identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28.text	039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Furipteridae Gray 1866	<div><p>Family FURIPTERIDAE</p> <p>(SMOKY BAT THUMBLESS BAT)</p> <p>• Small bats with thumb embedded in patagium, except tiny claw; pair of functional abdominal mammae; long, thick smoky to slate-gray dorsal fur, paler on venter;tail encased in uropatagium; muzzle blunt with oval or triangular nostrils; and large funnel-shaped ears. • 5-8 cm.</p> <p>• Neotropical Region.</p> <p>• Deserts into tropical deciduous and evergreen forests.</p> <p>• 2 genera, 2 species, 2 taxa.</p> <p>• 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Furipteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 412-417, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5733446
039187AC5C3F2A52F099001F399BF24E.text	039187AC5C3F2A52F099001F399BF24E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amorphochilus schnablii Peters 1877	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Smoky Bat</p> <p>Amorphochilus schnablii</p> <p>French: Furie de Schnabl / German: Felsenklsten-Stummeldaumen / Spanish: Murciélago ahumado</p> <p>Other common names: Schnabl's Smoky Bat</p> <p>Taxonomy. Amorphochilus schnablii Peters, 1877.</p> <p>“Tumbez un noérdlichen Peru, an der Grenze von Ecuador.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Tumbes, departamento Tumbes, Peru.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from a narrow strip Wofthe Andes in C &amp; S Ecuador (including Puna I), Peru, and N Chile.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 39-47 mm, tail 27-34 mm, ear 12-15 mm, hindfoot 6-10 mm, forearm 34-38 mm; weight 3-10 g. Tail extends nearly fourfifths the length of uropatagium andis entirely enclosed by that membrane. Height of braincase, including auditory bullae, is equal to distance from frontal angle to most posterior point of occipital region. Muzzleis relatively simple and well-furred; no fleshystructures occur under chin; palateis short, not extending much beyond last molar; and mesopterygoid fossa is longer than wide. The Smoky Bat has long, dark smokygrayfur, often with brownish tinge; hair tips are blackish; front and top of head have pale buffy suffusion; underparts are nearly the same color as the upperparts; ears are light brown; and wing and tail membranes arelittle darker than ears. Snout is prominently rimmedand blunt; lips are conspicuouslyfleshy; and chin excrescences and lowerlips havefleshy wart-like structures. On average, third metacarpal is 34 mm, tibia is 15-5 mm, total skull length is 12 mm, braincase breadthis 6 mm, and uppertooth rowlength (with canine) is 5 mm. Dental formula is I 2/3, Cl1/1,P2/3.M 3/3 (x2) =36.</p> <p>Habitat. South American west coast deserts from sea level up to elevations of 2680 m. Two Smoky Bats were found on Hacienda Limon, Cajamarca, Peru, in a small arid valley above the Rio Maranon in the Amazon Basin. It is found in arid regions and cultivated areas; it is a cave-dweller and known to roost in culverts, caves, sugar mills, irrigation tunnels, and abandoned urban-rural buildings near crop areas (banana, rice; etc.).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Smoky Bats eat moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera). Adult moth scales were found in stomachs offive specimens from central Ecuador.</p> <p>Breeding. In central Ecuador in middle November, a large colony included males that did not show testes in the scrotal position, and several females were pregnant (eight of ten) with single fetuses but not lactating. This high percentage of pregnant females suggested a relatively synchronized seasonal breeding period, undoubtedly related to the rainy season (January-May); similarly, a breeding colony was found in the rainy months (December-March) in southern Peru. In a single reproductively inactive male, the small, paired testes were attached to the posterior body wall and inferior pole of the kidney by a suspensoryligament. The Smoky Bat has an ampullary gland. One specimen appeared to contain a tiny baculum, capping the urethra at tip ofglans.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of the SmokyBat are the FMtype, with an average duration of4-4 milliseconds, important for foraging in dense vegetation and taking small insects while flying. Maximum averagefrequencyat 75-8 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Guayas, Ecuador, a large monospecific colony(c.300 individuals) of Smoky Bats included males and females but not juveniles. This bat species has been collected along with Long-snouted Bat (Platalina genovensium) and Small Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus montanus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNRed List. The Smoky Bat is considered an endangered species in Ecuador because known populations are small, restricted to areas smaller than 20 km?, and known fromless than five localities. In Peru, it is considered a vulnerable species. In Chile, it has not been evaluated, but it is thought to be beneficial to agroforestry.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abuja (1999), Aragon &amp; Aguirre (2014), Cabrera (1958), Gardner (2008h), Ibanez (1986), Krutzsch (2000), Miller (1907), Morgan &amp; Czaplewski (1999), Nowak (1994), Rodriguez-San Pedro et al. (2016), Tirira et al. (2012), Ugarte-Nunez (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187AC5C3F2A52F099001F399BF24E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Furipteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 412-417, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5733446
039187AC5C3C2A51F0B408BA372BF81E.text	039187AC5C3C2A51F0B408BA372BF81E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Furipterus horrens F. Cuvier 1828	<div><p>2.</p> <p>Thumbless Bat</p> <p>Furipterus horrens</p> <p>French: Furiptere hérissé / German: Gemeiner Stummeldaumen / Spanish: Murciélago sin pulgar</p> <p>Taxonomy. Furia horrens F. Cuvier, 1828,</p> <p>“la Mana,” French Guiana.</p> <p>R. F. Tomes in 1856 was the first to use the current name combination. Relative to DNA barcoding studies, F horrens showed a 2:5% mean intraspecific sequence divergence, which according to criteria of R. J. Baker and R. D. Bradley in 2006 could represent cryptic speciation but not distinct mitochondrial lineages or phylogroups. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Central and N South America from SW Nicaragua (Refugio Bartola), S throughout Costa Rica and Panama to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad I, the Guianas, Brazil, E Ecuador, E Peru, and N Bolivia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.34-41 mm (males) and 33-36 mm (females), tail 20-28 mm (males) and 21-38 mm (females), hindfoot 7-8 mm (males) and 7-9 mm (females), forearm 35-37 mm (males) and 36-5-38-5 mm (females); weight 3-1-3-6 g (males) and 3-2-4-2 g (females). Tail of the Thumbless Bat extends a little less than two-thirds the length of uropatagium, in which it is completely encased. Intraspecific divergence in measurements of Thumbless Bats in samples from Espirito Santo and the Guianas varied 2:1-2-5%. Zygomatic breadths are 7-3-7-8 mm, and maxillary tooth rows are 4:7-4-8 mm (females). Specific name horrens refers to bristly hair on this bat. Thumbless Bats are small and delicate, with soft, thick, bluish gray to slate-gray fur on dorsum; venteris slightly paler. Height of braincase, including auditory bullae, is much less than distance from frontal angle to most posterior point of occipital region; muzzle and lips nearly simple. Rostrum is short, ¢.50% the length of braincase. Dental formula is 12/3, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 36; upper incisors are paired, outerslightly smaller than inner; space between two inner incisors and that between outer incisor and canine are distinct; C' is small, and its shaft is about equal in height to the large P% P! is ¢.50% the size of canine and second premolar; lower incisors have trifid cutting edges, forming continuous row between canines; C is as high as P, and P,, which are about equal in size; and P| is ¢.50% the height of canine. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 62; Gand C-band data have not been published.</p> <p>Habitat. Humid tropical and subtropical forests in lowlands at elevations of 250-1200 m. Although Thumbless Bats have been associated with caves, they also use other shelters such as buildings (empty or occupied), tunnels, among boulders, hollow logs, and within or under fallen decomposing trees.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Thumbless Bats are insectivorous and fly close to the ground, especially in search of moths. Species of Lepidoptera are more abundant in diets than species of Diptera or Coleoptera.</p> <p>Breeding. In Colombia,five females were caught in September: one gravid, three nongravid, and a young. Fifty-nine males were found on a fallen tree in Costa Rica in May, and there were isolated males in a cavern in Panama in February. In the most comprehensive study of the Thumbless Bat in Brazil, W. Uieda and colleagues in 1980 reported lactating females with young in January-February, and the young were ready to start flying. On an October night, three young (two males and one female) were hanging on a cliff inside a cave in Brazil. Female reproductive system has short, partially bicornuate uterus; while ovaries typically have abundant stromal type intersticial gland tissue. The placenta is discoidal; large vascular channels are hemodichorial, with widely scattered maternal endothelial cells; and smaller vascular channels are endotheliodichorial (somite stage embryo) (light microscopy). There was a developing discoidal chorioallantoic placenta in a female Thumbless Bat captured in a road culvert in the Western Andes Range of Colombia. Although she carried only a somite stage embryo, most maternal endotelial cells had already been eliminated from the larger vascular channels (establishing a hemodichorial condition) but were still common in the smaller channels.</p> <p>Activity patterns. It often occurs in small groups of 4-10 individuals but has recently been found in large aggregations (e.g. 59 males roosting inside a tree in Costa Rica and 150-250 mixed-gender individuals in a few grottos in Brazil). Thumbless Bats begin to fly at twilight but do not leave their shelters until after dark. Echolocation calls have low-duty cycles, dominated by sounds less than 100 kHz.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thumbless Bats are known to cooccur with several other bat species such as the Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina), Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (Anoura geoffroyi), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (Carollia perspicillata), the White-lined Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus), the Lesser Dog-like Bat (Peropteryx macrotis), the Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), Little Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis), and the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus). Thumbless Bats could be preyed on by carnivorous bats in caves, and remains of Thumbless Bats have been found in stomach contents of the Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), the Greater Spear-nosed Bat, and the Woolly False Vampire Bat.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Thumbless Bat is listed as least concern in the Ecuadorian Red Book of Endangered Species but vulnerable in the Brazilian Red Book of Endangered Species. The Thumbless Bat was long considered one of the most rare Neotropical bats, butit has been discovered recently in relatively large aggregations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Albuja (1999), Badwaik &amp; Rasweiler (2000), Baker &amp; Bradley (2006), Brosset &amp; Charles-Dominique (1991), Duda et al. (2012), Falcao et al. (2015), Fenton, Whitaker et al. (1999), Gardner (2008h), Husson (1962), LaVal &amp; Fitch (1977), Leal et al. (2014), Medina-Fitoria et al. (2015), Miller (1907), Nowak (1994), Portella et al. (2017), Rasweiler &amp; Badwaik (2000), Reid (2009), Reis et al. (2017), Salles et al. (2014), Simmons &amp; Voss (1998), Tirira et al. (2012), Tomes (1856), Uieda et al. (1980).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187AC5C3C2A51F0B408BA372BF81E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Furipteridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 412-417, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5733446
