identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FD7535FFD5FFAC60FB1F9A3D17FD8C.text	03FD7535FFD5FFAC60FB1F9A3D17FD8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesochaetopterus ROGERI 2008	<div><p>MESOCHAETOPTERUS ROGERI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 1, 4–6)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Large Mesochaetopterus with welldeveloped peristomium, with a pair of long peristomial palps with a successive series of dorsal transversal black stripes, alternating one thick and wide with one to several thin narrow ones, sometimes with two longitudinal dorsal and ventral, orange to light-brown stripes, and a lateral black stripe (most often present in the first basal half of the palp), and two longitudinal ciliated grooves. Second pair of palps and eyes are absent. Region A with usually nine (more rarely ranging from 10 to 12) chaetigerous segments. Parapodia with notopodial lobes only, bearing capillary and lanceolate (dorsally) to oar-like and sickle-like (ventrally) chaetae. Fourth notopodia with usually 18 (ranging from 13 to 19) lanceolate knife-like and stout modified chaetae. Ventral glandular shield long, pale brownish. Region B with three elongated, flattened segments with biramous parapodia. Notopodia winglike, bearing about 15 capillary chaetae. Neuropodia unilobed (segment 1) and bilobed (segments 2 and 3), bearing uncini with eight (nine) teeth. Associated feeding organs in segments 2 and 3. Region C with all segments nearly similar, bearing biramous parapodia with unilobed chaetigerous notopodia and bilobed uncinigerous neuropodia. Associated feeding organs absent. Tube longer than 2.5 m, parchmentlike internally, externally fully covered by grains of sand. Tube ending unknown.</p> <p>M., Mesochaetopterus; C., Chaetopterus; S., Spiochaetopterus; P., Phyllochaetopterus; NS, North Sea; Med. N, Mediterranean (Naples); Med. B, Mediterranean (Banyuls); nda, no data available. Above and below diagonal values for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 18S rRNA gene values, respectively.</p> <p>Region A: Holotype with nine segments (N = 14), but also found with ten (N = 2) or 12 (N = 1) segments, 0.8–1-cm long. Prostomium small, triangular, lightbrown dorsally, with a rounded, entire anterior border. Eyespots absent. Peristomium extended, twice as long as, and completely surrounding, the prostomium, contracted in fixed worms. Two peristomial lips, separated by a mid-ventral notch, with variable brownish dorsal pigmentation. Two long dorsally grooved palps arise dorsally just behind the junction of the lateroposterior peristomial borders, up to five times as long as region A in preserved worms (up to 15-cm long ‘ in vivo ’). Palps with a characteristic colour pattern composed of: (1) two longitudinal orange to light-brown stripes (one dorsal and one ventral), covering the whole palp in the last third; (2) several successive series of dorsal or dorsolateral transversal black stripes, alternating one thick and wide with one to several thin and narrow ones (less than one third of the thickness, and from half to one third of the width of the broad stripes); and (3) a longitudinal black stripe of variable length, usually in the first basal half of the palps, just at the lateral limits of the orange ventral bands. Longitudinal orange bands absent in some specimens. Two longitudinal ciliated grooves (one dorsal and one ventral) on each palp. Second pair of small antennae or palps absent. Eyes absent. Mouth as a vertical slit, below the prostomium and surrounded by the peristomium. Anterior end of the dorsal ciliated groove just behind the prostomium, between the basis of the palps, forming a small triangular lip. Dorsal ciliated faecal groove running from the mouth, through the median line, to the posterior end. Ventral plastron long, pale brownish in colour (often darker posteriorly), restricted to the ventral side of region A, without secretory crescents, but showing a characteristic distinct epithelium.</p> <p>Parapodia of region A uniramous, short, with notopodia only. Chaetae yellowish to pale orange (up to dark brown in A4), occurring dorsolaterally on two irregular question mark shaped rows on segments A1–A3 and A5–A6, and in a single, irregular, question mark shaped row on segments A4 and A7–A12. Chaetal arrangement changing in segments A1, A2–A6 (except A4) and A7–A12; notopodia with 15 (A1) to 70 (A7–A12) long and fine lanceolate dorsal chaetae, becoming progressively capillary when more dorsal; notopodia of A1 with about 30 small lanceolate, oarlike chaetae lateroventrally; notopodia of A2–A3 and A5–A6 with up to 35 oar-like chaetae lateroventrally, the ventralmost chaetae twice as wide and long as the lateral ones, and twice as wide as the A1 ventral chaetae; from A7 to A12, the ventral notopodial oarlike chaetae being replaced with sickle-like chaetae (up to 60 chaetae per parapodia).</p> <p>A4 notopodia with up to 20 yellowish, transparent, finely pointed capillary chaetae in dorsal position (d); four or five yellowish, transparent knife-like chaetae more than five times wider than the lanceolate ones (ld1); between one and three dark yellow to brownish knife-like chaetae, stouter that the previous ones, with the tip of the curved edge slightly serrated (ld2); 13–19 (typically 18) asymmetrical, knob-like, stout modified chaetae having serrated tips, the ventral chaetae (v) smaller than the lateral ones (lv1–lv2). Modified chaetae dark brown, often partly embedded in the notopodia.</p> <p>Region B: Always with three segments, 2.5–3.5-cm long, as a flat plate-like region. Flattened and elongated segments with their flanks dorsally glandular, all them similar in size, longer than the segments in region C; B1 slightly narrower than B2 and B3. Associated feeding organs on posterior part of B2 and B3, only one per segment. Parapodia of region B biramous. Notopodia unilobed: B1 long, pointed, digitiform, distally slightly swollen (d1); B2 and B3 wider than B1, triangular, with a groove on the anterior side, distally slightly swollen, and with a dark pigmented band just before the distal swelling (d2, d3). From 11 to 13 extremely long and thin notochaetae, scarcely protruding from the tip of the notopodia; about 11 have tape-like tips, whereas two or three are capillary. Neuropodia unilobed in B1, with a single low ventral lobe (v1), and bilobed in B2 and B3, with a short, slightly anteriorly orientated dorsolateral lobe, and an elongate, posteriorly orientated ventral lobe (v2, v3). Uncini roughly D- shaped, with a single row of eight or nine minute teeth (most commonly eight); dorsal lobe with fewer uncini (about 60) than in the ventral lobe (over 400) in B2 and B3. Uncini of dorsal and ventral lobes in three or more irregular rows, with adjacent uncini somewhat displaced either up or down in relation to each other. Uncini of dorsal lobes with teeth directed posteriorly, whereas those of ventral lobes have anteriorly directed teeth. Uncini of dorsal lobes smaller than those on the ventral ones.</p> <p>Region C: Known only from the holotype, incomplete, consisting of ten segments for about 5 cm in length. First segment longer than the remaining ones, but shorter than those of region B. Parapodia biramous, as a flat plate-like region with glandular lateral epithelium. Gut markedly protruding from the body plan, dark green in living and recently preserved specimens. Notopodia poorly developed, nearly triangular or wing-like, with three types of chaetae: between five and ten very long and thin, scarcely protruding from the tip of the notopodia, between three and nine with tape-like tips, and between one and three capillary. Associated feeding organs absent. Neuropodia all bilobed, similar to B2 and B 3 in shape, distribution, and number of uncini. Uncini roughly D- shaped, with a single row of eight or nine minute teeth (most commonly eight), slightly smaller in posteriormost segments.</p> <p>Tube: Known part of the tube straight, completely buried into the sediment, except for the aperture, which protruded 1–2 cm from the sediment surface and was completely coated with grains of sand (Fig. 1A). From the surface opening the tube followed a vertical path downward for more than 2.5 m. Total tube length and shape of end still unknown. Tube structure very similar all along its length, with a relatively thin-walled, parchment-like material embedded with a thick external layer of sand grains, with a few (often only one) ramifications of the main tube at nonregular intervals, shorter than the main tube, filled with sand and closed at the junction by the main tube wall. Tube colour changes from yellowish to blackish at around 30 cm below the surface of the sediment. Detached fragments of sediment-filled or collapsed tubes of different diameters occur around the inhabited ones. Tube surrounded by a thick cylinder of sand all along its length, about 6 cm in diameter, more compact than the remaining sediment, and particularly evident when drilling around the inhabited tubes.</p> <p>Etymology: Species name dedicated to Roger Martin (the first author’s elder son).</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype: incomplete specimen, with regions A and B, and only ten segments of region C, measuring 110-mm long by 11 mm of maximum width, MNCN 6.01/10145. Paratypes: 16 incomplete specimens (lacking region C), 13–15-m deep, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.15/lat 41.27)">Punta del Tordera</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.15/lat 41.27)">Blanes</a> (Girona, Catalunya, Spain, 41.40°N, 2.48°E), collected by D. Martin, MNCN 16.01/10146. One incomplete specimen (lacking regions B and C), 7–10-m deep at Badalona (Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain, 41.27°N, 2.15°E), collected by L. Dantart and G. Álvarez, MNCN 16.01/ 10147.</p> <p>Known geographical distribution: Distributional area of the species (Fig. 2) based on underwater observations. Andalucía, south-western Iberian Penninsula: 20–30-m deep on the west coast near Hotel La Parra, Almería (observed by A. Svoboda, see George &amp; George, 1979); 5-m deep at Cabo de Gata, Almeria (observed by J. Junoy). Valencia, western Iberian Penninsula: 10–15-m deep at Cullera, south of the river Jucar (observed by J. Tena’s team); 11-m deep at Canet d’En Berenguer (observed by J. Tena’s team). Alicante, western Iberian Penninsula: 20-m deep at Punta del Rincón de Lois, Benidorm (observed by J. Tena’s team). Catalunya, north-western Iberian Penninsula: 5–7-m deep at Punta de la Mora, Garraf (observed by B. Weitzmann); 10–15-m deep at Badalona (observed by L. Dantart, G. Álvarez, and X. Turón); 30-m deep at Mataró (observed by L. Dantart); 20-m deep at Arenys de Mar (observed by B. Weitzmann); 10-m deep at Malgrat (observed by L. Dantart); 6-m deep at Blanes Harbour (observed by D. Martin); 6–10-m deep at Cala Sant Francesc, Blanes (observed by different CEAB divers); 6–15-m deep at Cala S’Aguia, Pinya de Rosa, Blanes (observed by different CEAB divers); 10–15-m deep at Cala Pola, Tossa de Mar (observed by the CEAB Caulerpa team); west of Urbanization Rosamar, Sant Feliu de Guixols, 20–30-m deep (observed by A. Svoboda).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD7535FFD5FFAC60FB1F9A3D17FD8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martin, Daniel;Gil, João;Carreras-Carbonell, Josep;Bhaud, Michel	Martin, Daniel, Gil, João, Carreras-Carbonell, Josep, Bhaud, Michel (2008): Description of a new species of Mesochaetopterus (Annelida, Polychaeta, Chaetopteridae), with redescription of Mesochaetopterus xerecus and an approach to the phylogeny of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (2): 201-225, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00342.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00342.x
03FD7535FFDFFFB260B318EA3BC8F9DB.text	03FD7535FFDFFFB260B318EA3BC8F9DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesochaetopterus xerecus Petersen & Fanta 1969	<div><p>MESOCHAETOPTERUS XERECUS PETERSEN &amp; FANTA, 1969</p> <p>(FIGS 7–11)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Based on Petersen &amp; Fanta (1969) and on observations of newly collected specimens. Large chaetopterid (reaching up to 60-cm long ‘ in vivo ’) with a well-developed peristomium (about one-fifth of the length of region A) surrounding the prostomium, and a pair of long peristomial palps up to twice as long as region A in preserved worms. Palps with transversal dark pigmented rings (dark-orange to greenishbrown) of different widths, without a clear alternating pattern, and a pair of longitudinal ciliated grooves (one dorsal and one ventral). Second pair of small antennae or palps absent. Eyes present between insertion of the palps and the peristomium. Dorsal ciliated faecal groove running from mouth to posterior end (anus), along the median body line. Ventral plastron occupying the whole of region A and up to one third of the first segment of region B.</p> <p>Region A 1–1.5-cm long, with 8–14 chaetigerous segments (typically 11 or 12). Parapodia uniramous, notopodial lobes short; ventral glandular shield long, uniformly greenish in colour. Region B about 3-cm long, with four (but up to seven) elongate segments, and with associated feeding organs or cupules usually in segments 2–4 (but found up to segment 7). Parapodia biramous, as a flat plate-like region, with glandular lateral epithelium. Notopodia poorly developed, with a nearly triangular or wing-like shape. Uncinigerous neuropodia unilobed in segment 1, and bilobed in segments 2 and 3. Region C up to 55-cm long for 90–120 segments. Parapodia biramous, with unilobed notopodia and bilobed uncinigerous neuropodia. All segments similar, except for some in the posteriormost pygidial region, which are shorter and have reduced parapodia.</p> <p>Tube longer than 1 m, parchment-like, externally covered by grains of sand (inconspicuous in worms from muddy sandy bottoms), vertical or J-shaped, with a transverse partition with three perforations in the lower part, closed at the lower extremity, and ending blindly in a nearly rounded apex.</p> <p>Males with elongate sperm having a long flagellum. Females with oocytes of about 200 Mm in diameter, which are present in all segments of region C. Population densities at Ilha do Mel reach about 100 individuals m-2.</p> <p>Region A: Between 9 and 14 segments, more frequently 9 (N = 3) or 13 (N = 3). Parapodia all uniramous, with notopodia only. Chaetae yellowish to pale orange (dark brown in A4), occurring dorsolaterally in several irregular, question mark shaped rows (a single row in A4). Chaetal arrangement changing in segments A1, A2–A6 (except the A4), A7–A9, and A10–A14; notopodia of Al with two types of chaetae, up to 25 very long and fine lanceolate to capillary dorsal chaetae, becoming finer as progressing to the dorsum, and about 30 small lanceolate, oar-like lateroventral chaetae; notopodia of A2–A14 with up to 30 very long and fine lanceolate dorsal chaetae, their flattened ends becoming shorter when more dorsal; notopodia from A2–A3 and A5–A6 with up to 35 oar-like lateroventral chaetae, the ventralmost chaetae twice as wide and long as the lateral chaetae; notopodia from A7 to A9, with up to 30 bayonet ventral chaetae and a few hooked lateroventral chaetae; the bayonet chaetae becoming smaller and progressively replaced by the hooked ones in the posteriormost segments; from A10 to A14, the hooked chaetae fully replacing the bayonet chaetae.</p> <p>A4 notopodia with up to 15 yellowish, transparent, finely pointed lancet-like dorsal chaetae (d); five yellowish, transparent, knife-like chaetae more than twice as wide as the lancet-like ones (ld1); between two and five dark-yellow to brownish knife-like chaetae, stouter than the previous ones, with the tip of the curved edge slightly serrated (ld2, ld3); 12–14 (typically 11) asymmetrical, knob-like, stout modified chaetae having serrated tips, the ventral chaetae (v) smaller than the lateral ones (lv1–lv3). Modified chaetae dark brown, often partly embedded in the notopodia.</p> <p>Region B: Usually with four (up to seven) segments having biramous parapodia. Between 12 and 16 extremely long, thin, notochaetae, scarcely protruding from the tip of the notopodia; about 12 with flattenedto-lanceolate tips, and two or three with pointed tips. Neuropodia unilobed in segment B1, and bilobed in B2 and B3, with several hundreds of uncini irregularly disposed in two or three rows, roughly triangular, with seven (between six and ten) long curved teeth plus a few small ones (often difficult to distinguish) in the anterior and posterior ends of the serrated edge. All uncini of B1 similar in size; dorsal uncini of B2 and B3 smaller than ventral uncini.</p> <p>Region C: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.333332/lat -25.566668)">Incomplete</a>, with more than 50 segments, all biramous. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.333332/lat -25.566668)">Notopodia</a> with about ten long and thin chaetae (shorter than the notochaetae of B region), scarcely protruding from the tip of the notopodia, with flattened to lanceolate tips. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.333332/lat -25.566668)">Neuropodia</a> all bilobed, with uncini irregularly disposed in two or three rows, similar in shape and teeth arrangement to those of region B. Uncini differing in size both dorsoventrally and from anterior (smaller) to posterior (larger) sections of each neuropodia, clearer in anteriormost segments, and progressively less evident in the posteriormost segments, becoming basically similar in size around segment C30.</p> <p>Material examined: Ten incomplete specimens (reaching up to 55 segments in region C) from a low intertidal sandy beach, Ilha do Mel, Paranaguá Bay (Paraná, Brazil), 25°34 ′ S, 48°20 ′ W, October 30 2001, collected by V. Radashevsky, MNCN 16.01/10148.</p> <p>Habitat, behaviour and population density of Mesochaeopterus rogeri sp. nov.</p> <p>Mesochaetopterus rogeri sp. nov. commonly inhabits fine to coarse grain sandy bottoms (of 400–600 Mm in grain diameter) between 5- and 30-m deep (but most commonly between 6- and 15-m deep). These locations are often subject to medium-speed currents, which may facilitate the suspension-feeding behaviour of the worm. Different kinds of particles (possibly potential food) transported by the water currents were observed ‘ in situ ’ when they came into contact with the tentacles: they remained attached to the surface of the tentacles and began to be transported towards the mouth with the help of the ciliated grooves.</p> <p>When undisturbed, the tentacles protruded from the tube opening and formed a V, with both tips arranged in a spiral (Fig. 1A). Changes in current speed or direction did not trigger any response from the worm, except for the modification of the tentacle position induced by the new conditions, which may lead toward a less regular tentacle arrangement in the case of stronger currents (Fig. 1B). Any contact with the surrounding sediment induced the worm to retract inside the tube. A slow constant retraction occurred after a subtle contact. If the contact was not repeated, the worm stopped the reaction and re-acquired the typical position after a few minutes. Either repeated or violent contacts with the surrounding sediment caused a fast retraction inside the tube. However, after several minutes, the worm protruded again to adopt its usual position.</p> <p>The worms were able to expel both introduced liquids and small particles (such as sand grains) from the interior of their tubes, by means of a powerful exhalation current. In normal conditions, with the worms completely inside the tube, there was a regular exhalation/inhalation water flow, probably generated by peristaltic movements of the segments in region C. This flow seemed similar to those described as a part of the feeding mode and ventilation system for other chaetopterid polychaetes, including Mesochaetopterus (Barnes, 1965; Sendall, Fontaine &amp; O’Foighil, 1995).</p> <p>The population density ranged between 1 and 3 individuals 40 m-2, but may reach up to 1 individual 10 m-2 (Fig. 12B). However, they were frequently found in clusters of 2 or 3 individuals m-2, separated from their neighbours by large unoccupied areas. Maximum densities tended to occur from April to June, together with rising temperatures, and could perhaps be related to recruitment events, as proposed for Mediterranean soft-bottom invertebrates (Sardá et al., 1995, Sardá, Pinedo &amp; Martin, 1999). However, the seasonal pattern of this species differed from the general pattern proposed by Sardá et al. in that remarkable minimum densities occurred between September and November (particularly in October). This could not be explained by an increasing mortality after recruitment events leading to basal adult densities, as previously proposed (Sardá et al., 1995, 1999). In M. rogeri sp. nov., the density decrease did not seem to be related to mortality, but to an adaptation to survive under the increasing instability of the sediment during the stormy autumnal period characteristic of a Mediterranean environment (Fig. 12A). In fact, the extraordinary length of the tube, as well as the ability to quickly retract inside, could represent an adaptation to such an unstable sedimentary regime. Together with the increase of instability of the water column (as expressed by the increase in wave height, Fig. 12A), the sediments tended to become more and more mobile, to the extent that the worms were not able to protrude above the surface, and survived by hiding inside the tube, at a depth where the sediment was stable. This could explain the autumnal decrease in density (Fig. 12B), as the divers could not count the worms that did not protrude from the sediment surface. Moreover, this could also explain the occasional presence of empty ramifications and the huge number of empty tubes found during the excavation collection. Accordingly, these were probably functional tubes, abandoned by the worms either during their normal growth or as a result of the aforementioned adaptive process. Once the storms ended, the worms built new tube sections to reach the surface, so that there would be as many empty tubes as stormy events during the lifetime of each worm.</p> <p>This mode of life supports the potential influence of M. rogeri sp. nov. in structuring the surrounding sediments, as a sediment stabilizer (dense populations inside extremely long tubes, palisades of empty tubes). Also, the presence of a cylinder of compact sediment surrounding the tube all along its length (i.e. more than 2.5-m deep into the sediment, and reaching up to 6 cm in diameter) in M. rogeri sp. nov. (also reported for M. taylori) has been attributed to an ‘aerobic halo’ generated by the presence of the tube (Sendall et al., 1995). Therefore, a possible significant bioturbating potential can also be attributed to the M. rogeri sp. nov. populations.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD7535FFDFFFB260B318EA3BC8F9DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martin, Daniel;Gil, João;Carreras-Carbonell, Josep;Bhaud, Michel	Martin, Daniel, Gil, João, Carreras-Carbonell, Josep, Bhaud, Michel (2008): Description of a new species of Mesochaetopterus (Annelida, Polychaeta, Chaetopteridae), with redescription of Mesochaetopterus xerecus and an approach to the phylogeny of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (2): 201-225, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00342.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00342.x
