identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6FE54AA057825692B666E86DEB66A3BA.text	6FE54AA057825692B666E86DEB66A3BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg 1815)	<div><p>Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg)</p><p>Gryllus brunneus Thunberg, 1815: 256.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Bulgaria: 4 Sofia region,  lake Iskyr, 29.VI.2002, 1 ♂ 5 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV) ;   Moldova: 10 Vinnitza region,  Volchinetz, ab. 5 km W  Mogilev-Podol’sky, 17.VII.1997, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV) ;   Romania: 11 Dobrudzha region, 14 km S Constantza,  Ephoria-Nord, 09.IX.1997, 2 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. A. Loginov (ZMMU) ;   Ukraine: 8 Ivano-Frankovsk region, environs of Mikulichin, 09-14.VIII.1996, 6 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 9 Khmelnitsky region, 28 km NNW of Kamenetz-Podolsky, near  Beloe, 25.VI.2010, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 12   Odessa region, Kiliya district, environs of  Vilkovo, 30.VI.1997, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 13   Odessa region, ab. 30 km NW of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, near Krasnaya Kosa village, 29.VI.1997, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 16 Nikolaev region,  Pervomaisk district, surr. of  Kuripchino village, 27.06.1997, 1♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 18  Cherkassy region,  Kanev district,  Kanev reserve, 12-18.VI.1996, 12 ♂ 5 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (ZMMU); 19   Kirovograd region, environs of Aleksandriya, 04.VII.1997, 2 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 20 Nikolaev region,  Pervomaisk district, environs of  Kuripchino village, beach of  Yuzhny Bug river, 27.VI.1997, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 22   Poltava region, Mirgorod district., V. Sorochintzy, 27-28.VI.1985, 4 ♂ 5 ♀, 25-28.VII.1993, 3 ♂ 5 ♀, 24.VII-26.VIII.1994, 5 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 6 ♂ (ZMMU, CV); 25  Dnipro region,  Pavlograd district,  Samara reserve, 12-15.VII.1996, 4 ♂ 4 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV) ;   Russia: 1 Kaliningrad region, environs of  Svetlogorsk, forest road, 16.VIII.2005, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. N.  Kulygina, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 14 St-Peterburg, 27.08.1997, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 32   Voronezh region, Novaja  Usman’ district, near  Maklok village, 29.VI.2006, 3 ♂, leg. N.  Kulygina (CV); 35   Kostroma region, Manturovo district, environs of.  Anosovo, 07-08.VIII.2009, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 40   Saratov region,  Krasny Kut district, near  D‘yakovka, 17.VII.2004, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 2 ♂ (ZMMU)  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>(Fig. 1). The range of this species extends from Europe to the south-western part of European Russia. In Europe this species occurs over a wide range, excluding the central and southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and Greece (Ragge and Reynolds 1988, Sirin et al. 2010). Further to the east, it occurs in the Baltic republics, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine. The eastern border of the range lies on the longitude of the Saratov and Kostroma regions of Russia. The species tends to be mesophilic. The range of  C. brunneus overlaps with that of  C. maritimus in south-eastern Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, and the south-eastern part of European Russia.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>(Table 1, Fig. 3). The males of  C. brunneus can be distinguished from the males of  C. miramae and  C. maritimus by a short stridulatory file (Fig. 3A). This, however, is not applicable to the females (Fig. 3B). Both sexes of  C. brunneus are characterized by the lowest number of stridulatory pegs (58-93 in ♂, 51-95 in ♀.). In comparison with  C. miramae and  C. maritimus, both sexes of  C. brunneus tend to have the shortest pronotum, the narrowest C &amp; Sc areas of fore wing, and the stigma closest to the wing tip (Table 1). The PCA applied to 6 characters shows a substantial overlap between  C. brunneus and  C. maritimus (Fig. 3C, D). In PCA, however, we do not use the number of stridulatory pegs, since this value was measured for a small number of males. Meanwhile, it was previously shown that  C. brunneus can be easily distinguished from all other species of the  C. biguttulus group by the lowest number of stridulatory pegs, especially in nominate subspecies (Oliger 1974; Ragge and Reynolds 1988; Bukhvalova 1993; Willemse et al. 2009).</p><p>Calling song</p><p>(Table 2, Figs 4, 5). The calling song of  C. brunneus consists of several short echemes repeated at the rate of about 0.3-2.1 /s. Each echeme lasts on average 0.1-0.4 s and has a relatively stable temporal structure. It consists of short pulses, which are grouped into 4-7 syllables (Fig. 4C). The gaps between the subsequent syllables  can’t be traced by the sound analysis, but they can be distinguished by the analysis of the leg movements. The two legs are moved with a large phase shift, and sometimes almost alternately (Fig. 4E). Each leg generates one short pulse during a straight upstroke, whereas two short pulses are produced during a two-step downstroke. The pulse duration and the pulse rate vary in the ranges of 7-8 ms and 91-111/s, respectively (at the temperature 29-30°C). The population from loc. 40, shows an extremely long echeme duration and low echeme and pulse rate (Table 2). Notably, the values are relatively stable within the same population.</p><p>Courtship and rivalry songs.</p><p>The courtship and rivalry (Fig. 4F, G) songs of  C. brunneus are similar to the calling song.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FE54AA057825692B666E86DEB66A3BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Tarasova, Tatiana;Tishechkin, Dmitry;Vedenina, Varvara	Tarasova, Tatiana, Tishechkin, Dmitry, Vedenina, Varvara (2021): Songs and morphology in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) in Russia and adjacent countries. ZooKeys 1073: 21-53, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539
49E8D33FC4555380BB0357B98E5FA5F2.text	49E8D33FC4555380BB0357B98E5FA5F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorthippus maritimus Mistshenko 1951	<div><p>Chorthippus maritimus Mistshenko</p><p>Chorthippus miramae Ramme, 1939: 131, nomen nudum.</p><p>Chorthippus meridionalis Mistshenko, 1950: 790.</p><p>Chorthippus biguttulus maritimus Mistshenko, 1951: 514.</p><p>Chorthippus miramae Ramme, 1951: 389.</p><p>Chorthippus biguttulus eximius Mistshenko, 1951: 515, syn. n.</p><p>Chorthippus bornhalmi Harz, 1971: 336, syn. n.</p><p>Chorthippus miramaellus Woznessenskij, 1996: 204.</p><p>Chorthippus sinuatus Mistshenko et Woznessenskij, 1996: 204.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Bulgaria: 4 Sofia region,  lake Iskyr, 29.VI.2002, 6 ♂ 5 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (ZMMU); 5   Vraca region, ab. 3 km S of Vraca, Vracniki Balekan National Park,  Memorial Botev, 30.VI.2002, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV) ;   Greece: 2 Phthiotis, environs of Timfristos, NE slope, 27.V.1998, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 3 Phthiotis, ab 40 km NW Lamia environs of  Lautra Kaitsas, 26.V.1998, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 6   Macedonia, Drama, Mt Falakro above  Volakas, 5 km NE Elatia, 24.VII.2004, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 7   Macedonia, Drama, W.  Rodopi, 5 km NE Elatia, 23.VII.2004, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV) ;   Ukraine: 15 Odessa region, near  Sychavka, 03.VII.1997, 5 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (ZMMU); 17   Kirovograd region, Novoukrainka district, environs of  Pomoshnaya, 26.VI.1997, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 21   Kherson region, Chernomorsky nature reserve,  Solyonoozerny area, 25.VII-05.VIII.1995, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 23   Crimea,  Bakhchisaray district, 3-4 km E of Gluboky Yar, 11.VI.1997, 4 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 4 ♂ (ZMMU); 24   Crimea,  Simferopol’ district, environs of  Pereval’noe, 20.VI.1997, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 25  Dnipro region,  Pavlograd district,  Samara reserve, 12-15.VII.1996, 6 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 26   Crimea, Kerch peninsula, E shore of Kazantip bay, environs of cape  Chagany, 26.VI.1997, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 27   Kharkov region, Izjum district,  Kamyshevacha, 15.VII.1996, 5 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina (ZMMU); 28   Kharkov region, Izjum, Kremenetz hill, 15.VII.1996, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); Abkhazia: 34  Sukhumi region, slopes near highway Sukhumi - Gagra, 21-22.X.2005, 5 ♂ 5 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU) ;   Russia: 33 Krasnodarsky krai, near highway  Krasnaya Poljana - Adler, 22.X.2005, 4 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 4 ♂ (CV); 39   Saratov, slopes near  Polivanovka, 28.VI.2020, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 41   Saratov region,  Krasnokutsk district, near  D’yakovka, 28.VI.2020, 6 ♂ 1 ♀, leg., song recordings in 5 ♂ (CV); 43   Saratov region, SW from Khvalynsk, environs of  Ul'yanino
village
, 19.VII.2005, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 44   Saratov region, ab.  6 km NW of Ershov, 22.VI.2018, 3 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina (CV); 45   Saratov region,  15 km NE Ozinki, 23.VI.1996, 4 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 4 ♂ (ZMMU); 42   Krasnoyarsk region,  Astrakhan‘ district, environs of  Dosang railway station, 03.VII.2000, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 75   Irkutsk region, Olkhon district, 20 km from Jelantsy to strait  Olkhonskie vorota, 15.VII.2003, 4 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 4 ♂ (ZMMU); 77   Buryatia, Barguzin valley, Ina river, 4 - 5 km downstream from Ina, 17.VII.2007, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 2 ♂ (ZMMU); 78  Chita region,  Klichka range, ab. 15 km W  Klichka, 22.VII.2003, 2 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 79   Amur region, 15 km S Svobodny, environs of  Malaya Sazanka, 05.VII.1995, 4 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 4 ♂ (ZMMU); 80   Primorskiy kray, Pogranichny district, environs of  Barabash-Levada, 20.VII.1995, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 81   Primorskiy kray, Pogranichny district,  Khanka lake, 15 km S Turiy Rog, 21.VII.2006, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 82 Southern   Sakhalin, environs of  Sokol, 02.VIII.2015, 4 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU) ;  Kazakhstan: 62 Almaty region, 40 km N from Almaty, environs of Kara-Oi village, 12.VI.2017, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 63 Almaty, botanical garden, 07.VII.1994, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 65  Almaty region, ab.  20 km NE of Taldykorgan, 02.VII.2016, 4 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; T. Pushkar, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 66 Kazakhstan ,   Almaty region, near  Kapal, 01.VII.2016, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; T. Pushkar, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 67 Kazakhstan ,   Almaty region, ab. 2.5 km W of Kapal, 02.VII.2016, 4 ♂ 4 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; T. Pushkar, song recordings in 2 ♂ (ZMMU); 68 Urzhar region, 27 km SSE Taskesken, 5.5 km NW  Karakol, 24.VI.2019, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU) ;   Turkmenistan: 49 Ahal region,  Kaka district, 6-7 km S of Dushak, 14.V.2014, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU) ;   Kyrgyzstan: 51 Batken region, Leilek district,  Turkestan range, 12 km S from  Katran village, 11.VII.2014, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 53  Batken region, N shore of  Tortkul’skoye reservoir, 12 km WSW Batken, 09.VII.2014, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 54  Jalal-Abad region, Chatkal range,  Sary-Chelek nature reserve, environs of Arkyt, 22.VII.2008, 2 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 57  Chuy region,  Jayyl district,  Karakol river, 10 km upstream from confluence with Suusamyr, 07.VII.2016, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 58  Chuy region,  Djumgal river, between Baizak and Chaek, 30.VI.2014, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 64  Issyk-Kul'
region
,  Tossor river, 18 km E from Kadji-Sai, 15.VII.2013, 1 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU)  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>(Fig. 1).  C. maritimus is a widespread trans-Palearctic species. It includes  C. bornhalmi from the Balkans and Anatolia (Willemse et al. 2009; Sirin et al. 2010; Skejo et al. 2018) and as  C. biguttulus eximius from Sukhumi, Abkhazia (Mistshenko 1901). It also occurs in Moldova and southern Ukraine (Heller et al. 1998). In the territory of Russia, its range stretches from Krasnodarsky krai to Sakhalin along the southern border. This species also occurs in Caucasus, southern Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, very likely Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northern-east China, Korea and Japan (Storozhenko 2002). The ranges of  C. maritimus and  C. brunneus overlap in Eastern Europe, Ukraine and the south-eastern part of European Russia. Moreover,  C. maritimus and  C. brunneus often occur syntopically. The range of  C. maritimus also overlaps with the range of  C. miramae in the south-eastern part of European Russia and in surroundings of the Baikal Lake, however, they do not occur in the same biotopes.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>(Table 1, Fig. 3). The males of  C. maritimus can be distinguished from the males of  C. brunneus by the longer stridulatory file (Fig. 3A) and the higher number of stridulatory pegs (see Description). These characters are also mentioned as the distinguishing features between  C. brunneus and  C. bornhalmi by other authors (Willemse et al. 2009; Skejo and Ivcovic 2015). The length of stridulatory file in  C. maritimus is intermediate between those in  C. miramae and  C. brunneus . Both sexes of  C. maritimus also tend to have the longest fore wings and pronotum in comparison with  C. miramae and  C. brunneus (Table 1).  C. maritimus can be also distinguished from other species of the  Chorthippus biguttulus group by the narrower costal area of fore wing. By contrast,  C. maritimus differs from  C. mollis by the wider costal area of fore wing and by the lower density of stridulatory pegs (Bukhvalova 1993; Oliger 1974).  C. bornhalmi and  C. biguttulus eximius are not different in morphology from  C. maritimus from Ukraine and Russia.</p><p>Description.</p><p>(Table 1, Fig. 3). The head structure as in genus. Ratio length of vertical diameter of eye to maximum length of foveolae 2.8-3.4 in ♂, 3.0-3.2 in ♀; ratio minimum interocular distance to length of subocular groove 0.6-0.8 in ♂, 0.7-0.9 in ♀. Antennae filiform. Prozona is slightly shorter than metazona; median carina is distinct and continuous. Lateral pronotal keels are distinctly incurved, ratio between minimum and maximum widths 2.3-2.6 in ♂, 2.3-2.9 in ♀. In western populations keels are more angled, min/max width ratio up to 3.0. Tympanal aperture slit-like, 2.3-2.8 times in ♂, 2.6-2.8 in ♀ as long as broad. Fore and hind wings well developed in both sexes, wings far surpassing the apices of the hind knee. Costal area of fore wing has maximum width in the middle part or in the last third of the wing. Subcostal area narrow, its width 0.25-0.3 mm in ♂, 0.15-0.2 mm in ♀ (measured on the line of maximal width of costal area). Ratio width of fore wing to C &amp; Sc areas 3.1-3.5 in ♂, 4.4-4.7 in ♀. Apical constriction (distance from C and Sc confluence to the wing tip) prolonged, ratio length of apical constriction to the wing length 3.3-3.8 in ♂, 3.5-3.8 in ♀. Stigma far from the wing tip, ratio length between stigma center and the wing tip to the wing length 2.4-2.7 in ♂, 2.3-2.5 in ♀. Hind femur gracile, ratio femur length to maximum width 4.4-4.6 in ♂, 4.4-4.7 in ♀. Stridulatory file consists of one row, its length nearly equal to the distance between last peg and tip of hind knee. The number of stridulatory pegs 100-168 in ♂, 104-157 in ♀. Body coloration varies from light straw to dark brown, sometimes with a red tone. The ventral side of the body lighter than dorsal side, and densely pubescent. Fore wings smoky, with a few dark spots in M area. Hind wings transparent at the base and slightly smoky in apical part, distal half of C area smoky or brownish. Hind femur in the inner side with black lengthwise line. Hind knees dark brown or blackish, particularly on upper lobe. Hind tibiae orange or reddish.</p><p>Measurements in mm. Body length: 15-18 in ♂, 19-26 in ♀, pronotum length: 3.1-3.4 in ♂, 4.1-4.4 in ♀, fore wing length: 14.1-15.5 in ♂, in 17.2-18.5 in ♀, fore wing width 3.1-3.4 in ♂, 3.2-3.5 in ♀, hind femur length: 9.8-10.6 in ♂, 12.8-14.1 in ♀.</p><p>Calling song</p><p>(Table 3, Figs 5, 6). The calling song of  C. maritimus usually contains one to several echemes of median duration ranged from 1 to 4 s. In some populations (49, 62, 63), however, the median echeme duration is higher, ranging between 5-11.1 s (Table 3, Fig. 5C). The echeme rate also greatly varies between different populations (0.05-0.42 / s). The number of syllables per echeme varies in the range of 15 to 40, in populations with prolonged echemes - in the range from 40 to 70. The syllable duration is relatively stable within the same population; however, its median duration can vary between the populations in the range of 86-162 ms (Fig. 5D). At the beginning of each echeme, the sound is very soft, but then it reaches maximum loudness after the first third of the echeme duration, being constant until the echeme end (Fig. 6D). The syllables are generated by the leg movements with a small phase shift, which comprise the straight upstroke and stepwise downstroke (Fig. 6E, F). Both upstroke and downstroke have the similar duration. The leg upstroke generates a noisy sound with unclear structure and slightly increasing amplitude; the stepwise downstroke generates 4-5 distinct pulses. The pulses, however, can be sometimes fuzzy. The durations and rates of echeme and syllable in  C. bornhalmi (from loc. 6) and in  C. biguttulus eximius (from loc. 34) fall into the range of values in  C. maritimus from several localities (Table 3, Fig. 5C, D). The syllable structure is also quite similar in  C. bornhalmi (Fig. 6E) and  C. biguttulus eximius (Fig. 6F).</p><p>Courtship song.</p><p>The courtship song of  C. maritimus is similar to the calling song.</p><p>Rivalry song</p><p>(Fig. 6G, H). The rivalry song of  C. maritimus contains echemes of a shorter duration than the calling song. In some males the first syllable of the rivalry echeme lasts 1.5-2 times as long as the subsequent syllables, which results from the prolonged first downstroke (Fig. 6H). The pulses produced during the first downstroke are repeated twice as slowly as the pulses of the subsequent syllables. The subsequent 2-8 syllables are of the same structure as the syllables in the calling song.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/49E8D33FC4555380BB0357B98E5FA5F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Tarasova, Tatiana;Tishechkin, Dmitry;Vedenina, Varvara	Tarasova, Tatiana, Tishechkin, Dmitry, Vedenina, Varvara (2021): Songs and morphology in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) in Russia and adjacent countries. ZooKeys 1073: 21-53, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539
E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B.text	E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky)	<div><p>Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky)</p><p>Stauroderus miramae Vorontsovsky, 1928a: 12.</p><p>Stauroderus mollis porphyroptera Vorontsovsky, 1928b: 31, 34.</p><p>Chorthippus porphyropterus (Vorontsovsky, 1928): Benediktov, 1999: 42.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Russia: 29 Krasnodarsky kray, environs of Gelendzhik, 06.X.2011, 8 ♂ 4 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; L. Shestakov, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 30 Krasnodarsky kray,  Gelendzhik district, environs of Aderbievka, 07.VII.1997, 8 ♂ 8 ♀, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 4 ♂ (ZMMU); 31 Krasnodarsky kray,  Gelendzhik district, environs of Praskoveevka; 12.VII.1997, 2 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin (ZMMU); 36 N. Caucasus, N. Ossetia, environs of Alagir,  Ardon river floodplain, 09.VIII.1990, 2 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. M. Bukhvalova, song recordings in 2 ♂ (ZMMU); 37 N. Caucasus, N. Ossetia, Sunzhensky range, environs of Elkhotovo, 10-12.VIII.1990, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. M. Bukhvalova (ZMMU); 38 N. Caucasus, N. Ossetia, Sunzhensky range, environs of  Bekan lake, 14.VIII.1985, 3 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. D. Tishechkin (ZMMU); 47 Orenburg region, environs of Studentzy, 14.VII.2012, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; L. Shestakov, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 48 Orenburg region, environs of Guberlya railway station, 07-09.VII.1996, 37 ♂ 13 ♀, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 5 ♂ (ZMMU), 29.VI.2018, 1 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; N. Sevastianov, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 69 Altai Republic, ab. 26 km SE of Ongudai, environs of  Kupchegen’, 08.VIII.2017, 5 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; N. Sevastianov, song recordings in 1 ♂ (ZMMU); 70 Tyva republic, environs of Erzin,  Tore-Kchan'
lake
, 31.VII.1989, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. S. Byzov (ZMMU); 71 Tyva republic, environs of Erzin,  Erzin river floodplain, 20.VII-06.VIII.1989, 3 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. M. Bukhvalova, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 72 Tyva republic, environs of Erzin,  Tes-Kchem river floodplain, 03-06.VIII.1989, 3 ♂, leg. M. Bukhvalova (ZMMU); 73 Irkutsk region,  Nizhneudinsk district,  Uk river estuary, confluence with Uda, 02.VII.2003, 5 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 5 ♂ (ZMMU); 74 Buryatia,  Selenginsk district, 5 km N from Novoselenginsk,  Selenga river valley, 07.VII.2007, 5 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 5 ♂ (ZMMU); 76 Buryatia,  Zaigrayevo district, 10 km Onokhoy,  Bryanka river valley, 21.VII.2007, 3 ♂, leg. D. Tishechkin, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU) ;   Kazakhstan: 46 West-Kazakhstan region, ab. 50 km W of  Ural’sk, environs of Kamenka, 23.VI.2018, 5 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina &amp; N. Sevastianov (ZMMU); 50  Kostanay region,  Naurzum nature reserve, 04-11.VIII.1938, 13 ♂ 6 ♀, leg. Derevitskaya, 11.VIII-25.IX.1939, 3 ♂ leg. Pokrovskyi, 24.VII.1947, 1 ♂ A. Formozov (ZMMU); 52  Akmola region,  Tselinograd district, ab. 4 km SWW from Zhaynak, 09.VII.2019, 3 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV); 55  Akmola region,  Arshaly district, 7 km N Vishnevka,  Ishym river floodplain, 11.VII.2019, 3 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 56  Akmola region,  Jerementau district, 4.5 km NE from Baysary, 03.VII.2019, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 59  Pavlodar region,  Ekibastuz district, ab. 3 km W of Schidert, 04.VII.2019, 6 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 3 ♂ (ZMMU); 60  Pavlodar region,  Zhelezinsky district, near Pyatiryzhsk, 22.VII 1 ♂ 1 ♀ leg. Ingenitskyi (ZMMU), 05.VII.2019, 2 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 2 ♂ (CV); 61  Pavlodar region,  Terenkol'
district
, bank of the  Irtysh river, 05.VII.2019, 6 ♂, leg. V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov &amp; T. Tarasova, song recordings in 1 ♂ (CV)  .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>(Fig. 1). The range of this species stretches in the form of a ribbon from the Black Sea coast eastwards to Transbaikalia.  C. miramae occurs in Krasnodarsky krai and Caucasus, Orenburg region, northern Kazakhstan, Altai, Tyva, Irkutsk region and Transbaikalia. The ranges of  C. miramae and  C. maritimus overlap in the south-eastern part of European Russia and in surroundings of Baikal Lake.</p><p>Recognition.</p><p>(Table 1, Figs 2, 3).  C. miramae can be distinguished from most species of the  Chorthippus biguttulus group by remarkably long stridulatory file (Fig. 2C). This feature was previously shown by Benediktov (1999), who described the last distal stridulatory peg to be situated at least at a level of the second tibial spine when tibia is attached to femur. Within the  Chorthippus biguttulus group, a similarly long file is only shown in  C. biguttulus euhedickei von Helversen, 1989, that occurs in the southern Balkans and Anatolia and in  C. maroccanus Nadig, 1986, that occurs in North Africa (Ragge and Reynolds 1988; Willemse et al. 2009). The latter two taxa, however, are quite different from  C. miramae in other morphological characters and songs. In other species of the  Chorthippus biguttulus group, the length of stridulatory file is noticeably shorter, and the last distal stridulatory peg is situated at least at the level of the 4th tibial spine when the legs are bent (Benediktov 1999). Notably, in  C. miramae, the number of stridulatory pegs is only slightly higher than in  C. maritimus, and  can’t be considered as a good character.  C. miramae tends to have the longest distance between stigma and the wing tip, and the broadest width of C &amp; Sc areas in comparison to  C. maritimus and  C. brunneus . The PCA based on 6 morphological characters shows that  C. miramae represents a separate cluster from  C. maritimus and  C. brunneus, but it is stronger in males than in females (Fig. 3C, D).</p><p>Description.</p><p>(Table 1, Figs 2, 3). The head structure as in genus. Ratio length of vertical diameter of eye to maximum length of foveolae 3.2-3.6 in ♂, 2.8-3.2 in ♀; ratio minimum interocular distance to length of subocular groove 0.6-0.8 in ♂, 0.7-1.0 in ♀. Antennae filiform. Median carina distinct and continuous. Prozona slightly shorter than metazona. Lateral pronotal keels distinctly incurved, ratio minimum to maximum widths 2.1-2.6 in ♂, 2.4-2.6 in ♀. Tympanal aperture 2.8-3.3 times in ♂, 2.8-3.4 in ♀ as long as broad. Fore and hind wings well developed in both sexes, wings far surpassing the apices of the hind knee. Width of costal area of fore wing reaches its maximum in the middle or in the last third part (Fig. 2A, B). Width of subcostal area 0.3-0.35 mm in ♂, 0.2-0.23 mm in ♀ (measured along the line of maximal width of costal area). Ratio width of fore wing to width of C &amp; Sc areas 3.0-3.2 in ♂, 4.3-4.5 in ♀. Length of apical constriction (distance from C and Sc confluence to the wing tip) is a quarter of the wing length. Ratio length between stigma center and the wing tip to the wing length 2.1-2.8 in ♂, 1.8-1.9 in ♀. Hind femur gracile, ratio femur length to maximum width 4.5-4.9 in ♂, 4.6-4.9 in ♀. Stridulatory file remarkably long in both sexes: distance between the last peg and the knee tip 2-2.7 times in ♂, 1.7-2.4 in ♀ as large as length of stridulatory file. In males, stridulatory pegs form one row and have different density along the file (Fig. 2C). Most proximal part of stridulatory file starts with several rare and dispersed pegs that are followed by more densely disposed pegs. The second part of stridulatory file more prolonged, consisting of more rare pegs with stable inter-peg intervals. In the third, most distal part the peg density decreases proportionally to the length of stridulatory file, and the pegs often do not lay in one raw. In females, stridulatory pegs arranged in one row and distributed rarer than in males. The peg density decreases from the proximal towards the distal parts. The number of stridulatory pegs 118-182 in ♂, 98-157 in ♀. Body coloration similar to coloration of  C. maritimus .</p><p>Measurements in mm. Body length: 14-18 in ♂, 18-24 in ♀, pronotum length: 2.9-3.3 in ♂, 3.8-4.4 in ♀, fore wing length: 13.3-14.6 in ♂, in 16.4-18.3 in ♀, fore wing width 3.1-3.6 in ♂, 3.2-3.5 in ♀, hind femur length: 9.7-10.4 in ♂, 12.6-14.0 in ♀.</p><p>Calling song.</p><p>(Table 4, Figs 5, 7). The calling song of  C. miramae includes the two types of randomly alternating echemes, typical  Chorthippus maritimus -like and optional  Chorthippus brunneus -like echemes. The first echeme type was present in the songs of all 34 males recorded, the second echeme type - in the songs of 28 males. The song usually starts with the  Chorthippus maritimus -like echeme, which is similar to the  C. maritimus calling song, but lasting shorter (the median duration varies in the range of 0.3-2.9 s). The number of syllables per echeme varies in the range of 5 to 35. Each echeme starts with the low-amplitude syllables. In short echemes, the amplitude reaches its maximum in about the echeme middle (Fig. 7F). In long echemes, the amplitude gradually increases, and keeps a constant level after about one quarter of an echeme (Fig. 7G). The syllables are about 1.5 times as short as the syllables in  C. maritimus, lasting in the range of about 66-114 ms (Table 4). The syllable duration is rather stable within one population; however, it is more variable between populations. Oscillographic analysis shows no distinct pulses within the syllables in some populations, whereas distinct pulses are visible on the oscillograms of the songs from other populations. The shift between the two legs is greater in  C. miramae than in  C. maritimus (Fig. 7I, J).</p><p>*n/a - non-applicable</p><p>The  Chorthippus brunneus -like echemes are more often produced by the males from the Siberian and the east-european Russian populations, but they are rare in the songs from northern Kazakhstan. The echeme duration in  C. miramae is almost three times as high as in  C. brunneus (Fig. 5A). Similarly to  C. brunneus, the  C. miramae echeme consists of the short pulses, the amplitude of which gradually increases, reaching maximum intensity at about half of its duration, and then gradually decreases towards the end. The pulse duration and the pulse rate in  C. miramae are almost the same as in  C. brunneus (9-13 ms and 77-96 /s respectively, data are given for 29-30°C). However, the leg movement patterns are different in two species. In  C. miramae, the  Chorthippus brunneus -like echeme is produced by simple up and down leg-movements that vary in amplitude and duration (Fig. 7J). In  C. brunneus, each leg generates a simple upstroke but a two-step downstroke (Fig. 4D). The oscillographic analysis of the  C. miramae song shows that the pulses highly vary in amplitude and duration, whereas the pulses in the  C. brunneus song are much more stable in these parameters. In some males of  C. miramae, the pulses are tended to group into syllables; the pulse number per syllable is unstable (Fig. 7H).</p><p>The order of the two echeme types in the  C. miramae song is erratic, though there are some common variants in different populations. For example, several  Chorthippus maritimus -like echemes are followed by one  Chorthippus brunneus -like echeme (Fig. 7D). Another variant implies alternation of the two echeme types. A rarer case is when one  Chorthippus maritimus -like echeme is followed by several echemes of the second type (Fig. 7A, E). The intervals between echemes of the same type may exceed the echeme duration 1.5-3 times for the  Chorthippus maritimus -like echemes, and 3-5 times for the  Chorthippus brunneus -like echemes. An interval between the  Chorthippus maritimus -like and the subsequent  Chorthippus brunneus -like echemes can be very short (Fig. 7F, J), or can exceed the echeme duration 3-5 times.</p><p>Courtship song and female response song.</p><p>(Fig. 8). The courtship song of  C. miramae consists of the  Chorthippus brunneus -like echemes. However, the courtship sound is much softer than in the calling song. The courtship echemes are shorter than in the calling song, not reaching 1 s (the median duration is about 0.4 s). The echemes are usually repeated at the rate of about 0.2-0.6/s, and their duration varies from 0.7 to 1.0 s. Pulses are short (6-9 ms), frequent (repeated at the rate of 61-95/s), and of a low amplitude (Fig. 8F). In some cases, the leg movements do not produce any sound at all (Fig. 8A, D).</p><p>A female produces the  Chorthippus brunneus -like song in response to the male courtship or rivalry song (Fig. 8A, B). The female alternates her response echemes with the male echemes (Fig. 8D). The duration of the female echeme is similar to that in the male courtship, or 1.5-2 times longer than in the male courtship. The leg movement pattern in the female response song is similar to that in the male courtship song, but less regular (Fig. 8E, F). The pulses are longer (10-21 ms) and repeated at the rate of 43-77/s, especially in the first third of the echeme (Fig. 8D, E).</p><p>Rivalry song.</p><p>(Fig. 9). Several males of  C. miramae sitting close to each other produce a diversity of echemes of different duration, structure and leg movement pattern. For example, one can find a rivalry song similar to that of  C. maritimus, which starts with the prolonged first syllable, which results from the prolonged first downstroke (Fig. 9D, E). The pulses produced during the first downstroke follow twice as slowly as the pulses of the subsequent syllables. The subsequent syllables are of the same structure as in the  Chorthippus maritimus -like echeme of the calling song.</p><p>Most often, the males produce single syllables similar to the first one with distinct pulses described above. These syllables are repeated at the rate of about 2-2.5 /s (Fig. 9F, G). Notably, the two legs may produce different number of the up and down strokes. Rarely, the males produce the  Chorthippus maritimus -like echeme without the first syllable of distinct pulses (Fig. 9H).</p><p>The same male may produce echemes of different structure in the rivalry situations. Some females are actively responding to the male rivalry songs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Tarasova, Tatiana;Tishechkin, Dmitry;Vedenina, Varvara	Tarasova, Tatiana, Tishechkin, Dmitry, Vedenina, Varvara (2021): Songs and morphology in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) in Russia and adjacent countries. ZooKeys 1073: 21-53, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539
