identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F4FD21FF8AFFA8FECA654F9D0FFD86.text	03F4FD21FF8AFFA8FECA654F9D0FFD86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina Roller 1973	<div><p>BABAKINA ROLLER, 1973</p> <p>Type species: Babaina festiva Roller, 1972: 416, figures 1–9.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Pleuroproctic Aeolidina, with the cerata arranged in numerous rows along both sides of the body, not in separate groups. Notal brim well developed. Foot corners tentaculiform. Uniseriate radula with triangular rachidian tooth. Rachidian tooth with lateral denticles on either side of the central cusp. Rhinophores sharing a common base. Masticatory border of jaws with 3–4 rows of denticles.</p> <p>Reproductive system with a diaulic arrangement. Penis unarmed, without penial glands. Prostate uniform, with a proximal receptaculum seminis and a distal bursa copulatrix.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF8AFFA8FECA654F9D0FFD86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
03F4FD21FF8AFFAAFC2160399C5DF9AA.text	03F4FD21FF8AFFAAFC2160399C5DF9AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina festiva (ROLLER 1972) ROLLER 1972	<div><p>BABAKINA FESTIVA (ROLLER, 1972)</p> <p>(FIGS 1A, 2, 3A)</p> <p>Babaina festiva Roller, 1972: 416, figures 1–9.</p> <p>Babakina festiva (Roller, 1972) – Roller, 1973; Gosliner, 1990; Baba, 2000.</p> <p>Material examined: CASIZ 070589, one specimen, 28 mm, dissected, California, x.1971, Shane Anderson. CASIZ 071054, one specimen, 17 mm, collected on kelp holdfast, Paradise Cove, Malibu, Los Angeles, California, xi.1971, Shane Anderson. CASIZ 69850, four specimens, two dissected, Matanchen, near San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, 25.i.1975, Gary McDonald. CASIZ 067110, one specimen, from tide pool, Fitzgerald Marine Reserve, Moss Beach, San Mateo County, 14 June 1987, Terrence M. Gosliner.</p> <p>Distribution: This species is known from California and middle and northern Japan (Roller, 1972; McDonald, 1983; Gosliner, 1990; Baba, 2000).</p> <p>External morphology: The body is elongate and slender, with a trailing posterior end of the foot (Fig. 1A). Living animals are 10–32 mm in length. The anterior margins of the foot and tentaculiform foot corners are bilabiate and slightly notched. The body colour can range from a translucent light pink to a purple cast. A short opaque white patch extends medially from the anterior end of the head to just in front of the rhinophores. The moderately long cerata are cylindrical and taper distally. They are translucent white and the deep reddish brown digestive gland is visible in the basal two-thirds followed by a covering of succession of three subapical bands of opaque white, yellow and opaque white. The apex is translucent white. The cerata are densely clustered and continuous throughout the length of the body. There are approximately 100 cerata on either side of the body and they are not clearly divisible into distinct clusters or rows. The largest arch is the most anterior. The red-brown rhinophores share a common base, are perfoliate and have 31–43 lamellae each. The apex and a line that runs medially along the posterior face of each rhinophore is yellowish white. The oral tentacles are elongate and have a somewhat wrinkled texture. They are the same colour as the ground colour with a lighter tip. The tentacular anterior foot corners are pinkish purple basally with a purple tip. The pleuroproctic anus is located ventral to the notal brim about one-third of the body length from the anterior end. The nephroproct is anterior to the anus. The genital aperture is located below notal brim just posterior to the rhinophore base.</p> <p>Buccal armature: The jaws (Fig. 2A, B) are tanbrown. The masticatory border contains 3–4 rows of numerous irregularly, triangular denticles. The radula formula is 13 ¥ 0.1.0 (CASIZ 07589) and 23 ¥ 0.1.0 (CASIZ 069850) in two specimens examined. The rachidian tooth (Fig. 2C, D) is broad with wide, triangular central cusp. There are 8–15 elongate, acutely pointed denticles on either side of the central cusp. The number of denticles is not equal on either side. For example, on one tooth there were 12 denticles on the right side and 15 on the left side. Some denticles share a common base and bifurcate above. In some instances denticles are present on the central cusp while in other cases they are only found laterally from the cusp.</p> <p>Reproductive system: It has an androdiaulic arrangement (Fig. 3A). The narrow elongate preampullary duct widens into the convoluted ampulla. The ampulla consists of 2–3 folds and narrows again before dividing into the oviduct and vas deferens. The vas deferens widens into a glandular prostatic portion that consists of numerous convolutions. The prostatic portion enters the wider proximal portion of the penial sac. The penial papilla is contained within the penial sac. The unarmed penial papilla is elongate and conical in shape. It narrows to a rounded apex and exists adjacent to the elongate bursa copulatrix. The oviduct is elongate and connects to the pyriform receptaculum seminis. The receptaculum is straight in the specimen from California and curved apically in the specimen from Mexico. The other portion of the oviduct emerges from the base of the receptaculum and, after a short distance, enters the small albumen gland. The membrane and the albumen glands are similar in size. The mucous gland is much larger than the other two female glands and exits ventral to the penis and bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Remarks: The anatomy of this species fits well with the original description by Roller (1972). Roller did not describe the reproductive anatomy and it is presented here. Its anatomy conforms largely to that described by Baba (2000). The presence of a curved receptaculum seminis and a thin bursa copulatrix are identical between the Japanese specimen described by Baba and the specimens examined here from California and Mexico. The fundamental arrangement of organs is similar to that described by Miller (1974) for B. caprinsulensis, with a proximal receptaculum seminis and a distal bursa copulatrix. This arrangement has been noted as the most plesiomorphic condition found in the Aeolidina (Gosliner &amp; Kuzirian, 1990; Gosliner &amp; Willan, 1991). Some differences in reproductive anatomy between the two species are noted (Table 1). The ampulla of B. festiva is much wider and less elongate than that of B. caprinsulensis. The penis of B. festiva is elongate while that of B. caprinsulensis is much shorter. The bursa copulatrix of B. festiva is thin and elongate while that of B. caprinsulensis is bulbous and recurved. In B. festiva, the receptaculum seminis is pyriform while that of B. caprinsulensis is thin and elongate.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF8AFFAAFC2160399C5DF9AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
03F4FD21FF88FFACFCFE646D98E7F9D0.text	03F4FD21FF88FFACFCFE646D98E7F9D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina caprinsulensis MILLER 1974	<div><p>BABAKINA CAPRINSULENSIS MILLER, 1974</p> <p>(FIGS 1A, 3B)</p> <p>Babakina caprinsulensis Miller, 1974: 37, 1–2.</p> <p>Distribution: This species is known from Goat Island and Poor Knights Islands, North Island, New Zealand (Miller, 1974; Rudman, 2005a).</p> <p>Morphology: All morphological characters are known from the original description of this species (Miller, 1974) and from a subsequent photo of a second specimen from New Zealand (Rudman, 2005a).</p> <p>Remarks: Miller’s (1974) original description of this species provides a complete overview of the anatomy of the species. However, the holotype does not appear to be present in the National Museum of New Zealand (B. Marshall, pers. comm.). There is one aspect of the morphology of this species that has been amended from the original description. Miller described the rhinophores of B. caprinsulensis as being papillate. The photograph of the second specimen from New Zealand (Rudman, 2005a) clearly shows that the rhinophores actually consist of a series of incomplete lamellae and represents the only other record of this poorly known species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF88FFACFCFE646D98E7F9D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
03F4FD21FF8EFFAEFE8D64EA9B55FACD.text	03F4FD21FF8EFFAEFE8D64EA9B55FACD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina anadoni (ORTEA 1979) ORTEA 1979	<div><p>BABAKINA ANADONI (ORTEA, 1979)</p> <p>(FIGS 1C, 3C, 4)</p> <p>Rioselleolis anadoni Ortea, 1979: 132.</p> <p>Babakina anadoni – Rolán et al., 1991: 115.</p> <p>Babakina festiva – misidentification, Padula &amp; Absalão, 2005: 99.</p> <p>Material examined: MNCN 15.05 /46702, one specimen, dissected, 13 mm in length preserved, 15 m depth, Isla de Tarifa, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.013332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.6/lat 36.013332)">southern Iberian Peninsula</a> (36°00′48″N,; 05°36′W), 5.ix.2003, César Megina. MNCN 15.05 /46703, two specimens, 12 and 13 mm in length preserved, one dissected, 10 meters depth, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.016667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.016667/lat 36.183334)">Cabo de Trafalgar</a>, southern Iberian Peninsula (36°11′N, 06°01′W), 25.vi.1994, César Megina. MNCN 15.05 /46, one specimen, 25 mm in length alive, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.306945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.45667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.306945/lat 43.45667)">Punta Segaño</a>, Galicia, northern Iberian Peninsula (43°27′24″N, 8°18′25″W), 25.v.2005, Fátima Martins. MNCN 15.05 /46979, one specimen, intertidal zone, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.933333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.933333/lat 42.45)">Pedras Negras</a>, Galicia, northern Iberian Peninsula (42°27′N, 08°56′W), 31.iii.2006, A. Luque. MNCN 15.05 /46705, two specimens, 2 and 5 mm in length preserved, one dissected, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.35/lat 28.3)">Güimar</a>, Tenerife, Canary Islands (28°18′N, 16°21′W), 30.x.2004, Leopoldo Moro. MNCN 15./46706, one specimen, dissected, 10 mm in length alive, 1 m depth, Thurstone Bay, Abaco, Bahamas (26°42′28″N, 77°18′63″W), 29.vi.1999, C. Redfern. IBUFRJ 14229, one specimen, dissected, 11 mm in length alive, 1 m depth, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.018612&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.879444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.018612/lat -22.879444)">Praia das Conchas</a>, Cabo Frio, Río de Janerio, Brazil (22°52′46″S; 42°01′07″W), 13.xi.2004, V. Padula.</p> <p>Distribution: Originally described from the northern Spain (Ortea, 1979; Rolán et al., 1991), this species has also been reported from southern Spain (García-Gómez, 1987; Cervera et al., 2006), southern Portugal (Cervera et al., 2006), Canary Islands (Pérez Sánchez &amp; Moreno, 1990; Moro et al., 1995, 2003; Ortea et al., 2001, 2003; present study), Bahamas (Redfern, 2001; present study) and Brazil (Padula &amp; Absalão, 2005).</p> <p>External morphology: The body is elongate and slender, with a short posterior end of the foot (Fig. 1C). Living animals are 10–25 mm in length. The anterior margin of the foot is elongate, tentaculiform foot corners are bilabiate and slightly notched. The body colour is dull violet but can range from a translucent light pink to purple. A short opaque white or yellowish patch extends medially from the anterior end of the head to just behind the rhinophores. The moderately long cerata are cylindrical and taper distally. They are dark blue, with a yellow upper and unequal dorsolateral surface as well as a subapical orange band. The apex is translucent white. The cerata are densely distributed and are arranged in 22–30 oblique rows, extending from the rear of rhinophores almost to the end of the foot, even continuing along the lateral sides of the pericardial area. Each row contains 2–4 cerata, with the larger ones being situated more dorsally and decreasing in size towards the foot.</p> <p>The rhinophores have a more intense violet colour than the ground colour of the body, but the apex and the anterior side of the rachis are pale yellow. They share a common base, are perfoliate and have 20–29 lamellae each. The apex and a line that runs medially along the posterior face of each rhinophore is yellowish white. The oral tentacles are elongate and acutely pointed. They are the same colour as the ground colour with an opaque white tip. The tentacular anterior foot corners are pinkish purple throughout. The pleuroproctic anus is located ventral to the notal brim about one-third of the body length from the anterior end. The nephroproct is anterior to the anus. The genital aperture is located below notal brim between the fourth and ninth cerata.</p> <p>Buccal armature: The jaws (Fig. 4A, B) are tanbrown. The masticatory border of the jaws bears 2–4 rows of denticles that increase in number and size towards the edge. The radular formula of the five dissected specimens is 18 ¥ 0.1.0. (MNCN 15.05/ 46706), 14 ¥ 0.1.0 (MNCN 15.05/46705), 14 ¥ 0.1.0 (MNCN 15.05/46703), 16 ¥ 0.1.0 (MNCN 15.05/46702) and 29 ¥ 0.1.0 (IBUFRJ 14229). The rachidian tooth (Fig. 4C, D) is broad with narrow, triangular central cusp. There are 6–10 elongate, acutely pointed denticles on either side of the central cusp. The number of denticles is equal on either side. None of the denticles shares a common base. No denticles are found laterally from the cusp and in no instance extend onto the cusp.</p> <p>Reproductive system: It has an androdiaulic arrangement (Fig. 3C) and was examined in four specimens (two from the Strait of Gibraltar: MNCN 15.05/46702, MNCN 15.05/46703, one from the Canary Islands: MNCN 15.05/46705, one from the Bahamas: MNCN 15./46706 and one from Brazil: IBUFRJ 14229). All were virtually identical in all aspects of their morphology. The narrow elongate preampullary duct widens into the convoluted ampulla. The ampulla consists of two folds and narrows again before dividing into the oviduct and vas deferens. The vas deferens widens into a glandular prostatic portion that consists of numerous convolutions that cover the penial sac. The prostatic portion enters the wider proximal portion of the penial sac. The unarmed penial papilla is contained within the penial sac, and it is elongate and conical in shape, and the sac is usually curved. It narrows to rounded apex and exists adjacent to the rounded, straight bursa copulatrix. The oviduct is elongate and connects to the pyriform receptaculum seminis. The other portion of the oviduct emerges from the base of the receptaculum and, after a short distance, enters the small albumen gland. The membrane gland is similar in size than the albumen gland. The mucous gland is much larger than the other two female glands and exits ventral to the penis and bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Remarks: The external morphology and colouration of Babakina anadoni were described from of a single specimen from the northern Spain (Ortea, 1979). Ortea erected the new genus Rioselleolis to accommodate this species and considered that this genus should be included in a separate family, without proposing a new family. Rolán et al. (1991) transferred this species to the genus Babakina, based on additional material and personal communications with R. Roller.</p> <p>Our specimens match the external appearance described by Ortea (1979), although some Canarian specimens appear to have a lighter ground body colouration than those from the coast of Spain. Moreover, the features of the radula and jaws described by Rolán, Rolán-Alvarez &amp; Ortea (1991) fit well with those specimens dissected here from eastern and western Atlantic. The reproductive system is described for the first time here, and does not vary significantly in any of the specimens examined. Redfern (2001) collected a single specimen of Babakina from Bahamas (western Atlantic), which attributed to B. festiva. He described the external appearance only, which is very similar to specimens from the eastern Atlantic. The internal anatomy of Redfern’s specimen (present study), as well as that of the Brazilian specimens, agrees with that of B. anadoni collected from the eastern Atlantic. Thus, we conclude that his specimen belongs to this species rather than B. festiva.</p> <p>Gosliner (1990) questioned whether the three nominal species of the genus are distinct and may refer only to one biological species. However, after completing a comparative examination of material it is evident that B. anadoni is a valid species. Externally, B. anadoni can be recognized from other species by the presence of a subapical band of yellow followed by another more distal band of orange. This species has symmetrically arranged denticles on either side of the central cusp as in B. caprinsulensis. The other two species have an asymmetrical arrangement of denticles. Several reproductive characters clearly distinguish this species from other Babakina (Table 1). The penis of B. anadoni is elongate as in B. festiva. However, the bursa copulatrix is rounded as in B. caprinsulensis, except that the duct is straight in B. anadoni rather than curved.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF8EFFAEFE8D64EA9B55FACD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
03F4FD21FF8CFFA0FE8E67C79D0CFE7B.text	03F4FD21FF8CFFA0FE8E67C79D0CFE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina indopacifica	<div><p>BABAKINA INDOPACIFICA SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 1D, 3D, 5)</p> <p>Babakina festiva – Nakano, 2004: 253.</p> <p>Babakina festiva – Ono, 2004: 257.</p> <p>Babakina cf. festiva – Rudman, 2005b.</p> <p>Babakina cf. festiva – Rudman, 2005c.</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype: CASIZ 085891, one specimen, dissected, on sea grass, 1 m depth, near Dipalog, northern Mindanao, Philippine Islands, T. M. Gosliner. Paratypes: CASIZ 088572, one specimen, dissected, 14 mm alive, 18 m depth, crawling at night, Molikini Islet, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 31.viii.1992, Pauline Fiene. CASIZ 164914, one specimen, in open at night, 1 m depth, Hekili Point, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 3.x.2002, Cory Pittman. CASIZ 118804, one specimen, Hekili Point, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1 m depth, 3.x.1997, Cory Pittman. CASIZ 120655, one specimen, crawling on bottom at night, 1 m depth, Hekili Point, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 24.x.1999, Cory Pittman. CASIZ 144040, one specimen, dissected, 5 m depth, off S coast of Gahi Island, Kerama Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 13.i.2000, Atsushi Ono. One specimen, MNCN 15.05 /46741, 12 m depth, Hachijo Island, Japan, 4.v.2005, Nishina Masayoshi. CASIZ 173035, one specimen, dissected (missing buccal mass) Station 14, 14 m depth, barrier reef edge, 14 m depth, W of Nosy Valiha, Radama Islands, Madagascar, 20.x.2005, T. Gosliner.</p> <p>Distribution: This species is known from southern Japan: Kerama Islands and Hachijo Island (Nakano, 2004; Ono, 2004; and present study), the Philippines, Indonesia, Madagascar and the Hawaiian Islands (present study) and South Korea (Rudman, 2005c).</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named indopacifica for its tropical Indo-Pacific distribution. The remaining three species of Babakina are temperate taxa.</p> <p>External morphology: The body is elongate and slender, with a trailing posterior end of the foot (Fig. 1D). Living animals are 7–18 mm in length. The anterior margins of the foot and tentaculiform foot corners are bilabiate and slightly notched. The body colour can range from a translucent light purple to deep reddish purple. A broad opaque white patch covers most of the head between the rhinophores and the anterior margin of the head. A smaller patch may be present just behind the rhinophores in some specimens. In all specimens observed an additional opaque white patch covers the pericardial region. The relatively short cerata are thick, widest in the middle and taper distally. They are almost entirely opaque white with some bluish purple pigment visible on their posterior face. The apex is translucent white. The cerata are densely clustered and continuous throughout the length of the body, without interruption in the pericardial region. The medial area between the rhinophores and pericardial region is relatively devoid of cerata. There are approximately 15–33 diagonal rows of cerata on either side of the body. Each row contains 2–3 cerata with the innermost cerata of each row being the largest. The bright red rhinophores share a common base, are perfoliate and have up to 28–32 lamellae each. The posterior portion of the rhinophores is covered by a fine dusting of opaque white pigment that extends to the apex. The anterior face lacks opaque white and is uniformly red. The oral tentacles are relatively short, but longer than the rhinophores and have a smooth texture. They are pinkish purple basally with a band of opaque white covering the outer one-third to half of the tentacle. The tentacular anterior foot corners are short and are often held close to the body so they are not readily visible. They are pinkish purple throughout their length. The pleuroproctic anus is located ventral to the notal brim about one-third of the body length from the anterior end, ventral to the 14th-16th ceratal row. The nephroproct is anterior to the anus. The genital aperture is located below the notal brim just posterior to the rhinophore base below the seventh ceratal row.</p> <p>Buccal armature: The jaws (Fig. 5A, B) are tanbrown. The masticatory border contains three rows of numerous irregularly spaced, triangular denticles. The radula formula is 18 ¥ 0.1.0 (CASIZ 085891) and 14 ¥ 0.1.0 (CASIZ 088952) in two specimens examined. The rachidian tooth (Fig. 5C, D) is broad with a wide, triangular central cusp. There are 6–12 elongate, acutely pointed denticles on either side of the central cusp in one specimen (CASIZ 088972) and 10–17 denticles in the second (CASIZ 085891). The number of denticles is not equal on either side. For example on one tooth there were 17 denticles on left side and 13 on the right side. No denticles share a common base and none bifurcates above. In some instances denticles are present on the central cusp while in other cases they are only found laterally from the cusp.</p> <p>Reproductive system: It has an androdiaulic arrangement (Fig. 3D) and was examined in detail in three specimens (CASIZ 085891, CASIZ 088972, CASIZ 173035). The narrow elongate preampullary duct widens into the convoluted ampulla. The ampulla consists of one large fold and narrows again before dividing into the oviduct and vas deferens. The vas deferens widens into a glandular prostatic portion with relatively few convolutions. The prostatic portion enters the wider proximal portion of the penial sac. The penial papilla is contained within the penial sac. The unarmed penial papilla is short and conical in shape. It narrows to an acute apex and exists adjacent to the elongate, very thin bursa copulatrix. The oviduct is elongate and connects to the pyriform receptaculum seminis. The other portion of the oviduct emerges from the base of the receptaculum and, after a short distance, enters the small albumen gland. The membrane gland is about the same size as the albumen gland. The mucous gland is much larger than the other two female glands and exits ventral to the penis and bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Remarks: The specimens from the tropical Indo-Pacific can be distinguished easily from other members of Babakina. They have opaque white pigment on spindle-shaped cerata and a larger patch of opaque white on the head with an additional pigment patch on the pericardium. The remaining species have thinner, more cylindrical cerata and more elongate anterior foot corners than does B. indopacifica. This species shares some radular similarities with B. festiva. In both species, the number of denticles on either side of the radular tooth is generally unequal and some denticles are situated on the sides of the primary cusp. B. indopacifica is also distinguished by a unique combination of reproductive characters (Table 1). As in B. caprinsulensis, B. indopacifica has a short, conical penis. It is similar to B. festiva in that it has a thin, elongate rather than a short pyriform receptaculum seminis as in B. caprinsulensis and B. anadoni. However, the bursa of B. indopacifica is much smaller than that of B. festiva. Babakina indopacifica also has two unique reproductive characters. The bursa is much reduced and is almost vestigial and the vas deferens has relatively few convolutions compared with the other three species. On the basis of all of these features, the description of B. indopacifica as a new species of Babakina is supported.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF8CFFA0FE8E67C79D0CFE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
03F4FD21FF82FFA7FC2C605E9CC9FB05.text	03F4FD21FF82FFA7FC2C605E9CC9FB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Babakina INDOPACIFICA 2007	<div><p>PHYLOGENY OF BABAKINA</p> <p>Twenty species of aeolid nudibranchs were considered for the present analyses. All were included in the final analysis. Twenty-seven morphological characters were considered for the present study. Table 2 contains a list of all morphological characters considered. The complete character matrix for species of Babakina is shown in Table 3. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the program Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) version 4.0b 10 (Swofford, 2001) using the heuristic algorithm (TBR branch swapping option), set at maximum parsimony. One thousand replicates were run with starting trees obtained using stepwise addition.</p> <p>In cases where a taxon had two states for a given character they were treated as uncertain. Both ACCTRAN and the DELTRAN optimizations were used for character transformation. In both cases all characters were treated as unordered with the exception of character 11 (radular teeth number) and were polarized using Notaeolidia gigas Eliot, 1905 as the outgroup species, as members of the Notaeolidiidae are considered to be among the most basal aeolids (Wägele &amp; Willan, 2000). For a preliminary analysis of the position of the genus Babakina within the Aeolidina, we used several species of aeolids of different families. Aeolidiidae: Aeolidiella alderi (Cocks, 1852); Berghia verrucicornis (Costa, 1864) and Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823). Facelinidae: Caloria elegans (Alder &amp; Hancock, 1845); Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791); Dicata odhneri (Schmekel, 1967); Dondice banyulensis (Portmann &amp; Sandmeier, 1960a), Facelina auriculata (Müller, 1776); Favorinus branchialis (Rathke, 1806) and Pruvotfolia pselliotes (Labbé, 1923). Flabellinidae: Calmella cavolini (Vérany, 1846), Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791); Flabellina capensis (Thiele, 1925) and Flabellina ischitana (Hirano &amp; Thompson, 1990). Piseinotecidae: Piseinotecus gaditanus Cervera, García-Gómez &amp; García, 1987.</p> <p>Character 16 (presence or absence of a bursa copulatrix) was excluded from the final analysis as its distribution and homology remain poorly understood within the Aeolidina. The bursa is usually the site of exogenous sperm reception following copulation and may also serve a gametolytic function. The wall of the bursa is lined with columnar endothelial cells. There are both secretory and resorptive cells (Schmekel, 1971). The bursa is present in some aeolids (Gosliner, 1994) but this was not confirmed histologically. Schulze &amp; Wägele (1998) give a detailed description of the internal anatomy and the histology of organs and systems of Flabellina affinis. According to these authors, this species has two receptacula, but neither of them shows a gametolytic activity. Some years before, Medina et al. (1988) described the ultrastrastructure of the bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis in Hypselodoris midatlantica Gosliner, 1990 (as H. tricolor). These authors confirmed a gametolytic fuction in the bursa copulatrix, with a single epithelium lining a lumen filled with a heterogeneous material including remnants of degenerative gametes. A thin layer of connective tissue externally surrounds the epithelium. In the luminal material sperm tails, myelinic formations and homogeneously electron-dense bodies are distinguished. In the case of the receptaculum seminis, it is pyriform and the lumen is filled with abundant spermatozoa that are orientated radially. The sperm heads are embedded in the lining epithelium and the tails are directed toward the centre of the lumen. In this chromodoridid species an histological description for these structures exists, but it is necessary to carry out additional studies to clarify possible homologies within Nudibranchia, prior to a phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>Morphological data were compiled using MacClade, version 4.08 (Maddison &amp; Maddison, 2005). Synapomorphies were mapped using the character trace option in MacClade using the majority rule tree from the PAUP analysis. Bremer analyses were performed on the strict consensus tree to estimate branch support (Bremer, 1994).</p> <p>CHARACTERS</p> <p>To determinate the phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Babakina, 27 characters were examined for 20 taxa. The character states are indicated as follows: 0: the presumed plesiomorphic condition; 1, 2, 3: apomorphic conditions. For character states that are not applicable ‘–’ is used and, for character states that are very variable in a taxa, ‘?’ is used. The character states for the data examined for the present study can be found in Table 2.</p> <p>1. Notal brim: 0 – present; 1 – interrupted; 2 – absent. The presence of a rim of tissue along the dorsolateral margins of the body has been considered as a plesiomorphic feature within the Aeolidina (Odhner, 1939). This feature is present in Babakina and N. gigas (0). These taxa are considered very primitive within Aeolidina. Members of the genus Flabellina Voigt, 1834, Calmella cavolini and Piseinotecus gaditanus have a discontinuous notal brim (1) and they group together in the same clade. In the remaining taxa, no vestige of the notal brim remains (2).</p> <p>2. Foot corners: 0 – tentacular; 1 – angular; 2 – rounded. The anterior region of the foot in Notaeolidia is rounded (2). In the case of the genera Piseinotecus, Aeolidiella and Cratena, this region is angular (1). In the rest of the species in study, the foot corners are tentacular (0).</p> <p>3. Body: 0 – narrow; 1 – wide. The species of Aeolidiidae and Notaeolidia possess a wide body (1). The rest of the species in this study possess a narrow body (0).</p> <p>4. Cerata: 0 – arise directly from notum; 1 – arise from peduncles. In F. ischitana, Calmella cavolini and Piseinotecus gaditanus, the ceratal cluster emerges from stalked clusters, which are well elevated from the notum. The other taxa have the cerata arranged in linear rows. In the case of the Flabellina affinis, there is considerable variability; the arrangement of the cerata can be arranged separately or in rows and/or groups that are either placed on the notal ridge or on peduncles (Schulze &amp; Wägele, 1998).</p> <p>5. Ceratal number: 0 – usually less than 100 cerata per side of the body; 1 – numerous, with many more that 100 cerata per side. The cerata of the species of Spurilla, Berghia and Aeolidiella are far more numerous that in the other taxa.</p> <p>6. First ceratal cluster: 0 – rows, present as a series of rows; 1 – arch, forming a horseshoeshaped arch. In the case of the genera Spurilla, Berghia, Dicata, Cratena, Favourinus and Dondice, the first ceratal cluster forms a horseshoe-shaped arch (1). The remaining species in study have the first ceratal cluster arranged in rows (0).</p> <p>7. Second ceratal cluster: 0 – rows, present as a series of rows; 1 – arch, forming a horseshoeshaped arch. The vast majority of ingroup taxa that have the arrangement of the first ceratal cluster arranged in an arch, and have the second ceratal cluster in arch as well. Only Cratena has a first ceratal cluster in arch with the second cluster forming a row (0).</p> <p>8. Anus: 0 – pleuroproctic; 1 – cleioproctic; 2 – acleioproctic. In the species of Notaeolidiidae and the most primitive species of Flabellinidae, the anus is situated in the pleuroproctic position (Gosliner &amp; Willan, 1991). The species of Flabellina, Calmella, Notaeolidia and Babakina are pleuroproctic (0). Of the taxa included in this analysis only Piseinotecus has the anus in an acleioproctic position (2). The remaining taxa are cleioproctic (1).</p> <p>9. Rhinophoral base: 0 – divided; where both rhinophores have a separate point of insertion into the dorsal surface of the head; 1 – united, where the two rhinophores join and share a common base. This character is an external feature typical of genus Babakina.</p> <p>10. Rhinophoral ornamentation: 0 – smooth, with no sign of ornamentation, may occasionally appear wrinkled; 1 – annulate, with a series of well-separated rings; 2 – perfoliate, with a series of crowded lamellae; 3 – papillate with series of elongate papillae; 4 – swelling; with one or more inflated areas along the rhinophoral length. The simple condition, a smooth rhinophore, is considered to represent the ancestral state (0), as it has less sensory surface area. The rhinophores in derived species are generally ornamented. Flabellina ischitana and F. affinis, as well as in Dondice, Pruvotfolia and Facelina, possess annulate rhinophores (1). Spurilla neapolitana and members of the genus Babakina have perfoliate rhinophores (2). Babakina caprinsulensis has incomplete lamellae on its perfoliate rhinophores. Species of Berghia have papillate rhinophores (3), and in the case of Favorinus the rhinophores have a subapical inflated area (4).</p> <p>11. Radula: 0 – multiseriate with several rows of lateral teeth; 1 – triseriate, with a lateral tooth flanking either side of the rachidian row; 2 – uniseriate, with only a single rachidian row. The multiseriate radula is considered to represent the plesiomorphic state (0); Notaeolidia has a multiseriate radula. The species of Flabellina and Calmella cavolini have a triseriate radula (1). The uniseriate radula is the apomorphic state (2). This character was treated as ordered in the analysis based on the fact that the successive loss of lateral teeth has been well documented in aeolid phylogeny (Wägele &amp; Willan, 2000).</p> <p>12. Lateral teeth: 0 – denticulate, with a series of denticles along the inner masticatory edge; 1 – smooth, with no denticles along cutting edge. In most species of Flabellina, the lateral radular teeth bear a series of denticles along their inner edge. The absence of denticles on the lateral teeth is considered to represent a derived feature within Flabellina (Gosliner &amp; Willan, 1991). Notaeolidia bears denticles along the inner masticatory edge of the lateral teeth (0). This character is treated as non-applicable in species with uniseriate radula.</p> <p>13. Rachidian tooth shape: 0 – cuspidate, with a series of denticles flanking a triangular cusp; 1 – pectinate, forming a series of comb-like denticles without a larger central cusp. In species of Spurilla, Berghia and Aeolidiella, the rachidian teeth are pectinate, with denticles on each side of a triangular central cusp.</p> <p>14. Rachidian tooth: 0 – denticulate, 1 – smooth, without denticles. Only Favorinus has a rachidian tooth with a single denticle, with no denticles on either side of the central denticle. The rest of the species included in the analysis have a denticulate rachidian tooth.</p> <p>15. Rachidian radular teeth: 0 – symmetrical, with the same number of denticles on either side of the primary cusp; 1 – asymmetrical, with different numbers of denticles on either side of the cusp. In Babakina festiva and B. indopacifica, the number of denticles is not equal on either side of the rachidian tooth.</p> <p>16. Jaws denticles: 0 – with multiple rows of denticles along the masticatory margin; 1 – single row, with only one row of denticles; 2 – absent, with no denticles along margin. Jaws with several rows of denticles on the masticatory border are considered plesiomorphic (0), whereas those with only one row of denticles (1), or no denticles (2), are apomorphic (Wägele &amp; Willan, 2000). Spurilla, Berghia, Cratena, Dondice and the clade including Pruvotfolia and Facelina have a single row of denticles in the masticatory border (1). Notaeolidia, Aeolidiella, Dicata and Caloria lack denticles along the margin of the masticatory border (2).</p> <p>17. Receptaculum seminis arrangement: 0 – proximal, in closer proximity to the hermaphroditic gland than to the genital aperture; 1 – distal, near the genital aperture. A proximal receptaculum seminis is considered plesiomorphic (0). Flabellina affinis is the more derived species of Flabellina in the analysis and it is the only one with a distal receptaculum seminis (1).</p> <p>18. Receptaculum seminis shape: 0 – simple; 1 – bilobed. A bilobed receptaculum is considered apomorphic (1). Flabellina affinis is the only taxon with a bilobed receptaculum in this study. One lobe is not stalked and another one is smaller and stalked.</p> <p>19. Bursa copulatrix: 0 – present; 1 – absent. The presence of a proximal receptaculum seminis and a distal bursa copulatrix is considered a plesiomorphic state (Ghiselin, 1966; Gosliner, 1981; Schmekel, 1985; Mikkelsen, 1996). Notaeolidia, Flabellina capensis, F. ischitana, Dicata and the species of Babakina have a bursa copulatrix, and are considered plesiomorphic (0). The remaining species included in the analysis lack a bursa (1). This character was deleted from the final analysis owing to the fact that the bursa has often been overlooked and homology of this structure remains open to some question.</p> <p>20. Bursa copulatrix duct: 0 – straight; 1 – bent. In two species, Flabellina capensis and Babakina caprinsulensis, the bursa has a sharp bend. This is considered plesiomorphic (0). In remaining species the duct is simply curved or straight (1). In the species with bursa copulatrix absent, this character is treated as nonapplicable.</p> <p>21. Bursa copulatrix shape: 0 – pyriform; 1 – narrow. In Babakina festiva and B. indopacifica, the bursa copulatrix has a narrow shape (1). In the remaining species with bursa copulatrix, it has a pyriform shape (0). In those species with bursa copulatrix absent, this character is treated as non-applicable.</p> <p>22. Bursa copulatrix size: 0 – large; 1 – small. Presence of a small bursa is a feature typical of B. indopacifica, where the bursa copulatrix is reduced (1). In the species lacking a bursa copulatrix, this character is treated as non-applicable.</p> <p>23. Penis: 0 – unarmed, without cuticular structures; 1 – armed, with cuticular hooks. The absence of spines within the vas deferens is considered the plesiomorphic state (0) (Gosliner, 1994; Wägele &amp; Willan, 2000). Pruvotfolia pselliotes and Facelina auriculata (Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855) have a penis with cuticular spines (1). The rest of the species in the study have an unarmed penis.</p> <p>24. Penial papilla: 0 – narrow; 1 – conical; 2 – bulbous. The species Berghia verrucicornis, the clade including Flabellina ischitana, F. affinis, Calmella and Piseinotecus, as well as the clades including Babakina festiva have a narrow penial papilla (0). Aeolidiella, Dicata, Pruvotfotlia, Dondice, Babakina caprinsulensis and B. anadoni have a conical penial papilla (1). The remaining species in this study present a bulbous penial papilla (2).</p> <p>25. Penial glands: 0 – absent, devoid of any auxiliary glandular structures; 1 – present, with secondary glandular structures. A simple penis, without penial glands is considered plesiomorphic (0). Facelina auriculata is the only taxon in this analysis that has penial glands (1).</p> <p>26. Prostate diameter: 0 – wider in some parts; 1 – uniform diameter throughout. Notaeolidia, Cratena, Favorinus, Dondice and the species of Babakina have a uniform diameter of the prostate (1); the other species have a welldifferentiated prostatic section divided into several parts (0)</p> <p>27. Food: 0 – hydroids; 1 – sea anemones; 2 – eggs. The vast majority of species included in the analysis feed on hydroids (0). Spurilla, Berghia and Aeolidiella feed on sea anemones (1) while Favorinus feeds on opisthobranch eggs (2).</p> <p>In the analysis presented (Fig. 6), The heuristic search of the data matrix set produced 16 most parsimonious trees, obtained with 58 steps, and had a consistency index (CI) of 0.63, a retention index (RI) of 0.75 and a homoplasy index (HI) of 0.36.</p> <p>The resulting phylogeny shows phylogenetic relationships that are rather weakly supported by Bremer values of 1 or 2 (Fig. 7). Babakina represents a clade that is moderately well supported by two synapomorphies: united rhinophores (9) and perfoliate rhinophores (10) and has a Bremer support value of 2. The clade including B. festiva and B. indopacifica is supported by two synapomorphies: different numbers of denticles on other side of the cusp of the rachidian tooth (15) and bursa copulatrix with narrow shape (21). Additionally, B. indopacifica has an autopomorphic feature: a reduced bursa copulatrix that is characteristic of this species (22). Babakina caprinsulensis has one autopomorphy: a bent bursa duct (20). Within Babakina, B. anadoni and B. caprinsulensis form a trichotomy with the clade containing B. festiva and B. indopacifica. The sister group relationship of B. festiva and B. indopacifica has a Bremer support value of 2.</p> <p>Babakina is the sister group to Aeolidiidae plus Facelinidae. Aeolidiidae is a monophyletic group and is weakly supported as a clade (Bremer support value of 2). Aeolidiidae is supported by four synopomophies: a broad body (3), a high number of cerata (5), a pectinate rachidian tooth (13) and feeding on sea anemones (27). However, Facelinidae is not supported as a clade in the present analysis. Relationships within Facelinidae are not supported, most probably due to incomplete taxon sampling.</p> <p>The Babakina / Aeolidiidae / Facelinidae clade is supported by one synapomophy: uniseriate radula (11), and has a Bremer support value of 1. The clade including Aeolidiidae and Facelinidae is supported by a Bremer value of 1 and two synapomorphies: absence of a notal brim (1) and a cleioproctic anus (8).</p> <p>Flabellinidae is weakly supported (Bremer support value of 1), but monophyletic when Calmella and Piseinotecus are included as members of this taxon. They are supported by the presence of a single synapomorphy: presence of an interrupted notal brim (1). The clade including Flabellina ischitana, F. affinis, Calmella and Piseinotecus is supported by a Bremer value of 1 and two synapomorphies: cerata arising from peduncles (4) and a narrow penial papilla (24).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4FD21FF82FFA7FC2C605E9CC9FB05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gosliner, Terrence M.;González-Duarte, Manuel M.;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Gosliner, Terrence M., González-Duarte, Manuel M., Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007): Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4): 671-689, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x
