taxonID	type	description	language	source
E56B87BF0774FF95F71EE545FE50F9C4.taxon	discussion	The genus Physalis comprises about 90 species, most of them native to America, excepting P. alkekengi L. which is native to the Old World (HUNZIKER, 2001; TOLEDO & BARBOZA, 2005: 69). Physalis is a clearly defined genus, in the tribe Solaneae, and has a distinctive fruit. This is a globose two-carpelate berry, small or large (4 - 7 / 10 - 20 mm diameter) with an either juicy or rather dry pericarp. The berry is loosely enclosed by the accrescent bladdery inflated calyx. The seeds are usually numerous (around 50, 100 or 180 per fruit) but this number tends to diminish as the flowering season advances, often to 5 - 6 seeds (MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 76; HUNZIKER, 2001: 204). The species are low annual or perennials herbs and shrubby or arborescent perennials (MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 73; HUNZIKER, 2001: 202 - 204). The centre of diversity of Physalis is Mexico with over 70 species, most of which are endemic; two other centres of diversity are United States and Central America, also with endemic species (MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 72; HUNZIKER, 2001: 207). In South America barely 12 species live, some of them are also endemic (MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 72; HUNZIKER, 2001: 207). A few species are cultivated in the temperate and tropical Old World and in Australia, while others (mainly P. peruviana L. and P. angulata L.) are ruderal plants or weeds (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1989: 240 - 251; HUNZIKER, 2001: 207). These plants were introduced into warm areas of the world in post-Columbian times, with the voyages of exploration, discovery and commercial exploitation that began in the 16 th century (HEDRICK, 1919). On the basis of voucher specimens available from the Gran Chaco and bibliographical data, the genus Physalis is represented by 6 taxa in this region (TOLEDO & BARBOZA, 2005). In the Gran Chaco, Physalis flowers in spring and summer, and its fructification extends simultaneously until autumn. Occasionally, the fruits are also available in winter, when wild foods are scarce, particularly in the xerophytic parts of the region, where there is a limited amount of fresh food available for both people and animals. The different species of Physalis of the Gran Chaco grow in a diversity of environments and conditions, such as clearings and the edges of forests, xerophytic scrubland, and thus tend to invade crops, roadside verges, natural grasslands, sandy beaches along streams and rivers, land which is prone to flooding and the herbaceous stratum of gallery forests (FIEBRIG & ROJAS, 1933: 51). Ethnobotany of Physalis The ethnobotanical information is presented in two sections: the first contains a basic review of the literature on the species that live in other geographical regions, particularly in America, while the second section brings together specific data on the Gran Chaco and its neighbouring zones of influence. They will thus provide comparative elements to highlight the role of this genus of plants for the people of the Chaco. The bibliographic review does not seek to be exhaustive but aims to provide a prospective vision that allows general comparisons and conclusions. Physalis: a general review In works of a general nature that deal with the subject of useful plants, several authors have mentioned the nutritional use of the fruits of various species in different regions, indicating their area of origin, and whether they are consumed raw, or in sauces, compotes, pies, jams or relishes (HEDRICK, 1919: 431 - 433; BOIS, 1928: 367 - 369; BAILEY, 1938: 657 - 658; KÜNKEL, 1984: 275; FACCIOLA, 1990: 206 - 207). They also mention the consumption of the leaves of P. angulata in salads (HEDRICK, 1919: 431; KÜNKEL, 1984: 275). Herbarium labels usually provide additional data recorded by collectors which are of ethnobotanical interest. Reviews of specimens of the Harvard University Herbarium and the NYBG collections provide information on plants collected in the Neotropics, recording vernacular names, uses and other curiosities. In the case of Physalis, the edible and medicinal uses prevailed (REIS ALTSCHUL, 1973: 269; REIS & LIPP, 1982: 270). The Eurasian species P. alkekengi is used as an ornamental plant and is also mentioned as medicinal and edible, although it has been mentioned that its taste is rather unpleasant and it may be toxic when unripe (BOIS, 1928: 366; BAILEY, 1938: 657; UPHOF, 1959: 277; ROMO, 1996: 67). This plant is now domesticated and sold all around Europe in fruit markets. In North America, several edible species are mentioned. Their fruits are consumed raw or boiled in various culinary preparations among indigenous groups in the region (YANOVSKY, 1936: 56; UPHOF, 1959: 277; MOERMAN, 1998: 395 - 396). MOERMAN (1998: 395, 396; 2010: 180, 181) reports several medicinal qualities attributed to 6 species and the edible use of 10 species. In Mexico various representatives of the genus with edible fruits and medicinal applications among the indigenous peoples and the “ mestizo ” population are also mentioned (CABALLERO & al., 1978: 123; CABALLERO & MAPES, 1985: 35, 45 - 46; WILLIAMS, 1985: 95 - 127; CASAS & al., 1987: 331; MARTÍNEZ ALFARO & al., 1995: 238 - 240; GISPERT CRUELLS & RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLEZ, 1998: 50 - 51). In Mexico and in the Andean region, some species of the genus have been cultivated for their edible fruits since ancient times (HEISER, 1984: 50). The original species of Mesoamerica P. philadelphica Lam. has been cultivated in Mexico and Guatemala from immemorial time, to which archaeological deposits bear witness. Domesticated in Mexico, it was taken to Spain and other parts of the world (MONTES HERNÁNDEZ & AGUIRRE RIVERA, 1992). The fruits of P. peruviana were in use in Ancient Peru, in pre- Columbian times. This plant spread through the Old World after the Conquest of America as well as to other warm regions of America, extending southwards to the River Plate region, as well as to Africa and Australia (BOIS, 1928: 367 - 368; LEÓN, 1964: 109 - 110; MATHON, 1981: 103; BALBIN ORDAYA, 1982: 6; HEISER, 1984: 50; MONTES HERNÁNDEZ & AGUIRRE RIVERA, 1992: 115; HURRELL & al., 2010: 236). Other species cultivated, albeit in a more restricted form, are P. grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez from the eastern United States, well appreciated for its juicy fruits (MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 72), and P. ixocarpa Hornem., considered of excellent nutritional quality and grown in orchards in Mexico and Central America (LEÓN, 1964: 110; MANGELSDORF & al., 1964: 435; MATHON, 1981: 96; KATZ, 1990: 265). There are numerous reports on around ten South American species, as well as others which have spread throughout America. For many of them, edible and medicinal uses are reported as well as several other applications (UPHOF, 1959: 277). In several countries (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Nicaragua and Venezuela) mention is made of species of Physalis with edible fruits while other parts of the plant are used as medicines (SOUKUP, 1970: 261; GARCÍA BARRIGA, 1975: 81 - 84; SECAB, 1983: 186; CÁRDENAS, 1989: 133; MÖSBACH, 1991: 104; COE & ANDERSON, 1996: 105). Information on medicinal and food uses are also reported in the Amazonia (Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia) (GLENBOSKI, 1983: 56; VICKERS & PLOWMAN, 1984: 31; ALBERT & MILLIKEN, 2009: 56, 180). Similar records can be found in other regions in Brazil (CORRÊA, 1926: 408 - 409; DI STASI & al., 1989: 45 - 46; SOUZA & al., 2003: 100). Similarly, there are references concerning the edible and medicinal use of various species by different human groups in Bolivia (GIRAULT, 1987: 382; CÁRDENAS, 1989: 13; MOSTACEDO & USLAR, 1999: 22; BOURDY, 2002: 147 - 149). The nutritional and medicinal use of P. viscosa L. in eastern Paraguay is also widespread (MICHALOWSKI, 1955: 12; GATTI, 1985: 58, 59; PAVETTI & al., 1985: c. 33; PIN & al., 2009: 152). Similar data are repeated in the north of Argentina, particularly in the provinces bordering on the Gran Chaco, where P. viscosa is mentioned as a food and medicine, with limited mentions of other representatives of the genus (HIERONYMUS, 1929: 203 - 204; RAGONESE & MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1947: 204; PARODI, 1886: 34; SCHULZ, 1963: 61 - 62; MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1981: 99). Physalis pruinosa L. is a weed in the north of Chile and was used in past decades as a medicine (MÖBASCH, 1991: 104). There is a body of information on the phytochemical components and the pharmacological activity of various species, which in some way would appear to validate the medicinal uses assigned to them. Several authors provide references on this subject, and also include other references to provide greater depth in the matter (DI STASI & al., 1989; SCHULTES & RAFFAUF, 1990: 436; HUNZIKER, 2001: 207, 208; PIN & al., 2009: 152). Given the characteristics of its clearly ethnobotanical approach, this paper will offer no further information on this phytopharmaceutical point.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0774FF95F71EE545FE50F9C4.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular names There are lists of vernacular names assigned to species of Physalis in works of a floristic nature, or in works on the subject of useful plants, However, they have compiled names that in many cases give no specification as to where they are applied or by whom, nor to which species they refer (CORRÊA, 1926: 408 - 409). This frequently happens in the literature of the Southern Cone of America, although the names are usually restricted to P. viscosa, the most common species in the region (BONDENBENDER, 1941: 18; MARZOCCA, 1957: 338; XIFREDA, 1992: 44; HURRELL & al., 2010: 236). MARTÍNEZ (1998) condenses a long, very detailed list of names with indications as to the places where they are applied, giving special importance to those used in Mexico and Central America. Similar care has been taken to present the vernacular nomenclature of P. peruviana by the compilers of the work that deals with the lost crops of the Incas (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1989: 249 - 250). Indigenous names from the Gran Chaco are given in Appendix 2, which includes data from published works on ethnic groups that were not studied by the authors. In order to give the Criollo names or those given by the rural population greater precision we organized the vernacular nomenclature according to these human and regional groups. These generic vernacular names are also applied to various species of Physalis with no distinction. Among the Spanishspeaking population in Argentina the plants receive different names: “ uvilla ”, “ uvilla del campo ”, “ uvilla camambú ”, “ pocote ”, “ pocote de víbora ”, “ pocote de perro ” and “ meloncillo ” (HIERONYMUS, 1929: 203; BODENBENDER, 1941: 18; ACUÑA, 1945: 23; SCHULZ, 1976: 42; SCARPA, 2000: 265; BIURRUN & al., 2007: 126; TORRES & al., 2007: 163, 166, 180). In Paraguay, where the population is bilingual in Spanish and Guarani, the name generally applied to the different species is the Guarani term “ kamambu ” (FIEBRIG- GERTZ, 1923: 119; CADOGAN, 1957: 31). This designation is also applied in the Argentine regions bordering on Paraguay (such as the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Formosa, Chaco and Salta) as well as in the east of Bolivia (FRANZÉ, 1925: 14; RAGONESE & MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1947: 204; SCHULZ, 1963: 61 - 62; BOURDY, 2002: 147 - 149). BERTONI (1980: 22, 43) offers it as a generic word for Physalis and gives in addition the phonetic variant “ kamapú, ” possibly more linked to the Tupi language, since it is the word that is habitually reported for Brazil (TASTEVIN, 1923: 16; CORRÊA, 1926: 408; GONZÁLEZ TORRES, 1981: 226; DI STASI & al., 1989: 45; DA MATTA, 2003: 87). “ Kamambu ” means “ blister, bladder formed by elevation of the epidermis, bubble ”; by extension, or similarity, it is applied to those inflated fruits such as the species of Physalis and those of some Sapindaceae (GATTI & al., 1947: 37; GUASCH, 1981: 569; GATTI, 1985: 58 - 59). It should once again be stressed that the Tupi Guarani-speaking peoples are refined observers of nature and the vernacular generic name coincides with the generic name given by academic science. In fact, Physalis comes from the Greek physa which means bladder (BAILEY, 1938: 657; SOUKUP, 1970: 261; PARODI, 1980: 945). The name “ kamambu’i ” (the particle “ i ” is a diminutive that means “ small ”) is usually given to P. viscosa, because of its smaller size (HASSLER, 1909: 145; BODENBENDER, 1941: 18; SCHULZ, 1976: 42; PIN & al., 2009: 152). The vernacular nomenclature and the classification systems of the hunter-gatherer peoples are of great interest because they contain an invaluable body of observations on nature and culture. Very little has been investigated on this topic among the indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco. Regarding Physalis it can be seen that there are primary names and also compound names. The primary names probably suggest certain meanings, although we have little information in that respect. Such is the case of the “ qotoñí ” (Toba-Pilagá) or “ makani ” (Maká) names given to Physalis. As for the compound and descriptive names we resort to the phytonymy of the Wichí people, who give Physalis the following names: “ wahat te’lhui ” (= sábalo eyes; sábalo, a fish), “ wuq’ute lhui ” (= owl eyes), “ wi’yes te’lhui ” (= cavy eyes; cavy, a small rodent). With such descriptive names they compare the fruits surrounded by the calyx with the morphology of the eyes of the animals mentioned. The name “ p’oh p’oh ” is an onomatopoeic, primary name, and alludes to the explosion of the closed accrescent calyx produced when it is crushed or struck (MARANTA, 1987: 186; ARENAS, 2003: 286).	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF97F76EE6ABFDA7FE7C.taxon	description	Annual herbaceous plant of around half a metre in height. A typical species of the Chaco (Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina) that lives in clearings and the edges of forests and on roadsides; recently published as a new species (TOLEDO & BARBOZA, 2005: 70 - 72). During this investigation no samples corresponding to this species were collected. However, it should be stressed that it grows in the traditional habitats of numerous ethnic groups of the Gran Chaco: ayoreo, chamacoco, lengua, chulupí, wichí and choroti (see exsiccata and map of distribution from TOLEDO & BARBOZA, 2005: 72, Fig. 2); perhaps it is given some of the uses mentioned for the other species of Physalis in the area.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F454E716FC4CFE9C.taxon	description	An annual herbaceous plant that can reach 1 m in height, apparently glabrous, lightly pubescent; it lives in warm and temperate America; a frequent weed in cropland and in modified soils (CABRERA, 1983: 446). The Toba-Pilagá report that the ripe fruits are tasty and are gathered to be eaten raw (Fig. 2 B, D).	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F454E716FC4CFE9C.taxon	materials_examined	ARGENTINA. Prov. Formosa. Dpto. Matacos: Ing. Juárez, Barrio Mataco, 23 ° 54 S 61 ° 51 W, 24. II. 1983, Maranta 54 (BA) [Wichí indians]. Prov. Salta. Dpto Rivadavia: Alto de la Sierra, 22 ° 44 S 62 ° 30 W, 5. XI. 1984, Maranta 671 (BA) [Wichí indians]. PARAGUAY. Dpto Presidente Hayes: Colonia Menno, Paratodo, 22 ° 35 S 60 ° 20 W, 28. I. 1976, Arenas 1442 (BA) [Lengua indians]; Qemkuket, desvío a Puerto Falcón de la Ruta No. 9, 25 ° 11 S 57 ° 38 W, 26. XII. 2009, Arenas 3735 (FCQ) [Maká indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F454E716FC4CFE9C.taxon	vernacular_names	“ yateepé yaamit ”, “ yam yateepé yaamit ” [Lengua indians]; “ maqane ” [Maká indians]; “ kyes’tax teeh’lhuy ”, “ wo’ko te’lhoy ”, “ amlhox te’lhoy ” [Wichí indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E197FA80FD49.taxon	description	Annual, robust herbaceous plant which can reach up to 1.5 m in height; lives in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, with the Gran Chaco and its adjoining areas being places where its presence has been well documented (TOLEDO & BARBOSA, 2005: 73 - 76). It lives in clearings and the edges of forests, invading crops, roadsides and disturbed terrain. The Pilagá report that the ripe fruit is a source of food.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E197FA80FD49.taxon	materials_examined	ARGENTINA. Prov. Formosa. Dpto Patiño: Colonia Muñiz, a 8 km de Las Lomitas, 24 º 46 S 60 º 29 W, 3. VI. 1985, Dell Arciprete 25 (BA) [Pilagá indians]. Dpto Matacos: Ing. Juárez, Toldería Toba, 1 km al N del pueblo, 23 ° 53 S 61 ° 51 W, 20. II. 1983, Arenas 2191 (BA) [Toba-pilagá indians]. Dpto Bermejo: Pozo de Maza, 23 ° 34 S 61 ° 42 W, 4. II. 1989, Arenas 3399 (BA) [Wichí indians]; Pozo de Maza, 23 ° 34 S 61 ° 42 W, 15. VII. 1996, Scarpa 84 (BA) [Criollo]; Vaca Perdida, 23 º 29 S 61 º 38 W, 13. III. 1986, Arenas 3214 (BA) [Tobapilagá indians]. Prov. Salta. Dpto Rivadavia: Misión La Paz, 22 º 24 S 62 º 30 W, 23. I. 1984, Arenas 2683 (BA) [Choroti indians]. PARAGUAY. Dpto Presidente Hayes: Misión San Leonardo de Escalante, 61 º 00 S 24 º 45 W, VI. 1981, Sturzenegger s. n. (BACP 2524, BA) [Nivaclé indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E197FA80FD49.taxon	vernacular_names	“ xucinxasché lhakos ” [Nivaclé indians]; “ maqane ” [Pilagá indians]; “ kuchi’maGañik ”, “ kochi’maGañi ” [Toba-pilagá indians]; “ kaaní ” [Choroti indians]; “ wahat te’lhui ”, “ wuq’ute lhui ” [Wichí indians]; “ pocote ” [Argentinian Criollo].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E2EBFAAAFB69.taxon	description	Annual herbaceous plant that reaches up to 1.50 m in height. It is usually branchy and is covered in glandulous hairs. In America it is a pan-tropical species which can be found from the south of the United States, extending through warm zones of the Neotropics to the north of Argentina (CABRERA, 1983: 446; MARTÍNEZ, 1998: 110). A weed in disturbed and worked terrain, it grows in preferably damp soils. In their games, Toba- Pilagá children burst the fruits and hollow stalks of the plants. They do this with the ripe or unripe fruits of this species, when they are still covered by the inflated and globose calyx. The child places it on the palm of the hand and strikes it with the other hand, producing a loud noise as it bursts.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E2EBFAAAFB69.taxon	materials_examined	ARGENTINA. Prov. Formosa. Dpto Patiño: El Descanso, 24 º 08 S 60 º 27 W, 28. XI. 1991, Filipov & Arenas 61 (BA) [Pilagá indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E2EBFAAAFB69.taxon	vernacular_names	“ qoto’ñi ” [Pilagá indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E48BFA81F988.taxon	description	Annual herbaceous plant that reaches 1 m in height. Found in low-lying warm zones of South America, from Colombia to the north of Argentina, with the Gran Chaco being one of its areas of distribution. The name P. neesiana Sendtn. was usually used for identifications of this taxon, which has recently been reinterpreted (TOLEDO & BARBOZA, 2005: 77). The Toba- Pilagá consume the ripe fruits raw. In the past, wherever it was abundant, the women would pick a good quantity and bring them home for family consumption. They report that in years past, the English missionaries belonging to the Anglican Church, who performed evangelical work with this ethnic group, used to make jams with these fruits.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E48BFA81F988.taxon	materials_examined	ARGENTINA. Prov. Salta. Dpto Gral. San Martín: Misión Chaqueña “ El Algarrobal ”, 23 º 15 S 63 º 44 W, 25. II. 1984, Maranta & Arenas 561 (BA) [Wichí indians]. Dpto Rivadavia: Misión La Paz, 22 º 24 S 62 º 30 W, 24. I. 1984, Arenas 2694 (BA) [Choroti indians]; Misión San Patricio, 23 º 53 S 62 º 33 W, 3. I. 1983, Maranta & Arenas 339 (BA) [Wichí indians]. Prov. Formosa. Dpto Bermejo: Dr. G. Sayago, La Rinconada, 23 º 29 S 61 º 34 W, 7. VIII. 1985, Arenas 2978 (BA) [Toba-pilagá indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0771FF95F769E48BFA81F988.taxon	vernacular_names	“ kaaní hi’toi ” [Choroti indians]; “ qochi’maGañik ” [Toba-pilagá indians]; “ yesteh’lhuy ”, “ wi’yes te’lhui ”, “ p’oh p’oh ” [Wichí indians].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0773FF97F454E1FEFAF6F9A4.taxon	discussion	Species from warm America, which has been naturalized in different countries; blooms in spring and summer and fructifies simultaneously until autumn (Fig. 2 A, C, E). A perennial herbaceous plant, with horizontal, thin rhizomes, which send out erect, branchy stalks of 10 - 40 cm in height (MARZOCCA, 1957: 338; CABRERA, 1983: 445; HURRELL & al., 2010: 236). Grows in fertile, soft, humus-rich or sandy soils, and propagates by seeds and rhizomes. Frequently found in modified terrain (roads, ditches, fences, etc.) where more or less compact colonies may form, which make abundant gathering easier when they are ripe. It grows as a weed among crops, but it is also found in natural grasslands. It has been mentioned as a species that is “ suspected ” of causing food poisoning in animals (MARZOCCA, 1957: 338 - 340). The Lengua-Maskoy bake the fruits in embers or boil them before eating. There is an old saying among this ethnic group that claims that the fruit can turn those who eat it into liars, which is seen as being rather humorous today (ARENAS, 1981: 302). This same human group also uses a liquid prepared from crushed leaves placed in water to treat conjunctivitis and other eye ailments; the liquid is dropped into the eyes (ARENAS, 1981: 301, 302). The Nivaclé and the Maká eat the ripe fruits raw. The Maká report that they are the favourite of children, who gather them in their outings into the forest. Maká hunters also comment that it is a fruit much prized by the greater rhea or “ ñandú ” (Rhea americana). In the past, the Toba-Pilagá used to pick large quantities of the fruits, when they grew in abundance after the burning of fields. They claim that it is still eaten today despite the fact that it is not as common as it was in the past. They are eaten raw or mashed into a purée and seasoned by sprinkling ash over them (ARENAS, 2003: 286). The natives of western Chaco recall that the Anglican missionaries from England who conducted evangelising work among the Toba- Pilagá and the Wichí for much of the 20 th century used to prepare preserves with those fruits, and they tell that those of this species exceeded in quality those of other plants of the same genus. Both the Pilagá and the Toba from the East eat the ripe fruits raw, as we were able to observe in situ and as is mentioned by various other authors (FRANZÉ, 1925: 14; MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1964: 321; VUOTO, 1981: 22). VUOTO (1981: 22) adds that older Toba from the East would use it as a sweetener. Among the Wichí, this is the species of greatest use but specimens of other species of the genus (P. angulata, P. pruinosa var. argentina and P. pubescens var hygrophila) to which the same use is attributed were also gathered. The ripe fruits are eaten raw. This information was also recorded by other authors (MARANTA, 1987: 186, 219; ARENAS, 2003; TORRES & al., 2007: 163, 166, 180). The last Vilela of Argentina’s Central Chaco, who have now disappeared, told MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO (1965: 22) that they used to eat the fruits, but they gave no further information. For the Toba of the East and Criollos (members of a folk society from the Argentine provinces of Formosa and Chaco), Father FRANZÉ (1925: 14) says that the fruits also have a medicinal use as a diuretic, a febrifuge, they help prevent the formation of gallstones, and are useful for intestinal and pulmonary fevers. He adds that the leaves are frequently used in external poultices as a painkiller. Information of FRANZÉ (1925) is completely atypical in the context of the ethnobotany of the Toba of the East. One may wonder if the information was perhaps taken from the academic bibliography, since the catalogue was prepared by the priest for an exhibition held in the Vatican in 1925. In the Criollo environment of the eastern Chaco it is known by the name “ camambú ”. Its fruits are of a slightly acid taste and are eaten raw because they are thought to be refreshing, it also has medicinal applications (FRANZÉ, 1925: 14; RAGONESE & MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1947: 204; SCHULZ, 1963: 61 - 62). The Criollo of the west of Formosa name it “ pocote ” or “ pocote ‘ e perro ”. Its ripe fruits are eaten raw by children, while the aerial parts are sought out by dogs that eat them as an emetic when they suffer from indigestion (SCARPA, 2000: 265; ARENAS, 2003: 286). The Mennonite settlers are another representative human group in the region, who have a clear influence in social, political and economic affairs at the heart of the Paraguayan Chaco. They began to arrive from central Europe and the former USSR in the 1930 s, escaping from persecution. In an inhospitable environment they had to make the most of the natural space and the local plants available. Among other fruits, the species of Physalis were well used by housewives. The use of P. viscosa has been confirmed, but perhaps they make use of other plants of the same genus commonly found in the area. In their dialect - “ Plautdietsch ” - they are known as “ Junitjoasche ” (= June cherries) and they are used to prepare jams, compotes and several kinds of pies (“ pee ”), especially “ Riebelplautz ”, a Sunday pie which is similar to crumble.	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0773FF97F454E1FEFAF6F9A4.taxon	materials_examined	ARGENTINA. Prov. Formosa. Dpto Bermejo: El Churcal, 23 º 22 S 61 º 49 W, 15. XI. 1985, Arenas 3040 (BA) [Toba-pilagá indians]; La Rinconada, 23 º 29 S 61 º 34 W, 6. XII. 1985, Arenas 3114 (BA) [Tobapilagá indians]; La Rinconada, 23 º 29 S 61 º 34 W, 10. XII. 1996, Scarpa 182 (BA) [Criollo], La Rinconada, 23 º 29 S 61 º 34 W, 14. XII. 1996, Scarpa 222 (BA) [Criollo]; Pozo de Maza, 23 ° 34 S 61 ° 42 W, 30. III. 1999, Scarpa 382 (BA) [Criollo]; Pozo de Maza, 23 ° 34 S 61 ° 42 W, 10. XI. 1989, Arenas 3428 (BA) [Wichí indians]. Dpto Matacos: Ing. Juárez, Toldería Toba, 1 km al N del pueblo, 23 ° 53 S 61 ° 51 W, 20. II. 1983, Arenas 2229 (BA) [Toba-pilagá indians]. Dpto Patiño: Pozo Navagán, reducción de indígenas pilagás, 24 º 15 S 60 º 00 W, 25. I. 1982, Arenas 2023 (BA) [Pilagá indians]. Dpto Pilagás: Misión Tacaaglé, 24 ° 58 S 58 ° 49 W, 27. IX. 1979, Vuoto 1978 (BACP, BA) [Toba from the East indians]; Misión Tacaaglé, 24 ° 58 S 58 ° 49 W, 12. X. 1979, Vuoto 2056 (BACP, BA) [Toba from the East indians]. Prov. Salta. Dpto Rivadavia: Alto de la Sierra, 22 ° 44 S 62 ° 30 W, 5. II. 1984, Maranta 670 (BA) [Wichí indians]; Misión La Paz, 22 º 24 S 62 º 30 W, 15. I. 1982, Arenas 2107 (BA) [Nivaclé indians]; Misión La Paz, 22 º 24 S 62 º 30 W, 12. I. 1984, Arenas 2609 (BA) [Choroti indians]; Misión La Paz, 22 º 24 S 62 º 30 W, 15. I. 1982, Arenas 2107 (BA) [Wichí indians]; J. Solá, Morillo, 23 ° 28 S 62 ° 53 W, 12. I. 1983, Maranta & Arenas 102 (BA) [Wichí indians]; J. Solá, Morillo, 23 ° 28 S 62 ° 53 W, 3. XII. 2005, Suárez & Arenas 28 (BA) [Wichí indians]. PARAGUAY. Dpto Presidente Hayes: Colonia Menno, Paratodo, 22 ° 35 S 60 ° 20 W, 30. I. 1976, Arenas 1473 (BA) [Lengua indians]; Colonia Menno, Paratodo, 22 ° 35 S 60 ° 20 W, XII. 1974, Arenas 1088 (BA) [Lengua indians]; Qemkuket, desvío a Puerto Falcón de la Ruta No. 9, 25 ° 11 S 57 ° 38 W, 30. XII. 2009, Arenas 3735 (FCQ) [Maká indians]; Gral. Bruguez, margen del río Pilcomayo, 24 ° 45 S 58 ° 50 W, 4. I. 1980, Arenas s. n. (BACP 1553, BA) [Maká indians]; Estancia Loma Pyta, 23 ° 40 S 59 ° 35 W, 4. IV. 1974, Arenas 566 (BA) [Nivaclé indians]; Estancia Loma Pyta, 23 ° 40 S 59 ° 35 W, 9. XII. 1978, Arenas s. n. (BACP 676, BA) [Nivaclé & Maká indians]. Capital Asunción: 25 ° 16 S 57 ° 38 W, 4. IX. 1976, Schinini 13538 (BA) [Criollo].	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
E56B87BF0773FF97F454E1FEFAF6F9A4.taxon	vernacular_names	“ yateepé yaamit ” [Lengua indians]; “ maqane ” [Maká indians]; “ makaanni ”, “ makane ”, “ qa’ni ” [Nivaclé indians]; “ camambú ” [Criollo; Paraguayan Chaco]; “ pocote ”, “ pocote e’comer ”, “ pocote e’perro ” [Argentinian Criollo]; “ si’khyuste’lhoi ”, “ wo’ote’lhoi ”, “ sik’yus telhoy ”, “ wahat te’lhui ”, “ wuq’ute lhui ” [Wichí indians]; “ katoñi ” [Toba from the East indians]; “ qoto’ñi ”, “ qotoñi ” [Toba-pilagá indians]; “ qoto’ñi ” [Pilagá indians]; “ ka ni’i ” [Choroti indians]; “ bons (l) í ” [Vilela Indians, Argentina, Prov. Chaco, Resistencia] (Cf. MARTÍNEZ CROVETTO, 1965: 22).	en	Arenas, Pastor, Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (2013): Ethnobotany of the genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco. Candollea 68 (2): 251-266, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v682a9
