taxonID	type	description	language	source
0247144F1B2BDA2AFE8BFCECA2E4FF17.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: [based mainly on Lambkin, 1986 a; modified here; different diagnostic character states are designated by numerals, e. g. (10)]. Fore tarsus 4 - segmented (1), with terminal segment enlarged, apically pointed (2); adjacent segment arising near its middle (3) in both male and female. Female with externally evident ovipositor (4). Trichosors (i. e. small setigerous thickenings of wing margin between tips of veins, veinlets) often well developed, around almost entire wing margin, except basally (5). Pterostigma situated between R 1 and the costal margin (6). Sc entering wing margin within pterostigma, often poorly discernible (7). In forewing two subcostal crossveins, intermediate (2 sc-r), distal (3 sc-r); basal crossvein (1 sc-r) lacking (8); crossvein 3 sc-r single, long (9); only two r 1 - rs crossveins (10); CuP touching 1 A proximally (11); M fused basally with R for considerable distance (12); crossvein a 2 - a 3 absent (13). Hindwing with only one r 1 - rs crossvein (14); CuP present (15); basal crossvein r-m sinuate (16). Included genera: Symphrasites gen. nov. from the Middle Eocene of Germany; Plega Navás, 1928, Trichoscelia Westwood, 1852; and Anchieta Navás, 1909; the latter three extant and distributed from South America to southern North America (Fig. 1). Remarks: The species of the subfamily Symphrasinae are easily distinguished from others of the family, in particular by a short Sc that always terminates within the pterostigma, so that the pterostigma is located between R 1 and the costal margin. In other mantispids (except Mesomantispa) the Sc approaches R 1 and terminates distal to the pterostigma (the latter is always located anterior to Sc). The majority of extant symphrasine species have been examined, with no exceptions found (K. M. Hoffman, pers. comm. 2004; V. N. Makarkin, pers. observ.). Some published drawings incorrectly imply that Sc is bent to R 1 and then fused with R 1 in the subfamily (e. g. Tjeder, 1959: fig. 244; Willmann, 1990: fig. 16; Hoffman, 2002: fig. 537). In symphrasine species the terminal portion of Sc, and generally the veins within the pterostigma, are inconspicuous. Sc seems to disappear distal to 3 sc-r 1, making it appear to terminate on R 1. Although it is often poorly visible, in all species the Sc actually continues distal to 3 sc-r 1. This can be deduced from the observation that a number of veinlets terminate on C within the pterostigma (i. e. distal to 3 sc-r 1), but because they do not arise from R 1, this probably indicates the presence of the Sc distal to 3 sc-r 1 in these species. In Mesomantispa, the Sc appears to also terminate at R 1, but the true relationship is unclear (see below). The structure of the distal part of the Sc in the Symphrasinae is similar to that of some Rhachiberothidae and Berothidae, in that the Sc is far removed from R 1 and often poorly discernible (it is sometimes atrophied) distal to 3 sc-r (e. g. Aspöck & Mansell, 1994: fig. 43 for Rhachiberothidae; Archibald & Makarkin, 2004: fig. 3 for Berothidae). The relationships of Rhachiberothidae and Symphrasinae remain unclear. They are obviously closely related (e. g. Tjeder, 1959; Willmann, 1990, 1994; Aspöck & Nemeschkal, 1998), and the question asked by Tjeder in 1959 remains relevant: ‘ is Symphrasis [sic, read as Symphrasinae] really as closely related to the other Mantispidae as to be included in that family? ’ (Tjeder, 1959: 275). This problem is, however, outside the scope of this paper (see also below under Whalfera). The Symphrasinae are considered to be the sister group of [Drepanicinae + (Calomantispinae + Mantispinae)] and they are regarded to be the most plesiomorphic mantispids (Lambkin, 1986 a). We believe that the latter concept requires some re-examination, however. Indeed, some character states of their venation and prothorax are plesiomorphic in the family [compare characters (5), (15), and (16) of the subfamily diagnosis – additionally, the humeral veinlet in the forewing is recurrent and the anterior part of the pronotum is not closed ventrally (i. e. not tubular) in some species]. Symphrasinae, however, possess more numerous and striking apomorphic character states in their venation and in the structure of their foreleg and abdomen [characters (1) – (4), (6) – (8), and (10) – (14) of the subfamily diagnosis]. Most of these states are plesiomorphic in the Drepanicinae. The exceptions are some apomorphies of this subfamily, e. g. CuP in the hindwing is absent; the basal crossvein r-m is either upright or at most inclined, but not sinuate; and the prothorax is entirely tubular (but all of these characters are shared by Mantispidae and Calomantispidae). So, Drepanicinae might be considered at least as plesiomorphic as Symphrasinae.	en	Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2007): A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701-716, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x
0247144F1B2ADA2AFEECFEEFA7E9FDC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Symphras- (from Symphrasis, a mantispid genus-group name) + - ites (a traditional suffix of fossil genera), in reference to the symphrasine affinity of the genus. Gender masculine. Type species: Symphrasites eocenicus sp. nov. Included species: The type species only. Diagnosis: In forewing MP deeply forked (17); trichosors present at most in apical portion of wing (18); R 1 comparatively long (19); CuP deeply forked once (20); crossvein 2 r-m present, connecting Rs 1, MA proximal to gradate series of crossveins (21). Remarks: We are confident of the placement of this genus in Symphrasinae, as it possesses important forewing diagnostic character states of this group (5) – (7), (9), and (10) (see diagnosis of the subfamily above). Some character states are not, however, available in the examined specimen [i. e. (8), (11), and (12)], as the basal portion of a wing is either lacking or strongly folded. In some other ways Symphrasites gen. nov. differs quite strongly from other known genera of the subfamily. Interestingly, a number of the character states of Symphrasites are derived with regard to the states of extant genera [characters (17), (18), and (20), see below]. Character state (17): MP is never deeply forked in any species of Mantispidae; this is undoubtedly an autapomorphy of the genus / species. Alternatively, this may be an anomaly of this specimen. Only other specimens will resolve this. Character state (18): The trichosors are present in all examined extant species of Symphrasinae. They are, however, sometimes not distinct, and therefore may be difficult to detect in impression / compression fossils. In any case, the appearance of trichosors in S. eocenicus is clearly less distinct than in most of the extant species. Character state (19): In all examined species of the extant Symphrasinae, R 1 enters the wing margin well before the apex; in S. eocenicus it enters more distad, almost near the apex. The condition of R 1 entering the wing margin near the apex may be considered plesiomorphic, as it also occurs in Liassochrysa and Promantispa. Character state (20): The structure of CuP in Symphrasites most resembles that of some species of Anchieta and Trichoscelia, where CuP is deeply forked once. However, the closely spaced branches of CuP as found in S. eocenicus do not occur in either Anchieta or Trichoscelia. In the other extant Symphrasinae, one of the branches of CuP is forked again, or the fork of CuP is not so deep, and its branches are not clearly parallel. Character state (21): Crossvein 2 m-r is absent in other species of Symphrasinae (as well as in the vast majority of other mantispids), and its presence in Symphrasites may be considered either as a plesiomorphy or as an autapomorphy of the genus. 2 m-r also occurs in the Jurassic Liassochrysa, Promantispa and the extant Ditaxis, but in these genera 2 m-r is a part of the inner, more basally located, gradate series of crossveins continuing from Rs to CuP (in Promantispa this series is incomplete). So, it is reasonable to assume that the crossvein 2 m-r in these genera and Symphrasites appeared independently.	en	Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2007): A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701-716, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x
0247144F1B2ADA2DFC77FD97A69FF9C2.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 – 4) Etymology: From the Eocene, in reference to the age of the type specimen. Holotype: Specimen MeI 8384, deposited in FIS. An incomplete, partly folded, well-preserved forewing. Type locality and horizon: Messel pit near Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany; grid square E 8 / 9. Messel Formation, lower Middle Eocene (lowermost Lutetian, MP 11), from + 0.575 to + 0.77 m above local marker horizon alpha. Diagnosis: Same as for Symphrasites gen. nov. Description: Forewing with rounded apex, c. 14 – 15 mm long (estimated, 12 mm preserved), c. 5.6 – 5.7 mm wide (estimated, 4.5 mm preserved). Trichosors present but indistinct, restricted mainly to apicalmost portion of wing margin (Fig. 4). Costal space narrowed towards wing apex. Subcostal veinlets simple, straight, oblique, and widely spaced. Sc stout, appears atrophied after distal subcostal crossvein (3 sc-r), apparently entering wing margin within pterostigma. Pterostigma distinct, pale, strongly haired, situated between R 1 and costal margin; incorporated veinlets almost invisible, rows of macrotrichia not distinct. Subcostal space rather narrow, not dilated towards apex; three crossveins detected: two intermediate (2 sc-r), closely spaced, situated after origin of Rs, one distal (3 sc-r). R 1 entering margin slightly before wing apex, with at least eight veinlets distal to pterostigma, all forked. Space between R 1 and costal margin distal to pterostigma comparatively broad. Origin of Rs far removed from wing base. R 1 space rather narrow, with two rather short crossveins. Rs with 11 branches, all forked (mainly deeply). Single gradate series of crossveins continuing from most distal branch of Rs to CuP, with 14 crossveins. Crossvein 1 r-m connects stem of Rs apparently with stem of M slightly proximal to primary fork; crossvein 2 r-m present, connects Rs 1 and MA. Origin of M not preserved; basalmost parts of MA and MP diverged at angle more than 45 °, distal to origin of Rs; MA straight before gradate series, twice forked distally; MP deeply forks slightly distal to crossvein 2 m-cu, so MP has two long branches, each of which forked twice distally. Origin, primary forking of Cu not preserved. CuA with comparatively few branches, apparently with three branches. CuP deeply forked once, its branches closely spaced, nearly parallel. Anal area very crumpled. Wing membrane without maculation. Remarks: The two closely spaced intermediate crossveins in the subcostal space (both named here 2 sc-r) may present an anomaly caused apparently by the duplication of this crossvein. Such duplications often occur, for example, in the Hemerobiidae (e. g. Makarkin, 1995), but apparently were not reported hitherto in the Mantispidae. On the other hand, this part of the wing is not well preserved, and it is very difficult to discern the more basal vein 2 sc-r in the fossil (compare Fig. 3).	en	Wedmann, Sonja, Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2007): A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701-716, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x
