identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6661DF14FFDB0F29FF00FE65FE6C9D7C.text	6661DF14FFDB0F29FF00FE65FE6C9D7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brycon dulcis Lima & Vieira 2017	<div><p>Brycon dulcis Lima &amp; Vieira 2017</p> <p>Local names. Piabanha, biririca.</p> <p>Distribution and additional records. Brycon dulcis is recorded from the middle and lower rio Doce basin, in the Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo (Lima 2017). The species was reported specifically from Espírito Santo State only from the Lagoa Juparanã system, with the last record from the state in 1965, from which it was inferred that the species might have been extirpated from the lower portion of the rio Doce basin (Lima 2017). Somewhat surprisingly, a juvenile specimen was collected in January 2014 in the Lagoa de Juparanã (UMMZ 250042), which demonstrates that, despite the odds, B. dulcis still survives in the lower portion of the rio Doce basin. Recently a single B. dulcis specimen (MBML 13000, figure 2) was captured downstream from Cachoeira do Oito hydropower dam, in the Colatina, Espírito Santo, confirming that this species still occurs in the lower section of rio Doce in Espírito Santo. Lima (2017) also commented on a possible previous occurrence of the species in the rio Santa Maria da Vitória, based on some old lots putatively collected from this river basin. João L. Gasparini (pers. comm.) reported that old fishermen from that area mentioned the previous existence of a fish that was very likely a Brycon species at the rio Santa Maria da Vitória, known by them as biririca (a name still employed for B. insignis at the rio Itabapoana (Lima 2017). So, apparently, Brycon dulcis once had a distribution extending southward into the rio Santa Maria da Vitória.</p> <p>Habitat and ecological notes. The Lagoa de Juparanã on the lower rio Doce is the largest coastal lake in Brazil (Sarmento-Soares et al. 2017). Today, the Juparanã is inhabited by numerous allochthonous species, typical of lentic environments of other biomes such as the piranha Pygocentrus nattereri Kner and the tucunaré Cichla kelberi Kullander &amp; Ferreira. The collapse of Lagoa do Juparanã, mainly caused by eutrophication and habitat destruction, changed its fauna composition (E.H. de Barros, pers. comm.), and most of the native species that previously occurred in the lake are now rare. This is the case of Brycon dulcis, an inhabitant of shallow waters and feeding on allochthonous resources, and its populations are possibly vulnerable to predation by the piranhas, and the juveniles, by Cichla kelberi.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6661DF14FFDB0F29FF00FE65FE6C9D7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes;Silva, Juliana Paulo Da;Lima, Flávio César Thadeo;Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva;Duboc, Luiz Fernando;Machado, Débora Ferreira;Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes, Silva, Juliana Paulo Da, Lima, Flávio César Thadeo, Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva, Duboc, Luiz Fernando, Machado, Débora Ferreira, Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria (2021): The genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Bryconidae) of Espírito Santo State, Brazil: new records and comments on conservation. Zootaxa 5072 (2): 145-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.3
6661DF14FFDD0F2CFF00FB70FB669B73.text	6661DF14FFDD0F2CFF00FB70FB669B73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brycon opalinus (Cuvier 1819)	<div><p>Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819)</p> <p>Local name. Pirapitinga.</p> <p>Distribution and additional records. Brycon opalinus was previously known from the upper rio Paraíba do Sul and upper rio Doce basins in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Lima 2017). Its current geographical range is highly fragmented and restricted to some headwater tributaries of the rio Paraíba do Sul and rio Doce basins, with relatively healthy populations in some river stretches (Lima 2017). There is an old record for the species downstream from the rio Doce in Espírito Santo State, considered doubtful by Lima (2017) in view of the known preference of the species for headwater areas. Brycon opalinus is recorded herein for the first time from the rio Itapemirim (figure 5), a river system located in the southern portion of the Espírito Santo State. The specimens were all sampled in the upper rio Itapemirim basin, in the rio Braço Norte Direito, on a stretch limited upstream by Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça (PECF) and downstream by Central Geradora Hidrelétrica (CGH) Francisco Gross, near the mouth of tributaries.</p> <p>Habitat and ecological notes. Brycon opalinus is found in headwater areas, inhabiting small rivers, characterized by possessing slightly dark-stained to clear waters, and lentic stretches alternated with rapids (Lima 2017). All B. opalinus specimens collected in the rio Itapemirim basin were found in stretches close to rapids. The rio Braço Norte Direito near Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça, where the species was first recorded in this basin in the years 2012 and 2013, had a maximum width of 28.6 m, a maximum depth of about 2.2 m, and the river in this stretch has a fast current with rapids. The substrate is composed mainly of sand and pebbles, with scattered rocks. Water transparency in this river varies markedly throughout the year, with relatively low turbidity and clear waters during the dry season, and turbid waters, with low transparency, during the rainy season. The catchment area of the rio Braço Norte Direito is mostly deforested, being mainly composed of pastureland, with a few more vegetated areas in an initial phase of succession.</p> <p>Brycon opalinus is not known to undertake large migrations (Lima 2017). It is likely that this species uses the rio Braço Norte Direito as a migratory corridor and spawning area (this river stretch is approximately 18 km long). This assumption is based on the fact that only juveniles were recorded within the Parque Estadual da Cachoeira da Fumaça (PECF) (Rodrigues 2013), which is situated downstream from a waterfall 144 meters high, which corresponds to a natural barrier for most of the aquatic fauna in this river. The PECF protects a preserved section of rio Braço Norte Direito, one of the main tributaries forming the rio Itapemirim. While the few recorded adult specimens were found downstream from the PECF, in the area comprised by CGH Francisco Gross.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6661DF14FFDD0F2CFF00FB70FB669B73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes;Silva, Juliana Paulo Da;Lima, Flávio César Thadeo;Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva;Duboc, Luiz Fernando;Machado, Débora Ferreira;Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes, Silva, Juliana Paulo Da, Lima, Flávio César Thadeo, Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva, Duboc, Luiz Fernando, Machado, Débora Ferreira, Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria (2021): The genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Bryconidae) of Espírito Santo State, Brazil: new records and comments on conservation. Zootaxa 5072 (2): 145-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.3
6661DF14FFDF0F2DFF00F9ADFA0D9DAB.text	6661DF14FFDF0F2DFF00F9ADFA0D9DAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brycon	<div><p>Key to the species of Brycon occurring in Espírito Santo State (adapted from Lima (2017)):</p> <p>1. Fifth infraorbital bone wider than high; head profile distinctly pointed........................................... 2</p> <p>- Fifth infraorbital bone about as wide as high; head profile either obtuse or pointed................................. 3</p> <p>2. Caudal, dorsal, and anal fins carmine-red in life, light-colored in preserved specimens................. Brycon vermelha</p> <p>- Caudal, dorsal, and anal fins darkened in both living and preserved specimens......................... Brycon insignis</p> <p>3. Head profile distinctly pointed, including snout............................................................. 4</p> <p>- Head profile approximately obtuse, including snout............................................. Brycon opalinus</p> <p>4. Mouth distinctly anisognathous, premaxillary pointed, extending beyond dentary, leaving outer, and often second, premaxillary tooth row exposed in ventral view............................................................... Brycon ferox</p> <p>- Mouth approximately isognathous, premaxillary and dentary mostly overlapping, leaving only part of outer premaxillary series exposed in ventral view in some specimens...................................................... Brycon dulcis</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6661DF14FFDF0F2DFF00F9ADFA0D9DAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes;Silva, Juliana Paulo Da;Lima, Flávio César Thadeo;Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva;Duboc, Luiz Fernando;Machado, Débora Ferreira;Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes, Silva, Juliana Paulo Da, Lima, Flávio César Thadeo, Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva, Duboc, Luiz Fernando, Machado, Débora Ferreira, Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria (2021): The genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Bryconidae) of Espírito Santo State, Brazil: new records and comments on conservation. Zootaxa 5072 (2): 145-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.3
6661DF14FFDC0F2EFF00FF61FE3A9C77.text	6661DF14FFDC0F2EFF00FF61FE3A9C77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brycon ferox Steindachner 1877	<div><p>Brycon ferox Steindachner, 1877</p> <p>Local name. Piabanha.</p> <p>Distribution and additional records. Brycon ferox was reported by Lima (2017) as occurring from the rio Itaúnas in northern Espírito Santo State northward to the rio dos Frades basin in southern Bahia state, Brazil. However, the species was also recorded from the rio São Mateus in Espírito Santo (immediately southward to rio Itaúnas basin) by Sarmento-Soares &amp; Martins-Pinheiro (2012), Plesley et al. (2014) and Mazzini et al. (2014), a fact unfortunately omitted by Lima (2017). In addition, recent expeditions made by LFSI and collaborators to the river drainages from northern Espírito Santo (rio Itaúnas, rio São Mateus, and rio Barra Seca basins), and by LNR to the upper rio Barra Seca revealed that B. ferox is widely distributed in the region (figure 3). With the new information herein provided, the distribution of the species extends southward to the rio Barra Seca (Espírito Santo), which is situated immediately north of the rio Doce basin.</p> <p>Habitat and ecological notes. As mentioned above, Brycon ferox is distributed in Espírito Santo State along the entire course of the rio Itaúnas, rio São Mateus, and rio Barra Seca basins, except in their estuarine portions. Research carried out during a whole year for ecological purposes by the LFSI team at the Reserva Biológica de Sooretama resulted in the capture of 11 B. ferox specimens. Of these specimens, one was captured in the rio Barra Seca (which borders the protected area and is partially preserved) and one at the Córrego do Cupido, outside of the protected area in a degraded area converted to pasture. The remaining specimens were recorded in the Córrego Rodrigues, a tributary of the rio Barra Seca, in its portion that runs within the protected area, but not along its stretch outside the Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, where there was no riparian forest left. Machado (2017) studied the diet of ten specimens of B. ferox collected from the rio Barra Seca basin in the Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, and found the species concentrated on ten food items, from which about 92% was represented by insects, followed by plants (4%, fragments and seeds, including seeds of Plantaginaceae and Solanaceae) and fish (3%). Additional ecological data about the species, including data on its reproduction, are necessary for a better understanding of its ecological requirements.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6661DF14FFDC0F2EFF00FF61FE3A9C77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes;Silva, Juliana Paulo Da;Lima, Flávio César Thadeo;Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva;Duboc, Luiz Fernando;Machado, Débora Ferreira;Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes, Silva, Juliana Paulo Da, Lima, Flávio César Thadeo, Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva, Duboc, Luiz Fernando, Machado, Débora Ferreira, Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria (2021): The genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Bryconidae) of Espírito Santo State, Brazil: new records and comments on conservation. Zootaxa 5072 (2): 145-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.3
6661DF14FFDC0F2FFF00F945FEF79E22.text	6661DF14FFDC0F2FFF00F945FEF79E22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brycon insignis Steindachner 1877	<div><p>Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877</p> <p>Local name. Piabanha</p> <p>Distribution and additional records. Brycon insignis is recorded from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais states, plus several smaller coastal river drainages in Rio de Janeiro State, i.e., rio Guandu, rio Macaé, rio São João, rio Imbé and lagoa Feia system, and rio Itabapoana, at the border of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santos states (Lima 2017). The species is herein being recorded for the first time from headwater areas of the rio Itabapoana, in southern Espírito Santo State, based on juveniles collected from the córrego Pratinha, Mimoso do Sul (MBML 8296, figure 4).</p> <p>Habitat and ecological notes. Brycon insignis occurs mainly in large rivers with slow flow, unlike the sympatric B. opalinus (in the rio Paraíba do Sul basin), which favors headwater areas (Lima 2017). Brycon insignis is an omnivore with adult specimens ingesting animal and vegetal foods in approximately equal proportions while juveniles tend to ingest a higher proportion of animal food (Hilsdorf et al. 2008). The breeding period of Brycon insignis occurs during the summer (Andrade-Talmelli et al. 2001, 2002; Matsumoto et al. 2009; Tolussi et al. 2010), males becoming mature at the second (~ 20 cm) and females at the third year of life (~ 25 cm) (Hilsdorf et al. 2008). The specimens herein reported from Brycon insignis were captured in a tributary of the rio Muqui do Sul, a tributary of the rio Itabapoana basin. These specimens were found in a small, degraded stream with clear waters, lentic stretches alternated with rapids, about 60 to 120 centimeters of depth, two to five meters wide and a predominantly sand/clay substrate with very fine gravel. The degree of shading was low due to the surrounding area being modified into a pastureland.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6661DF14FFDC0F2FFF00F945FEF79E22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes;Silva, Juliana Paulo Da;Lima, Flávio César Thadeo;Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva;Duboc, Luiz Fernando;Machado, Débora Ferreira;Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria	Rodrigues, Leydiane Nunes, Silva, Juliana Paulo Da, Lima, Flávio César Thadeo, Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira Da Silva, Duboc, Luiz Fernando, Machado, Débora Ferreira, Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria (2021): The genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Bryconidae) of Espírito Santo State, Brazil: new records and comments on conservation. Zootaxa 5072 (2): 145-156, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.3
