, 1 M 2, and 1 m 1) and three incisors (2 i, and 1 I) from the early Middle Miocene localities of ‘ Measured Section 2 ’ (MS 2) and Wádí Shatirát (WS), Mardah Formation, Jebel Zelten, Libya. The morphology of this species is close to that of the Arabian species, but it differs in some characters. For instance, the M 1 s of Potwarmus sp. nov. from Jebel Zelten have a stronger lingual cingulum, a larger enterostyle, a less prominent precingulum (sensu Jacobs et al., 1989), and less alternate cusps than AJ 7. The M 2 of Potwarmus sp. nov. from Jebel Zelten has a very long and strong lingual cingulum, whereas it is short and less prominent in AJ 11 and AJ 12. With regard to the m 1, although the Libyan specimen is damaged and worn on its anterior part, it is less reduced than AJ 13.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF87FFADD61FC45F4FA1FBD3.taxon	description	Although the morphology of the M 1 of ‘ Dakkamys ’ asiaticus is close to that of AJ 7, there are some differences. For instance, in the M 1 of ‘ D. ’ asiaticus, the enterostyle is connected to the posterior side of the protocone and it is much larger than the isolated enterostyle of AJ 7. In addition, the M 1 of ‘ D. ’ asiaticus has a strong and long anterior arm of the protocone, and lacks an anterior cingulum, whereas the Arabian specimen has only a relict of the anterior arm of the protocone, and has an anterior cingulum. The M 2 s of ‘ D. ’ asiaticus are distinct from AJ 11 and AJ 12 in having a very large enterostyle connected to the posterior side of the protocone, whereas it is much smaller and isolated in the Arabian specimens. Furthermore, the M 2 s of ‘ D. ’ asiaticus lack the lingual anterior cingulum, and have long and well-developed anterior arms of the lingual cusps. AJ 11 and AJ 12 have a well-developed anterior lingual cingulum and lack the anterior arms of the lingual cusps. The m 1 of ‘ D. ’ asiaticus has a single-cusped anteroconid, and high and long anterior arms of the labial cusps, which are lacking in AJ 13.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF84FFADD5B9C7844B3EFDC8.taxon	discussion	This species was erected by Lindsay (1988) on the basis of 23 isolated cheek teeth from the Middle Miocene localities YGSP 76, YGSP 491, YGSP 504, YGSP 634, YGSP 636, and YGSP 726 in the Chinji Formation, and from the early Late Miocene YGSP 259 locality in the Nagri Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Additional material has been found in the Nagri Formation at locality Y 797 (Flynn & Morgan, 2005). The holotype (YGSP 24656) of this species is an isolated right M 1 from locality YGSP 76 (Lindsay, 1988: pl. 8, fig. h). Wessels (1996) suggested that this species should be re-allocated to Myocricetodon because, in particular, of its resemblance to Myocricetodon eskihisarensis. However, the phylogenetic study below corroborates the validity of Paradakkamys. The M 1 s of Paradakkamys chinjiensis have a prominent enterostyle connected to the posterior side of the protocone, a paracone with a small posteriorly directed spur, a long anterior arm of the protocone joined with the anterocone near its midpoint, and a short lingual cingulum. In AJ 7 the enterostyle is small and isolated, the spur of the paracone is lacking, the anterior arm of the protocone is only a relict, and the lingual cingulum is long. On the M 2 of P. chinjiensis the enterostyle is small, but connected to the posterior side of the protocone by a short loph, and the lingual anterior cingulum is normally absent. In AJ 11 and AJ 12, the enterostyle is isolated and the lingual anterior cingulum is strong. The m 1 s of P. chinjiensis are not reduced anteriorly: they show a well-developed anteroconid, a large ectostylid, short anterior arms of the labial cusps, and a labial cingulum. In contrast, the anteroconid, the anterior arms of the labial cusps, and the labial cingulum are lacking in AJ 13, and it has a minute ectostylid.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF84FFADD6E7C18C4BBCFA43.taxon	discussion	This species was erected by Wessels et al. (2001) on the basis of 459 molars, 19 maxillary fragments, and 29 mandible fragments from the lower Miocene Keseköy locality, Turkey. The holotype of Vallaris zappai is a right M 1 (KE 2093). The M 1 s of Vallaris zappai differ from AJ 7 in usually having a short mesoloph, a well-developed anterolophule, an anteriorly weak, but distinct, longitudinal crest, and a posterior cingulum, which has a short lingual branch and bears a hypoconule. The Arabian specimen lacks the mesoloph, the lingual branch of the posterior cingulum, and the hypoconule, and both the anterolophule and longitudinal crest are indistinct. The M 2 s of V. zappai are distinct from AJ 11 and AJ 12, for instance, in having a mesoloph, a well-developed longitudinal crest, alternate cusps, a prominent anterolophule, a better developed lingual branch of the anterior cingulum, and long protoloph and metaloph. The morphology of the m 1 of V. zappai is also very different from that of AJ 13. Vallaris zappai has the anterior part of the m 1 unreduced, showing a distinct anteroconid, a mesolophid, alternate cusps, a complete longitudinal crest, long anterolophulid, protolophid and hypolophid, and a posterior cingulum that bears a large hypoconulid.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF84FFACD61DC5754C22FDC8.taxon	discussion	Jaeger (1977 b) erected this species on the basis of 18 upper molars and 12 lower molars from the early Late Miocene site of Oued Zra, middle-Atlas, Morocco. The holotype (OZ- 20) is a left M 2 housed at the SGM. It was originally placed in the genus Myocricetodon, but was later allocated to the genus Dakkamys by Lindsay (1988) and to Paradakkamys by Tong & Jaeger (1993). None of these allocations are confirmed by the cladistic analysis (see below). The M 1 of ‘ Paradakkamys ’ seboui differs from AJ 7 in having a well-developed longitudinal crest and an enterostyle that joins the posterior side of the protocone. The M 2 of ‘ P. ’ seboui has the anterior arm of the hypocone connected to the posterior arm of the paracone, forming a new longitudinal crest, and a small enterostyle joined with the posterior arm of the protocone. In contrast, AJ 11 and AJ 12 lack a new longitudinal crest and show an isolated small enterostyle. The morphology of the m 1 of ‘ P. ’ seboui is also very different from that of AJ 13 in lacking the strong reduction of the anterior part of the tooth and in having a well-developed longitudinal crest, which is lacking in the Arabian specimen.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF85FFACD6EEC2BB4ADAFBD3.taxon	description	The M 1 s of ‘ Dakkamys ’ barryi have a very large enterostyle that joins with the posterior side of the protocone, and long anterior arms of the lingual cusps. In contrast, AJ 7 shows an isolated and small enterostyle and lacks anterior arms of the protocone and hypocone. The M 2 s of ‘ D. ’ barryi differ from AJ 11 and AJ 12 in having long anterior arms of lingual cusps (they are absent in the Arabian species). Finally, the m 1 of ‘ D. ’ barryi shows a well-developed anteroconid, which is lacking on AJ 13.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF85FFACD5FAC7E44B4AFE13.taxon	description	The holotype of this species (ME 1977) is a M 1 from the late Middle Miocene Yeni Eskihisar locality (Turkey). It is housed in the MTA. Further material of this species has been found from the Late Miocene 64, 65, 4, 8 A (Sen, 2003), and Sariçay (Ünay, de Bruijn & Saraç, 2003) localities (Sinap Formation, Turkey). This taxon was originally placed in the genus Myocricetodon, but it is uncertain whether or not it is a close relative of the type species of Myocricetodon, Myocricetodon cherifiensis. The M 1 s of Myocricetodon eskihisarensis differ from AJ 7 in lacking the anterior cingulum, in having a large paracone spur, a prominent enterostyle connected to the protocone, and in often having a new longitudinal crest. In contrast, AJ 7 has a welldeveloped anterior cingulum, an isolated and small enterostyle, and has neither a longitudinal crest nor a paracone spur. The M 2 of M. eskihisarensis has a small additional cusp on its most labial border, the lingual branch of the anterior cingulum weaker than the labial one, a paracone spur, and a large enterostyle, which connects to the protocone in some specimens. In contrast, AJ 11 and AJ 12 lack the additional anterolabial cusp and the spur of the paracone, both branches of the anterior cingulum are prominent, and they have a small and isolated enterostyle. The m 1 of M. eskihisarensis differs from AJ 13 in being unreduced anteriorly, in showing a well-developed anteroconid, and in having a complete longitudinal crest.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF85FFACD5ADC1EC4CE4FBD3.taxon	discussion	The holotype and single specimen (KO- 8, housed at SGM) of ‘ Paradakkamys ’ ouaichi is a left M 1 from the Late Miocene site of Khendek-el-Ouaich, Morocco. As for ‘ P. ’ seboui, this species was transferred from Myocricetodon to Dakkamys (Lindsay, 1988) and then to Paradakkamys (Tong & Jaeger, 1993). None of these re-assignments are supported by the cladistic analysis conducted below, which suggests that ‘ P. ’ ouaichi is more closely related to Myocricetodon cherifiensis than to Dakkamys zaiani and Paradakkamys chinjiensis. Some of the differences between ‘ Paradakkamys ’ ouaichi and AJ 7 are the presence of strongly alternating cusps, a well-developed longitudinal crest, and the absence of a ridge anterior to the anterocone.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF8AFFA3D6F7C21C4ADCFA26.taxon	description	The cheek teeth of this taxon are larger than those of Potwarmus flynni sp. nov., and their morphology is also very different. The M 1 of Antemus chinjiensis shows the basic murine pattern of three chevrons. The first one is formed by the connection of three cusps (anterostyle, lingual and labial anterocones), the second one includes a large isolated enterostyle, and connected paracone and metacone, and the third one has two cusps (hypocone and metacone) with no trace of posterostyle. In contrast, AJ 7 has a much smaller anterocone and enterostyle, the cusps are more alternate, and it lacks a well-developed anterostyle. The M 2 of A. chinjiensis is also very different, having a labial anterocone, a very large enterostyle, and a metacone connected to the hypocone. In AJ 7, the labial anterocone is lacking, the enterostyle is small, and the metacone joins with the posterior cingulum, but not with the hypocone. The m 1 of A. chinjiensis is less reduced than AJ 13, having a bilobed anteroconid separated by a deep furrow. Labial accessory cusps may be present in A. chinjiensis whereas they are absent in AJ 13.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF8AFFA3D5A3C1204D3BFB4E.taxon	discussion	This species was erected on the basis of five upper molars and a single second lower molar (Benammi, 2001). The holotype of this species (AF 6 - 47) is a right M 1 from the Late Miocene site of Afoud 6, Aït Kandoula Formation, Aït Kandoula Basin, Morocco. This species was originally placed in the genus Myocricetodon, but it is uncertain how close a relative of the type-species of Myocricetodon, Myocricetodon cherifiensis, it is. The morphology of the teeth of ‘ Myocricetodon ’ afoudensis differs greatly from that of P. flynni sp. nov. The M 1 s of ‘ M. ’ afoudensis have a mesoloph, a new longitudinal crest, strongly alternating main cusps, and a large enterostyle that joins the protocone. AJ 7 has a relict of a ‘ normal’ longitudinal crest, the main cusps are slightly alternating, the enterostyle isolated, and lacks the mesoloph. The M 2 s of ‘ M. ’ afoudensis have a new longitudinal crest (absent on AJ 11 and AJ 12) and a large enterostyle connected to the protocone (smaller and isolated in the Arabian specimens).	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF8AFFA3D5C8C6614B69FF58.taxon	discussion	This species was erected on the basis of five isolated teeth from locality 12, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, China. This locality documents the earliest fauna of the Bahe Formation (Zhaoqun, Flynn & Qiu, 2005), which corresponds with an age of about 11 Mya (Kaakinen et al., 2005). The holotype (V 14036) is a right M 1 (Qiu et al., 2004: fig. 4). This species groups close to Antemus (see below), the most primitive definite murine, and has, therefore, no close relationship with Myocricetodon cherifiensis. It should definitely receive a new generic designation. The M 1 of ‘ Myocricetodon ’ liui has a more anteriorly located and stronger enterostyle than AJ 7. On the M 2 of ‘ M. ’ liui, the lingual anterior cingulum is weaker than on AJ 11 and AJ 12, and the metacone is connected to the anterior side of the hypocone by a metaloph. On the Arabian specimens the metaloph is absent. The morphology of the m 1 of ‘ M. ’ liui is very different from that of AJ 13 in having a well-developed anteroconid and a complete longitudinal crest.	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
039C6B6DFF8AFFA2D6EBC6A94C16FB33.taxon	discussion	This species was erected by Jacobs (1978) on the basis of 50 isolated teeth from the Late Miocene YGSP locality 182 A, Dhok Pathan Formation, Punjab, Pakistan. The holotype (YGSP 7739, Jacobs, 1978: figs. 15 – 17) is a left M 1. The morphology of the teeth of Progonomys debruijni is very different from that of Potwarmus flynni sp. nov. The M 1 of P. debruijni shows the basic murine pattern of three chevrons, lacking in AJ- 7, which has a much smaller anterocone and enterostyle, the cusps more alternate, and lacks a well-developed anterostyle. The M 2 s of P. debruijni are also very distinct, having a prominent anterostyle, which is lacking in AJ 11 and AJ 12, and a large enterostyle connected to the protocone, which is smaller and isolated in AJ 11 and AJ 12. The m 1 of P. debruijni differs from AJ 13, for example, in having a well-developed bilobed anteroconid with a central X-shaped connection pattern, and a variable number of cingular cusps (absent in AJ 13).	en	Antoñanzas, Raquel López (2009): First Potwarmus from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia and the early phylogeny of murines (Rodentia: Muroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 664-679, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00494.x
