identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.text	E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopteridae Mein & Tupinier 1977	<div><p>Family MINIOPTERIDAE</p> <p>(LONG-FINGERED BATS)</p> <p>• Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance.</p> <p>• 9-13 cm.</p> <p>• Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions.</p> <p>• (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts.</p> <p>• 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa.</p> <p>• 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD4D65A0AC8FE4618BD3100.text	E84887F9FFD4D65A0AC8FE4618BD3100.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus fuliginosus Hodgson 1835	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Asian Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus fuliginosus</p> <p>French: Minioptére fuligineux / German: Asiatische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Asia</p> <p>Other common names: Asian Bent-winged Bat, Eastern Bent-winged Bat, Eastern Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio fuliginosa [sic] Hodgson, 1835,</p> <p>“ Nepal.”</p> <p>Miniopterus fuliginosus was traditionally included in M. schreibersii until recent genetic and morphometric evidence confirmed it as a valid species and totally independent of West Palearctic Miniopterus and different from the rest of Eastern/ Australian species once included in the schreibersui species complex (M. magnater, M. eschscholtzii, M. blepotis, and M. orianae).</p> <p>Taxonomy of M. fuliginosus is not completely resolved because no genetic study has included samples from populations in south-central India and Sri Lanka that are isolated from other populations and live in very different environments. Bats formerly assigned to the schreibersii species complex from mainland South-east Asia need to be genetically identified to know if they belong to M. fuliginosus, M. blepotis, or M. magnater. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan, NW, N, NE &amp; S India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, N Myanmar, N Vietnam, S, SE &amp; E China, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, extreme S Russian Far East, and Japan (except Hokkaido); it may occur in Bhutan and Bangladesh.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-65 mm, tail 44-61 mm, ear 8:7-12 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 44-7-49-6 mm; weight 13-6 g (+ 1-1 g SD). Pelage of the Asian Long-fingered Bat is soft, velvety, and silky. Bases and tips of hairs are unicolored. Dorsal surface is blackish brown to gray-brown. Venteris slightly paler, usually dark gray-brown, and occasionally has a more or less reddish morph. Ears are short. Tragus is slightly curved forward. Membranes are dark, almost black. Dental formula for all species of Miniopterusis12/3,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52 (Japan and China) or 2n = 46 and FN = 54 (India).</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly temperate habitats from arid steppes in Afghanistan to wooded areas in China and Japan, more tropical habitats in southern India (wet evergreen forests) and Sri Lanka, and mainly lower hilly country in Sri Lanka from sea level to elevations above 2000 m (Himalayas).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically forages in open spaces 9-12 m above grasslands, woodlands, and open water. Diet mainly contains species of Lepidoptera, generally more than 50% by volume of prey. Diptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera are also frequent prey but have a minor and variable importance depending on time of year and locality. Hymenoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera are occasionally eaten. Body lengths of prey seem to be less than 25 mm.</p> <p>Breeding. The Asian Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy. This cycle has local variations to adapt to different climatic conditions throughout its wide distribution. Tropical populations of southern India and Sri Lanka do not have any delay throughout the cycle, but females in northern populations in cold climates in Japan have delayed implantation of blastocysts and post-implantation delays during gestation. This second delay is a facultative response to prolonged torporlinked to cool conditions and associated decreases in food availabilities. Gestation lasts ¢.4 months in tropical populations and ¢.8-5 months in northernmost populations; these northern populations have c.2 months of delayed implantation, c.3 months of delayed development, and 3-5 months of fetal growth. Populations in temperate mild climates, intermediate between these two extremes, only have a few months of delayed implantation. In any case, it seems that births in all populations are synchronized during short periods of time. In Japan, copulation takes place in autumn, and births occur synchronously from late June to earlyJuly. Most females give birth for the first time at the end of their second year. In tropical India, copulation takes place in the second and third weeks of February, and all births in the colony occur between 15 June and 25 June. Neonates are completely naked, with closed eyes, and weigh c. 3 g. Sex ratio is even during their first 2-3 months oflife. It has been suggested that young are nursed communally, probably related to enormous size of the breeding colony (100,000-200,000 individuals). Lactating females are found until mid-August. By mid-October, young are the size and weight of adults. Sexual maturity of females is not reached until they are at least 20 months old and males at ¢.19 months old.</p> <p>Activity patterns. In Ohse-do Cave (Kyushu district, 32° N) in Japan, Asian Longfingered Bats started vocalizing c.1-2 hours before emerging from the cave. Such an early awakening is probably due to endogenous activity rhythm, and light sampling behavior could be seen a few minutes before individuals emerged. Emergence time was synchronized with sunset and correlated with appearance of prey. Asian Longfingered Bats are most active soon after sunset in early spring and late autumn and secondarily active before sunrise. This activity pattern seems to correspond to their feeding pattern. Feeding in summer lasted until c.02:00 h. There is always some activity during winter. When temperature at dusk is less than 7°C, activity is greatly reduced, but when it is 7-13°C,at least one-half of the colony becomes active. During periods of winter activity, Asian Long-fingered Bats must be foraging because fresh feces appear under colonies. Hibernation begins in December and ends at the end of February. In late autumn, body fat begins to rapidly increase and reaches maximum values at the end of November (weight 15-16 g for adults and 13-9-14-5 g for young). At the end of February when hibernation ends, body weights are 11-5-12-5 g for adults and 10-8-11-2 g for young. During this period, individuals select in the coldest areas of the cave with temperatures of 68°C and maintain their body temperatures to less than one degree above ambient temperatures. Tropical populations do not hibernate. The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically roosts in caves but also uses abandoned mines, tunnels, and similar structures such as underground channels. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Regional characteristics include: start frequencies of 54-3-113 kHz, end frequencies of 42-9-53 kHz, peak frequencies of 44-5-62-4 kHz, and durations of 1-5-9 milliseconds in southern India; peak frequencies 53-5-57-5 kHz in China; peak frequencies of 50-3 kHz in Korea; and peak frequencies of 52-1 kHz in Japan.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Asian Long-fingered Bat probably has a metapopulation structure, like other temperate species of Miniopterus. Displacement of 200 km was recorded in Japan that is of similar magnitude to those known in Europe for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat between different refuges used by the same population. Breeding colonies of up to 12,000 individuals are known in Japan, consisting almost entirely of adult females. Hibernation colonies can have up to 83,000 individuals, although they are usually much smaller. The colony in Robbers’ Cave in Western Ghats, India, contains 100,000-200,000 individuals in the breeding period, and it includes females and males with no apparent sexual segregation. This colony is considered the “mother colony,” which contains individuals from other “secondary colonies” usually within 70 km of the mother colony.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The [UCNRed List, where itis included under Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii) as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Ao Lei et al. (2006), Appleton et al. (2004), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Brosset (1962c), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Fukui et al. (2015), Funakoshi &amp; Takeda (1998), Funakoshi &amp; Uchida (1975, 1978a), Furman, Oztunc¢ &amp; Coraman (2010), Gopalakrishna et al. (1986), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes &amp; Walston (2001), Hodgson (1835), Hu Kailiang et al. (2011), Kimura &amp; Uchida (1983), Kruskop et al. (2012), Li Shi et al. (2015), Maeda (1982), Mahmood-ul-Hassan &amp; Salim (2015), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Saikia (2018), Sramek et al. (2013), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Tian Lanxiang et al. (2004), Uchida et al. (1984), Vanitharani et al. (2013), Wordley et al. (2014), Zhang Chunmian et al. (2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD4D65A0AC8FE4618BD3100	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD4D65B0F3CF88F147A35AA.text	E84887F9FFD4D65B0F3CF88F147A35AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus magnater Sanborn 1931	<div><p>2.</p> <p>Large Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus magnater</p> <p>French: Grand Minioptere / German: Malaiische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero grande</p> <p>Other common names: Large Bent-winged Bat, Western Bent-winged Bat, Western Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus schreibersii magnater Sanborn, 1931,</p> <p>“Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea,” Papua New Guinea.</p> <p>Miniopterus magnater is somewhat larger than species in the schreibersii complex, and preliminary genetic studies have confirmed that it is well differentiated from other Asian forms previously included in that complex, but they also seem to indicate that populations assigned to M. magnater from South-east Asia are very different from those in New Guinea. Detailed genetic study is necessary to clarify taxonomyin this lineage. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE India (Meghalaya), S China (including Hong Kong and Hainan I), most of mainland SE Asia, Sunda Is (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nusa Penida, and Timor), and C Moluccas (Seram and Ambon Is) to New Guinea; it may occur in Bangladesh.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-75 mm, tail 52-64 mm, ear 11-17 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 48-54 mm; weight 11-3-21-3 g. Pelage of the Large Long-fingered Bat 1s thick, soft, almost uniform black to dark brown, and unicolored on dorsum; hairs on chest have pale tips becoming uniform pale gray-brown on abdomen. Pelage occasionally has reddish patches or is even completely reddish. Ears are small, and tragus is short (5-7 mm), blunt, and curved slightly forward. All exposed skin including membranesis black-brown to black. Diploid numberis 2n = 46 (Sabah, Borneo).</p> <p>Habitat. Major habitats include human settlements; open land; disturbed secondary woodlands with bamboo; cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations; and pristine forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m in Borneo and ¢. 2100 m in New Guinea.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Large Long-fingered Bat generally forages on insects captured in flight above canopies and also low over streams and small water bodies. It forages for insects around streetlights. No details on diet are available.</p> <p>Breeding. In New Guinea, ten female Large Long-fingered Bats captured in July were reproductively inactive, but six females captured in mid-August each carried one halfdeveloped fetus.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Large Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It is cave dwelling. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Mean call characteristics in Thailand are start frequency 85-3 kHz, end frequency 42-3 kHz, peak frequency 47-4 kHz, duration 4-3 milliseconds, and interval 65-2 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies in caves usually have a few hundred individuals but can reach up to several thousand. Large Long-fingered Bats usually share roosts with other cave-dwelling bats (Taphozous, Hipposideros, Rhinolophus, Miniopterus, etc.).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Bates et al. (2000), Blood &amp; McFarlane (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso &amp; Reardon (2008d), Borisenko &amp; Kruskop (2003), Bumrungsri et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008), Francis et al. (2010), Harada &amp; Kobayashi (1980), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes &amp; Walston (2001), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hughes et al. (2011), Li Shi et al. (2015), Maeda (1982), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Robinson &amp; Smith (1997), Saikia (2018), Sanborn (1931), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Suyanto &amp; Struebig (2007).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD4D65B0F3CF88F147A35AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD5D65B0FE6FE1B1B4A3CF7.text	E84887F9FFD5D65B0FE6FE1B1B4A3CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus medius Thomas & Wroughton 1909	<div><p>4.</p> <p>Intermediate Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus medius</p> <p>French: Minioptére intermédiaire / German: MittelgroRe Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero mediano</p> <p>Other common names: Intermediate Bent-winged Bat, Medium Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus medius Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1909,</p> <p>“Kalipoetjang, Tji-Tandoei R[iver].,” Java, Indonesia.</p> <p>Miniopterus medius is not very clearly defined. It was suggested that it was close to M. fuscus. Miniopterus medius is somehow a mixture of all species intermediate in size between australis species complex and. Ee schreibersii complex; however, genetic information available on M. medius indicates that the situation might be as confusing as it is for other forms of Miniopterus. For example, mitochondrial sequences from Laos and Peninsular Malaysia suggest that they represent two different cryptic species. Besides, two available mitochondrial sequences from New Guinea are very different from each other, and one groups with M. tristisand the other closer to M. australis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Thailand, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Anamba Is, Borneo, Java, E New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Buka I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 42-60 mm, tail 42-6-59 mm, ear 8-6-14-7 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 40-48-2 mm; weight 6-12-1 g. Bicolored dorsal fur of the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat appears gray-brown or medium red-brown externally, with hidden pale gray-brown base. Venter is more clearly bicolored, with hairs being medium gray-brown at bases and mix of red and pale brown frosted tips. A reddish morph might be found due to ammonia effect on pelage as described for large maternity colonies. Fur of the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat is generally paler than on other species of Miniopterus. Ears are short, and tragus is short, blunt, and curved slightly forward. Wing membranes are dark blackish brown.</p> <p>Habitat. Usually limestone landscapes surrounded by farms, including paddy fields, and different types of forests (e.g. mixed deciduous and deciduous dipterocarp forests, bamboo forests, and montane forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2600 m (Papua New Guinea). The Intermediate Long-fingered Bat forages over rivers and streams in forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Intermediate Long-fingered Bat is expected to eat mainly soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. Females Intermediate Long-fingered Bats from Papua New Guinea, including nulliparous, showed no reproductive activity in March. Two adult females were in early pregnancy in January, but four females caught at the same time and locality were reproductively inactive.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Intermediate Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. It is cave dwelling and also roost in similar places such as tunnels as daytime roosts. It occasionally uses rock crevices as shelters. A torpid individual was observed roosting in an open sandstone crevice,so it is very likely that some individuals use torpor in high-elevation and cold areas to save energy. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Mean characteristics in Thailand are start frequency 107-5 kHz, final frequency 68-8 kHz, peak frequency 61-2 kHz, duration 1-7 milliseconds, and interval 50-4 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Thailand, a mixed colony of c.10,000 bats was dominated by Intermediate Long-fingered Bats but included species of Hipposideros and Rhinolophus. The Intermediate Long-fingered Bat can be locally abundant in highlands of New Guinea but also in lowlands of New Britain and New Ireland islands. On New Britain,it occurs together with Little Long-fingered Bats (M. australis) in a mixed colony of ¢.10,000 individuals in a tunnel.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso &amp; Reardon (2008e), Bumrungsri et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Furman, Oztunc¢ &amp; Coraman (2010), Hughes et al. (2011), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Soisook et al. (2008), Sramek et al. (2013), Thomas &amp; Wroughton (1909).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD5D65B0FE6FE1B1B4A3CF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD5D65B0AF8FC1017FF37A9.text	E84887F9FFD5D65B0AF8FC1017FF37A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus pusillus Dobson 1876	<div><p>3.</p> <p>Small Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus pusillus</p> <p>French: Minioptére nain / German: Kleine Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero enano</p> <p>Other common names: Nicobar Bent-winged Bat, Nicobar Long-fingered Bat, Small Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus pusillus Dobson, 1876,</p> <p>type locality not given. Restricted by R. C. Wroughton in 1918 to “Nicobar [Islands, India].”</p> <p>Miniopterus pusillus is in the australis species complex that includes small Miniopterus of Asia and Australia. For a long time, it was treated as a subspecies of M. australis and then considered a valid species including M. macrocneme as a subspecies, and now both are considered distinct species.</p> <p>Distribution of M. pusillus is fragmented on the continent (South Asia and South-east Asia) and islands, which suggests that it probably represents a specific complex that needs to be disentangled with genetic studies. Relative to Indonesian island populations, there is a great confusion with identifying members in the former australis complex (M. australis, M. macrocneme, M. paululus, and M. shortridger), which causes uncertainty about identities and distributions of forms found in the region. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Patchy records in S Asia (Nepal and S India), much of mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, S China including Hainan I, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), and part of insular SE Asia (Nicobar Is, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, and Moluccas); a record from Borneo requires confirmation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 38:4-50-2 mm, tail 39-7-51-2 mm, ear 9-2-10-9 mm, hindfoot 8-1-8-9 mm, forearm 36-5—44-3 mm; weight 9-11 g. Forearm measurements from different populations: India 39-6-40-2 mm, Sumatra 42-4-43-4 mm, Cambodia 39-8-41-8 mm, Vietnam 41-4-43-5 mm, and Myanmar 40-6-42 mm. Pelage of the Small Long-fingered Bat is uniform grayish brown, with almost black roots and occasionally reddish patches or even completely reddish. Venter is slightly paler. Membranes and skin areas are dark brown. Hair extends through basal area of upperpart of uropatagium. Ear is short, with short blunt tragus, curved slightly forward. The Small Long-fingered Bat is larger, on average, in most external body characteristics than the Little Long-fingered Bat (M. australis), the Philippine Long-fingered Bat (M. paululus), and Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (M. shortridgei). The Small Long-fingered Bat can be distinguished from the Japanese Long-fingered Bat (M. blepotis) and the Asian Long-fingered Bat (M. fuliginosus) by its smaller size and slightly more hairy uropatagium. It differs from the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat (M. medius) byits smaller size especially in skull measurements.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including transformed and agricultural areas, primary forests, different types of secondary forests, pasture, and submontane forests, most frequently in lowlands but up to elevations of ¢. 1200 m. The Small Long-fingered Bat forages in open areas, including over small streams and rivers.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Small Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It roosts in limestone caves, abandoned mines, tunnels, culverts, and occasionally rock and tree crevices. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Regional characteristics are: start frequencies of 98-4-125-4 kHz, end frequencies of 54-6-58-9 kHz, peak frequencies of57-9-68-8 kHz, and durations of 3-6-6 milliseconds in India; mean peak frequency 62-8 kHz in Thailand; and peak frequencies of 60-2-61-6 kHz in Cambodia.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Small Long-fingered Bats contain a few hundred individuals, but sometimes they exceed a thousand individuals. It shares roosts with other cave-dwelling bats such as the Large Long-fingered Bat (M. magnater) and the Black-bearded Tomb Bat (7Taphozous melanopogon) in Myanmar or the Large Long-fingered Bat and Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros larvatus) in Vietnam.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2000), Bonaccorso &amp; Reardon (2008c), Borisenko &amp; Kruskop (2003), Bumrungsri, Bates et al. (2008), Bumrungsri, Harrison et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dobson (1876), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Furey et al. (2012), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes &amp; Walston (2001), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hughes et al. (2011), Kitchener &amp; Suyanto (2002), Payne et al. (2007), Phauk et al. (2013), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Robinson &amp; Smith (1997), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Wordley et al. (2014), Wroughton (1918b).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD5D65B0AF8FC1017FF37A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD5D65C0FFEF4DB143832FC.text	E84887F9FFD5D65C0FFEF4DB143832FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus fuscus Bonhote 1902	<div><p>5.</p> <p>Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus fuscus</p> <p>French: Minioptére des Ryukyu / German: Ryukyu-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minioptero de Ryukyu</p> <p>Other common names: Japanese Long-fingered Bat, Ryukyu Bent-winged Bat, Southeast Asian Bent-winged Bat, Southeast Asian Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus fuscus Bonhote, 1902,</p> <p>“ Okinawa, Liu-Kiu Islands [= Ryukyu Islands],” Japan.</p> <p>Miniopterusfuscus has been related to M. medius. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ryukyu Is (Amami-Oshima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Okinawajima, Kumejima, Ishigakijima, and Iriomotejima). There is a record of one individual captured on Jeju I (South Korea) regarded as a vagrant as well as an old record from Kii Peninsula (Honshu), but it now to be extinct there.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53 mm (+ 6-3 mm SD), tail 52:5-55 mm, ear 10-9 mm (x 0-20 mm SD), hindfoot 9: 4 mm (+ O-12 mm SD), forearm 42-46 mm. The Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat is similar to the Asian Long-fingered Bat (M. fuliginosus) in all aspects butslightly smaller. It is reddish brown to blackish brown (and dark sooty brown), with individual hairs unicolored along their entire lengths.</p> <p>Habitat. Woodlands from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat consists mainly of Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera that are captured in flight; last two orders seem to be positively selected. To a lesser extent, diets include species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Psocodea.</p> <p>Breeding. Maternity colonies of Ryukyu Long-fingered Bats consist of several thousand females and are formed in June-August. Births mostly occur in June. Females can give birth in their first year of life, but most give birth for the first time in their second year. Mating season and reproductive patterns (e.g. delayed implantation, etc.) are unknown.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal and it can be active in winter. It roost in caves and abandoned mines.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat has a known distribution of less than 5000 km? which is severely fragmented. Only three breeding colonies are known, one on Okinawajima and two on Iriomotejima, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe et al. (2005), Bonhote (1902), Fukui et al. (2009), Maeda (2008c), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD5D65C0FFEF4DB143832FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD2D65C0ADAFAC610813B9C.text	E84887F9FFD2D65C0ADAFAC610813B9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus eschscholtzii (Waterhouse 1845)	<div><p>6.</p> <p>Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus eschscholtzii</p> <p>French: Minioptéere d'Eschscholtz / German: Eschscholtz-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Eschscholtz</p> <p>Other common names: Eschscholtz’'s Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio eschscholtzii Water-house, 1845,</p> <p>“ Philippine Islands.”</p> <p>Miniopterus eschscholtzii was traditionally considered as M. schreibersii in the Philippines, generally at subspecific rank. Genetic studies of the genus Miniopterus in which specimens of the schreibersii species complex of the Philippines have been included indicate that they are different from Asian (fuliginosus, magnater, and blepotis), and Australian (orianae) representatives of this complex. Apparently, M. eschscholtzii is closer to M. fuliginosus. There are also some cranial differences in size that supportits recognition as a distinct species. In any case, their taxonomic situation is pending a thorough revision of Asian forms of Miniopterus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed across the Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c¢. 55 mm, tail 46-57 mm, ear 11-13 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 42-46 mm; weight 8-14 g. Pelage of Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat is dense and very dark brown and longer over shoulders and on top of head than elsewhere on body. Ears are small. Tragus is narrow, curved, rounded at its tip, and indistinctly emarginated on outer margin. Wing membranes are dark.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from primary lowland forests and montane forests to disturbed forests and agricultural areas from near sea level up to elevations of c. 1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects (Lepidoptera and Diptera) captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. Some observations of Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bats from different locations suggest that only one young is born per pregnancy. They are not reproductively active in December (only one pregnant female out of 214 captured), but females with small embryos were captured in March, and ¢.50% was pregnant and none were lactating in mid-May. No female was pregnant at the beginning ofJuly, and only four out of 421 were lactating.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat is assumed to be mainly nocturnal. It roosts In caves but occasionally uses man-made tunnels. It is a common species in areas with appropriate roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, and mean minimum frequency is 45-6 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of hundreds Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bats have been reported sharing roosts with other species of bats such as: the Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), the Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ater), the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (H. diadema), the Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus), the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (R. arcuatus), Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat (R. creaghi), the Philippine Long-fingered Bat (M. paululus), the Great Long-fingered Bat (M. tnistis), and the Pallid Large-footed Myotis (Myotis macrotarsus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat is now a separate species from Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibers11), which is classified as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Furman, Oztunc &amp; Coraman (2010), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006), Hill (1983), Maeda (1982), Rickart et al. (1993), Sedlock (2001), Sramek et al. (2013), Waterhouse (1845).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD2D65C0ADAFAC610813B9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD2D65C0FC4FEEB19FA3FC1.text	E84887F9FFD2D65C0FC4FEEB19FA3FC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus paululus Hollister 1913	<div><p>7.</p> <p>Philippine Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus paululus</p> <p>French: Minioptére des Philippines / German: Philippinen-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de las Filipinas</p> <p>Other common names: Philippine Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus paululus Hollister, 1913,</p> <p>“ Guimaras Island,” Philippines.</p> <p>Minwopterus paululus is the smallest of the three species of Miniopterus that live in the Philippines. It was originally considered a subspecies of M. australis, and it was also occasionally related to M. pusillus. Detailed morphological multivariate analysis and mtDNA sequences support its status as a distinct species. Taxonomic validity of subspecies here and their distribution must be confirmed genetically with in-depth revision of Miniopterus in the region. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M.p.paululusHollister,1913—thePhilippines.</p> <p>M.p.graysonaeKitchener,2002—TanimbarIs(Selaru).</p> <p>M. p. witkampi Sody, 1930 — Borneo,scattered records in N Sabah (Balambangan I and Gomatong Caves) and East Kalimantan (Kutai).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.47-51 mm, tail 34-49 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 34-39 mm; weight 5-6 g. Pelage of the Philippine Long-fingered Bat is dense and uniform dark blackish brown. Ears are small ears, and tragusis short, blunt, broadest at tip, and somewhat curved forward. Wing membranes are dark blackish brown. Compared with other small species of Miniopterus with which it sharesits distribution, its forearm is noticeably smaller than in the Little Long-fingered Bat (M. australis) and the Small Long-fingered Bat (M. pusillus) and somewhat larger than Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (M. shortridgei).</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats from lowland agricultural areas and second growth lowland forests to primary lowland forests generally below elevations of 1000 m but up to 1450 m in secondary montane forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. One female Philippine Long-fingered Bat from Leyte (Philippines) had a single small embryo in mid-March. Females captured on Bohol Island (Philippines) were lactating in late June to mid-July.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Philippine Long-fingered Batis thought to be mainly nocturnal. It is cave dwelling.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the Philippines, the Philippine Long-fingered Bat is one of the most common species of bats found in caves, with colonies of a few hundred individuals but up to several thousands. It often shares roosts with other cave-dwelling bats, such as the Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), the Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ater), the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (H. diadema), the Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus), the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (R. arcuatus), Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat (R. creaghi), the Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (R. macrotis), the Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat (R. virgo), the Great Long-fingered Bat (M. tristis), Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat (M. eschscholtzii), and the Pallid Large-footed Myotis (Myotis macrotarsus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is little information about population status, ecology, and distribution of the Philippine Long-fingered Bat, and conservation threats are unknown.</p> <p>Bibliography. Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Furman, Oztung &amp; Coraman (2010), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006), Hill (1983), Hollister (1913a), Kitchener &amp; Suyanto (2002), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Rickart et al. (1993), Sedlock, Jose et al. (2014), Sramek et al. (2013), Suyanto et al. (2008).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD2D65C0FC4FEEB19FA3FC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD2D65D0FC3F5CC11CC3142.text	E84887F9FFD2D65D0FC3F5CC11CC3142.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus tristis (Waterhouse 1845)	<div><p>8.</p> <p>Great Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus tristis</p> <p>French: Minioptere triste / German: GroRe Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero tristis</p> <p>Other common names: Great Bent-winged Bat, Greater Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, 1845,</p> <p>“ Philippine Islands.”</p> <p>The name #ristis was used for a long time for all large species of Miniopterus living from the Philippines to Melanesia. Several studies, including very complete multivariable morphometric analyses, showed that it was actually a new species complex, with 1-2 species (tristis and propatristis) and five subspecies. There is some genetic information that supports existence of at least two species. Based on current data, it is impossible to assign the different subspecies to one or the other species and therefore, a single species with five subspecies is maintained, awaiting detailed genetic study to clarify taxonomy. There are some misclassified records that are actually M. magnater and M. blepotis. Five subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I.</p> <p>M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs.</p> <p>M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago.</p> <p>M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is).</p> <p>M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.65-73 mm, tail 50-61 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 51-55 mm; weight 16-22 g for nominate fristis. Forearm lengths of other subspecies: 56-4-57-5 mm (celebensis), 51-2-55-3 mm (grandis), 44-7-51 mm (insularis), and 47-3-52 mm (propitristis). The Great Long-fingered Batis the largest species of Miniopterus. The Philippine population has very dark brown fur. In Papua New Guinea, dorsal fur is 6-8 mm long and bicolored. Basal part of dorsal hair is blackbrown, with gray-brown, red-brown, or pale gray tips, giving a frosted appearance. Ventral fur is frosted pale gray-brown over black-brown base. Wing membranes are very dark, almost black. Ears are small, and tragus is somewhat curved and rounded at tip. Its large size differentiates it from the other species of Miniopterus except from New Guinea and Melanesia where there is overlap with larger individuals of the Large Long-fingered Bat (M. magnater) and the Javanese Long-fingered Bat (M. blepotus).</p> <p>Habitat. Agricultural areas to old-growth forests through different degrees of disturbed forests from sea level up to ¢. 1500 m in Philippines and 1600 m in Papua New Guinea. Roosts of Great Long-fingered Bats are located at different elevations and vegetation belts that include lowland forests, hill forests, and montane forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Wing morphology suggests that the Great Long-fingered Bat forages for aerial insects above forest canopies or in clearings.</p> <p>Breeding. In Papua New Guinea, a lactating female Great Long-fingered Bat was caught in late October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Great Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal and roosts in caves during the day. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, and mean minimum frequency is 34-6 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Great Long-fingered Bat is usually uncommon, but it can be found in large numbers. It forms mixed interspecific clusters with the Javanese Long-fingered Bat, the Large Long-fingered Bat, the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat (M. medius), and the Maluku Myotis (Myotis moluccarum) in caves in New Guinea. By roosting in clusters on domed ceilings, bats pool and trap body heat and reduce exposed surface area and heat loss. Such behavior creates microclimates close to expected thermoneutral zone of 30-34°C and lowers energy expenditure compared with solitary roosting individuals.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Furman, Oztunc &amp; Coraman (2010), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hill (1983), Maeda (1982), Peterson (1981), Rickart et al. (1993), Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, McKinnon et al. (2008), Sedlock (2001), Sramek etal. (2013), Waterhouse (1845).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD2D65D0FC3F5CC11CC3142	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD3D65D0FD1FDFB19983C50.text	E84887F9FFD3D65D0FD1FDFB19983C50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus blepotis (Temminck 1840) Bonaparte 1837	<div><p>10.</p> <p>Javanese Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus blepotis</p> <p>French: Minioptére blépote / German: Java-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Java</p> <p>Other common names: Javanese Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio blepotis Temminck, 1840,</p> <p>“ Java,” Indonesia.</p> <p>Miniopterus blepotis was often considered a subspecies of M. schreibersii. When the schreibersii complex was split, M. blepotis became a valid species clearly different from the rest of Asian and Australian species in the complex: M. fuliginosus, M. eschscholtzi, and M. orianae. This is supported by mtDNA sequence data from New Guinea and assigned to M. blepotis. As with other members of Miniopterus, taxonomic arrangement here should be considered provisional until an overall genetic study is completed. Currently, distribution of M. blepotis is unknown either at the continental level (specimens cited as schreibersii of southern Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand could theoretically be blepotis, magnater, or fuliginosus) or on islands of Melanesia (samples of the Solomon Islands are genetically quite different from blepotis of New Guinea). Itis also unknown if it is actually a complex that includes more than one species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, some Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok and Timor) and Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, and Kai Is), New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo I, Manus I in Admiralty Is, New Ireland I in Bismarck Archipelago, and D’Entrecasteaux Is), and Solomon Is; possibly this species also recorded on mainland SE Asia (Thailand, S Cambodia, and S Vietnam).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-63 mm, tail 39-62-5 mm, ear 13-6-14-1 mm, hindfoot 7-10-6 mm, forearm 44-6-51-7 mm; weight 8-8-17-5 g. Forearm length is on average shorter but overlaps the range of the Large Long-fingered Bat (M. magnater). The Javanese Long-fingered Bat has a proportionally smaller tibia (17-1-21-4 mm) relative to its forearm length. Dorsal fur in New Guinea is bicolored, with hairs having dark black-brown bases and pale red-brown or medium brown tips. It occasionally has large reddish patches due to the ammonia effect on pelage in large nursery colonies. Skin of snout, ear, and wing membranesis black. Ears are short, and tragus is short, blunt, and curved slightly forward. Diploid numberis 2n = 46 (Sabah, Borneo).</p> <p>Habitat. Dry forests, secondary forests, and wet tropical forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2900 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Javanese Long-fingered Bat has swift direct flight and hunts aerial prey above forest canopies.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Javanese Long-fingered Bat is probably mainly nocturnal. It is cave dwelling but also roosts in mines or tunnels.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies ofJavanese Long-fingered Bats are frequently mixed with other species of Miniopterus including the Little Longfingered Bat (M. australis), the Large Long-fingered Bat, the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat (M. medius), and the Great Long-fingered Bat (M. trists).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Javanese Long-fingered Bat was previously included in Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii), which is classified as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Bumrungsri et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Furman, Oztunc &amp; Coraman (2010), Harada &amp; Kobayashi (1980), Hill (1971c¢, 1983), Maeda (1982), Matveev (2005), Payne et al. (2007), Sramek etal. (2013), Wiantoro (2011), Wiantoro et al. (2017).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD3D65D0FD1FDFB19983C50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD3D65D0AD1F84D174937D6.text	E84887F9FFD3D65D0AD1F84D174937D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus shortridgei Laurie & Hill 1957	<div><p>9.</p> <p>Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus shortridgei</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Shortridge / German: Shortridge-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Shortridge</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus australis shortridger Laurie &amp; Hill, 1957,</p> <p>“Kalipoetjang, Tji-Tandoei River, south Java,” Indonesia.</p> <p>Miniopterus shortridger was initially described by E. M. O. Laurie and J. E. Hill in 1954 as M. australis minor, where the type locality is given, and it was subsequently renamed in 1957 as shortridgei because minor was already used for another Miniopterus of Africa and was not an available name. It was elevated to species rank in a detailed multivariate morphological study. It is in the australis complex, but itis still pending of a thorough taxonomic review of Miniopterus in the region using genetic information. Specimens from southern Sumatra (Lampung) assigned by J. C. C. Huang and collaborators in 2014 with some reserve to M. australis probably belong to M. shortridge: because of their small size (forearm 37-6-38-5 mm). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Java including Madura I and most of the Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok, Sumbawa, Moyo, Alor, Wetar, Savu, Roti, Semau, and Timor) and Tanimbar Is (Selaru); possibly on S Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 33:5-46-3 mm, tail 37-2 mm (+ 3-5 mm SD), ear 8-3 10-8 mm, forearm 33-3-39-3 mm for Savu Islands. Fur color of Shortridge’s LLong-fingered Batis very similar to that of the Little Long-fingered Bat (M. australis), with most specimens being decidedly rufous, perhaps more than in the Little Long-fingered Bat. Head, nape, and upper part of back are rufous-brown in the type specimen, but lower part of back is chocolate-brown. Hairs on underparts have chocolate-brown bases and rufous tips. Wing membrane is inserted at end of tibia near heel, and calcar with tail membrane also starts at that point. Shortridge’s L.ong-fingered Batis smaller than the Little Long-fingered Bat and the Small Long-fingered Bat (M. pusillus), with which it can be sympatric.</p> <p>Habitat. No information.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information recorded for this species, but it is expected to mainly eat soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is little information about population status, ecology, and distribution of Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat, and additional research is needed to assess its conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza &amp; Thong Vu Dinh (2016), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Kitchener &amp; Suyanto (2002), Laurie &amp; Hill (1954, 1957).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD3D65D0AD1F84D174937D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD3D65E0FD1F57E199434A5.text	E84887F9FFD3D65E0FD1F57E199434A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus australis Tomes 1858	<div><p>11.</p> <p>Little Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus australis</p> <p>French: Minioptére australasien / German: Kleine Australische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero australiano</p> <p>Other common names: Little Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopteris [sic] australis Tomes, 1858,</p> <p>Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Miniopterus australis is in the australis complex, which once grouped all small species of Miniopterus from Asia, Australia, and Melanesia. This complex is now split, and most of taxa considered as subspecies of M. australis are now considered valid species (M. macrocneme, M. paululus, M. pusillus, and M. shortridger). Taxonomic status of the complex is still not completely resolved and requires an in-depth genetic study of its components. Placement of populations from Borneo, Sulawesi, and Ambon in relation to M. paululus and M. pusillus is especially confusing. Available mtDNA sequences indicate that populations of Vanuatu and Australia are quite differentiated from each other, and several subspecies will probably be recognized in the future. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Bacan, Seram, and Ambon Is), Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo I), Admiralty Is (Manus I), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain I), Louisiade Archipelago (Trobriand and Woodlark Is), Solomon Is, Vanuatu, New Caledonia (including Loyalty Is), and E coast of Australia from Cape York to N New South Wales (including Possession, Magnetic, and Bribie Is).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-48 mm, tail 38-50 mm, ear 8-5-12 mm, hindfoot 6-5-9 mm, forearm 35-41 mm; weight 5-6-5 g. Pelage of the Little Long-fingered Bat is uniform chocolate-brown to dark brown on dorsum,slightly lighter on venter. It occasionally has large reddish patches due to ammonia effect on pelage in large nursery colonies. Ears are short, and tragus (3-2—-6-3 mm) has parallel edges on basal one-half, strong forward curvature on distal one-half, and serrated upper margin. Skin of muzzle, ears, wings, forearms, and hindfeet is dark brown. The Little Long-fingered Bat is smaller than the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat (M. macrocneme) and the Small Long-fingered Bat (M. pusillus) and somewhat larger than the Philippine Longfingered Bat (M. paululus) and Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (M. shortridger). Diploid number is 2n = 46 (Sabah, Borneo).</p> <p>Habitat. Subtropical rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyllous forests, coastal forests, river and coastal scrubs, and human settlements from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m. The Little Long-fingered Bat is cave dwelling, and although it is more common in limestone areas, it is less strict than other species of Miniopterus in terms of roost selection. In Australia, it roosts near extensive areas of relatively dense vegetation. A colony of ¢.30 individuals was found in a large hollow in a 30m soapy box tree (Citronella moorei, Cardiopteridaceae) in Australia.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Little Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, foraging mainly in open spaces. Nevertheless, it has a relatively low wing loading (5-8 N/m?) that allows it to fly rapidly and with considerable maneuverability between shrub and canopy layers of densely wooded areas. Nematoceranflies, ants, moths, and wasps were found in three stomachs from specimens in Papua New Guinea and Australia.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive cycle ofthe Little Long-fingered Bat has been studied in several areas within its wide distribution. It was always seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy and synchronization of births within each population. Delayed implantation has not been found at any latitude, but in different places, reproductive cycle has some peculiarities. In northern New South Wales at the southern limit ofits distribution (28°30 °-31° S), a silent heat (ovulation without fertilization and prior to behavioral estrus and insemination) occurs in April. Males have spermatogenesis from April to the end ofJuly and store sperm in epididymides from mid-May to mid-September. Copulatory behavioris first noted at the end ofJuly with conception occurring in mid-August, and implantation occurs within a month. Births occur in December. In Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu (15°15 S), copulation takes place from mid-August to the beginning of September, and gestation lasts c.4 months until mid-December. In New Caledonia (21° S), cycle is delayed c.1 month with respect to Vanuatu. In all these cases, cycle is adjusted to austral seasonality. In Borneo (4° N), with little variation in daylength but already in the Northern Hemisphere, apparently the cycle is boreal, with ovulation in the first one-half of December and births in late April and early May after a pregnancy of c.5 months. In this case, gestation and births of Little Long-fingered Bats coincide with nesting of most birds that feed their young with insects. It has been suggested that a period of post-implantation delay is responsible for extended gestation in Borneo compared with other places. In Sulawesi (Mangolo Reserve, 4° S) in the Southern Hemisphere, two of three females were pregnant in November, suggesting a southern cycle. In New South Wales, Little Long-fingered Bats share maternity colonies and cluster with much greater numbers of the Australian Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus orianae oceanensis), benefitting from this larger species’ ability to increase roost temperatures from metabolic heat. Temperature at the roost can be as high as 39°C, which favors growth of altricial young. As in other Miniopterus, young Little Longfingered Bats are born naked and blind, and they fledge at c.7 weeks of age. Females do not get pregnantin their first year of life in New South Wales, but in Borneo, they can breed in the first year.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Little Long-fingered Bat begins activity ¢.20 minutes before sunset in Vanuatu, flying inside the roost first. Emergence begins c.10 minutes before sunset and lasts ¢.20 minutes, leaving at a rate of ¢.120-150 ind/minute. Large numbers of individuals return to the roost at ¢.02:00 h. In Vanuatu, Little Long-fingered Bats are active year-round, but in subtropical habitats at the southern limit of the distribution in New South Wales, they decrease activity significantly during austral winter (July-August) and are torpid only on the coldest days. In contrast, other less tropical species—like the Australian Long-fingered Bat—in the same area, with which they share roosts, show a more intense hibernation. In addition to caves, mines, and tunnels, Little Long-fingered Bats use tree cavities as roosts. Little Long-fingered Bats are occasionally found in houses and other artificial roosts (not totally dark) and culverts in New Caledonia. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with end frequency slightly above 50 kHz in New Caledonia.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. It is said that the Little Long-fingered Bat can migrate, but the longest movement recorded—made by two females between nursery roost and another secondary roost—was 60 km in New South Wales. Very large maternity colonies with ¢.100,000 individuals are known in Borneo and Queensland (Mount Etna Cave), but figures ofless than 10,000 females are more common. After the breeding season, a colony disperses to secondary roosts located within its territory. In Borneo, another type of social organization has been described. Little Long-fingered Bats are distributed inside the cave in small groups of less than ten individuals in erosion holes. These groups are considered harems because they are composed of one male and up to six females. This structure is maintained throughout the year, from the breeding period to reproductive inactivity. Groups are not stable in terms of composition or in their use of particular erosion holes in the cave. Little Long-fingered Bats often share roost with other cave-dwelling bats such as species of Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, or other Miniopterus.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Dwyer (1968), Furman, Oztung &amp; Coraman (2010), Harada &amp; Kobayashi (1980), Hughes etal. (2011), Kirsch et al. (2002), Kitchener &amp; Suyanto (2002), Medway (1971), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Revilliod (1914), Rhodes (2002), Richardson (1977), Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Pennay et al. (2008), Sanborn &amp; Nicholson (1950), Schulz (1997b), Sramek etal. (2013), Suyanto &amp; Struebig (2007), Tomes (1858a), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977), Wiantoro et al. (2017).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD3D65E0FD1F57E199434A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD0D65E0F3AFCE919123DB7.text	E84887F9FFD0D65E0F3AFCE919123DB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus macrocneme Revilliod 1914	<div><p>12.</p> <p>Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus macrocneme</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Mélanésie / German: Kleine Melanesische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de</p> <p>Melanesia</p> <p>Other common names: Small Melanesian Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus macrocneme Revilliod in Sarasin &amp; Roux, 1914,</p> <p>“ Nouvelle-Calédonie [= New Caledonia and] Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands].”</p> <p>Miniopterus macrocneme is in the australis species complex. It occasionally has been considered a subspecies of M. pusillus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. New Guinea, Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland Is), Louisiade Archipelago (Trobriand, Woodlark, and Misima Is), Solomon Is (Choiseul, New Georgia, Mbanika, and San Cristobal), Vanuatu Is, and New Caledonia (including Loyalty Is).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 41-6-48 mm,tail 40-5-54 mm, ear 10-11-2 mm, forearm 39-6-45 mm; weight 7-5— 11 g. Dorsal and ventral pelage of the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat is uniform black. Dorsal surface of uropatagium is almost devoid of hairs. Ears are small, and tragus has parallel edges, with its distal one-half slightly curved forward and its convex outer edge smooth. In Melanesia, the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat occurs in sympatry with the Little Long-fingered Bat (M. australis) and the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat (M. robustior), which are similar in size. Diagnostic characteristics that better differentiate the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat from the other species are the great developmentoftail and tibia (18-20-3 mm) and smooth edge of tragus, which is serrated in the Little Long-fingered Bat.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from lowland tropical forests to subalpine grasslands from sea level to elevations of ¢. 3200 m. The Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat roosts in dry caves in New Guinea, and the largest colonies, with thousands of individuals, are found at elevations of 1500-2500 m, being rarer below 1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. The Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat has the same annual reproductive cycle as the Little Long-fingered Bat, at least in New Caledonia, being seasonally monoestrous with one young per pregnancy. There seems to be no delay in implantation of the embryo. Pregnant females have been found in October-December. First lactating females appear in December, and lactating females are common in January.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It is strictly cave dwelling during the day, butit will use less protected shelters such as culverts as night roosts. Some individuals in Papua New Guinea occasionally take refuge in rock crevices at elevations of ¢. 2600 m where it can freeze. In these cases, individuals are isolated and enter daytime torporto save energy. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequencies of 42—45 kHz in New Caledonia.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Papua New Guinea, the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat forms colonies of thousands of individuals. In New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, it forms mixed colonies of hundreds and occasionally up to 1500 individuals with Little L.ong-fingered Bats and Loyalty LLong-fingered Bats.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is little information about population status, ecology, and distribution of the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat. The Telefol and Tifal people collectit for food on New Guinea. Additional research is needed to understand its conservation threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso &amp; Reardon (2008c), Hill (1971c¢), Kirsch et al. (2002), Peterson (1981), Revilliod (1914), Sanborn &amp; Nicholson (1950), Tate (1941e).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD0D65E0F3AFCE919123DB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD0D65F0F3EF41B14433004.text	E84887F9FFD0D65F0F3EF41B14433004.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus robustior Revilliod 1914	<div><p>13.</p> <p>Loyalty Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus robustior</p> <p>French: Minioptere des Loyauté / German: Loyalty-Inseln-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Loyalty</p> <p>Other common names: Loyalty Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus australis robustior Revilliod in Sarasin &amp; Roux, 1914,</p> <p>“Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé.”</p> <p>Miniopterus robustior was originally described as a “giant” subspecies of M. australis, but cranial characteristics clearly point to a distinct species and a diminutive member of the M. tristis species group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Loyalty Is (Lifou and Maré), New Caledonia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-49 mm, tail 37-5-46 mm, ear 11-5-13 mm, hindfoot 7-8-9 mm, forearm 39-42.-2 mm. Pelage of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is uniform brown, somewhat lighter on venter than on dorsum. Upper surface of uropatagium is hairy on its anterior part. Wing is inserted into tarsus. Tragus has the same width along all its length and is barely curved on upper part; its outer edge is not serrated. Loyalty Long-fingered Bats occur in sympatry with more widely distributed Little Long-fingered Bats (M. australis) and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats (M. macrocneme). The simple, straight tragus with blunt rounded tip is useful to distinguish the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat from the Little Long-fingered Bat and the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat. Ear and forearm of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat are longer than in the Little L.ong-fingered Bat, and tibia (14-3-15-8 mm) is shorter than in the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat.</p> <p>Habitat. Coral atolls barely above an elevation of 100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. Several maternity colonies were found with pregnant females in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. It is strictly cave dwelling. There are about seven caves distributed on Lifou and Maré islands used as roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequencies of 42-45 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat forms reproductive colonies of ¢.1000-1500 individuals, often sharing roosts with Little Long-fingered Bats and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Loyalty Long-fingered Batis less than 5000 km? and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km ®. Its distribution is severely fragmented, and extent and quality of its natural habitat on the Loyalty Islands are continuing to decline.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brescia (2008d), Hill (1971c¢), Kirsch et al. (2002), Peterson (1981), Revilliod (1914), Tate (1941e).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD0D65F0F3EF41B14433004	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD1D6500AF7F98A10E337E2.text	E84887F9FFD1D6500AF7F98A10E337E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus orianae Thomas 1922	<div><p>14.</p> <p>Australian Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus orianae</p> <p>French: Minioptére d'Oriana / German: Australische Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Oriana</p> <p>Other common names: Australian Bent-winged Bat, Northern Bent-winged Bat; Australasian Bent-winged Bat (oceanensis), Oriana’s Long-fingered Bat (orianae)</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus orianae Thomas, 1922,</p> <p>“Casuarina Bay,” Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.</p> <p>Miniopterus orianae was previously in the schreibersii complex as M. schreibersii blepotis, but genetic studies have shown that this medium-sized Miniopterus from Australia is neither related to M. schreibersii from Europe nor to M. blepotis from Java. Despite these advances, the situation of the former “schreibersit” in Australia cannot be considered resolved. Because there are three clear mitochondrial lineages provisionally considered as subspecies,it is possible that future more inclusive studies will elevate them to a specific rank. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M.o.orianaeThomas,1922—NEWesternAustraliaandNNorthernTerritory.</p> <p>M.o.bassanuCardinal&amp;Christidis,2000—SESouthAustralia(RobeandNaracoorteStoPortMacDonnell)andSWVictoria.ItsdistributionisextendingacrosstheborderlineintoSWVictoria,toHeywood,Portland,Hamilton,andWarrnambool,withthemostElocalityyetfoundatPomborneit,nearCamperdown.</p> <p>M. o. oceanensis Maeda, 1982 — E Australia from Cape York in Queensland (including Fraser I) to Castlemaine in Victoria.</p> <p>Distribution of bassanii and oceanensis overlap in W Victoria, with both subspecies recorded from four caves in the Otways/Camperdown/Lorne area.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-63 mm, tail 43-58 mm, ear 7-2-13-5 mm, forearm 43-2-49-7 mm; weight 8:6-16 g for nominotypical orianae. Other two subspecies are somewhat larger (forearm 43-3-50-6 mm), and all three subspecies differ in measurements of their skulls and skeletons. Dorsal pelage of the Australian Long-fingered Bat is dark brown,slightly lighter on venter. It occasionally has a reddish morph. Subspecies orianae is paler. Wing membranes are very dark, almost black. Ears are small, and tragus (3-4-7-3 mm) is somewhat curved and rounded at tip.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats, including rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyllous forests, monsoon forests, open woodland, paperbark (Melaleuca, Myrtaceae) forests, and open grassland. Radio-tracked Australian Long-fingered Bats foraged predominantly along a forested ridgeline and also extensively used wetlands. Limited foraging oc-curred in open pastures and pine plantations. All known roosts are underground, predominantly in limestone caves but also in lava tunnels, coastal cliff rock crevices, and man-made tunnels. In the Northern Territory, a colony of more than 5000 Australian Long-fingered Bats occupy a large steel grain silo in an unused shed.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Australian Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, with medium-to-high values of wing loading (9-7 N/m?) and aspect ratio (6-7) that allow fast and direct flight, typical of foraging in open spaces. In woodland sites, it usually forages above the canopy but can fly closer to the ground in more open areas. Individuals are constantly in flight while foraging, sometimes meandering between areas after 5-15 minutes of foraging, or flying to a particular foraging area, remaining there for one or more hours. The Australian Long-fingered Bat is a moth specialist, and Lepidoptera appeared in 91% of fecal samples, Hymenoptera (Formicidae) in 20%, and Blattodea, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera in 10%. In feces collected under colonies, as many as 20 species of moths were identified from eight different families (Hepialidae, Geometridae, Anthelidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Arctiidae, and Noctuidae) and a praying mantis.</p> <p>Breeding. The Australian Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with one young per pregnancy. Spermatogenesis in males begins at the end of November and December in the east coast of Australia (c. 30° S), and testes reach their maximum development in April. Sperm are very abundant in epididymides from May to mid-July. Females have a silent heat (ovulation without fertilization), similar to that in the Little Long-fingered Bat (M. australis) at the same latitude but which occurs two months before mating. Copulation takes place mostly between mid-May and the first one-half of June, and egg fertilization occurs immediately. Embryo goes through delayed implantation until the end of hibernation in August when gestation effectively begins. Maternity colonies are formed in October-November, and births occur in December and early January. Young are born naked, can fly at c¢.7 weeks old, and reach adult size at c.10 weeks old. Females give birth first in their second year of life. In subspecies bassanii at 37° S, the cycle is similar, but mating takes place mainly in April-May, with the peculiarity that in the same colony, births can vary widely between years from October to December. In tropicallatitudes, mating occurs mainly in September and births in December, with no apparent delay in implantation. Known longevity records are 20-5 years and 18 years for two reproductively active females.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Australian Long-fingered Bats emerge between 19 minutes before sunset and 22 minutes after sunset. Half an hour before start of emergence, individuals increase their activity inside the cave, with frequent flights to the entrance of the roost. Activity of the Australian Long-fingered Batis bimodal. Individuals return to the roost normally at ¢.00:00-01:00 h, and they rested for c.1 hour before leaving again to forage until just before dawn. Heavy rain delays emergence and foraging activity. The Australian Long-fingered Bat uses warmer roosts during breeding and cooler roosts for hibernation. Temperatures of a maternity cave at Naracoorte (South Australia) were ¢.30°C, up to 10°C warmer than another similar cave close-by with no bats. It has been suggested that temperature differences are caused by heat generated by bats (200,000 bats in the maternity colony) and accumulated guano deposits. The Australian Long-fingered Bat is one of the few species of bats for which activity in the roost has been studied. Individuals divided their time among rest (62%), grooming (16%), and active (22%). Levels of rest were high during the day compared with preemergence and night. Individuals were active significantly less during the day than at other periods (pre-emergence and night). Grooming was significantly higher during pre-emergence than during the night, and it was minimal during the day. The highest levels of activity (mostly grooming) were found in larger clusters, perhaps reflect ing increased parasite load. The Australian Long-fingered Bat decreases its activity in winter and enters torpor. Torpor is longer in places with relatively cold winters. There is hardly any information about the duration of torpor and existence of true hibernation. In New South Wales and near the Australian coast, individuals are active year-round and weigh c.14-15 g in May-June, while in the tablelands (1000 m) at that time, individuals bats weigh 17-18 g due to fat they accumulate to survive winter with reduced activity. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Mean frequency and frequency of the knee respectively of the different subspecies are: orianae 50-50-7 kHz and 50-1-51-8 kHz; bassanii 47-5—47-9 kHz and 48-6—-49 kHz; oceanensis 45-3—-45-5 kHz and 45-7-46 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Australian Long-fingered Bats have large home ranges, and they can travel long distances, with lactating females repeatedly moving 23-25 km from a maternity cave to foraging areas. One radio-tracked male was found 35 km from his day roost. Populations are organized like those of other species of Miniopterus. Each population has a main refuge where the maternity colony is formed and several secondary refuges within a radius of 100-300 km of the main one that are used by non-breeding individuals or outside the breeding period. Movements among populations are infrequent and represent less than 1% in the more than 2000 movements recorded from marked bats in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. Longest movement detected was 1300 km. Maternity colonies are mostly made up of females that come to these refuges in October-November from secondary roosts. When nursing ends in March, the colony breaks, with adult females leaving first and then young. Maternity colonies are formed by both sexes in subspecies bassanii. These maternity colonies usually have several thousand individuals but can exceed 10,000 individuals. In the case of bassanii, the maternity colony of Naracoorte has reached 100,000-200,000 individuals.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Australian Longfingered Bats was included in Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii), which is classified as Near Threatened. Subspecies orianae and oceanensis of the Australian Longfingered Bat probably do not have important conservation problems, but subspecies bassanii was listed as critically endangered under Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act in 2007. There are three maternity caves of bassanii: one near Warrnambool, one near Cape Bridgewater (both in Victoria), and one near Naracoorte in South Australia. In the last 50 years, the population near Naracoorte has declined from 100,000-200,000 individuals estimated in 1963 to 25,000 - 35,000 in 2011. The Warrnambool population is thought to have declined from 15,000 to 10,000 individuals over the same period.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baudinette et al. (1994), Cardinal &amp; Christidis (2000), Churchill (2008), Codd et al. (2003), Conole (2000), Dwyer (1963a, 1963b, 1964, 1966b, 1969), Furman, Oztun¢ &amp; Coraman (2010), Lumsden &amp; Jemison (2015), Maeda (1982), MillerButterworth et al. (2005), Rhodes (2002), Richardson (1977), Sramek etal. (2013), Thomas (1922), Wilson (2003).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD1D6500AF7F98A10E337E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD.text	E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus pallidus Thomas 1907	<div><p>15.</p> <p>Pallid Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus pallidus</p> <p>French: Minioptere pale / German: Fahle Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero pélido</p> <p>Other common names: Anatolian Bent-winged Bat, Anatolian Long-fingered Bat, Ashen Long-fingered Bat, Pallid Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus schreibersi [sic] pallidus Thomas, 1907,</p> <p>“South coast of Caspian,” Iran. Restricted by D. M. Lay in 1967 to “vicinity of Bandari-Gaz,” Golestan Province, Iran.</p> <p>Miniopterus pallidus was traditionally considered a subspecies of M. schreibersii until genetic differences at mtDNA and nDNA levels justified its species rank. Both species occasionally share roosts in an area of sympatry in Anatolia, and a few cases of hybridization have been reported. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Anatolia (Turkey), S Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Lebanon, NW Jordan, Iran, S Turkmenistan, and S Afghanistan. Distribution of the complex along the Levant and in Iraq is unclear. Localities closer to Mediterranean coast probably correspond to Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii), whereas those more inland and in Iraq correspond to the Pallid Long-fingered Bat; genetic analyses are needed to confirm this pattern.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-65 mm, tail 58-66 mm, ear 11-7-14-9 mm, forearm 43-448 mm; weight 14-7-15-2 g. Pelage of the Pallid Long-fingered Bat is short (c.7-5 mm mid-dorsal region), fine, soft, and silky. Dorsalfur is uniform grayish or grayish brown, and ventral fur is paler. Hairs are bicolored, basally darker. Tail and uropatagium are relatively long. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark. Ears are small, and tragus (4-9-6-3 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. General color pattern was used as a diagnostic character to differentiate species; i.e. the Pallid Long-fingered Bat is paler on dorsum and more brownish on venter than Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat. Later, it was concluded that color of both species overlap widely, and differences were linked to seasonal changes, rendering color variation not useful to identify species. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat hasa slightly larger forearm, but differences although significant, cannot be used as a diagnostic character due to the large overlap in measurements. Chromosomal complement of the Pallid Long-fingered Bat has 2n = 46 and FN = 54 (Iran), with 50 autosomal arms (FNa = 50). X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Mediterranean scrub at almost sea level (most western populations), semiarid steppe above elevations of 1100 m (Central Anatolian Plateau), semiarid mountainous areas above 1400 m (Iran), and deserts, marginally. In areas where they co-occur, the Pallid Long-fingered Bat occurs in more continental environments, and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat occupies more Mediterranean habitats close to the sea. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat seems to avoid most of the Hyrcanian zone of humid forests in northern Iran. In steppe and semiarid zones, Pallid Long-fingered Bats select places with mild climatic conditions. Foraging habitats in arid landscape are concentrated in valley bottoms and river environments or water bodies (ponds, lagoons, etc.) with riparian or floodplain vegetation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, mostly hunting moths in open spaces, butit can forage in somewhat cluttered places because it has relatively maneuverable flight. Diet contained more than 95% Lepidoptera in samples from Iran, Syria, and Jordan, and the rest was from Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, and Odonata.</p> <p>Breeding. In western Iran at elevations of ¢. 1400 m, mating occurs in late October and births in earlyJune. Implantation occurs in about early March after arousal from hibernation. Gestation lasts 7-5-8 months. In the Lesser Caucasus (south-western Azerbaijan), reproductive phenology is somewhat later. Implantation occurred in early April at the end of hibernation, small fetuses were observed in mid-April, births were spread over 30 days, juveniles were observed from mid-June through July, and lactation ended in the second one-half ofJuly. At birth, young are naked, with closed eyes, folded pinnae, and body weights of ¢.3-7 g. By the end offirst week of age, ears were erect, and a few sparse hairs were present on their bodies. Eyes opened during the first week, and young began to move. Short soft hair of young was apparent at 6-10 days old. Hair at birth was dark gray and gradually changed to light gray during postnatal period. In their second month, young started flying independent in the cave, and average body weight was 11-3 g, corresponding to 91:6% of adult body weight.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. Individuals have been seen hibernating in November—-December. It uses mostly caves, unused mines, and tunnels as day roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with start frequencies of 58:5-60-5 kHz, end frequencies of 30-56-4 kHz, peak frequencies of 55-5-57-9 kHz, durations of 4-8—6-2 milliseconds, and intervals of 36-7-109-3 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Pallid Long-fingered Bats usually have hundreds of individuals, reaching highs of 1000-1500 individuals. It often shares roosts with other cave-dwelling species of Rhinolophus and Myotis.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat was separated from Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat, which is classified as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanak &amp; Cerveny (2011), Bilgin, Girin, Maraci et al. (2012), Benda, Luéan et al. (2010), Bilgin, Girin, Rebelo et al. (2016), Bilgin, Karatas et al. (2006), Furman, Coraman et al. (2009), Furman, Oztunc &amp; Coraman (2010), Furman, Postawa et al. (2010), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Karatas &amp; Sézen (2004), Karatas et al. (2008), Lay (1967), Mehdizadeh et al. (2019), Sharifi &amp; Vaissi (2013), Sharifi et al. (2002), Sramek et al. (2013), Thomas (1907b), Whitaker &amp; Karatag (2009).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDED6510FCBFCC0195F3E55.text	E84887F9FFDED6510FCBFCC0195F3E55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl 1817)	<div><p>16.</p> <p>Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus schreibersii</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Schreibers / German: Eigentliche Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago de cueva</p> <p>Other common names: Schreiber’s Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio schreibersii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817,</p> <p>“sudostlichen Gebirge des Bannats: in der Columbézer Héhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbazer Cave],” Banat, near Coronini, Romania.</p> <p>Recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing have restricted M. schreibersii to Europe, North Africa, and part of the Near East. Populations of Miniopterus of medium size from sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and Australia, which were until recently all included within this species, are now considered distinct species, not even closely related to M. schreibersii. The genetically closest species to M. schreibersii are M. pallidus from the Middle East and M. maghrebensis from north-western Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to N &amp; W Anatolia (Turkey) and W Georgia, N to C France, Slovakia, and Romania, and S to Morocco, N Algeria, Tunisia, NW &amp; NE Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica), Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and possiblyJordan, also on most Mediterranean Is; historical records or occasionally in SW Germany, Switzerland, and Czech Republic. In the Maghreb,it shares habitat with the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat (M. maghrebensis) and in Levant with the Pallid Long-fingered Bat (M. pallidus), but distributional limits in these areas are not well defined.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-59 mm, tail 52-63 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 9-8-10-9 mm, forearm 43—-47-1 mm; weight 10-14 g. Pelage of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is short, very dense, and silky. Dorsum is uniformly grayish, ashen, or more rarely grayish brown, with somewhat paler venter. Hairs are bicolored, with darker bases. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark. Ears are small, and tragus (5-5-7 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52-56 (Italy, Switzerland, Greece, and Turkey). X-chromosomeis metacentric, and Y-chromosome is dot-like acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including semi-desert steppes (Maghreb, Levant, or south-eastern Iberia), humid areas of deciduous forest in the north of the distribution, and Mediterranean scrub and forests, generally at elevations of 1000-1400 m. Breeding colonies of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat generally occur below 1000 m, although they can occur up to 1200 m. Non-breeding and hibernating colonies can occupy shelters up to ¢. 1400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis an aerial hawker, mostly hunting moths in open spaces, but it has sufficiently maneuverable flight to forage in forest edge, clearings, below forest canopies, and close to vegetation. In France near the northern limit of the distribution, they frequently use well-lit urban areas to forage, preferring areas lit by white streetlights. They also forage in orchards and parks. In contrast, dense pine forests and closed and homogeneous deciduous or mixed woodlands are avoided. For commuting, they mainly use woodland borders, hedgerows, and riverine forests. In Italy, they were most active over rivers and to a lesser extent in olives and chestnuts groves and Mediterranean and beech woodlands, and they were never recorded in Mediterranean maquis (shrubland) and agricultural lands. In Portugal, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat more actively forages activity near water, urban areas, and native forests. Diet mostly contains Lepidoptera, which generally accounts for more than 70% by volume of ingested prey. In a study conducted in Slovenia, Lepidoptera was the main prey: 79% of the annual diet by volume, maximum of more than 90% in summer, and minimum of 50% in autumn. With decreasing importance, other insects in the diet were Neuroptera (mostly Chrysopidae) with average volume of 9-2% and maximum of 26% in late autumn, Diptera with average volume of 7:4% and maximum of 15-7% in spring and 21:6% in autumn, Trichoptera with average volume of 2:2% and 12:3% in autumn, and Coleoptera with average volume of 1:4% and maximum of ¢.10% at the end of spring. Diet was most diverse in late October. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat hunts small to medium-sized winged prey (wing length: 2-18 mm, average 13-2 mm). It can switch to other seasonally abundant prey. A recent study in which prey species were identified with DNA sequencing of remains of prey in feces and using metabarcoding techniques allowed more detailed understanding of dietary composition. Samples of 79 individuals from 16 different locations in seven European countries were analyzed. There were twelve arthropod orders, among which lepidopterans were predominant (they were present in more than 97% of the samples analyzed and accounted for 75% of the total operational taxonomy-assigned units (OTUs). Diptera (20 families) was the second most common order, appearing in more than 50% of the samples, and Neuroptera and Coleoptera occurred in 25% of the samples. Thirty-five families of Lepidoptera were represented in the samples, with Noctuidae the most frequent, occurring in 85% of samples and with more than 300 different OTUs, followed by Geometridae at 50%. As many as 44 insects consumed are considered agricultural pests, mostly moths that occurred in 92% of the samples; 22 of these pests are considered major pests and appeared in 73% of the samples. Dipterous families also occurred in samples; these families (e.g. Culicidae and Simuliidae) can cause discomfort and transmit diseases to humans and domestic animals. Many prey species consumed by Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats are tympanate insects (mainly moths in families Noctuidae and Geometridae and lacewings of the family Chrysopidae), capable of hearing ultrasound calls of bats. Echolocation calls of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have peak frequency of 54 kHz, whichis at the limit of the hearing capacity of tympanate moths.</p> <p>Breeding. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with one young per pregnancy and delayed implantation in winter. Mating occurs in September and early October. Egg is fertilized immediately, but blastocyst does not implant in the uterus until end of hibernation, which in the French Pyrenees is in March or early April. Births occur in late June or earlyJuly in France and Spain and at the beginning ofJune in the more temperate areas of Portugal. Complete duration of the reproductive cycle from mating to birth is 8-9 months. Young begin to fly at ¢.40 days old and are fully developed at 60-70 days old. Females reach sexual maturity at c.1 year old and have their first young at c.2 years old.</p> <p>Activity patterns. In France, pregnant Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats emerged from roosts to feed c.1 hour after sunset in May and returned 2-5 hours before sunrise with a period of activity of 5-5 hours. Lactating females emerged c.42 minutes after sunset in June and returned c.2 hours before sunrise, with c.6 hours oftotal activity. During all nights, no female returned to the roost temporarily, even during lactation. In Slovenia, the first bat emerged ¢.20 minutes after sunset in a small colony of 100 individuals. Like most temperate species, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats enter daily torpor to save energy during short unfavorable periods and hibernate during the coldest months of winter. Duration of hibernation is variable depending on local weather, ranging from five months at most in northern France to two months in areas with milder winters in Portugal and Spain. Shelters selected for hibernation have temperatures of 5-10°C in Spain and 3-7-4-5°C in Croatia. Hibernation is not continuous but characterized by interruptions of activity with movement within and among roosts. In north-eastern Spain (Catalonia) and Croatia, hibernation occurs from the end of December to mid-February. Before hibernation in October to mid-November, body mass increases up to 31-5% in just 29 days. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats roost in caves and cave-like structures such as mines and tunnels. Some individuals or small groups occasionally occur in fissures of rocks or human structures. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with start frequencies of 59-3-113-5 kHz, end frequencies of 47-5-55-7 kHz, peak frequencies of 49-4-62-5 kHz, durations of 2—13-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 40-209-3 millisecondsin Italy and start frequencies of 104-8-118-3 kHz, end frequencies of 46-3-52 kHz, peak frequencies of 56-4—61-7 kHz, and durations of 2-8—4-6 milliseconds in Turkey.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In France, radio-tracked female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats during periods shorter than a week had home ranges that corresponded to their foraging strategy of an open-air hunter with good flight abilities. Home ranges were significantly larger for lactating females (average 22,318 ha) than for pregnant females (10,837 ha). The entire colony’s home range, from all radio-tracking records, was smaller for pregnant females (89,359 ha) than for lactating females (162,997 ha). Each bat foraged every night in 1-9 small feeding areas. The longest distance recorded with precision from the roost to a foraging area was 29-7 km for a lactating female and 24-7 km for a pregnant female. In Portugal, females during reproduction do not move more than 15-5 km from their day roost, and 82% of feeding areas were found within a 10km radius of the day roost. Selection of feeding areas wasrelated to distance to the day roost and proximity of water. Populations of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have a typical metapopulation structure. Each population occupies a large territory of several thousand square kilometers where it has a network of underground roosts with different environmental characteristics. Different subpopulations occupy different roosts within their territory throughout the annual cycle, depending on energy requirements of each period for each sex and age class. Throughout the year, each individual will have used a good number of these shelters. It was found that the main cause of seasonal movements in Portugal was to occupy caves with temperatures suitable for needs of each group at a particular time of the year. Nursery colonies are located in caves with temperatures of ¢.19°C, those used for hibernation have temperatures of ¢.11-5°C, and those used during transitions have intermediate temperatures that allow beneficial daytime torpor. A second cause of movement can be access to foraging areas with better ambient temperatures and better insect availability. After hibernation, female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats migrated to spring or equinoctial roosts and again to maternity roosts just before parturition. Soon after young were weaned, females migrated to equinoctial roosts where they spent autumn and sometimes winter. Pattern of migration of males was similar to that of females, but they left and arrived at hibernacula later and remained more mobile during the maternity season. Young remained in warm nurseries longer than their mothers, presumably because high temperatures of nurseries help increase growth. Maternity colonies spent the yearly cycle in well-defined home ranges (mean 19 km?) that overlapped greatly. Individuals were furthest from maternity sites during hibernation, but even then, 80% remained within 90 km of them. Each hibernaculum attracted individuals from multiple nurseries within 10-8 km? Females in Portugal were highly philopatric. This has an important impact on genetic structure of the populations such that nursery colonies have strong geographic structure. Females do not affect gene flow among colonies, but males do because during the mating season, individuals of both sexes from different colonies meet in certain refuges. Greater genetic diversity is found in these mating shelters and hibernacula. Displacement among roosts can exceed 300 km, but most are less than 100 km. Because of the seasonal nature of these movements and distances involved, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is considered a regional migrant. In these migratory and commuting flights, individuals use rivers as landmarks for orientation and navigation. During these movements, individuals travel more than 50 km /h. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis very gregarious, and it, without a doubt, forms the largest colonies in Europe, although they are modest in size compared with other species of Miniopterus. In Bezanovo Parnicite Cave in northern Bulgaria, 65,000 individuals have been counted, and in Dyavolskoto Garlo Cave in the Rhodopes Mountains of southern Bulgaria, as many as 40,800 individuals were counted during hibernation. This cave supposedly hosts Schreibers’s Longfingered Bats from Bulgaria, Greece, and the Republic of North Macedonia. As many as 60,000 females and their young were counted in a nursery colony in Devetaskata Pestera Cave in Bulgaria. In Croatia, 35,000 individuals were found in a nursery colony, and more than 30,000 individuals in KusStrovka Cave and 27,000 in a hut of Visti¢ina were hibernating in Trbusnjak. These bats are probably part of the Pannonian—Dinaric metapopulation that includes populations from Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia whose existence has been revealed through marking studies. In Portugal, the Cave of Marvao Island has a colony of¢.20,000 breeding and hibernating individuals. In Spain, the largest hibernation colony is 33,000 individuals and is located in an abandoned train tunnel. Longest longevity record for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat 1s 16 years.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat has been extirpated in Germany and Ukraine and has declined to near extirpation in Switzerland since the 1960s. Similarly, a hibernating population in Austria has declined from 2500 to only 1-2 individuals, and all maternity colonies have been lost. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aizpurua et al. (2018), Bashta (2009), Benda &amp; Paunovi¢ (2019), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Hanak &amp; Cerveny (2011), Benda, Hanak, Horaéek et al. (2007), Benda, Ivanova et al. (2003), Benda, Lu¢an et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Bilgin, Girin, Maraci et al. (2012), Bilgin, Gurun, Rebelo et al. (2016), Bilgin, Karatas et al. (2006), Boye (2004), Brosset (1962b), Brosset &amp; Caubeére (1959), De Lucas (2008), Dietz et al. (2009), Duli¢ (1963), Furman, Coraman et al. (2009), Furman, Oztung &amp; Coraman (2010), Furman, Postawa et al. (2010), Garin et al. (2008), Hanék etal. (2001), Hu Gao etal. (2016), Karatag &amp; Sozen (2004), Karatas et al. (2008), Krystufek (2008), Krystufek &amp; Rezek Donev (2005), Kuhl (1817), Nagy &amp; Postawa (2011), Palmeirim &amp; Rodrigues (1992), Pavlini¢ et al. (2010), de Paz (1985), Pereira et al. (2009), Petrov &amp; von Helversen (2011), Peyre &amp; Herlant (1963), Presetnik &amp; Aulagnier (2013), Rainho (2007), Rainho &amp; Palmeirim (2011), Rodrigues (2013), Rodrigues &amp; Palmeirim (2008), Rodrigues et al. (2010), Russo &amp; Jones (2002, 2003), Serra-Cobo (1989), Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marqués-Bonet &amp; Lahuerta (2000), Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marques-Bonet &amp; Martinez-Rica (2000), Serra-Cobo, Sanz-Trullén &amp; Martinez-Rica (1998), Sramek etal. (2013), Vincentet al. (2011), Volleth &amp; Heller (1994a).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDED6510FCBFCC0195F3E55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDFD6520FEEF7791787359A.text	E84887F9FFDFD6520FEEF7791787359A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus maghrebensis Puechmaille 2014	<div><p>17.</p> <p>Neghrohion Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus maghrebensis</p> <p>French: Minioptére du Maghreb / German: Maghreb-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Maghreb</p> <p>Other common names: Maghrebian Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus maghrebensis Puechmaille et al, 2014,</p> <p>“Kef Azigza Cave (or Tazzouguert Cave), 5.7 km S of Ksar Tazougart, 19 km W-NW of Boudenib, Er Rachidiyah Province, Morocco (32 °0I’ 46.6" N, 03° 47° 16.7" W, 1060 ma.s. 1.).”</p> <p>Miniopterus maghrebensis was originally referred to as M. schreibersii until a recent molecular study confirmed existence of genetic differences at mitochondrial and nuclearlevels to allow their separation. All previous records of M. schreibersii from the Maghreb need to be reevaluated because they could potentially belong to M. maghrebensis; both species are found together in the region and can even share roosts. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. So far known only from C &amp; SW Morocco (Middle and High Atlas) and N Tunisia. Possibly occurs continuously across most of the Mediterranean part of N Africa, including Algeria.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60 mm,tail 63 mm, ear 13-4 mm, forearm 45-48 mm (holotype). The Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is similar in most aspects to Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersit), from which it can only be taxonomically confirmed with genetic analyses. Dorsal pelage of the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is chestnut-brown to dark grayish brown, and ventral pelage is pale brown. Ventral hairs are bicolored, dark brown on proximal parts and pale brown to buffy on distal parts. Dorsal skin of ears and naked parts of face are pale grayish brown, and ventral skin of ears is almost without pigments, fleshy pale to pinkish. Wing membranes are dark brown to dark grayish brown. Ears are small, and tragus (6-3 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward.</p> <p>Habitat. Mediterranean scrublands and dry forests, steppes, and other semi-desert habitats at elevations of 300-1200 m. In Morocco, the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat seems to prefer southern and more arid environments, and in northern one-half of Morocco, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is found, although with large overlap between species.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but based on wing morphology, the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat probably forages for flying insects by moderately fast hawking in open, uncluttered places including clearings, above trees, and over water.</p> <p>Breeding. It is difficult to assign available information on reproduction of Miniopterus in the Maghreb to either the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat or Schreibers’s L.ongfingered Bat. In any case, the pattern seems to be the typical for a temperate zone species of Miniopterus. An unusually wide range of dates of births has been reported for these bats in Algeria from mid-April to the end ofJune, but again it is not possible to taxonomically assign these records, and it was suggested that this wide range was due to the fact that the two species were present but had differentiated breeding periods.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is presumably nocturnal. As other temperate species of Miniopterus, it is expected to enter torpor in autumn, and it has been found to store fat in autumn for winter hibernation. It roosts in caves and other underground areas (e.g. irrigation channels). Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with initial frequencies of 63-6-101-1 kHz, end frequencies of 48-9-51-8 kHz, peak frequencies of 51-54-8 kHz, durations of 3-2-5-6 milliseconds, and intervals of 67-2-239-2 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Maghrebian Long-fingered Bats can include up to 400 individuals.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List because actual levels of disturbance are likely to lead to habitat declines of at least 30% in the next 15 years. This species is known from very few sites only, all representing underground spaces threatened by human activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benda &amp; Piraccini (2017), Benda, Cerveny et al. (2010), Benda, Ruedi &amp; Aulagnier (2004), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Bilgin et al. (2016), Kowalski &amp; Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Puechmaille, Allegrini et al. (2014), Sramek et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDFD6520FEEF7791787359A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22.text	E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus inflatus Thomas 1903	<div><p>19.</p> <p>Greater Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus inflatus</p> <p>French: Minioptére a couronne / German: GroéRRere Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero gigante</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus inflatus Thomas, 1903,</p> <p>“Efulen, Cameroons [= Cameroon].”</p> <p>All large African Miniopterus were traditionally included in M. inflatus, regardless of their origin. At localities where two species of Miniopterus of medium to large size could be differentiated and despite overlap usually found in their sizes, the larger was considered M. inflatus and the smaller M. schreibersii natalensis. When only one species was found, it was not easy to assign it to one of the two species with certainty. Currently, M. inflatus is considered a paraphyletic species complex that must be studied genetically to resolve taxonomic status of all its components. In this sense, populations in Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya that were considered M. inflatus africanus have recently been elevated to the species rank. Similarly, the population of Upper Guinea Highlands (Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast) probably represents a genetically differentiated species still to be described. Polytypic, but taxonomy requires reassessment.</p> <p>Distribution. Disjunct distribution on much of sub-Saharan Africa, but predominantly in C Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, DR Congo) and E Africa (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania), also in scattered localities in W Africa (Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria) and S Africa (Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢.57-63 mm, tail 48-57 mm, ear 9-13-5 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 45-4-48-9 mm; weight 9-9-16 g. Pelage of the Greater Long-fingered Bat is dense and silky and varies dorsally from dark blackish brown, through reddish brown to grayish brown, being always paler on venter. Hairs are faintly bicolored and slightly paler at tips. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Basal one-quarter to one-half of uropatagium is dorsally covered with downy hairs, sometimes extending further posteriorly to tail. Ears are small, and tragus (4-7-5 mm) is relatively long, with parallel margins, rounded tip, and small indication of basal lobe.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats including lowland and upland rainforests, apparently also arid open Acacia (Fabaceae) savannas (mean annual rainfall less than 300 mm in Namibia), and different types of intermediate woodlands and savannas. Most frequently associated with montane habitats like rainforests in Gabon at elevations of ¢.500-600 m and on Mount Cameroon up to 2200 m, Upper Guinean forest at 500-1200 m, Afromontane forests of Rwanda and Uganda up to 2200 m, and Namibian mountains higher than 1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. The Greater Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous in north-eastern Gabon, very close to the equator (0° 4’ N), and in a high rainforest area with little marked seasons and no variation in photoperiod. Taking into account birth dates,it should be considered to an austral reproductive cycle. Estrus and mating take place in the beginning of July, and by the end of July, the embryo has already implanted (no delayed implantation). In August-September, all females are pregnant, and births take place simultaneously in October. Gestation and lactation together last for ¢.6 months. InJanuary—July, neither pregnant nor lactating females were noted. Births of a single young are synchronized in each colony and with very little variation among colonies. Females meet during pregnancy in a particular cave where the breeding colony is established until young can fly and leave the colony. Males are sexually dormant in October-February. By mid-April, spermatogenesis occurs, but the related glands (epididymides) are not yet developed. By mid-July, spermatogenesis ends, and epididymides are fully developed and functional. In Kenya, males were sexually dormant in March and early April.</p> <p>Activity patterns. In north-eastern Gabon, with constant twelve-hour long day/ night periods, activity starts inside the roost c¢.15 minutes before emergence starts at c.18:00 h. Emergence peaks in total darkness at c¢.18:30 h. The cave remains empty (except during lactation) until 02:30 h when the first individuals start returning; this lasts until ¢.04:00 h. Return begins in smaller colonies earlier, possibly because they do not have to move away as far from the roost. All individuals forage every night. They mostly roost in caves and old mines during the day but also in small holes and crevices in rocks. Roosts have relatively high relative humidity (75-100%), even in arid environments. Based on their wing morphology, these bats fly in open, uncluttered places including clearings, above canopy trees, and over water. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequency of 44-7 kHz and durations of 2-3 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In a colony in north-eastern Gabon, seasonal population structure was largely similar to that of other species of Miniopterus in temperate and subtropical zones. Each population uses a network of roosts (caves) throughout the year. During pregnancy and lactation, females gather in a specific maternity cave in which the colony’s nursery is formed, which can have up to 40,000 individuals. Outside this period, individuals are found in small, scattered groups that move very often among roosts, demonstrating that all bats know the network of shelters. Outside of this geographical area, Greater Long-fingered Bats form small groups (up to a maximum of 50 individuals in Namibia), which might be because no nursery colonies have been found or because these small groups might be another species with different population strategies than those in the inflatus species complex.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baeten et al. (1984), Bates et al. (2013), Brosset (1966b, 1969), Brosset &amp; Saint Girons (1980), Churchill et al. (1997), Fahr et al. (2006), Happold, M. (2013bn), Hill (1968a, 1982b), Jones (1971), Kityo &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (1996), Koopman et al. (1995), Kruskop &amp; Lavrenchenko (2008), MillerButterworth et al. (2005), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Neves et al. (2018), Onyango et al. (1995), Reardon &amp; Schoeman (2017), Rosevear (1965), Thomas (1903d), Wolton et al. (1982).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDAD6540A21F8B919D03F22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDAD6540A24FEEB11C43109.text	E84887F9FFDAD6540A24FEEB11C43109.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus villiersi Aellen 1956	<div><p>18.</p> <p>Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus villiersi</p> <p>French: Minioptere de Villiers / German: Villiers-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Villiers</p> <p>Other common names: Villiers's Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus inflatus villiersi Aellen, 1956,</p> <p>“grotte du Marché, Dalaba, Guiné francaise [= Guinea].”</p> <p>Initially described as subspecies of M. inflatus. Later, two species were found in Upper Guinea; M. villiersi was the smallest and was moved to the schreibersii complex.</p> <p>Recent genetic evidence supports its species rank. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to Upper Guinea forest zone, in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Tail 48-56 mm, hindfoot 8:5-10 mm, forearm 42-44-5 mm. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat is similar similar but smaller than the Greater Long-fingered Bat (M. inflatus) from Cameroon. Pelage is uniformly blackish brown. Wing and tail membranes and ears are grayish brown. Ears are small, with distal part of tragus unpigmented and whitish in eight specimens used for the species description, although this characteristic is not mentioned anymore in the literature.</p> <p>Habitat. Closed lowland rainforests, forest edges, and tree savannas and also hilltop dry forests and submontane grasslands at elevations of 200-1350 m (mostly 460-900 m). Most roosts of Villiers’s Long-fingered Bats are found on slopes and ridges of submontane forests, and they fly along creeks to forage at lower elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. Two female Villiers’s Long-fingered Bats caught in mid-March carried single embryos with 12 mm and 14 mm crown-rump lengths.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. It roosts in caves, old mines, tunnels, and probably rock crevices during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat was separated from Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii), which is classified as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aellen (1956), Decher, Hoffmann et al. (2016), Decher, Norris &amp; Fahr (2010), Eger (2013b), Fahr et al. (2006), Koopman et al. (1995), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Reardon &amp; Schoeman (2017), Schaer et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDAD6540A24FEEB11C43109	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDAD6550F2FF66C159D359D.text	E84887F9FFDAD6550F2FF66C159D359D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus newtoni Bocage 1889	<div><p>20.</p> <p>Newton's Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus newtoni</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Sao Tomé / German: Newton-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Newton</p> <p>Other common names: Newton's Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus newtoni Bocage, 1889,</p> <p>“St. Thomé [= Sao Tomé Island].”</p> <p>Miniopterus newton: was previously considered a subspecies of M. minor. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Sao Tomé I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 45 mm, tail 43 mm, ear 9-5-10 mm, hindfoot 9 mm, forearm 38-40 mm; weight 7 g. Newton's Long-fingered Bat has blackish gray dorsal and ventral pelage. There is also a reddish morph, although less abundant. It has narrow hairy edge along dorsal side of wing membrane in area between femur and humerus. Lower part of this membrane has few and sparse hairs, and uropatagium is hairless on both sides. Ears are small, and tragusis relatively long (4: 5 mm) and narrow, with rounded tip.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including non-altered forests and anthropogenic environments (e.g. cocoa plantations and around streetlights in urban areas) at elevations of 0-1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Presumably nocturnal. It mainly roosts in caves but also mines and tunnels. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 69-6-119 kHz, minimum frequencies of 47-8-52-2 kHz, peak frequencies of 53-2— 61 kHz, durations of 2-3-7-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 31-8-105-7 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Newton's LLong-fingered Bats form colonies with thousands of individuals and share roosts with other species of bats such as Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ruber) and Temminck’s Myotis (Myotis tricolor).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is little information about population status, ecology, and distribution of Newton's Longfingered Bat, and conservation threats are unknown.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bocage (1889), Juste &amp; Ibanez (1992), Juste et al. (2007), Rainho et al. (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDAD6550F2FF66C159D359D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDBD6550FF1FE1C183A3F09.text	E84887F9FFDBD6550FF1FE1C183A3F09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus Heller 1912	<div><p>22.</p> <p>Sandy Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus arenarius</p> <p>French: Minioptére des sables / German: Sandfarbene Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de las arenas</p> <p>Other common names: Sandy Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus natalensis arenarius Heller, 1912,</p> <p>“Guaso Nyuki (= Nanyuki), Northern Guaso Nyiro [= Ewaso Ng’iro] River, British East Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>Previously a subspecies of M. schreibersii or M. natalensis, but recent genetic studies have shown that specimens from the Arabian Peninsula and Ethiopia (which were assigned provisionally to M. arenarius) are quite differentiated from M. schreibersii and M. natalensis. Taxonomy is still unsolved until material from the type locality is studied genetically. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Arabian Peninsula in SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen and E Africa in Ethiopia, E South Sudan, Somalia, and Kenya. This distribution is temporary although and pending of genetic studies including a complete representation of the species in the analysis.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 55 mm, tail 47 mm, ear 11 mm, hindfoot 9 mm, forearm 45 mm (42-46 mm in South Sudan; larger than 45 mm in Ethiopia). Size of the Sandy Long-fingered Bat is similar to the Natal Long-fingered Bat (M. natalensis), but itis paler, with shorter pelage, and its skull has broader braincase, with I* greatly exceeding I’ in size. Dorsal pelage is seal-brown, with darker clove-brown head and lighter walnut-brown rump. Hairs are only slightly darker (dark slate) at bases, underparts are washed drab gray, and ears and wing membranes are blackish, the latter narrowly bordered in white.</p> <p>Habitat. Mainly Acacia (Fabaceae)— Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushlands and thickets (Kenya), possibly forest-savanna mosaics and Afromontane vegetation, up to elevations of ¢. 1400 m. The type specimen of the Sandy Long-fingered Bat was caught in a large crevice among granite boulders on the summit of a small hill; another specimen was shot at dusk among some acacia trees in the same vicinity. In Ethiopia,it was found at ¢. 1300 m in a cave on the steep, rocky side of a river gorge covered by dense mixed Acacia and broadleaved scrubs and a narrow zone of more luxuriant vegetation on the riverbanks and also in an area dominated by Acacia scrub but near a river with welldeveloped riverine forest with large Ficus (Moraceae) trees at 1400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sandy Long-fingered Bats are thought to be nocturnal. They roost in caves.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Sandy Long-fingered Bat was recently separated from Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersii), which is classified as Near Threatened.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benda, Al-Jumaily et al. (2011), Heller (1912), Koopman (1975), Largen et al. (1974), Lavrenchenko et al. (2004), Musila et al. (2019), Nader &amp; Kock (1987), Sramek et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDBD6550FF1FE1C183A3F09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDBD6550AF5FC22169E37B2.text	E84887F9FFDBD6550AF5FC22169E37B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus minor Peters 1867	<div><p>21.</p> <p>Least Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus minor</p> <p>French: Minioptére minuscule / German: Kleinste Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero menor</p> <p>Other common names: Least Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus minor Peters, 1867,</p> <p>“von der Kiuste von Zanzibar [= from the coast of Zanzibar Island, Tanzamal.”</p> <p>Traditionally, all small-sized Miniopterus from continental Africa and nearbyislands, including Madagascar, have been included in M. minor. It was considered to have subspecies griveaudi, manavi, and newton, which genetic studies separated as distinct species. At present, two subspecies are still recognized in continental Africa that might prove to be different species when studied in depth. Recently, it has also been found that M. minor from East Africa forms a paraphyletic group. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M.m.minorPeters,1867—coastalareainSKenyaandNTanzania(includingUngujaIinZanzibarArchipelago).</p> <p>M. m. occidentalisJuste &amp; Ibanez, 1992 — lower Congo River in Republic of the Congo and DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.52-53 mm, tail 37-46 mm, ear 10-11 mm, hindfoot (without claw) 7-9 mm, forearm 37-41 mm; weight 4-6-6-5 g. The Least Long-fingered Bat is the smallest species of Miniopterus on the African continent. Pelage is almost black or blackish brown on upperparts and paler gray-brown on venter. Hairs are dark, with slightly paler tips. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown. Ears are small, and tragusis relatively long (6 mm), with parallel-sided rounded tip. Dorsalside of basal one-half of uropatagium has sparse downy hairs that are difficult to see with naked eye.</p> <p>Habitat. Coastal savanna and coastal forest (nominate minor) and woodland savanna mosaic around lower part of the Congo River (subspecies occidentalis) below 200-300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects (Lepidoptera and Diptera) captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. Population in East Africa is seasonally monoestrous, with one young per pregnancy. Spermatogenesis in males occurs in April-July (rainy season), and sperm is stored in epididymides until end of the mating period. Females have their first ovulation without fertilization (silent heat) in May, followed by another ovulation with copulation and fertilization in late July to early August. There is probably delayed implantation of c¢.3 weeks. Births and lactation occur in rainy season (November—January) when there is maximum availability of food resources. Males do not breed in their first year.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Least Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. During the relatively colder “long dry season” (July—October) in Kenya when food levels and body weights are lowest, these bats experience profound diurnal torpor, with a drop in body temperature to near ambient levels (24°C). Diurnal torpor appears to be an energy saving behavior that takes place during the mating period that can benefit males by enabling fat reserves otherwise needed for maintenance to be used for mating. Fat reserves used during this period were accumulated during previous long rain season (March—June) when food resources are at their peak. Caves are used as daytime roosts.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the East African population of Least Long-fingered Bats, males are sedentary throughout the year, living in caves near the coast. Females make seasonal movements between roosts they occupy during the mating period and others located further inland where nursery colonies are found. Mating occurs in May in Kenya. Males begin the mating period in good physical condition and with abundant reserves of fat. About 30 breeding males aggressively competed in successive years to occupy a particular spot in a hollow inside the cave near the entrance, where females had to enter to roost. Males covered their venters with urine that had a pungent substance and emitted a conspicuous odor that triggered male competition. The disseminating odor plume enabled any female entering the cave to find a male’s location. It could be a lek mating system (“olfatory lek”) because males appeared to aggregate in a traditional location for mating and were actively competitive, which would enable females to identify the fittest male. Nevertheless, no copulations were seen, and no paternity analysis was done so it could simply represent a seasonal multi-male-multfemale polygynous mating system.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Acllen &amp; Brosset (1968), Christidis et al. (2014), Cockle et al. (1998), Happold, M. (2013bo), Hayman et al. (1966), Jacobs et al. (2008d), Juste &amp; Ibanez (1992), Juste et al. (2007), McWilliam (1988c, 1990), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Peters (1867b).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDBD6550AF5FC22169E37B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFDBD6560FF1F6B5143F354C.text	E84887F9FFDBD6560FF1F6B5143F354C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus africanus Sanborn 1936	<div><p>23.</p> <p>African Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus africanus</p> <p>French: Minioptére dAfrique / German: Ostafrika-Langflugelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Africa</p> <p>Other common names: African Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus africanus Sanborn, 1936,</p> <p>“Sanford’s Ranch, Mulo, northwest of Addis Ababa, Shoa District, Ethiopia. Altitude 8,000 feet [= 2438 m].”</p> <p>Miniopterus africanus was considered a subspecies in the inflatus complex due to its size. Recent genetic analyses confirmed it as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Africa in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya. Few individuals have actually been confirmed genetically, and therefore distribution is still quite uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 48-4-50-5 mm, hindfoot 11 mm. The African Long-fingered Batis pale grayish brown, being very light fuscous to near clove-brown dorsally; bases of hairs are fuscous, with light tips. Chin and throat are dark where worn. Rest of underparts is light brown; hairs are fuscous basally, with gray tips. There are a few light gray hairs in pubic region. The African Long-fingered Batis a gray form, whereas the Greater Long-fingered Bat (M. inflatus) is reddish black, and they have subtle differences in dorsal profile of skull.</p> <p>Habitat. Open thorn scrub and grasslands with scattered acacias, semi-desert grassland with areas of Acacia (Fabaceae) scrub and volcanic caves, and a gorge with Acacia and broadleaved scrub and limestone caves at elevations of 1000-3300 m. One individual was observed flying 6-8 m aboveground along widely spaced acacia trees in open thorn scrub and grassland. In Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, many individuals were observed hunting over forest openings and near canopy esdge. Individuals considered to be African Long-fingered Bats from the Rift Valley in Kenya live in more arid habitats than Greater Long-fingered Bats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Based on wing morphology, the African Long-fingered Bat presumably forages for flying insects by moderately fast hawking in open, uncluttered places including clearings, above trees, and over water.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The African Long-fingered Batis thought to be mainly nocturnal. It uses caves as daytime roosts.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Agnelli et al. (1990), Funaioli &amp; Lanza (1968), Happold, M. (2013bn), Juste et al. (2007), Largen et al. (1974), Musila et al. (2019), Peterson et al. (1995), Sanborn (1936), Schlitter (2004), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDBD6560FF1F6B5143F354C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12.text	E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus natalensis (A. Smith 1833)	<div><p>24.</p> <p>Natal Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus natalensis</p> <p>French: Minioptéere du Natal / German: Natal-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Natal</p> <p>Other common names: Natal Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio natalensis A. Smith, 1833,</p> <p>“ South Africa,—towards Natal [= KwaZulu-Natal].”</p> <p>Miniopterus natalensis was the main sub-Saharan representative of the former schreibersii complex. Later restriction of schreibersii to the circum-Mediterranean Basin made natalensis the taxonomic reference name for medium-sized Miniopterusin much ofAfrica. Nevertheless, preliminary genetic studies have shown that it is actually formed by a complex of species whose situation is still far from clear. On top of this confusion,it is possible that M. natalensis can be confused with M. inflatus in areas where there is only one species of medium size. At present, the two subspecies found farthest from the type locality, villiersi from Upper Guinea in West Africa and arenarius from Kenya and Ethiopia, are considered valid species. Taxonomy of M. natalensis needs additional research. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Africa (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, and Tanzania) and S Africa (SE DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho). Nevertheless, species assignment of the populations from E Africa needs genetic confirmation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 55-6-68 mm, tail 46-55-5 mm, ear 9-5— 12 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 42-48 mm; weight 9-4-13 g (South Africa). Dorsal pelage is dense, velvety, and usually very dark brown to grayish black (gray morph) or rusty red to rusty brown (orange morph). Ventral pelage is slightly paler than dorsum. Mid-dorsal hairs (7-9 mm long) are unicolored or with slightly paler tips. Wing membranes and uropatagium are very dark gray, blackish brown, or black. Ears are small, and tragus (4-7 mm) is relatively long with two-thirds parallel-sided, posterior margin becoming convex near rounded tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 50.</p> <p>Habitat. Temperate, subtropical, and tropical habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2200 m. Found in Mediterranean-type shrublands (fynbos) or woodland savanna (bushveld) up to c¢. 1000 m in South Africa and in wet Afromontane forest at 2200 m in Rwanda (Volcanoes National Park) and Tanzania (Mount Kilimanjaro). Found in arid open acacia savanna, thorn savanna, and mopane savanna at 1000-1300 m in Namibia and in miombo woodlands at 1000-1600 m in DR Congo (Shaba region).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Natal Long-fingered Bat feeds on insects captured in flight. It has intermediate wing loading (10-7 N/m?) and intermediate aspect ratio (7); these wing characteristics allow good performance when flying in cluttered edges but also in more open areas. In Knysna Forest (South Africa), its main prey was Diptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera (23-28% biomass), followed by Lepidoptera (19%) and Hymenoptera (3%). In Algeria Forest Station (Western Cape Province of South Africa), almost one-half of the diet consisted in Diptera, a third Hemiptera, and much smaller proportions of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera. In De Hoop Nature Reserve (South Africa), it foraged exclusively over a temporary pond (vlei), with kloofs (steep ravines) leading away from it, and immediate surroundings, but no individuals were observed over farms or Mediterranean-type shrublands (fynbos) away from the vlei. In this area, preliminary results show that diet consisted mainly of Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera. Average consumption per night per individual was 1-7 g (c.15% of body weight) in winter, whereas it was 2-4 g (20% of body weight) in summer. Winter population was estimated at ¢.20,000 individuals, suggesting consumption of 34 kg of insects/night. Summer population increased to ¢.200,000 bats that could consume 480 kg of insects/night. These figures give a total of 94 metric tons oftotal insect consumption/year by this one colony.</p> <p>Breeding. Natal Long-fingered Bats are seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per year per female; twins are rare, with only one case in more than 150 pregnant females from South Africa. During the reproductive cycle, there is a period of delayed implantation lasting 2—4 months throughout the wide latitudinal distribution of the Natal Longfingered Bat. As a consequence of delayed implantation, time elapsed between copulation and parturition increases with increasing latitude and length of unfavorable cold winters. The species is an example of how reproductive flexibility allows colonization of areas with changing latitude, temperature, rainfall, and food availability from temperate to tropical environments. In Shaba (DR Congo, 11° S, 1000-1500 m), copulation/fertilization occurs in April, implantation of the embryo at the end ofJuly (with ¢.3 months delay), and births in midto the end of October at beginning of rainy season (i.e. c.6 months from mating to birth). In Zimbabwe (18-19 S), copulation/fertilization take place from mid-April to mid-May, implantation in early July (with c.2-5 months delay), and births between late October and mid-November (6—7 months from mating to birth). In Transvaal (25° S, South Africa), copulation/fertilization peaks in late-March, implantation in late-July (with c.4 months delay), and births in November (c.8 months from mating to birth). In KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa, 30° S), copulation/fertilization occurs in April, implantation in mid-August (c.4 month delay), and births starting in early December (7-5 months from copulation to birth). In general, deliveries take place in wet seasons in subtropical zones (DR Congo, Malawi, and Zambia) and at the end of the cold season and beginning of rains in temperate zones (South Africa). In East Cape (South Africa), the mating period is not very synchronized and takes place during four weeks in April-May, and implantation is synchronized among all females, probably related to increasing daylength, resulting in synchronized births. Fetal growth during the final month of pregnancy can vary among years to adapt to increased availability of food as a result of the onset of rains. During years when rains are delayed, development offetusesis also delayed.</p> <p>Activity patterns. In South Africa, peak nightly activity of Natal Long-fingered Bats occurs during the first 2-3 hours after sunset and another secondary peak during the last three hours before sunrise, with some activity throughout the rest of the night. Weather influences activity, and heavy rains shorten or preventflights. In October—January, activity patterns of males and females differed. Females tended to leave roosts first at night and return later in the morning, and males were most active during the middle of the night. Greatest nocturnal activity of females is due to increased food and water requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Females have delayed implantation that can last several months in all sites where reproduction was studied. This delay is associated with winter when females go into hibernation in temperate regions. Similar dates of torpor/hibernation were found in several temperate locations in South Africa but also in mountain areas of Namibia and DR Congo at lower latitudes. Intensity of torpor/hibernation is not well studied. For example, in De Hoop Guano Cave (Western Cape Province, South Africa), winter nocturnal activity occurs at sea level but is very reduced. Although diurnal torpor has been observed in Namibia and DR Congo, nocturnal activity is still possible. The Natal Long-fingered Bat mostly uses caves as daytime roosts, but unused mines and tunnels are also used. Availability of suitable roosting sites seemsto be a critical factor in determining its distribution. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with end frequencies of 43-47 kHz, peak frequencies of 47-6-50-9 kHz, and durations of 3-9—6-1 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Natal Long-fingered Bats occur in metapopulations that occur in a large territory in which there are several shelters (caves, etc.) that are used throughout the year by members of the population according to their energy requirements, availability of food resources, and characteristics of roosts (mainly temperature). In general, breeding females select warm shelters near areas with abundant food resourcesto facilitate development of young. In winter or unfavorable periods, they choose shelters with cold and stable temperatures to be able to hibernate or at least have daytime torpor. These different requirements generate seasonal movements among shelters that can be considered as regional migrations. Seasonal migration is more than 150 km and mainly involves pregnant females; movements occur between caves located on the southern Transvaal Highveld and northern Transvaal Bushveld where wintering and maternity colonies are formed, respectively. These northerly migrations occur from late winterto late spring. Late summer migrations occur in the opposite direction and involve females and weaned young. A genetic study throughout South Africa distinguished three populations: one in the north-east, one in the south, and another in the north-west. It was found that both sexes are strongly philopatric to their natal subpopulations and gene flow is restricted among subpopulations. For the north-western population, some individuals moved ¢. 560 km from Koegelbeen to Steenkampskraal to hibernate—a considerably longer distance than the one recorded in the former Transvaal. Wing morphology of the Natal Long-fingered Bat, with higher aspect ratio that improves flight efficiency over long distances, could have resulted from selective pressure for long-distance migration.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Anciaux de Faveaux (1977 1978), Baeten et al. (1984), Bernard (1980, 1994), Bernard &amp; Cumming (1997), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013f), Bernard et al. (1996), Churchill et al. (1997), Crawford-Cabral (1989), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Happold &amp; Happold (1990), Hayman et al. (1966), Herselman &amp; Norton (1985), Jacobs (1999a, 2000), Kityo &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (1996), McDonald et al. (1990a, 1990b), van der Merwe (1973a, 1973b, 1975, 1981, 1987), Miller-Butterworth, Eick et al. (2005), MillerButterworth, Jacobs &amp; Harley (2003), Monadjem, Griffin et al. (2017c), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), O'Shea &amp; Vaughan (1980), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Schoeman &amp; Jacobs (2003, 2008), Smith (1833-1834), Stoffberg et al. (2004), Voigt et al. (2014).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD8D6570F3EF4BD157B32AE.text	E84887F9FFD8D6570F3EF4BD157B32AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus mossambicus Monadjem 2013	<div><p>25.</p> <p>Mozambican Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus mossambicus</p> <p>French: Minioptere du Mozambique / German: Mozambik-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Mozambique</p> <p>Other common names: Mozambican Bent-winged Bat, Mozambique Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus mossambicus Monadjem et al, 2013,</p> <p>“over a swimming pool at the Bamboo Inn (15.10306°S; 39.21748°E), along the road to Malawi and on the outskirts of Nampula (town) in the Nampula Province, northern Mozambique, at an altitude of 420 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Individuals ofthis form were initially identified as M. schreibersii natalensis or M. fraterculus before the recent description of M. mossambicus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Midto high elevations in N &amp; C Mozambique and neighboring Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; recently found in S Kenya (Taita Hills), and it is possible that these known populations are actually connected through still unknown populations in Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.52-54 mm, tail 47-50 mm, ear 8-8-10 mm, hindfoot (without claw) 6-9 mm, forearm 41-44-9 mm; weight 6-7-9 g. The Mozambican Long-fingered Bat has gray-brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts; hairs of underparts have dark bases giving pelage bicolored appearance. Ear is relatively short and rounded and not readily distinguishable from other species of Miniopterus relative to length. Tragus is long (5-6 mm) and largely straight, thickening slightly toward distal tip and constricting toward base.</p> <p>Habitat. Known from elevations of 420-1800 m (mostly 700-1800 m).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Mozambican Long-fingered Batis nocturnal and uses caves and mines as day roosts.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Presence of the Mozambican Longfingered Bat along a wide elevation gradient suggests possible seasonal movements similar to those of the Natal Long-fingered Bat (M. natalensis) in South Africa and Tanzania.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Lopez-Baucells, Rocha et al. (2017), Monadjem, Goodman et al. (2013).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD8D6570F3EF4BD157B32AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD9D6570FE0FD34165D3CA2.text	E84887F9FFD9D6570FE0FD34165D3CA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus aelleni Goodman 2009	<div><p>27.</p> <p>Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus aelleni</p> <p>French: Minioptére d/Aellen / German: Aellen-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Aellen</p> <p>Other common names: Aellen’s Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus aelleni Goodman et al, 2009,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province d’Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, Canyon d’Antsiroandoa Center, 652 km NW Mahamasina, [12°55.1°S, 49°07.6’E, at about 120 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Miniopterus aelleni was formerly included in M. manavi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N &amp; W Madagascar and Comoro Is (Anjouan).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.48-49 mm, tail 39-44 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 5-7 mm, forearm 35-38 mm; weight 3:7-5-4 g. Pelage of Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat is medium to dark brown on dorsum; head of some individuals is slightly lighter. Ventral hairs are variably tipped with dark buff, giving a slightly mottled appearance. Uropatagium has thin sparse hairs across its surface, more evident on dorsum and easily discernable with the naked eye. By comparison, the Manavil Long-fingered Bat (M. manavi) has more hair, and Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat (M. griveaud:) has a practically naked uropatagium. The Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat (M. ambohitrensis) is slightly larger in size and has rufousbrown areas of pelage. Tragus of Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat is moderately long (gener ally 6 mm); notably broad at base, with lateral flange that becomes reduced distally; and slightly deflected and tapering medially; distal tip forms blunt point or, in some cases,is slightly rounded. Tragus shaft ofAellen’s Long-fingered Bat is distinctly wider proximally than in the Manavil LLong-fingered Bat and Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat. Distal tip of tragus in the Manavil Long-fingered Bat terminates as an angular straight edge and in Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat terminates with moderately retracted and rounded head. Tragus in the Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat is slightly longer (5-6 mm), with lateral flange reduced distally, and tip becomes medially deflected and slightly rounded.</p> <p>Habitat. Deciduous forests, including “tsingy” habitat in lowland areas associated with limestone and karst landscapes in Madagascar, at elevations of 4-225 m, and notably more mesic forests on Anjouan at 220-690 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat is expected to feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight, as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. Two females with notably enlarged mammae, single embryos with crown— rump lengths of 19-20 mm, one female that was lactating, and one male with partially convoluted epididymis were found in latter part of November on Anjouan Island.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal and uses caves as daytime roosts. Interestingly, congeneric Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bats used numerous caves as day roosts on Anjouan. Therefore, it is possible that Aellen’s Long-fingered Bats use deep rock crevices as day roosts on Anjouan. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 62:3-79-6 kHz, minimum frequencies of 47.7-51-2 kHz, peak frequencies of 50-7-55-5 kHz, durations of 2:2—4-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 42-95-5 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017b), Goodman, Maminirina, Weyeneth et al. (2009), Goodman, Ramasindrazana et al. (2015), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD9D6570FE0FD34165D3CA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496.text	E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus fraterculus Thomas & Schwann 1906	<div><p>26.</p> <p>Lesser Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus fraterculus</p> <p>French: Petit Minioptere / German: Kleine Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero pequeno</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus fraterculus Thomas &amp; Schwann, 1906,</p> <p>“in cave on sea-coast, Knysna,” Western Cape, South Africa.</p> <p>Populations of M. fraterculus in Madagascar are now considered to be two endemic species: M. sororculus and M. peterson. Similarly, populations of central Zambia, Malawi, northern and central Mozambique, and Zimbabwe are also genetically differentiated and included in M. mossambicus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. With abovementioned taxonomic adjustments, distribution is now restricted to E &amp; S South Africa and Swaziland; possibly S Mozambique.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-55-6 mm, tail 39-52 mm, ear 8-13 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm, forearm 42-5-44-5 mm; weight 7-8-5 g. Dorsal pelage is dense, velvety, and usually dark brown or almost black (black morph) or reddish brown (russet morph). Ventral pelage is paler gray-brown. Mid-dorsal hairs (c. 9 mm long) are faintly bicolored, slightly paler at tips than at bases. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Ears are small, and tragus is relatively long (4-8 mm), with parallelsided rounded tip. The Lesser Long-fingered Batis very similar to the Natal Long-fingered Bat (M. natalensis), with which it can share roosts. Nevertheless, the Lesser L.ongfingered Bat is smaller in overall size, especially in total length, but has larger hindfeet.</p> <p>Habitat. Temperate montane grasslands of South African coastal belt and a variety of habitats from drier Valley Bushveld and Lowveld to moister Mistbelt. Lesser Long-fingered Bats seem mostly associated with majorriver valleys. They are also considered a clutter-edge foragers, but its smaller body size, lower wing loading, and shorter calls with higher peak frequency with respect to the Natal Long-fingered Bat confirm that the Lesser Long-fingered Bat is more clutter resistant and probably uses more densely vegetated foraging habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat eats insects captured in flight. In Knysna (South Africa), diet was composed almost equally of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, and very low proportion of some Coleoptera. In this same locality, the Natal Long-fingered Bat consumed the same prey, but Lepidoptera was eaten in smaller amounts, and Coleoptera was as important as Hemiptera and Diptera.</p> <p>Breeding. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per year per female. In the Natal Midlands (29°35’ S), mating lasts from the end of May to the middle of June, and copulation is followed by fertilization of the ovule. From that date until mid-August, there is delayed implantation of 2-5 months. Fetal growth lasts c.4 months, and births take place in December. Births occur at beginning of summer, ensuring maximum availability of insects during first months of growth of young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It becomes torpid during the day at 21-24°C and hibernates in winter. During the first one-half of winter (April-July), it loses 15% of body weight (7-1-8-4 g), although this is much less than the loss of the Natal Long-fingered Bat for the same time period. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat feeds more in winter. It mostly uses caves, disused mines, and tunnels as daytime roosts but also crevices in rocks. Availability of suitable roosting sites is a critical factor in determining its distribution. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with lowest frequencies of 44-57 kHz, peak frequencies of 59-8-65-8 kHz, durations of 2-6—4-5 milliseconds, and intervals of 40-160 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat migrates between summer and winter roosts and is suspected to make irregular movements between caves during winter, although its major winter roosts have not been found. It roosts in tightly packed groups of usually less than 100 individuals, much smaller than in the Natal Long-fingered Bat, which with it is commonly found sharing roosts. Female Lesser Long-fingered Bats congregate in nursery colonies in which births and lactation occur. Both sexes hibernate.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as [Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bernard (1980), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013e), Goodman, Bradman et al. (2008), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Herselman &amp; Norton (1985), Mille~Butterworth et al. (2005), Monadjem, Goodman et al. (2013), Monadjem, Ranivo et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Schoeman &amp; Jacobs (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2004), Thomas &amp; Schwann (1906).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFD9D6480FE0F4E910AF30A2.text	E84887F9FFD9D6480FE0F4E910AF30A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus griveaudi Harrison 1959	<div><p>28.</p> <p>Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus griveaudi</p> <p>French: Minioptere des Comores / German: Griveaud-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Griveaud</p> <p>Other common names: Comoros Bent-winged Bat, Comoros Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus nunor griveaud: D. L. Harrison, 1959,</p> <p>“ Grande Comore.”</p> <p>Miniopterus griveaudi was described as a subspecies of M. minor and later included in M. manavi. Reportedly, there are significant differences in inter-island genetic structure and morphology. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N &amp; W Madagascar, and Comoro Is (Grande Comore and Anjouan).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.50-51 mm, tail 35-43 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 5—7 mm, forearm 35-38 mm; weight 4-1-7-1 g (Madagascar). Pelage of Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat is generally dark brown on dorsum, although some individuals have distinct blackish tone (dark morph). In a few individuals, including adults, dorsum is reddish brown (red morph), which seems to be more common in Grande Comore and Anjouan populations than in the population from Madagascar. In most individuals, head is slightly lighter than dorsum. Ventral fur tends to have grayish buff tips, giving mottled appearance. Wing and tail membranes are slightly variable in color and generally dark to medium brown on wings grading into lighter brown in section surrounding tail. In contrast to the Manavil Long-fingered Bat (M. manavi), uropatagium of Griveaud’s Long-fingered Batis largely naked on ventral and dorsal surfaces, except for thin hairs often difficult to discern with the naked eye. Uropatagium and plagiopatagium are attached at same level to femur and directly to ankle joint or in slightly superior position; in the Manavil Long-fingered Bat, these two membranes attach notably above this joint. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat has notably thinner tragus (5—7 mm) with relatively straight shaft, and in some cases reduced flange on exterior margin, and its structure terminates with slightly retracted and rounded head.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland gallery forests and remnant forest fragments surrounded by agricultural areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 400 m in Madagascar, 15-670 m on Grande Comore, and sea level to 890 m on Anjouan.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat is expected to feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight. It probably forages in open areas.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive cycle seems to vary locally. On Grande Comore, females were heavily pregnant with a single embryo in November, whereas males did not show reproductive activity. Both sexes were not sexually active in April. On Anjouan, neither males or females had signs of reproductive activity in November.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. At a cave on Grande Comore, it emerged at sunset, but when it wasstill in light, in November. It uses caves in limestone karst sites in Madagascar and lava tubes in the Comoro Archipelago, and it also uses relatively shallow rock cavities as daytime shelters. Echolocation calls from Madagascar have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 82-130 kHz, minimum frequencies of 53-58 kHz, peak frequencies of 56-4-62-4 kHz, durations of 2.7—4-4 milliseconds, and intervals of 40—123-6 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Visual counts of Griveaud’s Longfingered Bat in some roosts exceeded several thousand individuals.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman et al. (2009), Goodman, Maminirina, WWeyeneth et al. (2009), Goodman, Weyeneth et al. (2010), Harrison (1959), Juste (2008), Juste et al. (2007), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011), Weyeneth et al. (2008).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD9D6480FE0F4E910AF30A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC6D6480FC9FE281B1D31BC.text	E84887F9FFC6D6480FC9FE281B1D31BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Manaopterus brachytragos Goodman 2009	<div><p>30.</p> <p>Madagascar Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus brachytragos</p> <p>French: Minioptére a oreillons courts / German: Nordwest-Madagaskar-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minioptero de Madagascar</p> <p>Other common names: Broad-tragused Long-fingered Bat, Madagascar Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus brachytragos Goodman et al., 2009,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Mahajanga, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Namoroka [status subsequently changed to Parc National], Forét d’Ambovonomby, 9% km NW Andranomavo, 16°28.2°S, 45°20.9’E, 200 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Formerly included in M. manavi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Scattered localities on N &amp; W Madagascar (including Nosy Komba).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.45-49 mm, tail 38-43 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 5-6 mm, forearm 35-38 mm; weight 2:9-6-3 g. Pelage of the Madagascar Long-fingered Bat is relatively short and not particularly dense. Dorsal fur is medium to slightly dark brown, and ventral hairs are tipped with dark buff, giving slightly mottled appearance. Wing membranes are medium brown, grading into slightly lighter brown on plagiopatagium and uropatagium; these membranes are attached to femur above ankle joint. Uropatagium has relatively short dense fur on most of its dorsal surface, being more obvious on proximal onehalf. Tragusis notably short (3-4 mm) and thick, with rounded to slightly pointed tip; distal part has a few long hairs, difficult to see with the naked eye.</p> <p>Habitat. Near native dry deciduous forests and disturbed gallery lowland humid forests from sea level up to elevations of c. 600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Madagascar Long-fingered Bat is expected to mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Madagascar Long-fingered Batis nocturnal. It uses caves as daytime roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 85-128 kHz, minimum frequencies of 54-57 kHz, peak frequencies of 57-3— 61-7 kHz, durations of 2-6—4-3 milliseconds, and intervals of 56-1-122-5 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017d), Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman et al. (2009), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC6D6480FC9FE281B1D31BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC6D6480AC3F8EC18EA3762.text	E84887F9FFC6D6480AC3F8EC18EA3762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus gleni Peterson, Eger & Mitchell 1995	<div><p>29.</p> <p>Glen’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus gleni</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Glen / German: Glen-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Minioptero de Glen</p> <p>Other common names: Glen's Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus glen: Peterson, Eger &amp; Mitchell, 1995,</p> <p>in a marine cave between Sarodrano and St. Augustin, 20 km south of Tuléar (= Toliara), Madagascar.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Wide distribution across Madagascar (including Sainte-Marie I), except in the SW (S of the Onilahy River) where replaced by Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat (M. griffithsi).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 68 mm, tail 52-63 mm, ear 12-15 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 47-50 mm; weight 10-5-17-5 g. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat is the largest species of Miniopterus in Madagascar, together with Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat. Dorsum is uniformly dark chocolate-brown. Ventrum is uniformly chocolate-brown and slightly lighter toward wing membranes. Wing membranes and uropatagium show no noticeable change in color. Compared with Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat, tragus (7-9 mm) shape lacks prominent flange to external edge, distal two-thirds has an inward curve, and distal tip is rounded and slightly deflected downward.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety ofhabitats including humid forests, dry deciduous forests, and spiny bush from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1250 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Glen’s Long-fingered Batis expected to eat mainly soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. It uses caves and similar places such as subterranean water canals as daytime roosts. In April-December,it typically selects small holes in ceilings of caves at heights of 5-10 m. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 70-93-2 kHz, minimum frequencies of 36-389 kHz, peak frequencies of 40-1-44-6 kHz, durations of 3-4-4 milliseconds, and intervals of 66-7-124-1 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Apparently, Glen's Long-fingered Batis less gregarious than other species of Miniopterus and typically forms small groups of 2-8 individuals. Largest known colony had ¢.90 individuals. It shares roost in close association with other cave-dwelling species such as Grandidier’s Trident Bat (Paratriaenops auritus), the Manavil Long-fingered Bat (M. manavi), Major’s Long-fingered Bat (M. majori), and the Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat was occasionally killed and used as protein supplement by local people during periods of famine. It is threatened by disturbance at roostsites.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman, Maminirina et al. (2010), Goodman, Ratrimomanarivo et al. (2008), Monadjem, Razafimanahaka et al. (2017e), Peterson et al. (1995), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011), Robinson et al. (2006).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC6D6480AC3F8EC18EA3762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC6D6490FCCF80314203471.text	E84887F9FFC6D6490FCCF80314203471.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus ambohitrensis Bonaparte 1837	<div><p>31.</p> <p>Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus ambohitrensis</p> <p>French: Minioptére dAmbohitra / German: Montagne-dAmbre-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Ambohitra</p> <p>Other common names: Ambohitra Long-fingered Bat, Montagne dAmbre Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus ambohitrensis Goodman et al, 2015,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province d’Antsiranana, Parc National de la Montagne d’Ambre, 5.5 km SWJoffreville (Ambohitra), Station Forestiere des Roussettes, 12°31'37.978, 49° 10'19.1E, 1600'm.”</p> <p>Some specimens belonging to M. ambohitrensis were included in the original description of M. aelleni, which is its sister species.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from four sites on N &amp; C Madagascar (Marojejy and Montagne d’Ambre national parks, Ambohitantely Reserve, and Bemanevika).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.53-55 mm, tail 40-47 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 5-7 mm, forearm 37-42 mm; weight 5-3-7-7 g. The Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat has mixed medium and dark brown pelage. Pectoral area and head often have varying amounts of rufous brown fur. Tragus is moderately long (6-7 mm), slightly broader at base, with slight constriction along mid-shaft; distal portion is medially deflected; and tip is slightly rounded. It is very similar to Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat (M. aelleni), except for its rufous brown areas of pelage, slightly larger size, and slightly shorter tragus.</p> <p>Habitat. Upland mesic or montane humid forests at elevations of ¢.800-1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats mainly eat soft insects captured in flight.</p> <p>Breeding. Evidence of recent reproductive activity of Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bats was found in early April, with one female lactating and having single placental scar, another female with large mammae and showing signs of estrus, severalfemales with large mammae and missing fur, and a male with testes measuring 4 x 3 mm and epididymides partially convoluted. The female record of late seasonal breeding and apparent postpartum estrus might indicate a period of reproductive delayafter mating, as known for some African species of Miniopterus.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. It was found roosting in caves and is probably dependent on caves and rock shelters for day roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 64-78-2 kHz, minimum frequencies of 47-7-51-6 kHz, peak frequencies of 53-1-55-4 kHz, durations of 2-5-3-4 milliseconds, and intervals of 61-4-73-4 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is evidence to suggest that some populations migrate elevationally to some degree.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017¢c), Goodman, Ramasindrazana et al. (2015), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC6D6490FCCF80314203471	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC7D6490AEAF5D3186635EB.text	E84887F9FFC7D6490AEAF5D3186635EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus egeri Goodman 2011	<div><p>33.</p> <p>Eger’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus egeri</p> <p>French: Minioptere d'Eger / German: Eger-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Eger</p> <p>Other common names: Eger’s Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus egeri Goodman et al., 2011,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Toamasina, Forét de Sahafina, 9.5 km W Brickaville, 18°48°377S, 48°58’48”E, 50 m. ”</p> <p>Miniopterus egeri was formerly included in M. petersoni. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Madagascar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.49-51 mm, tail 40-44 mm, ear 10-11 mm, hindfoot 5-7 mm, forearm 37-40 mm; weight 4-2-7-6 g. Dorsal and ventral pelage of Eger’s Long-fingered Bat is slightly long, dense, and a mix of medium to dark brown interspersed with distinctly lighter brown fur. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brownish black and largely naked and have no noticeable change in color across their surfaces. Tragus (5-6 mm) is notably thick along shaft and slightly constricted on lower distal side; length of proximal edge has distinct flange that folds slightly anterior-medially; and downward deflected distal tip is notably thickened and slightly fleshy. In comparison, Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat (M. petersoni) has distinctly thinner tragus shaft, constriction of lower proximal portion is notably more pronounced, and distal tip has slightly raised and rounded structure. Tragus of the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (M. sororculus) is similar in length to Peterson’s Longfingered Bat but distinctly more spatulated and without notable tapered distal head.</p> <p>Habitat. Varies from intact native forests to degraded anthropogenic habitats at elevations of 5—1300 m. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat is not believed to be forest dependent.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat probably eats soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. A day roost was found in a natural rock shelter surrounded by slightly disturbed natural lowland humid forest; caves and even tree holes are probably also used as roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 107-123 kHz, minimum frequencies of 48-50 kHz, peak frequencies of 53-2-56-3 kHz, durations of 2-5-3-4 milliseconds, and intervals of 43-2—81-8 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017e), Goodman et al. (2011), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC7D6490AEAF5D3186635EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC7D6490AEBFD41146F3FEF.text	E84887F9FFC7D6490AEBFD41146F3FEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus majori Thomas 1906	<div><p>32.</p> <p>Major’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus majori</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Major / German: MajorLangfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Major</p> <p>Other common names: Major's Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus majori Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>“Imasindrary, N.E. Betsileo,” Madagascar.</p> <p>Miniopterus major: was formerly included in M. schreibersii. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely but patchily distributed across highlands of E Madagascar, with some records from the W &amp; S. Individuals captured on Grande Comore Island in the late 19" century are considered mislabeled individuals from Madagascar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.60-61 mm, tail 51-60 mm, ear 11-13 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 43-47 mm; weight 8-4-12-5 g. Major’s Long-fingered Bat and the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (M. sororculus) have broad overlap in various external morphological characteristics, but Major’s Long-fingered Bat is, on average, larger. In Major’s Long-fingered Bat, dorsum is darker, approaching rich, dark chocolatebrown, and venteris slightly paler rich dark brown; in contrast, dorsum of the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat is generally rich dark brown, and venter is slightly lighter. In Major’s Long-fingered Bat, tragus (7-8 mm) is slightly longer than in the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat and has distinctly broader base, constricts toward midsection, and then formsslightly arching structure to a rounded point.</p> <p>Habitat. Various vegetation types including humid forests and thorny bush from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet mainly includes Lepidoptera and Hemiptera and to a lesser extent Blattodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera. Prey includes species considered as pest with obvious economic impacts such as the grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis), a pest of rice, and Sober tabby (FEriceia inangulata), a pest of fruit and soybeans. Other prey (moths) is considered as potential pests (Palpita sp., Achaea euryplaga, Eublemma vette, Chloroclystis androgyna, Ectropis AH 27Md, Idiodes oberthuri, Scopula AHOIMd, Emmalocera sp., Meyrickiella homosema, Celsumaria elongata, and Pandemis retroflua).</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Major's Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. Considering its elevational range, similar to that of the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat, it is presumed that at least upland populations have similar adaptations for possible hibernation during austral winter. It uses caves as daytime roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 64-102 kHz, minimum frequencies of 43-46 kHz, peak frequencies of 46-1-52 kHz, durations of 2-8-4-5 milliseconds, and intervals of 59-5—134-8 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Major’s Long-fingered Bat could be susceptible to cave disturbances and hunting at some sites.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman &amp; Maminirina (2007), Goodman, Bradman et al. (2008), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Kemp et al. (2019), Monadjem, Rakotoarivelo &amp; Jenkins (2017), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011), Thomas (1906).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC7D6490AEBFD41146F3FEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC7D6490FD7FBD717103DEF.text	E84887F9FFC7D6490FD7FBD717103DEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus manavi Thomas 1906	<div><p>34.</p> <p>Manavil Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus manavi</p> <p>French: Minioptére des Betsileo / German: Zentral-Madagaskar-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Betsileo</p> <p>Other common names: Manavil Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus manavi Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>“Imasindrary, N.E. Betsileo,” Madagascar.</p> <p>Miniopterus manavi has been considered the common species of Miniopterus, with the widest distribution in Madagascar.</p> <p>Nevertheless, recent genetic studies have shown it to represent a species complex with at least six species, several of them not even phylogenetically related. Some recognized characteristics of the life history of M. manavi date back to before the group was split, which makes it difficult to assign them to specific lineages so they are omitted here. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to highlands of C Madagascar from Fandriana S to Ranomafana (Ifanadiana) and Vinanitelo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 51 mm, tail 39 mm, ear 10 mm, hindfoot 6 mm, forearm 37-6-39-2 mm; weight 6-4 g (single individual except for forearm length). Dorsal hairs of the Manavil Long-fingered Bat are of medium length (c. 5 mm). General color is blackish, with hairs blackish along two-thirds their length and having dull brown tips. Underparts are similar but rather paler. Some specimens are dull reddish throughout, representing a rufous morph, but others have coal black backs and slightly lighter bellies, which is best considered a reddish brown red morph. Wing and tail membranes are dark brownish black. Uropatagium and plagiopatagium are attached to femur at same level above anklejoint. Fur extends thinly over nearly one-half of upper surface of uropatagium, being sparser on proximal ventral surface. Tragus (6 mm) is relatively thin along distal two-thirds ofits length, medial margin has a flange, distal lateral portion is slightly enlarged and rounded, and distal medial tip terminates with an angular straight edge.</p> <p>Habitat. Continuous forests, irrigated lowland rice paddies, secondary vegetation, and hillside rice at elevations of ¢.900-1500 m. In Ranomafana National Park, according to bat ultrasound recorders, the Manavil Long-fingered Bat seems to occur more frequently in forest fragments.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet mainly contains Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera, with lesser amounts of Blattodea, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Neuroptera. Prey also included mosquitoes that serve as vectors of diseases such as Anopheles squamosus (Malaria, Rift Valley fever virus [RVFV]) and Wuchereria bancrofti and Coquillettidia sp. (RVFV, West Nile virus [WNV]). Other prey is possibly fruit pests (e.g. Pandemis sp.).</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Manavil Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. It uses caves as daytime shelters. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 89-110 kHz, minimum frequency of 53 kHz, peak frequencies of 55-5-58-2 kHz, durations of 2-1-3 milliseconds, and intervals of 54-1-84-7 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman et al. (2009), Goodman, Ratrimomanarivo et al. (2008), Kemp et al. (2019), Monadjem, Razafimanahaka et al. (2017f), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011), Schoeman et al. (2015), Thomas (1906).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC7D6490FD7FBD717103DEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC7D64A0FD7F3D310EE30A0.text	E84887F9FFC7D64A0FD7F3D310EE30A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus sororculus Goodman 2007	<div><p>35.</p> <p>Sororcula Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus sororculus</p> <p>French: Minioptére soeur / German: Schwesterchen-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidéptero de Goodman</p> <p>Other common names: Malagasy Long-fingered Bat, Sororcula Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus sororculus Goodman et al., 2007,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Fianarantsoa, 3 km south of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.808834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.321" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.808834/lat -34.321)">Ambatofinandrahana</a>, in unnamed cave, 20° 34.321°S, 46°48.530'E, 1,450. m.”</p> <p>Miniopterus sororculus was formerly included in M. fraterculus of eastern Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of C Madagascar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c¢.54-57 mm, tail 51-58 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 6-8 mm, forearm 42-45 mm; weight 7-9-1 g. Dorsal pelage of the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat is notably dense, relatively long, slightly silky, and rich dark brown; ventral pelage has similar texture but is slightly paler. Dorsal pelage occasionally approaches medium dark brown. Wing membrane and uropatagium are dark brownish black and have no noticeable change in color across their surfaces. Dorsally, particularly close to humerus head, and ventrally, there is a slight extension of body pelage onto wing membranes. Tragus (6-8 mm) is relatively long, with curved projection and laterally thickened base.</p> <p>Habitat. Remnant native vegetation, open savanna areas, and probably transformed and degraded habitats at elevations of 40-2200 m (mostly above 900 m). Natural forests near roosts of Sororcula Long-fingered Bats have mostly been cleared and replaced with introduced trees.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information recorded for this species, but it is expected to mainly eat soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Sororcula Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. Specimens collected in a cave at 2200 m were torpid in May. At this elevation during austral winter, minimum temperature drops to near freezing, and it can be assumed therefore that such populations hibernate. It uses shallow caves in rocky (marble and limestone) outcrops and rock crevices as daytime shelters (once found in an attic of a house occupied by people). Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 83-121 kHz, minimum frequencies of 50-53 kHz, peak frequencies of 53-9-56-6 kHz, durations of 2:7-3-9 milliseconds, and intervals of 50-8-99-8 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Wide elevational range occupied might be associated with movements, with breeding colonies at low elevations and the rest of the life cycle completed at higher elevations. The species shares shelters with Major’s Long-fingered Bat (M. major) and the Manavil Long-fingered Bat (M. manavi).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman, Bradman et al. (2008), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Monadjem, Cardiff et al. (2017c¢), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC7D64A0FD7F3D310EE30A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC4D64A0FC8F960189C3B9A.text	E84887F9FFC4D64A0FC8F960189C3B9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus griffithsi Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman, Christidis & Appleton 2010	<div><p>38.</p> <p>Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus griffithsi</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Griffiths / German: Griffiths-Landfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Griffiths</p> <p>Other common names: Griffiths’'s Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus griffithst Goodman et al., 2010,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Toliara, Grotte d’Androimpano, 4.2 km NE Itampolo (village), on old road to Ejeda, 24°39.012°S, 45°57.797°E, at 110 m above sea-level.”</p> <p>Miniopterus griffithsi was formerly included in M. glen: and now considered as its sister species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Madagascar, known only from three localities in the former Toliara Province S of the Onilahy River.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.65-68 mm, tail 54-63 mm, ear 13-14 mm, hindfoot 8 mm, forearm 48-50 mm; weight 12-15-5 g. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Batis large, being among the largest species of Miniopterus in Madagascar together with Glen’s Long-fingered Bat (M. glen?) Anterior part of dorsum is distinctly lighter brown than middle and posterior parts that approach medium brown. Ventrum is a mix of predominantly lighter brown (particularly toward wing membrane), with interspersed medium brown fur. Wing membrane and uropatagium are dark brown, with notable light spotting on uropatagium. Tragusis relatively long, consistently 8 mm in type series, and thickset, with distinct flange on distal one-half of external surface and slightly tapered downward deflection on inner edge; distal end is not particularly rounded, giving a slightly squarish terminal edge.</p> <p>Habitat. Presumably open habitats or close to forest edges at elevations below 110 m. It is unclear if Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat is at least partially forest dependent.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat is expected to feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. A male Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat captured in late February had scrotal testes. A single female captured in late February had no signs of reproduction.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. Two individuals, caught in May at start of the long dry season, had considerable subcutaneous fat and weighed 15-5 g and 16-5 g. Accumulation offat deposits is presumably an adaptation to survive long dry seasons when food resources are reduced and with probably associated daily torpors. All known individuals were captured in caves or their surroundings. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 61-99 kHz, minimum frequency of 40 kHz, peak frequencies of 43-5—45-3 kHz, durations of 2-9-3-6 milliseconds, and intervals of 56-4—128-5 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. All localities where Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat was found have degraded habitats by human activities such forest logging for charcoal production or livestock (goats and sheep) grazing.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017f), Goodman, Maminirina et al. (2010), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC4D64A0FC8F960189C3B9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACFF2EA1B00305A.text	E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACFF2EA1B00305A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus mahafaliensis Goodman 2009	<div><p>37.</p> <p>Mahafaly Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus mahafaliensis</p> <p>French: Minioptere du Mahafaly / German: Mahafaly-Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minioptero de Mahafaly</p> <p>Other common names: Mahafaly Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus mahafaliensis Goodman et al, 2009,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Toliara, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, 6.5 km NE <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.75/lat -24.05)">Efoetse</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.75/lat -24.05)">Mitoho Cave</a>, 24°03.0’S, 43°45.0’E, at 50 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Miniopterus mahafaliensis was formerly included in M. manavi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Dry S Madagascar, S of Kirindy Mitea, Isalo, and Ihosy.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.48-49 mm, tail 38-48 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 6-7 mm, forearm 35-40 mm; weight 3-8-7-3 g. Pelage of the Mahafaly Long-fingered Batis relatively long and dense; dorsum is medium brown, and venter has light gray-tipped hairs, giving it a notably lighter appearance than dorsum. Wing membranes are medium brown, grading into slightly lighter brown on uropatagium. Uropatagium has relatively dense fur on dorsal surface and sparser fur on ventral surface. Tragus (5—6 mm) is moderately wide and has parallel margins along most ofits length; distal part curves medially into slightly expanded and rounded tip.</p> <p>Habitat. Within or adjacent to dry deciduous forests or spiny bush from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 950 m. The Mahafaly LLong-fingered Bat is not believed to be forest dependent and presumably forages in open areas or those close to forest edges.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mahafaly L.ong-fingered Bat is expected to mainly eat soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Mahafaly Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. It uses caves as daytime roosts, and in several cases, these caves are in close vicinity to native dry spiny forest-thicket. It might use hollow trees for day roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 95-123 kHz, minimum frequencies of 53-57 kHz, peak frequencies of 57-3-62-2 kHz, durations of 2-9-3-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 43-5-95-3 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman (2017g), Goodman, Maminirina, Bradman et al. (2009), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACFF2EA1B00305A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACCF8EE14183AA4.text	E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACCF8EE14183AA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus petersoni Goodman 2008	<div><p>36.</p> <p>Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat</p> <p>Miniopterus petersoni</p> <p>French: Minioptére de Peterson / German: Peterson-Langflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Peterson</p> <p>Other common names: Peterson's Bent-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Miniopterus petersoni Goodman et al., 2008,</p> <p>“ Madagascar: Province de Toliara, Cascade de Manantantely, 5.2 km NW of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.922832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.98905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.922832/lat -24.98905)">Tolagnaro</a>, 24°59.343S, 46°55.370E, 65 m. ”</p> <p>Miniopterus peterson was formerly included within M. sororculus. Taxonomic status of specimens from northern Madagascar remains unresolved. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Madagascar from Kianjavato to Tolagnaro.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c¢.46-49 mm, tail 39-50 mm, ear 10-13 mm, hindfoot 6:-5-11 mm, forearm 38-43 mm; weight 4-2-8-2 g. Dorsal and ventral pelage is slightly long, dense, and a mix of medium brown and dark brown. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brownish black and have no noticeable change in color across their surfaces. Tragus has relatively long-curved projection, is 5—7 mm in length, and has notable constriction on lower distal surface. Distal one-third of tragus of Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat has pronounced downward deflection and lower surface has distinct notch, while the Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (M. sororculus) lacks notch and tends not to be as deflected.</p> <p>Habitat. Humid lowland forests,littoral forests, and transitional dry and humid formations from near sea level up to elevations of ¢. 550 m. Some individuals were caught in gallery forest and at the edge of ecotone between forest and secondary habitats, with local conditions being more mesic than is typical of this bioclimatic zone of Madagascar.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat is expected to mainly eat soft insects captured in flight as do other long-fingered bats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. It uses caves as daytime roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with maximum frequencies of 95-115 kHz, minimum frequencies of 48-50 kHz, peak frequencies of 52-53-9 kHz, durations of 2:5-3-3 milliseconds, and intervals of 63-8-76-7 milliseconds.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman, Bradman et al. (2008), Jenkins &amp; Rakotoarivelo (2008), Ramasindrazana et al. (2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFC4D64A0ACCF8EE14183AA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Miniopteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 674-709, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735202
