taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B47718FFCEFFFF11594426D7E2E006.taxon	synonymic_list	Genera included: Delturus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 and Hemipsilichthys Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFCEFFFF11594426D7E2E006.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Delturus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFCEFFFF11594426D7E2E006.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Delturinae is diagnosed by two uniquely derived synapomorphies (from Armbruster, 2004), not seen in any other loricariid and not reversed in any known member of the subfamily: (1) pterotic-supracleithrum with a long, thin, dorsomesial process that originates just ventral to where the hyomandibula contacts the pterotic-supracleithrum (character 115 – 1); and (2) anteromesial processes of pelvic basipterygium absent (character 170 – 1). The following characters are also hypothesized as synapomorphic transitions for the Delturinae, but are shared with a number of other loricariid subgroups: (1) interhyal bone large, almost rectangular (a reversal, character 27 – 0, shared with Astroblepus, the Loricariinae, Chaetostoma, Cordylancistrus, Dolichancistrus, Leptoancistrus, and Pseudolithoxus); (2) interhyal bone located well above the ventral margin of the hyomandibula (character 28 – 1, shared with Lithogenes and the Loricariinae); (3) quadrate very wide, nearly as wide as long (character 64 – 2, shared with Otocinclus and Pseudorinelepis); (4) quadrate with a small flap extending ventrally to symplectic foramen (character 66 – 1, shared with the clade Hypostomini, Pterygoplichthyini, and Ancistrini); (5) small sesamoid ossification mesial to the preopercle and connected by a ligament to the opercle and angulo-articular (character 73 – 1, shared with Lithogenes and Pogonopoma); (6) rib of sixth vertebral centrum flared distally so that its tip is much wider than its shaft (character 128 – 1, shared with Neoplecostomus, Otocinclus, Acanthicus, Megalancistrus, Lasiancistrus, Lithoxus, Neblinichthys, and Pseudancistrus); (7) nuchal plate entirely covered by plates or thick skin (character 147 – 1, shared with Chaetostoma, Cordylancistrus, Dolichancistrus, Leptoancistrus); (8) anterolateral processes of pelvic basipterygium straight (character 167 – 2, shared with Pogonopoma and a number of Ancistrini genera); (9) nuptial males with hypertrophied odontodes on cheeks (character 183 – 1, shared with Isbrueckerichthys, Pareiorhaphis, and some Loricariinae as Ixinandria, Rineloricaria, Sturisoma, and Sturisomatichthys); (10) nuptial males with hypertrophied odontodes on snout, anterior to cheek plates (character 188 – 1, shared with Isbrueckerichthys, Pareiorhaphis, some Loricariinae as Ixinandria, Rineloricaria, Sturisoma, and Sturisomatichthys, Pseudorinelepis, and a number of Ancistrini genera); (11) postdorsal ridge formed by raised, median, azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins (character 192 – 1, shared with Corymbophanes and Leptoancistrus); (12) five transverse rows of plates on the least deep part of the caudal peduncle (character 196 – 3, shared with Isbrueckerichthys, some Pareiorhaphis, and Hypostominae except Corymbophanes). Three other characteristics found by Armbruster (2004) to diagnose Delturus are also present in H. nimius but are absent in H. gobio and H. papillatus. These traits are ambiguous, and may either be synapomorphies for Delturinae reversed in the ancestor of H. gobio plus H. papillatus, or convergent for Delturus on the one hand, and for H. nimius on the other. Pending further resolution of that question, the characters are here included as tentative synapomorphies for Delturinae: (1) dorsal fin with supranumerary branched rays (eight to ten in Delturus and seven to nine in H. nimius) (character 142 – 1, shared with Pterygoplichthys, and a number of Ancistrini); (2) dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped (a reversal, character 148 – 0, shared with Hypostominae); and (3) dorsal-fin membrane extended posteriorly (character 143 – 1, shared with Spectracanthicus and Parancistrus; contrary to the situation in Delturus; however, in H. nimius the membrane never contacts the first preadipose plate). On the basis of external morphology, a member of the Delturinae can easily be identified by the combination of two characters: (1) a high preadipose keel, formed by the azygous preadipose plates, and (2) jaw teeth almost symmetrically bifid (Fig. 2). These two traits in combination are not seen in any nondelturine loricariid.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFCFFFF81169454BD70EE000.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose Hemipsilichthys. The following features are derived for Hemipsilichthys but are shared with a number of other loricariid groups: (1) anterior and posterior edges of hyohyal bone concave, making it spindle-shaped (character 21 – 0); (2) some of the bifid neural spines under the dorsal fin are perforated above the spinal cord (character 126 – 1); (3) adductor fossa of the pectoral girdle displaced laterally by the development of anterior and posterior rims of the fossa (character 152 – 1); and (4) ventral ridge of the pelvic basipterygium tall (a reversion, character 172 – 0). In addition, Hemipsilichthys can be easily recognized by the combination of a high preadipose keel, formed by the azygous preadipose plates, almost symmetrically bifid teeth (Fig. 2) on premaxilla and dentary, small eye (orbital diameter 8.6 – 16.9 % HL), and dorsal-fin membrane not or slightly extended posteriorly but never in contact with the first preadipose plate.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFF8112346E5D722E5E5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Three of the characteristics described for H. gobio by Armbruster (2004) were also found in H. papillatus, and constitute synapomorphies for these two species: (1) 16 – 20 vertebrae from first normal neural spine (without bifid neural spine) behind dorsal fin up to hypural plate (a reversal, character 121 – 0); (2) distal margin of transverse process of Weberian apparatus pointed (character 132 – 1); and (3) posterior cleithral process reduced in size (character 157 – 1). In addition, Pereira et al. (2000) described two unique and unreversed synapomorphies for these two species: (1) anal fin of nuptial females much longer than in males; and (2) papillae in upper lip fused to form four or five transverse, elongate skin folds.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Brazil: Holotype of Xenomystus gobio: ZMUC 76 (121.2 mm SL), male, South America. Lectotype of Upsilodus victori: MNRJ 639 (101.4 mm SL), male, Rio Paquequer, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro. Paralectotype of Upsilodus victori: MNRJ 646 (108.3 mm SL) Rio Paquequer, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro. Other specimens: MNRJ 13654 (3 + 1 cleared and stained, 60.3 – 88.7 mm SL) Rio dos Frades, near mouth of Córrego da Chácara, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro (22 ° 17 ′ 27 ′ S 42 ° 50 ′ 48 ′ W), 27 July 1995. MCP 19780 (13, 36.7 – 123.9 mm SL) and MHNG 2587 – 31 (4, 45.0 – 108.4 mm SL) Arroio Macaquinho, tributary of Rio Paraitinga c. 5 km of Bairro dos Macacos, Silveiras, São Paulo (22 ° 50 ′ 47 ′ S 44 ° 50 ′ 30 ′ W), 16 January 1997. UFJF 0362 (21, 104.8 – 131.8 mm SL) Ribeirão Santana, tributary of Rio Preto, Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, 22 July 1997. Diagnosis: Hemipsilichthys gobio can be distinguished from H. nimius and H. papillatus by its rectangular or oval-shaped dorsal-fin spinelet (Fig. 3) (vs. V-shaped in H. nimius and absent in H. papillatus), and by the intermediate orbital diameter (12.0 – 14.7 % HL vs. 8.6 – 11.8 % in H. papillatus and 15.3 – 16.9 % in H. nimius). Description: This species was recently described and illustrated by Pereira & Reis (2002) and the description will not be repeated here. Morphometric data, however, are presented in Table 1 for comparative purposes. Distribution: Hemipsilichthys gobio is known from several localities in the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: Found in small rivers, with clear water, moderate to strong current, and a substrate of rocks, loose stones and gravel. Remarks: The type locality of Xenomystus gobio was not cited in the original description. Eigenmann & Eigenmann (1889) described the genus Hemipsilichthys for Xenomystus gobio and included one specimen from the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin. All known specimens collected so far are also from that basin, and it is probable that the holotype is from the Rio Paraíba do Sul drainage. For this reason, we herein restrict its type locality to the Rio Paraíba do Sul.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Hemipsilichthys gobio can be distinguished from H. nimius and H. papillatus by its rectangular or oval-shaped dorsal-fin spinelet (Fig. 3) (vs. V-shaped in H. nimius and absent in H. papillatus), and by the intermediate orbital diameter (12.0 – 14.7 % HL vs. 8.6 – 11.8 % in H. papillatus and 15.3 – 16.9 % in H. nimius).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	description	Description: This species was recently described and illustrated by Pereira & Reis (2002) and the description will not be repeated here. Morphometric data, however, are presented in Table 1 for comparative purposes.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Hemipsilichthys gobio is known from several localities in the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: Found in small rivers, with clear water, moderate to strong current, and a substrate of rocks, loose stones and gravel.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC8FFFB116A44FDD013E121.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The type locality of Xenomystus gobio was not cited in the original description. Eigenmann & Eigenmann (1889) described the genus Hemipsilichthys for Xenomystus gobio and included one specimen from the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin. All known specimens collected so far are also from that basin, and it is probable that the holotype is from the Rio Paraíba do Sul drainage. For this reason, we herein restrict its type locality to the Rio Paraíba do Sul.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFCBFFF512B940F7D281E127.taxon	description	Specimens examined: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Holotype: MZUSP 53085 (91.8 mm SL), male, Ribeirão Santana, tributary of Rio Preto, at Rio Preto, Rio Paraíba do Sul drainage (approximately 22 ° 02 ′ S 43 ° 47 ′ W), 22 July 1997. Paratypes: all collected with the holotype: MCP 21423 (2 + 1 c & s, 70.6 – 77.2 mm SL), MZUSP 53086 (1, 60.0 mm SL), UFJF 0378 (5 + 1 c & s, 26.1 – 85.9 mm SL), UFJF 0379 (3, 65.2 – 75.3 mm SL) and USNM 352350 (1, 60.4 mm SL). Other specimens: MCP 27982 (2, 26.8 – 36.7 mm SL), Ribeirão Santa Rita, tributary of Ribeirão Santana, itself a tributary of Rio Preto, Rio Preto, 29 July 1997. MCP 27983 (6, 26.3 – 45.3 mm SL), Ribeirão Santana, tributary of Rio Preto, Rio Preto, 27 September 1996. Diagnosis: Hemipsilichthys papillatus is diagnosed by an autapomorphic mesial bend of the ventral portion of both preopercle and quadrate, forming a concave fossa where strong facial odontodes are implanted (Fig. 7), and by the absence of a dorsal-fin spinelet. It can also be distinguished from H. gobio and H. nimius by having no plates in the dorsal series between the dorsal-fin origin and the end of the adipose fin (vs. dorsal series of plates complete but plates not reaching the mid-dorsal line). H. papillatus can be further distinguished from its congeners by its smaller orbital diameter (8.6 – 11.8 % HL vs. 12.0 – 14.7 % in H. gobio and 15.3 – 16.9 % in H. nimius). Description: This species was recently described and illustrated by Pereira et al. (2000) and the description will not be repeated here. Morphometric data, however, are presented in Table 1 for comparative purposes. Distribution: Hemipsilichthys papillatus is known only from two localities in a tributary of the Rio Preto, Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: The type specimens were collected in a small, shallow river, with clear water, moderate to strong current, and a substrate of rocks, loose stones, and gravel.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF512B14091D65BE126.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Holotype: MCP 33049 (105.1 mm SL), male, Rio Carrasquinho below the Cachoeira do Tobogã, upper Perequê-Açu basin, Penha, c. 7.5 km west of highway BR 101, on the road from Parati to Cunha, Parati (23 ° 12 ′ 51 ′ S 44 ° 47 ′ 28 ′ W), 1 February 2003. Paratypes: MCP 31990 (11, 45.7 – 98.1 mm SL), collected with the holotype. MCP 30671 (9 + 1 c & s, 35.9 – 102.2 mm SL), same locality of holotype, 18 October 2002. MCP 31573 (1, 48.7 mm SL) Rio Taquari at Taquari Village, c. 2.2 km west of highway BR 101, Parati (23 ° 02 ′ 29 ′ S 44 ° 41 ′ 34 ′ W), 18 October 2002.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF512B14091D65BE126.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Hemipsilichthys nimius can be distinguished from H. gobio and H. papillatus by having eight (rarely seven or nine) branched rays in the dorsal fin (vs. always seven), by possessing the dorsalfin membrane expanded posteriorly, connecting the proximal half of the last dorsal-fin ray to the dorsum (vs. dorsal-fin membrane not expanded posteriorly), and by the V-shaped dorsal-fin spinelet (Fig. 3) with functional dorsal-fin locking mechanism (vs. oval in H. gobio and absent in H. papillatus). It can be further distinguished from congeners by its larger orbital diameter (15.3 – 16.9 % HL vs. 8.6 – 11.8 % in H. papillatus and 12.0 – 14.7 % in H. gobio).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF512B14091D65BE126.taxon	description	Description: This species was recently described and illustrated by Pereira et al. (2003) and the description will not be repeated here. Morphometric data, however, are presented in Table 1 for comparative purposes.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF512B14091D65BE126.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Hemipsilichthys nimius is only known from its type locality in the upper Rio Perequê-Açu and from the nearby Rio Taquari, in the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro state (Fig. 5).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF512B14091D65BE126.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: The type specimens were collected in small coastal streams flowing through well-preserved Atlantic forest. Hemipsilichthys nimius was collected in localities between 100 and 370 m a. s. l., always in rocky substrate with fast flowing, clear water, under direct sunlight, and depths between 10 and 50 cm. Underwater observations indicate that H. nimius is most active during the night, grazing on the bottom (Pereira et al., 2003).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC5FFF71184408FD7E2E5D8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose Delturus. The following features are derived for Delturus but are shared with a number of other loricariid groups (from Armbruster, 2004): (1) more than six infraorbital canal plates (character 91 – 2); (2) ridge on lateral ethmoid, from metapterygoid contact to near the anterior margin of the bone, short (character 97 – 1); and (3) reduction to eight to 11 vertebrae from first normal (not bifid) neural spine behind dorsal fin up to hypural plate (character 121 – 2). In addition, Delturus can be easily recognized by the combination of a high preadipose keel, formed by the azygous preadipose plates, almost symmetrically bifid teeth (Fig. 2) on premaxilla and dentary, dorsal fin with eight to ten branched rays, large eye (orbital diameter 18.0 – 24.5 % HL), and dorsal-fin membrane extended posteriorly and contacting first preadipose plate.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC7FFF212B3421AD3D0E535.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The posterior margin of the exposed cleithrum process tapering to a point (character 156 – 1) is autapomorphic to D. angulicauda. It is also distinguished from all other Delturus by having a light brown caudal fin devoid of distinct darker spots or marks (vs. caudal fin spotted); from D. parahybae by a less deep head (head depth 46.2 – 54.6 % SL vs. 53.9 – 59.7 % SL) and by tooth counts (30 – 52 vs. 15 – 24 premaxillary teeth); from D. carinotus by having a large dorsal flap on the iris (vs. dorsal flap small and inconspicuous) and a wider cleithral width (32.3 – 34.2 % SL vs. 29.8 – 33.2 % SL); and from D. brevis by having a concave (vs. convex) caudal fin, and a straight (vs. rounded) dorsal-fin margin. Description: SL of examined specimens 121.3 – 270.3 mm. Other morphometric data are presented in Table 2. Body depressed and progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of body smoothly convex. Body arches from snout tip to end of supraoccipital process; slightly convex to straight from posterior margin of supraoccipital to origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile descending from origin of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Trunk mostly round in cross-section, caudal peduncle very flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally; trunk somewhat triangular at preadipose region. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal surface of body mostly covered by dermal plates. Three to five median, preadipose plates present, forming tall ridge between dorsal and adipose fins. Lower surface of head and abdomen naked, except for some platelets sometimes embedded in skin laterally below the pectoral girdle. Median series of lateral plates with 23 – 26 plates; eight to 11 plates bordering dorsal-fin base; eight to ten plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin. Head broad and depressed. Snout convex anteriorly. Three slightly elevated ridges between orbits and snout tip, lateral ridges more prominent. Dorsal region of head between orbits flat to slightly concave; upper margin of orbits slightly higher than interorbital space. Eyes large (orbital diameter 19.1 – 21.5 % HL), placed dorsolaterally. Iris with large dorsal flap. Lateral margins of head with many thin hypertrophied odontodes in mature males. Lips well developed, occupying most of ventral surface of head. Upper lip with several transversely elongate papillae. Lower lip wide, reaching anterior margin of cleithrum. Lower lip mostly covered with minute papillae, smaller posteriorly. Maxillary barbel short, free. Teeth slender, bifid, two cusps approximately equal in size (Fig. 2). Premaxilla with 30 – 52 teeth; dentary with 31 – 50 teeth. Distinct skin fold present anterior to premaxillary teeth and posterior to dentary teeth. Dorsal fin originating slightly anteriorly to or at vertical line passing through pelvic-fin origin; dorsalfin spinelet V-shaped and locking mechanism functional; one unbranched and nine to ten (usually nine) branched rays; its margin approximately straight. Fin membrane uniting last dorsal-fin ray to first preadipose plate. Pectoral fins moderate in size, with one slightly curved and flattened unbranched ray, and six branched ones. First thickened pectoralfin ray of mature males covered with large hypertrophied odontodes on anterodorsal margin. Posterior pectoral-fin margin straight to slightly round, reaching proximal third of pelvic fins when adpressed. Pelvic fins moderate in size, with one unbranched and five branched rays, not or just reaching to insertion of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin with one unbranched and five branched rays. Caudal fin slightly concave; lowermost ray slightly longer than uppermost, 14 branched rays; three to four upper and three to four lower procurrent caudal-fin rays. Colour in alcohol: Ground colour of dorsal surface of head and body light brown; pale yellow ventrally. Dorsum and flanks covered with dark brown, roundish blotches about size of pupil. Blotches arranged in series or forming vermiculate pattern on head and predorsal region. Blotches less conspicuous on snout. Dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins with indistinct dark spots along rays and interradial membranes, sometimes arranged in inconspicuous lines. Caudal fin plain light brown, without distinct darker marks. Ventral surface of head and body mostly unpigmented, except for light brown, scattered melanophores on caudal peduncle. Distribution: Delturus angulicauda is known from several localities in the upper portions of the Rio Mucuri basin, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: This species is usually found in the main river channel on a rocky bottom, where the water current is very strong. Remarks: The type locality of D. angulicauda is problematic. Steindachner’s (1877) paper reads ‘ Fundort: Rio Mucuri bei Santa Clara (nach Wertheimer) Rio Parahyba (Hartt und Copeland, Thayer Expedition) ’. However, the specimen herein designated as the lectotype of Plecostomus angulicauda (NMW 44069) is certainly from the Rio Mucuri, as it shares all characters of the species common in that drainage. On the other hand, the second syntype belongs to the species inhabiting the Rio Jequitinhonha, not the Rio Paraíba do Sul, which is described below as a new species, D. brevis. The lectotype designation herein proposed for Plecostomus angulicauda is, thus, necessary for nomenclatural stability.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC2FFEC12964494D09CE380.taxon	description	(FIG. 10)	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFC2FFEC12964494D09CE380.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Delturus parahybae is distinguished from all other Delturus by premaxillary tooth counts (15 – 24 vs. 26 – 137), spots on the body and head (vs. a mostly vermiculate pattern), the number of plates between the end of the anal-fin base and the caudal fin [ten to 11 (usually ten) vs. eight to ten (usually nine)], more numerous dorsal-fin rays [nine to ten (usually ten) vs. eight to ten (usually nine)], and a smaller eye [orbital diameter 53.9 – 64.0 % (average 58.4) in interorbital space vs. 61.4 – 93.0 (average 73.5)]; from D. angulicauda and D. brevis by a deeper head (head depth 53.9 – 59.7 % HL vs. 46.2 – 54.6 % HL); and from D. brevis by having 26 – 28 lateral plates in the medial series (vs. 22 – 24). Description: SL of examined specimens 171.0 – 238.0 mm. Other morphometric data are presented in Table 2. Body depressed and progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of body smoothly convex. Body arches from snout tip to end of supraoccipital process; slightly convex to straight from that posterior tip of supraoccipital to origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile descends from origin of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Trunk mostly round in cross-section, caudal peduncle flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally; trunk somewhat triangular at preadipose region. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal surface of body mostly covered by dermal plates. Three or four median, preadipose plates forming tall ridge between dorsal and adipose fins. Lower surface of head and abdomen naked, except for some platelets sometimes embedded in skin laterally below the pectoral girdle. Median series of lateral plates with 26 – 28 plates; 11 – 13 plates bordering dorsal-fin base; ten to 11 plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin. Head broad and depressed. Snout convex anteriorly. Three slightly elevated ridges between orbits and snout tip, lateral ridges more prominent. Dorsal region of head between orbits flat to slightly concave; upper margin of orbits slightly higher than interorbital space. Eyes large (orbit diameter 18.0 – 19.7 % HL), placed dorsolaterally. Iris with small dorsal flap. Lateral margins of head with many thin hypertrophied odontodes in mature males. Lips well developed, occupying most of ventral surface of head. Upper lip with several transversely elongate papillae. Lower lip wide, reaching anterior margin of cleithrum. Lower lip mostly covered with minute papillae, smaller posteriorly. Maxillary barbel short, free. Teeth thick and heavy, bifid, two cusps approximately equal in size (Fig. 2). Premaxilla with 15 – 24 teeth; dentary with 14 – 26 teeth. Skin fold anterior to premaxillary teeth and posterior to dentary teeth not very distinct. Dorsal fin originating slightly anteriorly to vertical line passing through pelvic-fin origin; dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped and locking mechanism functional; one unbranched and nine to ten (usually ten) branched rays; its margin approximately straight. Fin membrane uniting last dorsal-fin ray to first preadipose plate or terminating just anterior to first preadipose plate. Pectoral fins moderate in size, with one slightly curved and flattened unbranched ray, and six branched ones. First thickened pectoral-fin ray of mature males covered with large hypertrophied odontodes on anterodorsal margin. Posterior pectoralfin margin straight to slightly round, reaching between origin and proximal third of pelvic fins when adpressed. Pelvic fins moderate in size, with one unbranched and five branched rays, reaching from origin to proximal third of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin with one unbranched and five branched rays. Caudal fin slightly concave; lowermost ray slightly longer than uppermost, 14 branched rays; three to five upper and three to four lower procurrent caudal-fin rays. Colour in alcohol: Ground colour of dorsal surface of head and body light brown; pale yellow ventrally. Dorsum, head, flanks, and all fins covered with many dark brown, roundish spots about size of pupil. Spots evenly scattered and not arranged in series. Spots less conspicuous on snout. Ventral surface of head and body mostly unpigmented, except for light brown, scattered melanophores on caudal peduncle. Distribution: Delturus parahybae in known from a few localities in the Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: Very little is known on the ecology and habitat of this species, as only six specimens exist in collections. The specimens in MCP 27296 and MCP 31467, from Rio Pomba, were collected during the night in the main river channel, on a rocky bottom and in a very strong current. Remarks: A lectotype is herein designated for D. parahybae (MCZ 7726). The female specimen also previously in the original lot becomes a paralectotype, now catalogued as MCZ 163082. Conservation status: Delturus parahybae is a very rare species. Of the six specimens known in scientific collections, two are the lectotype and paralectotype, collected by the Thayer Expedition in 1865. A third specimen was collected in 1908, a fourth in 1997, and a fifth in 2002. A sixth specimen has no locality or date and is in very poor condition. The species is currently threatened by environmental destruction and is regarded as endangered by Pompeu & Vieira (2003).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFDCFFEE12C2433DD3C8E2C8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Delturus carinotus is distinguished from all other Delturus by its narrower cleithral width (29.8 – 33.2 % SL vs. 32.2 – 35.2 % SL), and by its very small, indistinct dorsal flap on the iris (vs. flap large); from D. angulicauda by having a spotted caudal fin (vs. caudal fin light unspotted); from D. parahybae by the premaxillary tooth count (40 – 85 vs. 15 – 24) and by having eight to ten (usually nine) plates between the end of the anal-fin base and the caudal fin [vs. ten to 11 (usually ten)]; from D. brevis it is further distinguished by its concave caudal fin (vs. convex), and straight dorsal-fin margin (vs. rounded). Description: SL of examined specimens 138.9 – 208.8 mm. Other morphometric data are presented in Table 2. Body depressed and progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of body smoothly convex. Body arches from snout tip to end of supraoccipital process; slightly convex to straight from posterior tip of supraoccipital to origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile descends from origin of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Trunk mostly round in cross-section, caudal peduncle flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally; trunk somewhat triangular at preadipose region. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal surface of body mostly covered by dermal plates. Three to five median, preadipose plates present, forming tall ridge between dorsal and adipose fins. Lower surface of head and abdomen naked, except for some platelets sometimes embedded in skin laterally below the pectoral girdle. Median series of lateral plates with 22 – 25 plates; eight to ten plates bordering dorsal-fin base; eight to ten plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin. Head broad and depressed. Snout convex anteriorly. Three slightly elevated ridges between orbits and snout tip, lateral ridges more prominent. Dorsal region of head between orbits flat to slightly concave; upper margin of orbits slightly higher than interorbital space. Eye large (orbit diameter 19.0 – 22.0 % HL), placed dorsolaterally. Iris with very small, indistinct dorsal flap. Lateral margins of head with many thin hypertrophied odontodes in mature males. Lips well developed, occupying most of ventral surface of head. Upper lip with several transversely elongate papillae. Lower lip wide, reaching anterior margin of cleithrum. Lower lip mostly covered with minute papillae, smaller posteriorly. Maxillary barbel short, free. Teeth slender, bifid, two cusps approximately equal in size (Fig. 2). Premaxilla with 40 – 85 teeth; dentary with 38 – 80 teeth. Distinct skin fold present anterior to premaxillary teeth and posterior to dentary teeth. Dorsal fin originating slightly anteriorly to vertical line passing through pelvic-fin origin; dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped and locking mechanism functional; one unbranched and nine to ten (usually nine) branched rays; its margin approximately straight. Fin membrane uniting last dorsal-fin ray to first preadipose plate or terminating just anterior to first preadipose plate. Pectoral fins moderate in size, with one slightly curved and flattened unbranched ray, and six branched ones. First thickened pectoral-fin ray of mature males covered with large hypertrophied odontodes on anterodorsal margin. Posterior pectoral-fin margin straight to slightly round, reaching proximal third of pelvic fins when adpressed. Pelvic fins moderate in size, with one unbranched and five branched rays, not or just reaching origin of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin with one unbranched and five branched rays. Caudal fin slightly concave; lowermost ray slightly longer than uppermost, 14 branched rays; three to four upper and three to four lower procurrent caudal-fin rays. Colour in alcohol: Ground colour of dorsal surface of head and body light brown; pale yellow ventrally. Dorsum and flanks covered with vermiculate dark brown markings, mostly arranged on borders of plates and skin between plates. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins with dark bands, sometimes disconnected and forming large blotches. Anal fin with few dark spots or indistinct bands. Ventral surface of head and body mostly unpigmented, except for light brown, scattered melanophores on caudal peduncle and upper lip. Distribution: Delturus carinotus is known from a few localities in the upper portions of the Rio Doce basin, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: Specimens collected recently were found in wide sectors of the river channels, with strong currents and a rocky bottom.	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
03B47718FFDEFFE812BC43C1D086E02D.taxon	description	(FIG. 12) Holotype: MZUSP 69858 (152.1 mm SL), male, Rio Araçuaí upstream of its mouth on Rio Jequitinhonha, Araçuaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 4 – 12 September 1989, J. C. Garavello, A. Alves, A. Soares col. Paratypes: NMW 44070 (1, paralectotype of D. angulicauda, 171.8 mm SL), female, locality unknown. MCP 28035 (3, 138.9 – 144.5 mm SL) and MZUSP 69859 (3, 136.5 – 148.8 mm SL), same data as holotype. MCP 26927 (2 + 1 c & s, 86.5 – 146.7 mm SL), Rio Salinas, tributary of Rio Jequitinhonha, near Rubelita, Minas Gerais, Brazil (16 ° 25 ′ S 42 ° 16 ′ W), 9 November 2000, Volney Vono col. Diagnosis: Delturus brevis is distinguished from all other Delturus by its convex caudal fin (vs. concave) and rounded dorsal-fin margin (vs. straight); from D. angulicauda by having spots on the caudal fin (vs. caudal fin unspotted); from D. carinotus by its wider body (cleithral width 33.2 – 35.2 % SL vs. 29.8 – 33.2 % SL) and by having a large dorsal flap on the iris (vs. flap very small); from D. parahybae by having eight to nine plates between the end of the anal-fin base and the caudal fin (vs. ten to 11), 22 – 24 lateral plates in the median series (vs. 26 – 28), by more numerous premaxillary teeth (26 – 137 vs. 15 – 24), and by its less deep head (head depth 50.7 – 54.1 % HL vs. 53.9 – 59.7 % HL). Description: SL of examined specimens 136.0 – 152.1 mm. Other morphometric data are presented in Table 2. Body depressed and progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of body smoothly convex. Body arches from snout tip to end of supraoccipital process; slightly convex to straight from posterior tip of supraoccipital to origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile then descends from origin of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Trunk mostly round in cross-section, caudal peduncle flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally; trunk somewhat triangular at preadipose region. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal surface of body mostly covered by dermal plates. Four to six median, preadipose plates present, forming tall ridge between dorsal and adipose fins. Lower surface of head and abdomen naked, except for some platelets sometimes embedded in skin laterally below the pectoral girdle. Median series of lateral plates with 22 – 24 plates; six to eight plates bordering dorsal-fin base; eight to nine plates between end of anal-fin base and caudal fin. Head broad and depressed. Snout convex anteriorly. Three indistinctly elevated ridges between orbits and snout tip. Dorsal region of head between orbits concave; upper margin of orbits distinctly higher than interorbital space. Eye large (orbit diameter 20.3 – 24.5 % HL), placed dorsolaterally. Iris with large dorsal flap. Lateral margins of head with patch of thin hypertrophied odontodes in mature males. Lips well developed, occupying most of ventral surface of head. Upper lip with several transversely elongate papillae. Lower lip very wide, reaching anterior margin of cleithrum. Lower lip mostly covered with minute papillae, smaller posteriorly. Maxillary barbel short, free. Teeth slender, bifid, two cusps approximately equal in size (Fig. 2). Premaxilla with 26 – 137 teeth; dentary with 22 – 133 teeth. Distinct skin fold present anterior to premaxillary teeth and posterior to dentary teeth. Dorsal fin originating slightly anterior to vertical line passing through pelvic-fin origin; dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped and locking mechanism functional; one unbranched and eight to nine (usually nine) branched rays; its margin strongly rounded. Fin membrane uniting last dorsal-fin ray to first preadipose plate or terminating just anterior to first preadipose plate. Pectoral fins moderate in size, with one slightly curved and flattened unbranched ray, and six branched ones. First thickened pectoral-fin ray of mature males covered with large hypertrophied odontodes on anterodorsal margin. Posterior pectoral-fin margin slightly round, reaching proximal third to half-length of pelvic fins when adpressed. Pelvic fins moderate in size, with one unbranched and five branched rays, not or just reaching origin of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin with one unbranched and five branched rays. Caudal fin distinctly convex; lowermost ray slightly longer than uppermost, 14 branched rays; three to four upper and three to four lower procurrent caudal-fin rays. Colour in alcohol: Ground colour of dorsal surface of head and body light brown; pale yellow ventrally. Plates of dorsum and flanks darker anteriorly and lighter posteriorly, forming a barred or reticulate pattern. Markings usually more conspicuous and thicker on head forming a vermiculate pattern. All fins with dark bands, sometimes discontinuous and forming indistinct large spots. Ventral surface of head and body mostly unpigmented, except for light brown, scattered melanophores on caudal peduncle and upper lip. Distribution: Delturus brevis is known from two localities in the upper portions of the Rio Jequitinhonha basin, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 5). Ecology: All specimens were collected in a strong water current on a rocky bottom. Etymology: From the Latin brevis, an adjective meaning short. In allusion to the smaller maximum size of this species compared with the others and to the comparatively reduced counts of some plates and dorsalfin rays. Remarks: Despite being labelled as from the Rio Mucuri, the paralectotype of D. angulicauda (NMW 44070) is in fact a specimen of D. brevis, and is herein included as a paratype of this new species. As D. brevis has only been collected in the Rio Jequitinhonha drainage, and because this river is very close to the Rio Mucuri, we believe that the specimen in NMW 44070 has actually been collected in the Rio Jequitinhonha and mislabelled as from Rio Mucuri. The type locality of Plecostomus angulicauda, however, includes Rio Mucuri and Rio Paraíba do Sul, and this is also a mistake (see Remarks under D. angulicauda).	en	Reis, Roberto E., Pereira, Edson H. L., Armbruster, Jonathan W. (2006): Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2): 277-299, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x
