taxonID	type	description	language	source
4615878D443867024C8876CFFDC7F9D8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 21 March 1998, four specimens, 0 - m depth, 5.5 – 10.5 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 26 March 1998, two specimens, 0 - m depth, 4 – 5 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 June 2000, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 8 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 July 2003, one specimen, 1 - m depth, 10 - mm long.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443867024C8876CFFDC7F9D8.taxon	description	External morphology: The general colour is whitish. The oral tentacles are long and thin (Fig. 1 A), with a slight pale orange tinge on the external side. The smooth rhinophores are smaller than the oral tentacles, and are pale orange with a whitish tip. The preserved specimens have rhinophores and oral tentacles that are perfoliated or wrinkled, but this is a result of the fixation. There is an orange line on each side of the head, and another line between the rhinophores and the oral tentacles. Behind the rhinophores, the black eyes are visible through the skin and there is an orange line between them. There are two orange zigzag stripes along the body following the limits of the ceratal clusters. These stripes meet where the ceratal clusters of the two sides are closest medially. Opaque white rhomboidal spots are present mid-dorsally, and are flanked by the orange stripes. The cerata are pale orange, with a brown digestive gland and a white ring towards the white tip. The anteriormost clusters consist of rows of two or three cerata. The remaining clusters consist of about five cerata forming an arch and, next to this, a row of three or four cerata. The genital opening is situated in the right side, beneath the first group of cerata, and the anus is located behind it. The foot is white and translucent. Internal morphology: The radula is uniseriated. One specimen measuring 10 - mm long when alive possesses a row of 14 teeth. Each tooth is bilobed with a median cusp (Figs 2, 3 A). The smallest tooth is 40 - Mm wide, and bears up to 11 – 12 denticles on each side (Fig. 2 C). The largest teeth are about 95 - Mm wide and bear up to 19 denticles on each side (Fig. 2 A). The border of the masticatory process of the jaws is smooth (Fig. 3 B).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443867024C8876CFFDC7F9D8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species has a very distinctive dorsal pattern, but has variation in the coloration between specimens. For this reason, numerous animals have been misidentified. For example, Marcus & Marcus (1967) described this species (cited as Aeolidiella lurana) as a bluish white species, with pink colour on both sides of the head and pink oral tentacles. On both sides of the body, on the central part of the head, and towards the tips of the rhinophores, there is yellow pigmentation. Marcus & Marcus (1970) found another specimen in Puerto Rico with different coloration from that of the Brazilian animal described previously in Marcus & Marcus (1967). Our specimens are transparent, with orange patches on the top of the head and behind the rhinophores. There are two dorsal orange stripes, and the rhinophores have orange bases. Although some differences exist between both specimens, they have similar coloration on the cerata, similar dorsal patterns, and similar shapes of teeth. According to Valdés (2005) this species has similar anatomical characteristics as those of Aeolidiella stephanieae (Valdés, 2005), but they do have external differences such as coloration. Furthermore, internal differences also exist, such as the masticatory border of the jaws which in A. stephanieae, which has several irregular denticles.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443867024C8876CFFDC7F9D8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Mauritius (Bergh, 1888 a); Noordwachter Island (Bergh, 1888 b); Japan (Baba, 1930, 1949, 1979); Red Sea (Eliot, 1908); Tanzania (Edmunds, 1969); New Caledonia (Risbec, 1928); Naples (Schmekel, 1970); California, San Diego (Sphon, 1971); Mexico (Ferreira & Bertsch, 1975); Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Laurel Reef (Marcus & Marcus, 1970); Hawaii (Gosliner, 1980); South African (Gosliner & Griffiths, 1981); New Zealand (Miller, 2001). Brazil: Bahia de Santos, Urubuqueçaba Island, São Paulo (Marcus & Marcus, 1967); Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro) (present paper).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443A67044D687397FEE6F8CC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 21 March 1998, two specimens, 0 - m depth, 18 – 19 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 26 March 1998, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 18 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 1 July 1999, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 10 - mm long.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443A67044D687397FEE6F8CC.taxon	description	External morphology: Whitish to cream body (Fig. 1 B – D), and translucent oral tentacles with white tips. The rhinophores have the same colour as the body, and bear papillae on their posterior side. On top of the head, in front of the rhinophores, there is opaque white pigmentation. Behind the rhinophores the black eyes are visible through the skin. Between the eyes there is a white patch of rhomboidal shape (Fig. 4 A). The zone of pericardium is covered with irregular white spots. In addition to these characters, the smallest specimen (Fig. 1 B) has an opaque white line on the back, between the pericardium and the tail, and white dots on each side of the line. The cerata are arranged in 12 – 15 pairs of groups: four or five precardial and between eight and ten postcardial (Fig. 4 B). The postcardial cerata are thicker than the precardial ones. This characteristic is most evident in the smallest specimen. The first cluster consists of numerous cerata, which are smaller than those of the remaining groups. The cerata are organized in horseshoe-shaped arches, very close. There are one or two cerata rows in the ends of each arch; the larger cerata are located on the central part of the body. The digestive gland within each cerata is brown and the cnidosac is pink – red. The genital opening is situated below the second or third precardial ceratal group, and the anus is located approximately to the right of the pericardium. There is a broad foot and a long translucent tail with a white longitudinal line. Internal morphology: The radulae in one 18 - mm-long specimen have the formula 16 ¥ 0. 1. 0; in a 19 - mmlong specimen they have the formula 22 ¥ 0. 1. 0. The teeth are arched and bilobed, with a notch in the central part and 27 – 29 denticles on each side (Fig. 3 C, D). The radular formula in one 10 - mm-long specimen is 16 ¥ 0. 1. 0. In this specimen the oldest teeth have short broad central cusps (Fig. 4 C), which diminish in size from the first to the fourth tooth, and disappear from the fifth tooth (Fig. 4 D). The masticatory borders of the jaws are smooth.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443A67044D687397FEE6F8CC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The specimens studied are similar to those described by Marcus (1958). Unfortunately, his preserved material was faded at the time of the description, and we do not know the coloration of the living animals, but these had other very similar characteristics to our specimens, and we consider that they are the same species. Both have rhinophores with papillae on the posterior side, the cerata are arranged in up to 12 groups on each side of dorsum, and the masticatory border of the jaws is smooth. Furthermore, the teeth are bi-arched, and the central denticle is absent, except in the oldest teeth. This is the first record of B. benteva since its original description in 1958.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443A67044D687397FEE6F8CC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Near Ubatuba, São Paulo (Marcus, 1958); Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro) (present paper).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443C67074F28736CFACFFBB7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 1 July 1999, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 13 - mm long. External morphology: The animal is thin and elongated. The body colour is brown with whitish spots on the dorsum and cerata (Fig. 1 E). Oral tentacles are elongate with translucent brown bases and whitish pigment on the apical portion. The brown rhinophores bear papillae. In the preserved state, a narrow longitudinal fold on the anterior face is present in each rhinophore. The bases of the rhinophores are very close, and have a white spot on the head below them. The cerata are organized in five pairs of horseshoeshaped arches (Fig. 5 A). The first group contains the largest number of cerata (about 14). The second arch contains ten cerata, and the number diminishes toward the posterior end. The cerata of the posterior groups are stouter than the anterior ones, and have pointed tips. The genital opening is located on the right side, in front of the first arch of cerata. The anus is situated inside the second arch. The whitish foot ends in a thin and translucent tail. Internal morphology: The radular formula is 18 ¥ 0. 1. 0. The arched teeth posses numerous denticles (Fig. 5 B). One large tooth has 35 denticles on each side. The central denticle is smaller, and on its sides larger and a smaller denticles are arranged alternately (Fig. 3 E). The jaws are each 820 - Mm long, and are nearly transparent – yellowish. The masticatory border is smooth (Fig. 3 F). Remarks: Our specimen coincides with that described by Marcus & Marcus (1970), in coloration, ceratal arrangement, and radula. The species Millereolidia ritmica (Ortea, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003) from Costa Rica has similar teeth to those of B. creutzbergi, with alternating large and small denticles. Both species have brown body colour with whitish spots on the dorsum, the rhinophores bear papillae, and most of the cerata are organized in five pairs of horseshoe-shape arches. However M. ritmica differs from B. creutzbergi: it has an extremely thin and long tail, the papillae of the rhinophores are arranged in rings, the first ceratal group forms a triangle, and the masticatory border is denticulate. Distribution: Curaçao (Marcus & Marcus, 1970); Barbados (Edmunds & Just, 1983); Cayman Island (Hess et al., 1994); Bahamas (Redfern, 2001). Brazil: This is the first record of this species from Brazil (Praia de Armação, Buzios, Rio de Janeiro).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443F670C4FD7711CFC49FDEC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: one specimen, 12 - mm long, 0 - m depth at Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 22 June 2000, deposited in the Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de São Paulo, Brazil (catalogue number MZUSP 64150). Paratype: one specimen, same data as for holotype, 11 - mm long, deposited in the Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de São Paulo, Brazil (catalogue number MZUSP 64151). Other material: Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 21 March 1998, two specimens, 0 - m depth, 5 – 7 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 22 March 1998, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 16.6 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 23 March 1998, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 7 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 26 March 1998, two specimens, 0 - m depth, 6 – 7 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 27 June 1999, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 11 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 25 June 2000, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 13 - mm long.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443F670C4FD7711CFC49FDEC.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species is named after Ernst Marcus, who first described these specimens. Marcus contributed considerably to the knowledge of the Brazilian opisthobranchs.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443F670C4FD7711CFC49FDEC.taxon	description	External morphology: The general body colour is whitish. The oral tentacles are elongate, their bases are translucent with orange pigment, and the apical two-thirds of each is white (Fig. 1 F). The rhinophores bear papillae on their posterior faces. Some specimens have papillae arranged in oblique rows on the anterior and lateral faces. Approximately, the apical twothirds of the rhinophores are white – cream, and the bases are reddish. An orange band is on either side of the head, between the oral tentacles and rhinophores. The cerata are organized into between five and seven pairs of groups (Fig. 6 A). The cerata have translucent tips, below which there is an orange ring, and the digestive gland is brown. Below the orange ring there is a whitish area that is more visible in some specimens. The cerata are arranged in horseshoe-shaped arches (Fig. 6 B). The cerata of the middle part are larger than those at the ends. The first group contains ten or 11 cerata, and the number diminishes towards the tail. The posterior groups consist of two or three cerata, not in arches. There are oblique bright orange lines on the borders of the insertions of the cerata, especially on the first group. Near the cerata the dorsum is translucent white, and extending posteriorly from the base of the rhinophores there is an undulating opaque white band. This band may be broken, or can extend uninterrupted to the tip of the tail. On the largest specimens the dorsal band is broken on the pericardium, and there are some spots of the same colour on this area. The genital opening is among the cerata of the anteriormost group on the right. The anus is located below the second right arch. The foot is translucent, with elongated foot corners curved posteriorly (Fig. 1 G). Internal morphology: The radula is uniseriate with between ten and 12 bi-arched teeth (Fig. 7 A). Each tooth has a triangular median cusp with a very fine denticle on each side (in some teeth it only appears on one of the sides). In a 5 - mm-long specimen the median teeth have 17 – 21 denticles on each side (Fig. 6 C), and the smallest tooth has 12 – 13 denticles on each side (Fig. 6 D). In an 11 - mm-long specimen the smaller teeth have 19 – 23 denticles on each side, and the larger teeth have 24 – 28 denticles. Some specimens have radular teeth with denticles that are piled up (Fig. 6 E), or with denticles ending in two or more tips (Fig. 6 F). The masticatory border of each jaw plate shows a long row of small rounded denticles. (Fig. 7 B).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443F670C4FD7711CFC49FDEC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The presence of the European species B. verrucicornis and B. coerulescens in the Western Atlantic has been an object of discussion. The Western Atlantic specimens of Berghia were assigned to a very variable species, B. coerulescens (Engel, 1925; Marcus, 1957; Edmunds, 1964, 1966; Marcus, 1976), although some of them were re-examined and subsequently assigned to B. verrucicornis by Tardy (1962). However, several authors have doubted the amphiatlantism of these Berghia species, and have recognized the need for future investigations to clarify this question (Edmunds, 1968; García-Gómez & Thompson, 1990; Muniain & Ortea, 1999). The study of the specimens from the Brazilian coast allows us to observe several characters, mainly related to the coloration, that differ from the specimens of the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic (Table 1). The animals from Rio de Janeiro present orange markings at the bases of the ceratal clusters, which are especially visible in the anterior groups. This characteristic is present in all examined specimens, but is not present in the descriptions of B. verrucicornis from the Eastern Atlantic (Tardy, 1962; Edmunds, 1968; Ballesteros, 1977; García-Gómez & Thompson, 1990; Garcia-Gomez, 2002). To corroborate this affirmation, we have examined specimens of B. verrucicornis from the Atlantic coast of Huelva (south-western Spain). Variations of colour are shown in Fig. 8 A and B. The back of one specimen is mostly orange (Fig. 8 A). The other specimen has a whitish back with a translucent orange mid-dorsal band, and the pericardium has further orange pigmentation (Fig. 8 B). These animals differ from the Brazilian Berghia specimens in the lack of an orange line on the ceratal insertion, and the opaque white band on the dorsum is also absent. Furthermore, the Western Atlantic specimens possess fewer pairs of ceratal groups than the Eastern specimens. The Brazilian animals are 5 – 16.5 - mm long, and have between five and seven groups. Ballesteros (1977) described a 13 - mm-long specimen from the Mediterranean Sea with ten ceratal clusters, and Edmunds (1968) studied a 15 - mm-long specimen from Ghana with eight groups. Internal characters of Brazilian material were also compared with those from Huelva. The radular teeth of B. verrucicornis (Fig. 7 C) have more elongated and numerous denticles than those of B. marcusi sp. nov. The teeth of B. verrucicornis have a vertical crack below the median cusp, and the lateral denticles become large gradually (Fig. 7 D). Berghia marcusi sp. nov. radulae have larger and stouter denticles than those of B. verrucicornis, but a very fine denticle on one or both sides of the median cusp may be present. Furthermore, B. marcusi sp. nov. has the masticatory border of the jaws with rounded denticles, whereas B. verrucicornis has either smooth jaws (Thompson, 1980; Garcia-Gomez, 2002) or jaws with hair-shaped denticles (Tardy, 1962; Marcus, 1972). Our specimens from Rio de Janeiro show great similarity with those examined from Ubatuba by Marcus (1957). Other authors such as García-Gómez & Thompson (1990) reported special features for these animals, which differed from the other specimens from the Western Atlantic. They stated that the specimens from Brazil identified as Spurilla coerulescens by Marcus may belong to another (new) species. Small differences exist between our material and the Ubatuba specimens (orange pigment in our animals and red pigment in those of Marcus), but both animals have orange markings on the dorsum, have oral tentacles and rhinophores that are yellow-tipped and have red bases, have red marks on the head, and have cerata with red rings. Edmunds (1968) described three specimens of Berghia from Jamaica, called A, B, and C, that showed orange markings at the ceratal insertions. He compared these animals with those from Ghana, and suggested two possibilities: first, a very variable species is present in the Western Atlantic; second, two or more new species of Western Atlantic Berghia exist. According to García-Gómez & Thompson (1990), specimen B is distinct from any described species, and it can be distinguished from B. verrucicornis by the orange marks at the base of the cerata, and the oral tentacles with orange bases. The description of specimen B from Jamaica agrees with the description of our animals, except for the pale yellow ring and the white ring below the cnidosacs. Our specimens possess cerata with orange rings. Specimens A and C from Jamaica also possess orange markings at the base of the cerata, but differ from the Brazilian animals in that specimen A lacks the whitish dorsal band, and specimen C has the front half of the body orange, and the rear half grey. Thompson (1980) assigned to B. verrucicornis two specimens from Jamaica with orange lines at the ceratal insertions, and a mid-dorsal white band. However, these specimens are different from our animals because the cerata have three bands (white, yellow, and white) inside the orange ring, and the masticatory border of the jaws is smooth (our specimens possess denticles). The animals assigned to B. verrucicornis from Florida by Marcus (1972) are very similar to the Brazilian ones. Both have orange markings at the ceratal insertions, and a mid-dorsal white band, but the specimens from Florida have greyish coloration, and they have more ceratal groups (nine groups in a 12 - mm-long specimen). Furthermore, the cerata lack rings on cnidosacs. The radulae possess more teeth and more denticles per tooth (19 teeth and 30 – 38 denticles on each side). The species Berghia columbina (García-Gómez & Thompson, 1990) found in south-western Spain has a similar colour pattern to our specimens (Fig. 8 C). Berghia columbina has orange markings at the ceratal insertions and on the head, orange or reddish rhinophores with white tips, and translucent orange oral tentacles with white tips. However, B. columbina possesses more pairs of ceratal groups (between nine and 11 groups according to Garcia-Gomez, 2002), whereas B. marcusi sp. nov. presents between five and seven groups. Furthermore, a mid-dorsal orange line exists in B. columbina inside a white band, and the cerata do not have orange rings. The radula presents more teeth and more denticles per tooth (Fig. 7 E), and the jaw masticatory border is smooth (Fig. 7 F). Muniain & Ortea (1999) described a new species from the Western Atlantic, Berghia rissodominguezi, which is similar to the Brazilian specimens, but there are also several differences. The specimens are larger than B. marcusi sp. nov., having an orange triangle on the head, and a mid-dorsal reddish-brown line from the third cerata group (our specimens have a cream or opaque white spot on the head and dorsal band). The rhinophores of B. rissodominguezi are cream – white in colour, with yellow on the apical portion inside a red base and yellow tip. The translucent oral tentacles have a yellow area covering two-thirds of them (the oral tentacles of B. marcusi sp. nov. have white tips). Finally, the masticatory border of the jaw in B. rissodominguezi is smooth (Muniain & Ortea, 1999; MD, JT & FG, this paper, pers. observ.), differing from the denticulate border of B. marcusi sp. nov. For all of these reasons, we consider that the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean specimens of B. verrucicornis are different from the Western Atlantic Berghia specimens, and possibly that there are two or more West Atlantic species assigned to B. verrucicornis. Our animals from Rio de Janeiro are very similar to the specimens cited as B. coerulescens from São Paulo (Marcus, 1957), and Berghia specimen B from Jamaica (Edmunds, 1968). Therefore, we suggest that our Brazilian specimens, Berghia specimen B by Edmunds (1968) and B. coerulescens by Marcus (1957), belong to the same new taxon, which is different from B. verrucicornis. The distinguishing characteristics of the species studied in this work are compiled in Table 2.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443F670C4FD7711CFC49FDEC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Jamaica (Edmunds, 1964). Brazil: Ubatuba, São Paulo (Marcus, 1957), Praia de Armação, Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro) (present paper).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443467134F3C77E5FD61FA5D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Praia de Manguinhos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 18 March 1998, 0 - m depth, one specimen, 18 - mm long. Praia de Manguinhos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 23 June 2000, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 25 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 51 specimens, 0 - m depth, 4.5 – 20.5 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 26 March 1998, 15 specimens, 0 - m depth, 4.5 – 25.5 - mm long Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 27 June 1999, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 8.5 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 June 2000, 11 specimens, 0 - m depth, 9 – 35 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 25 June 2000, seven specimens, 0 - m depth, 11 – 21 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 July 2003, five specimens, 1 m depth, 11 – 20 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 22 March 1998, 24 specimens, 0 - m depth, 9 – 26 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 23 March 1998, five specimens, 0 - m depth, 7 – 20 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 March 1998, four specimens, 0 - m depth, 8 – 12 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 30 June 1999, three specimens, 0 - m depth, 13 – 14 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 1 July 1999, six specimens, 0 - m depth, 9.5 – 27 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 22 June 2000, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 18 - mm long. Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 25 June 2000, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 20 - mm long. Praia dos Ossos (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), 24 July 2003, five specimens, 1 - m depth, 11 – 20 - mm long. Praia do Forte (Bahia), 14 July 2003, one specimen, 0 - m depth, 19 - mm long. Praia Mar Grande, Ilha de Itaparica (Bahia), 17 July 2003, two specimens, 0 - m depth, 7.5 – 11 - mm long.	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443467134F3C77E5FD61FA5D.taxon	description	External morphology: The oral tentacles are elongate, and the rhinophores are perfoliate with between nine and 14 lamellae. Short and fine propodial tentacles are situated on both sides of the mouth. The coloration is variable, from pale brown to pale orange, red – orange or intense red. Ontogenetic variations of coloration exist. The youngest specimens have paler bodies and translucent light spots (Fig. 1 H). As they grow, further orange pigmentation is accumulated on the body (Fig. 1 I, J, K). The oral tentacles of larger animals have the same colours as the body (a little translucent with whitish tips). The lamellated rhinophores are reddish with white apices. White spots occur on the back and cerata. The cerata are curved at the apex towards the midline of the dorsum; they are long and thick, narrower towards the tip, and are arranged in between six and eight arched groups on either side of the body. The largest cerata are situated on the middle part, and the smallest cerata are at the ends of each arch. The digestive gland inside them is pale brown, and the cnidosacs are pinkish white. The prominent pericardium is located between the first and second ceratal group. The genital opening lies under the first arch, which contains 13 – 21 cerata, and the anus lies under the second group. The tail is translucent and the foot sole is reddish. The youngest specimens have a whitish body, and brown cerata arranged in three or four groups. Internal morphology: The radula is uniseriate with between ten and 13 curved teeth. The teeth have a central triangular cusp and numerous elongated denticles (Fig. 9 A, B). There are 19 – 28 denticles on each side of the median cusp, although the small teeth of the radula can have between ten and 12 denticles, and the largest specimens possess teeth with 37 – 42 denticles on each side (Fig. 10 A, B). Furthermore, it is common to find a small and fine denticle next to each side of the median cusp, although this can occur only on one of the sides, or may even be absent (Fig. 10 C). The jaws have a smooth masticatory border (Fig. 10 D).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443467134F3C77E5FD61FA5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Spurilla neapolitana is a species that is variable in colour (Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1985; Just & Edmunds, 1985). Haefelfinger (1969) attributed this wide range of colour to variable feeding habits. Our specimens, like those from Brazil described by Marcus (1955) and those from Jamaica (Edmunds, 1964), have a predominantly orange body, with white spots covering the dorsum and cerata, and greenish brown digestive glands. Marcus (1955) also mentioned that young specimens are transparent and that the orange pigmentation is lacking. Some specimens from the Pacific Ocean have pink or orange coloration and brown or grey digestive glands (Gosliner, 1980). Other Pacific animals have yellowish to pink colour and green, brown, or grey digestive glands (Kerstitch, 1989). Gosliner (1980) observed in his animals that the white pigment may be absent, differing from our animals in that white spots are always present. Besides the orange or pinkish colour, specimens from the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea have yellowish, greenish, or brown coloration (Schmekel & Portmann, 1982; Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1985; Just & Edmunds, 1985). The circular white spots also exhibit variability. According to Schmekel & Portmann (1982) the spots cover the posterior and dorsal faces of the cerata, especially behind the pericardium. Garcia-Gomez & Cervera (1985) only found white spots in some examined specimens, mainly on the anterior faces of the cerata. Just & Edmunds (1985) found white spots on both the body and cerata, and, furthermore, found that the dorsum might be white. Specimens from Huelva (south-western Spain) studied by us have brown – orange or pinkish bodies and cerata (Fig. 8 D). Some specimens have a very pale colour, with opaque white pigment on the dorsum (Fig. 8 E). Some specimens from O Grove (north-western Spain) were also examined. These specimens had green cerata (Fig. 8 F), and circular white spots covering the body and cerata. A great majority of authors found that the masticatory border of the jaws is smooth (MacFarland, 1909; Marcus, 1955; Marcus & Marcus, 1967; Gosliner, 1980; Schmekel & Portmann, 1982; Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1985). However, Bergh (1877) described jaws with a denticulate margin, and Gosliner (1985) proposed that in S. neapolitana the denticulation of the jaws varies intraspecifically. The Eastern and Western Atlantic specimens examined in this paper have smooth jaw margins (Fig. 9 C). The uniseriate radula comprises teeth with denticles on either side of a triangular central cusp. The presence of a very small denticle next to the central cusp was illustrated by Marcus (1955), who did not, however, comment about it in the description. The teeth of our animals have this small denticle on either side of the cusp, although in one radula the denticle may be on one side only or absent. The radular teeth of the Brazilian specimens are clearly different from those of Huelva: the specimens from Huelva lack a median cusp, and in its place have two small denticles (Fig. 9 D, E). This characteristic has been observed previously by other authors (Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1985) who examined animals collected from the Eastern Atlantic (Cádiz and Huelva) and the Mediterranean Sea. They compared the radular teeth of these specimens, and verified that there is considerable variability in the central zone of the tooth. One specimen from Cubellas (Spanish Mediterranean Sea) studied by Garcia-Gomez & Cervera (1985) has identical teeth to those of our animal from El Portil (Huelva), in that both have two small central denticles. The radulae of the specimens from northwestern Spain comprise about 22 teeth with numerous denticles on each side (Fig. 9 F). Spurilla chromosoma Cockerell in Cockerell & Eliot, 1905 is very similar to S. neapolitana, but possesses ceratal rows in the anterior region of the body (Marcus, 1961; Gosliner, 1985), whereas S. neapolitana presents horseshoe-shaped arches. The newest teeth of S. neapolitana are up to seven times the width of the oldest (this characteristic is present in our animals). In S. chromosoma the teeth are uniform in width or increase only slightly. Another difference is that S. chromosoma has rhinophores with a few lamellae arranged diagonally, whereas in S. neapolitana there are numerous transverse lamellae (Gosliner, 1985).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
4615878D443467134F3C77E5FD61FA5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Cape Verde Islands (Pruvot-Fol, 1953); Morocco (Pruvot-Fol, 1953); Senegal (Pruvot-Fol, 1953); Texas (Marcus & Marcus, 1958); Mediterranean Sea (Bergh, 1864, 1876, 1877; Pruvot-Fol, 1954; Schmekel & Portmann, 1982; Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1985); French Atlantic coast (Pruvot-Fol, 1954; Just & Edmunds, 1985); Hawaii (Gosliner, 1980); Mexican Pacific coast (Bertsch, 1979); Jamaica (Edmunds, 1964); Miami (Edmunds, 1964); Florida (Engel, 1925; Edmunds, 1964; Marcus & Marcus, 1967; Marcus & Marcus, 1970); Puerto Rico (Marcus & Marcus, 1970); Curaçao (Marcus & Marcus, 1970). Brazil: Gaibu, PE, Alagoas (MacFarland, 1909), Is. São Sebastião, São Paulo (Marcus, 1955), Praia de Manguinhos, Praia dos Ossos, Praia de Armação (Buzios, Rio de Janeiro), Praia do Forte, Praia Mar Grande, Ilha de Itaparica (Bahia) (present paper).	en	Domínguez, Marta, Troncoso, Jesús S., García, Francisco J. (2008): The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349-368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
