identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6.text	C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megadermatidae H. Allen 1864	<div><p>Family MEGADERMATIDAE</p> <p>(FALSE-VAMPIRES)</p> <p>• Medium to large bats, with long earsjoined above the forehead, large forked tragus, well-developed erect noseleaf, broad wings, large uropatagium, and no external tail.</p> <p>• 5-13 cm.</p> <p>• Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, Australasian, and marginally Palearctic Regions.</p> <p>• Tropical and subtropical rainforests, dry forests, and savannas.</p> <p>• 6 genera, 6 species, 25 taxa.</p> <p>• 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Megadermatidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 182-192, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734707
C13F1641FF8FFFE1FF7DF5FAFD7C638D.text	C13F1641FF8FFFE1FF7DF5FAFD7C638D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lavia frons (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1810)	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Yellow-winged False-vampire</p> <p>Lavia frons</p> <p>French: Mégaderme a ailes orangées / German: Gelbflligelfledermaus / Spanish: Megaderma de alas amarillas</p> <p>Other common names: African Yellow-winged Bat, Yellow-winged Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Megaderma frons E. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1810,</p> <p>“ Sénégal.”</p> <p>Two subspecies, in addition to nominate Jfroms, are recognized by some authors, mostly based on small differences in size; however, no review of population boundaries or genetic comparisons have been undertaken. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>L. J fons E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — Senegal and Gambia E to Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central African Republic, and S to SW Republic ofthe Congo.</p> <p>L.f.affinisK.Andersen&amp;Wroughton,1907—Chad,Sudan,SouthSudan,NUganda,andextremeNEDRCongo.</p> <p>L. f. rex G. S. Miller, 1905 — Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia S through E DR Congo, Kenya, and Tanzania (including Unguja I in Zanzibar Archipelago) to N Zambia and N Malawi. A published report from Namibia is considered an error.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-83 mm(tailless), ear 33-47 mm, hindfoot 16-20 mm, forearm 53-64 mm; weight 28-36 g. Females average slightly larger than males. The Yellow-winged False-vampire is distinctive and mediumto largein size, with tall erect noseleaf, large ears joined overhead, and long woollygrayfur having pale tips and dark bases. Fur oflower back is often mixed with yellowish color. Ventral pelageis paler, sometimes with yellow tinge. Wing membranes, ears, and noseleaf are yellowish to yellow brown. Noseleafis more than twiceas high as wide. Top ofposterior noseleafis squared off, with slightly raised corners. Sides of posterior noseleafare continuous with anterior noseleaf and have no indentation onsides. Anterior noseleafhas raised fold and notch in center, Just above lip. There is a thickened ridge down the middle ofnoseleafthat is narrowat top and expanded at basejust above nostrils, forming a spoon-like shape. Tragus is deeply forked, with short pointed innerlobe and elongated pointed outerlobethat is morethan one-half the ear length. Eyes are verylarge, with reflective tapetum lucidum that likely allows themto see well at night. Males have gland on lower back that produces yellowish secretion with distinctive odor. Baculum has mediumshaft with two prongs. Rostrum of skull has a largefrontal shield with shallow median depression and enlarged, broad preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has very small anterolingual cusp; P? is lacking; M! has well-developed mesostyle situated labially. Coronoid process of mandibleis equal in height ortaller than C.. Dental formulais10/2,C1/1,P 1/2, M3/3 (x2) = 26.</p> <p>Habitat. ‘Tropical savannas and open woodlands from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2000 m. In someareas, Yellow-winged False-vampires are found mainlyin riparian forests along streams, rivers, swamps, and lakes, whereas in others distributionis related to availability ofacacia trees (Acacia, Fabaceae). Not reported fromtall rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Yellow-winged False-vampire eats insects, primarily larger species such as orthopterans, termites, beetles, moths, and butterflies but also smaller species such as flies. It hunts by hanging from a perch, swiveling its head to locate prey, and then flying out to catch it. Prey is taken back to the perch where it is consumed. Prey is mainly caught in flight but occasionally captured on vegetation or the ground. Typical prey-catching flights last 3-4 seconds and cover 15-20 m, often well above the bat suggesting prey is detected visually silhouetted against the sky, rather than by echolocation. The Yellowwinged False-vampire often forages around dusk, in much brighter conditions than most other bats, sometimes at the same time as diurnal birds such as drongos (Dicrurus spp.).</p> <p>Breeding. A single young is typically born after a gestation period of 3-3-5 months. In Kenya, newborns were reported in early April, just before the rainy season started when food became most abundant. Courtship behavior was observed in May and June suggesting the possibility of a second birth period in October or November coinciding with the second rainy season. In Tanzania, births have been reported in January, April, August, and November, also suggesting two breeding periods. In north-eastern DR Congo, births have been documented in April. Young cling to its mother until c.5 weeks old, holding in its mouth one of the mother’s inguinal false nipples, and wrapping its legs around her neck. Periodically it turns upside down to suckle. Females carry their small young while foraging. Young older than five weeks are left at the roost while the mother forages. At age 6-7 weeks, young begin to forage for prey by themselves but often accompanied by their parents. Young remain with their parents for up to three months while they learn to hunt.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Yellow-winged False-vampires roost during the day, but adults remain alert, with their eyes open, rotating slowly from side to side and scanning surroundings with their ears and eyes to detect possible threats. They often fly or climb short distances during the day to change roosting branches. This likely has a thermoregulatory function. They select sunny areas in the early morning and on cool days and shady areas during hot periods. They actively forage at night from 30-40 minutes before sunset to ¢.10 minutes before sunrise. When food is plentiful, such as during termite swarms, adults may become satiated within 30 minutes of dusk and return to a roost for much of the night. They have been reported to feed opportunistically during the day on insects disturbed by bush fires. In Kenya and northern Tanzania, Yellow-winged False-vampires roost during the day mainly in acacia (Acacia), hanging from small branches typically thinner than 1 cm in diameter 5-10 m aboveground. They also reportedly roost in shrubs under larger trees and occasionally in hollow trees or buildings. Echolocation pulses used for navigation and presumably prey detection are short (3-2 milliseconds) FM calls with most energy in second and third harmonics. Peak energy in second harmonic is at 42 kHz, with typical bandwidth of c.13 kHz, sweeping from 48 kHz to 35 kHz. First harmonic (fundamental) is much softer but sometimes has enough energy below 20 kHz to be audible to humans with good hearing. Larger males tend to have lower frequency echolocation calls. There are reports of predation on this species by falcons, bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus), and snakes.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pairs or single males defend territories in which they roost and forage. The Yellow-winged False-vampire is not migratory and,at least in Kenya where it has been studied most intensively, appears to maintain the same territory throughout the year. Territories are 0-6-1 ha, with adjacent pairsstaying at least 20 m apart from each other. In the morning around sunrise, males reportedly patrol edgesoftheir territories, moving from tree to tree and actively chasing away any potential intruding conspecifics. It is socially monogamous and typically found in pairs. Members of a pair often roost within 1 m of each other. Groups of up to five individuals have been reported in some areas, but composition of those groups has not been verified.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Populations of Yellow-winged False-vampires are apparently stable, but there is no quantitative data on population trends.</p> <p>Bibliography. Kingdon (1974), Smarsh &amp; Smotherman (2015), Vaughan (1987), Vaughan &amp; Vaughan (1986, 1987), Vonhof &amp; Kalcounis (1999), Wickler &amp; Uhrig (1969).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF8FFFE1FF7DF5FAFD7C638D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Megadermatidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 182-192, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734707
C13F1641FF8EFFE1FFACF513F9B2618E.text	C13F1641FF8EFFE1FFACF513F9B2618E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cardioderma cor (Peters 1872)	<div><p>2.</p> <p>Heart-nosed False-vampire</p> <p>Cardioderma cor</p> <p>French: Mégaderme nez-en-cceur / German: Herznasenfledermaus / Spanish: Megaderma cor</p> <p>Other common names: African False Vampire Bat, African Heart-nosed Bat, Heart-nosed Bat, Heart-nosed Big-eared Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Megaderma cor Peters, 1872,</p> <p>“Abyssinien [= Ethiopia].”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Africa, from E Sudan and Eritrea S through Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, SE South Sudan, NE Uganda, and Kenya to C Tanzania; also on Unguja I (Zanzibar Archipelago).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-77 mm (tailless), ear 35-40 mm, hindfoot 14— 19 mm, forearm 53-59 mm; weight 21-35 g. The Heart-nosed False-vampire has relatively short erect noseleaf, with posterior lobe widest in middle, rounded on top, and c.1-5 times taller than wide. Noseleaf is narrowest in middle, where posterior lobe connects with anterior noseleaf. Anterior noseleat is smoothly rounded in front, with no notches or folds. Posterior noseleaf has thickened ridge down middle that connects to an enlarged area between nostrils, shaped like a heart or arrowhead. Ears are very large and joined over top of head for ¢.20-30% of their length. Tragusis forked, with short rounded inner lobe and elongated pointed outer lobe less than one-half the ear length. Eyes are very large. Wings are broad, and uropatagium is well developed, with no visible bony tail. Fur is light gray to brownish gray; flight membranes, noseleaf, and ears are pinkish brown. Baculum has flattened shaft with expanded head and base. Rostrum of skull has greatly enlarged frontal shield with deep, broad, and rounded median depression, and well-developed but narrow preorbital and postorbital processes. C' lacks anterolingual cusp; P* is lacking; M' has welldeveloped mesostyle on labial side. Coronoid process of mandible is well developed, substantially taller than C,. Dental formulais10/2,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 26.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry forests and savanna, including acacia scrub, coastal moist forests, riverine forests, especially during dry season, from lowlands up to ¢. 1000 m. In Ethiopia also reported from open grassland and thorn scrub with volcanic rubble and lava blister caves.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Heart-nosed False-vampire feeds by hanging from branches and scanning for prey. It is believed to rely mainly on passive listening for prey-generated sounds, such as footsteps or rustling of vegetation. It uses echolocation to navigate when it flies out to capture prey. It feeds mainly on large arthropods (typically more than 25 mm) such as beetles, orthopterans, cockroaches, scorpions, and centipedes. During dry season when ground is relatively bare, it perches on branches 1-2 m aboveground, twisting its body 180° in each direction to scan a circular area under the perch for prey. It switches perches regularly if no prey is found. During wet season when vegetation is thicker, it relies more on flying prey, catching species such as moths or flying beetles in the air. It sometimes captures small vertebrates such as frogs and even other species of bats. It returns to a perch to eat prey, dropping inedible parts such as wings or legs of large insects under the roost.</p> <p>Breeding. Females give birth to one young after gestation estimated to be three months. Young are born blind and hairless and are carried by their mothers for several weeks. In coastal Kenya, lactating or pregnant females have been reported in most months of the year, although there is a peak of births in January at the start of the short wet season. At an inland site in Kenya, most females gave birth at the beginning of the long wet season in March-April and the short wet season in November.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Heart-nosed False-vampires rest during the day but can remain alert in the roost, presumably looking for predators. They hunt for food at night and start becoming active at sunset but do not emerge from their roosts until ¢.30 minutes later. They are not known to use torpor or hibernate. Selection of day roosts varies geographically, depending on availability. In dry savanna, most commonly reported roost is in hollow trees, especially baobab (Adansonia, Malvaceae), but they have also been found in unused huts or houses and inside an outhouse. In other areas, they regularly use caves. In Ethiopia, they have also been reported in ash flow tuft blisters (cavities in volcanic rock). Echolocation pulses used for navigation are very short (1-3 milliseconds) FM calls, with average interpulse interval of 48 milliseconds. Most energy is in the second and third harmonics, with peak energy in second harmonic at c.49 kHz, which has typical bandwidth of ¢.22 kHz sweeping from 62 kHz to 40 kHz. First harmonic (fundamental) is usually much softer and still above human hearing (30-20 kHz). Predation by a snake has been reported, and it is likely that various mammals might also attempt to catch bats at roosts.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Heartnosed False-vampires roost in colonies of a few to more than 100 individuals. Colonies may change over time. Each night, bats fly from their roosts to foraging territories of 0-1-1 ha that may be 0-4-1-2 km from the roost tree. They defend their territories with loud songs that are quite distinct from their echolocation calls. The song is emitted through the mouth and consists of a series of 4-9 pulses within one second, repeated several times per minute, sometimes throughout much of the night. Frequencies of each pulse are 6-20 kHz, with peak energy at c.12 kHz, and songs can be heard by humans up to 100-200 m away. Males appear to sing most often, and songs vary seasonally. Females share a male’s territory, at least during some times of year, and might return to the same territory in subsequent years suggesting a long-term pair bond. Both members of the pair perch next to each other while foraging. Heartnosed False-vampires also have a low-frequency call given occasionally during flight that might have a social function. They usually do not share roosts with other species.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. There are no quantitative data on population trends, but suitable habitat has likely declined.</p> <p>Bibliography. Csada (1996), Kafiuch et al. (2015), Kingdon (1974), McWilliam (1987b), Ryan &amp; Tuttle (1987), Vaughan (1976).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF8EFFE1FFACF513F9B2618E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Megadermatidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 182-192, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734707
C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84.text	C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaderma spasma (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>3.</p> <p>Lesser Asian False-vampire</p> <p>Megaderma spasma</p> <p>French: Mégaderme de Seba / German: Kleiner Falscher Vampir / Spanish: Megaderma de Seba</p> <p>Other common names: Common Asian Ghost Bat, Lesser False Vampire, Lesser False Vampire Bat, Malayan False-vampire</p> <p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio spasma Linnaeus, 1758,</p> <p>Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia.</p> <p>Megadermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific names celebensis, ceylonensis, and philippinensis have been changed for gender agreement. Seventeen subspecies are recognized, many with limited distributions, but no comprehensive review has been undertaken to validate them. Morphologically, these subspecies are very similar, with only minor differences in size. Nevertheless, large differences in mtDNA between an individual from Java and individuals from mainland Indochina and differences in chromosome numbers among individuals from the Philippines and those from Thailand and China suggest that some of these are cryptic species.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas).</p> <p>M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia.</p> <p>M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo.</p> <p>M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi.</p> <p>M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka.</p> <p>M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia.</p> <p>M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo.</p> <p>M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra.</p> <p>M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh.</p> <p>M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra.</p> <p>M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia.</p> <p>M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&amp;Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs.</p> <p>M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra.</p> <p>M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&amp;EJava.</p> <p>M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines.</p> <p>M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra.</p> <p>M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — S Sumatra, W Java, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is.</p> <p>Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-81 mm (tailless), ear 30-43 mm, hindfoot 9-5—-17 mm, forearm 53-5-62-5 mm; weight 23-28 g. Sexes are similar in size. The Lesser Asian Falsevampire is the smallest of the Asian megadermatids. Ears are large, joined over top of head for c.15% oftheir length on inner margins; tragus is deeply forked, with tall pointed posterior lobe and shorter bluntly pointed anterior lobe. Posterior noseleat is relatively short, width at base similar to height, but narrowing toward top. Thickened, raised median ridge connects to heartshaped median noseleaf. Anterior noseleaf is broad and rounded, largely covering muzzle with no notch. Fur is long and woolly, generally pale gray to brownish gray, darker above. Ears, noseleaf, and wing membranes are dark gray to brownish gray. Baculum has short shaft with two prongs. Skull has elongate rostrum with a shallow frontal depression but no frontal shield and with small postorbital processes. C' has very small anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has moderately developed mesostyle; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or taller than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64 (Thailand), 2n = 38 and FN = 70 (China), and 2n = 46 and FN = 64 (Philippines).</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of forested habitats from lowland evergreen rainforests to seasonally dry semideciduous forests. The Lesser Asian False-vampire is primarily found in lowlands, but has been reported in hills at elevations of up to 1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Lesser Asian False-vampires mainly eat large insects and other arthropods, but occasionally catch and eat small vertebrates including frogs,lizards, and small birds (Zosterops sp.). They have been known to kill and partially eat small bats caught with it in a harp trap. In a one-year study at two roosts on Luzon Island, Philippines, insects comprised over 99% ofprey items, with vertebrates representing only 0-5% of prey items. They usually fly low to the ground searching for food and are thought to capture prey mainly on the ground or on vegetation. They may often use prey-generated sounds or vision to locate prey. They may use echolocation to help capture prey.</p> <p>Breeding. In India, mating occurs in December—January, with young born between early April and early June. Most females give birth to one young, but ¢.10-15% have twins. Young cling to their mothers until they are nearly full-grown. Mothers carry small young while foraging, and larger young are left in the roost. Larger young may still cling to their mothers when they return, and they can be carried within diurnal roosts. Young reach nearly full size at ¢.45 days old and are thought to be independent at c.2 months old. When young are larger, females bring back large insects for them to dismember and eat themselves; females continue to suckle young until they are nearly independent.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Lesser Asian False-vampires leave their diurnal roost to forage ¢.30 minutes after sunset but can return to the roost during the night. They are not known to use torpor. In India, roosts have been found in caves, disused wells, temples, houses, and hollow trees. Echolocation calls are short FM, broadband calls. Peak energy tends to be in the third harmonic, with the frequency sweeping from 73 kHz to 56 kHz, butthere is often significant energy in the second through sixth harmonics.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Asian False-vampires are believed to be resident year-round, but they do move among roosts at different times of year. At a cave roost in India, numbers of individuals throughout the year varied from none or a single individual up to 27 individuals. Both sexes share the same roost. Other species of bats do not share the roost area, although other species can occur elsewhere in larger caves. Foraging areas can be near diurnal roosts, and some individuals might return to the roost during the night to consume their food.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Balete (2010), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Brosset (1962b), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hood et al. (1988), Mao Xiuguang et al. (2008), Rickart et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Megadermatidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 182-192, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734707
C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781.text	C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyroderma lyra (É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1810)	<div><p>4.</p> <p>Greater Asian False-vampire</p> <p>Lyroderma lyra</p> <p>French: Mégaderme lyre / German: Grolier Falscher Vampir / Spanish: Megaderma lyra</p> <p>Other common names: Greater False Vampire, Greater False Vampire Bat, Indian False-vampire</p> <p>Taxonomy. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810,</p> <p>“Indes [= India].”</p> <p>Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, SW China (Tibet [= Xizang]), and W Myanmar; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan.</p> <p>L. l. sinense K. Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907 — S China, S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India, mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m. It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing.</p> <p>Breeding. In India, mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India, births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Greater Asian False-vampire remains in a diurnal roost during the day, becoming active at dusk. It spends the night foraging or hanging from a perch in the foraging area and returns to the diurnal roost at dawn. Natural daytime roosts are mainly caves; various human structures are also used. Most roostsites are not in total darkness, and they remain alert during the day. Echolocation calls consist of short (less than 2 milliseconds), low-intensity FM broadband pulses, with up to six harmonics. Frequency of second harmonic descends from c.54 kHz to ¢.38 kHz. In search-phase calls, most energy is in second and third harmonics; additional harmonics are emphasized while hovering over prey. During commuting flights, most energy is in the second harmonic and the fundamental.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Megadermatidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 182-192, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734707
