identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
357987BDFF9FFF8468B583F1FA8CFC7F.text	357987BDFF9FFF8468B583F1FA8CFC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Castrica Schaus 1896	<div><p>Castrica Schaus, 1896</p> <p>Schaus (1896) described this genus for his new species, C. oweni Schaus, 1896. Subsequently, C. oweni was made a synonym of C. phalaenoides (Drury, 1773), but below we demonstrate that C. oweni is a valid species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/357987BDFF9FFF8468B583F1FA8CFC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cock, Matthew J. W.;Laguerre, Michel	Cock, Matthew J. W., Laguerre, Michel (2021): Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago. Zootaxa 5071 (2): 253-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.5
357987BDFF9FFF8168B582D9FD48FD7B.text	357987BDFF9FFF8168B582D9FD48FD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Castrica oweni Schaus 1896	<div><p>Castrica oweni Schaus, 1896 stat. rev.</p> <p>Figs. 1–3. BIN: BOLD:AAA7016 (dx.doi.org/10.5883/BOLD:AAA7016)</p> <p>Sphinx phalaenoides Drury, 1773 was described and a male illustrated from an undisclosed number of syntypes from the Bay of Honduras, i.e. Belize (Drury 1773, pp. 50–51, pl. XXVIII.6, Vincent and Laguerre 2013, 2014). Travassos (1957) stated that the type is lost, and we are not aware of any type material. Travassos also stated that the type of C. oweni should be considered as the neotype of C. phalaenoides, but this is not acceptable as discussed below. Hampson (1901) transferred phalaenoides to the genus Castrica. Castrica phalaenoides (Fig. 1A, B) occurs throughout Central America and on the Pacific Coast of South America as far south as Ecuador.</p> <p>Schaus (1896) described C. oweni from an unspecified number of specimens (but at least one male and one female) from Venezuela and Costa Rica. Druce (1881 –1900, Plate 74.13) illustrated what he referred to as the type, which is a female. Watson (1971) examined the USNM collection and found only one of Schaus’s specimens labelled as type, and therefore designated this specimen, a female from Aroa, Yaracuy State, Venezuela, as the lectotype (Fig. 1D), and illustrated it and the genitalia. Watson (1971) also stated that there are several examples from the type locality (i.e. Aroa) in the USNM which may be paralectotypes (Fig. 1C). Hampson (1901) treated C. oweni as a synonym of C. phalaenoides, and this has been followed by subsequent authors (e.g. Watson 1971, Watson and Goodger 1986, Vincent and Laguerre 2014).</p> <p>Rothschild (1909) described and illustrated C. sordidior based on four males from Trinidad (Caparo) and Brazil (Fonte Boa, Amazonas) (Fig. 1E). In Rothschild (1910), he listed the types as three males from Trinidad and one from Fonte Boa. Travassos (1957) incorrectly states that Rothschild (1910) restricted the distribution to Fonte Boa. Travassos also made C. sordidior a synonym of C. phalaenoides, and this was followed by Watson and Goodger (1986). However, Vincent and Laguerre (2013) reinstated C. sordidior as a valid species, noting that the two species have distinct DNA barcodes in Central America (C. phalaenoides, BOLD:AAA1439) and French Guiana (C. sordidior, BOLD:AAA7016). At that time, the treatment of C. oweni as a synonym of C. phalaenoides was not considered.</p> <p>Given that Rothschild (1909) described this species from two widely separated localities, a lectotype needs to be fixed, to avoid any possible ambiguity—there is at least one undescribed species of this group from southern Brazil (M. Laguerre unpublished). Rothschild (1909) listed the Trinidad type material first, and there are three syntypes from Trinidad and only one from the Amazon (Rothschild 1910), so it would be appropriate to select one of the Trinidad specimens as lectotype. Furthermore, Rothschild (1909, Plate 7.5) illustrated a male syntype from Trinidad (Fig. 1E), which is currently labelled as ‘type’ in NHMUK (Fig. 1F). Accordingly, we designate this specimen the lectotype.</p> <p>Further to the conclusions of Vincent and Laguerre (2013) based on DNA barcodes, there are slight differences in the male genitalia of C. phalaenoides and C. sordidior (Fig. 2): the uncus in C. phalaenoides is longer and more dilated basally; the translucent sacculus on the valve is slightly shorter than the valve in C. phalaenoides, but about half the length of the valve in C. sordidior; and the saccus is pointed anteriorly in C. phalaenoides and more rounded in C. sordidior (Fig. 2).</p> <p>In our consideration of these two species, it became apparent that as described by Rothschild (1909), the males are more easily distinguished than the females (Figs. 1, 3). Thus, Rothschild (1909) (implicitly) compared (male) C. sordidior with (male and female) C. phalaenoides: ‘ This species has the forewing much less truncate, more pointed, and the hindwing rounder, less angulated; the pectus is orange, not lemon-yellow; the thorax olive-green, not bright olive-yellow; abdomen black-brown, not yellow, last segment olive-yellow. The forewing has the olive-green areas much darker and the hyaline areas much reduced by increased olive-green markings; the inner marginal area yellowish green, not yellow. Hindwing olive-grey, not yellow.’ We believe it is likely that Rothschild (1909, 1910) only recognised the male of C. sordidior, and treated the female as C. phalaenoides.</p> <p>We reconsidered the identity of C. oweni in light of these findings. We have seen no specimens of C. phalaenoides from east of the Andes in the continent of South America. The type locality of C. oweni is Aroa, northern Venezuela, and this species is therefore more likely to be the same as the species described from Trinidad (sordidior) than the species described from Belize (phalaenoides). In order to clarify the identity of C. oweni, we examined an image of the only putative paralectotype male from Schaus’ collection from the lectotype locality, Aroa, Venezuela in USNM (P. Goldstein, pers. comm. 2019) (Fig. 1C), and found it resembled C. sordidior rather than C. phalaenoides. Although we did not dissect this male, we did dissect a male from Rancho Grande, Parque National Henri Pittier, Aragua State, Venezuela, about 130 km to the east, and confirmed it to be C. sordidior. We therefore conclude that C. oweni stat. rev. is a valid species, distinct from C. phalaenoides, and C. sordidior Rothschild, 1909 is a syn. nov. of C. oweni Schaus, 1896. Hence, the type species of Castrica is unambiguously C. oweni rather than a synonym of C. phalaenoides. Furthermore, it is now clear that Travassos’ (1957) suggestion above that the type of C. oweni could be taken as the neotype of C. phalaenoides is not acceptable. Since at this time only the one species of Castrica is recognised from Central America, including from the Belize type locality, its identity as C. phalaenoides is unambiguous and there is no urgent need to designate a neotype.</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Castrica oweni: FRENCH GUIANA: ♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 32, 3.iii.2006 [ML, dissected Gen. ML 2845 and sequenced Sample ID MILA 1053—BOLD Process ID ARCTB023-09]. 3♂ Piste Patagaï, PK 10, 2.iii. 2006, 40 m [ML, one sequenced Sample ID MILA 1044—BOLD Process ID ARCTB012-09]. 2♂ Piste Bélizon, PK 27, 15.ii.1999 [ML]. ♂ Piste Coralie, 26.ix. 2013, 40 m [ML]. ♂ Saül, environs du village, 9.x. 2015, 170 m. 1 ♀ Route de Kaw, PK 28, 28.ix. 2013, 286 m [ML]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Arima Valley, Simla, MVL: ♂ 28.ii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Caparo: ♂ xi.1905 (S.M. Klages) (lectotype here designated) [NHMUK]. Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL: ♂, 3♀ 21.x.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC; 2♀ UWIZM CABI.1156, CABI.1157]. Curepe, MVL: ♂ xii.1968 (R.E. Crutwell) [UWIZM CABI.1154]; 2♂ i.1972 (R.E. Crutwell) [UWIZM CABI.1155, CABI.1159]; ♂ 14.ix.1979 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1158]; ♂ 4.x.1979 (M.J.W. Cock) [NHMUK]; 17.xii.1979 (M.J.W. Cock) [NHMUK]; ♀ 1–7.vi.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Morne Bleu, Textel Installation, at light: ♀ 3.viii.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. St. Augustine, MVL: ♂ xii.1975 (D.J. Stradling) [UWIZM.2014.9.95]. Trinidad, [no locality]: ♀ [NMS]. VENEZUELA: Est. Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100m, M.V. light, 2–3.v.1979 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1102].</p> <p>Castrica phalaenoides: ECUADOR: ♂ Esmeraldas, Rte Lita - San Lorenzo, PK 12, 1.viii. 1997, 850 m [ML]. ♂ Cañar, El Triumfo, 500 m [ML]. GUATEMALA: ♂, ♀ Izabal, Finca Firmeza, 16.v. 2007, 940 m [ML, ♂ dissected, Gen. ML 2844 and the two were sequenced: Sample ID MILA 1051—BOLD Process ID ARCTB021-09 &amp; Sample ID MILA 1042—BOLD Process ID ARCTB014-09].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/357987BDFF9FFF8168B582D9FD48FD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cock, Matthew J. W.;Laguerre, Michel	Cock, Matthew J. W., Laguerre, Michel (2021): Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago. Zootaxa 5071 (2): 253-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.5
357987BDFF9AFF8D68B58777FD4CFC6E.text	357987BDFF9AFF8D68B58777FD4CFC6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pryteria costata Moschler 1883	<div><p>Pryteria costata Möschler, 1883</p> <p>Figs. 4, 5. BIN: BOLD:AAH7679 (dx.doi.org/10.5883/BOLD:AAH7679)</p> <p>Möschler (1883) described the genus Pryteria for his new species P. costata Möschler, 1883. The genus then fell out of use until Watson (1975) used it for a group of eight species (and three additional subspecies) resembling P. costata, which had mostly been including in the catch-all genus Automolis. Vincent and Laguerre (2014) list nine species and three additional subspecies (Table 1). This is the same as Watson’s (1975) treatment, except that Watson treated P. nigroapicalis as a form of P. costata. We investigated what name to apply to the species in Trinidad that appeared to be P. alboatra, and realised that most of the named species of Pryteria are synonyms of a single variable, sexually dimorphic species as follows.</p> <p>1 Date taken from the German edition of Seitz (1920–1924).</p> <p>2 Type of Automolis apicalis Rothschild, for which A. apicella Strand is a replacement name.</p> <p>3 As Automolis albiapicalis Hampson, 1920, an unnecessary replacement name for Automolis apicalis Rothschild. Note Hampson illustrates a male, but Rothschild’s type is a female.</p> <p>4 Described as female, but the type (Fig. 4) is a male.</p> <p>5 Described as female, but the lectotype is a male, as treated by Hampson (1901).</p> <p>It has long been suspected that this group of species now brought together in Pryteria (Fig. 4), contains multiple synonyms. Thus, Seitz (1920–1925) treated the male taxa borussica, alboatra, hamifera and apicata as forms of P. unifasciata, and Rothschild (1935) agreed this was likely to prove correct when more material was available. In French Guiana, several forms can be collected together (specimens resembling P. costata, P. nigroapicalis, P. semicostata, P. alboatra, P. unifascia, P. hamifera and P. apicata in MNHN, plus un-named forms in Fig. 5). In Trinidad, the male form normally found is P. alboatra, but one male is close to, but not the same as P. unifascia (Fig. 5D), while females resemble P. semicostalis. Dissections revealed the male genitalia of these two male forms from Trinidad to be identical. Published figures (Watson 1971) and new images (P. Goldstein pers. comm. 2019) of the male type dissections of P. hamifera and P. apicata were compared and are also identical, as are the genitalia of the male type of P. unifascia in OUNMH and a male paralectotype of P. alboatra in NHMUK. The types of other species have not been dissected.</p> <p>The evidence from barcodes is also revealing; a single species level cluster (BIN BOLD:AAH7679; dx.doi. org/10.5883/BOLD:AAH7679) of ten samples identified as four species encompasses material identified based on habitus as follows: P. alboatra, French Guiana (x3), Peru (Cuzco); P. semicostalis, French Guiana (x3), Peru (Huanuco); P. nigroapicalis, French Guiana; P. borussica (a subspecies of alboatra in Vincent and Laguerre (2014)), Paraguay. The p distance to the nearest neighbour BIN BOLD:AAF2409 (Cratoplastis sp.) is 4.33%. Thus, we have good evidence based on genitalia or DNA barcodes that six of the nine taxa of Pryteria listed by Vincent and Laguerre (2014) are synonyms of a single, widespread, variable species, found from Paraguay, through the Amazon Basin, the Guianas and Trinidad.</p> <p>Males of Pryteria (BOLD:AAH7679) are cream-coloured with dark markings: on the forewing, the apical dark patch may be present or absent; the dark bar along the dorsum may be entire, interrupted or split in the basal third, or stop short of the tornus; the dark bar across the wing may be absent, represented by markings on the costa and at tornus, almost complete, narrow or broad; on the hindwing, the dark shading on dorsum is variable, and the shading on the margin may be absent, present near the tornus, or present for the entire margin. Females of Pryteria (BOLD: AAH7679) are dark with cream markings: on the forewing, the subapical bar may be present or absent, or represented by a cream patch on costa only; the apical area distal to this bar may be cream or dark; the basal hindwings are variable in the extent of cream colouring.</p> <p>Of the remaining species of Pryteria, P. costata is the oldest name in the genus as well as the type species; it was described and illustrated from a female specimen from Suriname that has not been located (Vincent and Laguerre 2014). It closely resembles P. semicostalis, but the white discal band of the dorsal forewing is slightly sinuous and there is no pale costal area on the dorsal hindwing (Fig. 4). We conclude that P. costata is the senior name for this group of named forms. Therefore, mostly based on habitus, supporting genitalia or DNA barcode evidence, we make the following syn. nov. of P. costata Möschler, 1883: P. nigroapicalis Gaede, 1923, P. semicostalis Rothschild, 1909, P. alboatra (Rothschild, 1909), P. alboatra borussica (Seitz, 1921), P. unifascia (Druce, 1899), P. hamifera Dognin, 1907, and P. apicata Schaus, 1905.</p> <p>Pryteria unifascia tenuis was described from Belize and Pryteria alboatra intensa from Costa Rica (Fig. 4) (Rothschild, 1935, Vincent and Laguerre 2014). Because we have not examined genitalia or barcodes of any Central American material of Pryteria, we are unwilling to treat these taxa as synonyms of P. costata at this time. Other studies have shown that what appears to be a widespread species in Central and South America may be two species readily separated by barcodes and genitalia, e.g. the Phaegopterina Rhodorhipha flammans (Hampson, 1901) (Laguerre 2018), and Castrica spp. (Vincent and Laguerre 2013, and treatment above). Hence, as tenuis and intensa are subspecies of species which we do treat as a synonyms of P. costata, it is necessary to treat P. tenuis stat. nov. and P. intensa stat. nov. as full species until this can be investigated.</p> <p>Pryteria unifascia ilicis (Jörgensen, 1932) was described as a form of P. unifascia from Paraguay, within the range of P. costata. Given the variability now known for P. costata, we consider it fully justified to treat P. unifascia ilicis as a syn. nov. of P. costata. Pryteria apicella (Strand, 1919) is a replacement name for Automalis apicalis Rothschild, 1909, which was described from a single female from Bolivia (Fig. 4) (Vincent and Laguerre 2014). Because the range of P. costata extends as far south as Paraguay, and the habitus of this taxon is compatible with the variation already documented for P. costata, we propose to treat P. apicella (and its synonyms apicalis Rothschild and albiapicalis Hampson) as syn. nov. of P. costata.</p> <p>This leaves only one other species of Pryteria to consider. Pryteria columbiana (Rothschild, 1933) was described from Bella Vista, Colombia (between the Andes cordillera), the type series is in NHMUK (Rothschild 1933, Vincent and Laguerre 2014), and Watson (1975) designated a male lectotype (Fig. 4). We have no DNA barcodes for this species and no specimens were available for dissection. Nevertheless, we note that the male resembles a female form of P. costata (Rothschild compared it to P. semicostalis), and this is a larger species (forewing ♂ 18 mm, ♀ 21 mm, compared to ♂ 13–17 mm, ♀ 19 mm for P. costata), so we consider it to be a valid species.</p> <p>Material examined. BOLIVIA: 2♂ La Paz, environs la Cascada, 5.xi. 2000, 800 m [ML]. ♂ La Paz, 10 km avant Coroico, 4.xi. 2000, 1065 m [ML]. FRENCH GUIANA: ♂ Piste du Dégrad Florian, 29.vii.2001 [ML, sequenced Sample ID MILA 1504—BOLD Process ID ARCTC1042-11]. 2♂ Piste Patagaï, PK 10, 47 m, 23.ix.2013 and 2.x.2015 [ML]. Piste Paul Isnard, PK 57, 13.ii.1999. Piste de Kaw, PK 28, 10.ii.2013 [ML]. 2♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 21.i.1996 [ML]. 2♂ Rte Apatou, layon PK 26, 1.x. 2013, 126 m [ML]. ♂, 2♀ Savane de Trou Poissons, 15.x. 2015, 9 m [ML]. 2♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 40, 1.iii.2006 [ML, sequenced Sample ID MILA 0102—BOLD Process ID ARCTA102-07 &amp; Sample ID MILA 0101—BOLD Process ID ARCTA101-07]. 1♀ Montagne des Singes, 1.i.1992 [ML]. 1 ♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 10.ii.1999 [ML]. ♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 11, 23.i.1996 [ML]. ♀ Rte de Kaw, PK 28, 27.x. 2013, 286 m [ML]. PERU: ♂ Cusco, Asuncion, x.2006, 1800 m [ML, sequenced Sample ID MILA 1505—BOLD Process ID ARCTC1043-11]. PARAGUAY: 2♂ Alto Parana, Estancia Dimas, 200 m, 4.xi.2011 and 6.v.2011 [ML]. ♂ Kanindeyu, Agr. Amiticio, 23.viii.2008 [ML, sequenced Sample ID MILA 1503—BOLD Process ID ARCTC1041-11]. ♂ Caazapa, Tavaï, 26.ix.2008 [ML]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Arima Valley, Simla, MVL: ♂ 1.ii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1103]. Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL: ♀ 21.x.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Curepe, MVL: ♂ i.1968 (R.E. Cruttwell) [UWIZM CABI.1143]; ♂ xi.1968 (R.E. Cruttwell) [NHMUK]; ♂ i.1969 (R.E. Cruttwell) [UWIZM CABI.1142]; ♂ ii.1969 (R.E. Cruttwell) [NHMUK]; ♂ 8–14.xii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. North Coast Road, 6 miles, Carisal Trace, MVL: ♀ 5.iv.1979 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. St. Augustine, MVL: ♂ iv.1976 (D.J. Stradling) [UWIZM.2014.9.94]. St Benedict’s, at light: ♂ 30.ix.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1104].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/357987BDFF9AFF8D68B58777FD4CFC6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cock, Matthew J. W.;Laguerre, Michel	Cock, Matthew J. W., Laguerre, Michel (2021): Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago. Zootaxa 5071 (2): 253-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.5
357987BDFF96FF8E68B582D4FD81FB5F.text	357987BDFF96FF8E68B582D4FD81FB5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichromia onytes (Cramer 1777)	<div><p>Trichromia onytes (Cramer, [1777])</p> <p>Figs. 6–9. BIN: BOLD:AAG6256 (dx.doi.org/10.5883/BOLD:AAG6256)</p> <p>Cramer described Phalaena Noctua onytes from Surinam (Cramer [1777], pp. 107, 150, plate 165E) and Sphinx Adscita psamas Cramer, [1779] from Guyana (Berbice) and Suriname (Cramer [1779], pp. 72, 176, plate 234G). We are not aware of any surviving type material (Cramer gives no details for P. onytes, while P. psamas was from the collection of Mr. A. Gevers), but Cramer’s figures (Fig. 6) serve to recognise both taxa; the dark grey hindwing in particular is distinctive.</p> <p>Hampson (1901) placed them both in the genus Neritos Walker, 1855, with psamas as the male of the female onytes. However, he subsequently realised that he had misidentified the male that he had used to illustrate the male of this species (i.e. Hampson 1901, Fig. 100) and described it as N. macrostidza Hampson, 1905 (Hampson 1905, 1920). In the same works, Hampson maintained N. psamas as the male of N. onytes, noted that in the male the yellow patches on costa and termen may be confluent or separate, and gave the distribution as Panama, Guyana, French Guiana, Bolivia and Peru.</p> <p>Rothschild (1910) held a different opinion and recognised N. psammas [sic] which he knew only from males from Trinidad and the Guianas, and N. onytes which he knew only from females from Suriname and British Guiana. However, Seitz (1920–1925) followed Hampson (1905, 1920) but added that the female as well as the male occurs with the yellow spots both separate and joined.</p> <p>Watson and Goodger (1986) reinstated Neritos psamas as a valid species, and placed onytes in Trichromia Hübner, [1819], of which it is the type species. They offered no explanation for the former action, but explained that most of the species placed in Neritos in their list would need to be transferred to Trichromia. Toulgoet (1991) clarified the composition of Trichromia, made Neritos a synonym and made the new combination Trichromia psamas. There have been no subsequent changes and both species are currently treated as valid and placed in Trichromia (Vincent and Laguerre 2014). Through these different changes, no one reported examining and comparing the genitalia of T. psamas and T. onytes. There are public barcodes for T. onytes in BOLD from Brazil and French Guiana (BIN BOLD:AAG6256) and both morphs are included in this BIN (dx.doi.org/10.5883/BOLD:AAG6256).</p> <p>In Trinidad and French Guiana, we have observed that T. onytes and T. psamas are the two principle morphs of a single variable species that occurs with the yellow discal forewing band uninterrupted (Fig. 7A–B), with it split by the apical patch being joined to the basal-discal one (Figs. 7C, E–F, 8B), and occasionally as in intermediate morph with the band only very narrowly interrupted (Figs. 7D, 8A). We compared dissections of males of both main morphs from Trinidad and French Guiana and found the genitalia to be identical (Fig. 9). Noting also the occurrence of intermediate morphs, it is clear that Hampson (1901, 1905, 1920) and Seitz (1920–1925) were right, and the two names are synonyms, T. psamas being a syn. rev. of T. onytes. Where it is useful to distinguish these two morphs, they may be referred to as onytes morph and psamas morph.</p> <p>Material examined. Trichromia onytes onytes morph: FRENCH GUIANA: 2♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 36, 6– 7.viii.1994 [ML one ♂ dissected Gen. ML3370]. ♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 41, 25.i.1996 [ML]. 2♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 19.i.1996; 3♀ same data but 20.i.1996 [ML]. ♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 36, 6.viii.1994 [ML]. 2♀ Piste de Kaw, PK 36, 11 &amp; 13.viii.1994 [ML]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Arima Valley, Simla, MVL: ♂, ♀ 28.ix.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Balandra, at light: ♂ 21.viii.1969 (F.D. Bennett) [UWIZM CABI.1124]. Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL: ♀ 18.vii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]; ♂, 2♀ 21.x.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Curepe, MVL trap: ♀ i.1971 (R.E. Cruttwell) [UWIZM CABI.1122]. Morne Bleu, Textel Installation, at light: ♀ 5.ix.1978 [UWIZM CABI.1127]. Rio Claro-Guayaguayare Road, milestone 6.5, MVL: ♀ 30.ix.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1126]. Valencia Forest, MVL: ♂ 31.vii.1980 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1105]; ♀ 5.viii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. VENEZUELA: ♂, ♀ Bolivar, Road El Dorado - Sta Elena, PK 38, 16.viii. 1996, 200 m [ML].</p> <p>Trichromia onytes psamas morph: FRENCH GUIANA: 3♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 36, 5–6.viii.1994 [ML]. 2♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 19.i.1996 [ML, one ♂ dissected Gen. ML3371]. 2♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 37, layon km 3.3, 24.vii.2001 [ML]. ♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 21.i.1996 [ML]. ♂ Piste de Kaw, PK 38, 10.ii.1999 [ML]. VENEZUELA: ♂ Bolivar, Road El Dorado - Sta Elena, 6.viii.1995, PK 70, 250 m [ML]. ♂ Bolivar, Road El Dorado - Sta Elena, PK 38, 16.viii. 1996, 200 m [ML]. ♂ Bolivar, Road El Dorado - Sta Elena, PK 13, 5.viii. 1995, 100 m [ML]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Arima Valley, Simla, MVL: ♂ 5.v.1989 (R.G. Brown) [UWIZM CABI.1123]. Caparo: 2♂ xi.1905 (S.M. Klages) [NHMUK]. Chatham: ♂ 5.i.1985 (M. Alkins) [UWIZM.2014.9.1291]. Cumaca Road, 0.5 miles, MVL: ♂ 27.x.1980 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL: ♂ 18.vii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1106]; 1♂ 21.x.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.8017]. Hollis Reservoir, at light: ♂ 2.xi.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1121]. Morne Bleu, Textel Installation, at light: ♂ 20.ix.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Valencia Forest, MVL: ♂ 31.vii.1980 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1125].</p> <p>Trichromia onytes intermediate morph: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Balandra, at light: ♂ viii.1970 (F.D. Bennett) [UWIZM CABI.1128]. Caparo: ♂ (S.M. Klages) [NHMUK]. Inniss Field, MVL: ♂ 17.v.1999 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/357987BDFF96FF8E68B582D4FD81FB5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cock, Matthew J. W.;Laguerre, Michel	Cock, Matthew J. W., Laguerre, Michel (2021): Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago. Zootaxa 5071 (2): 253-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.5
357987BDFF95FF8A68B585F8FD81FB5F.text	357987BDFF95FF8A68B585F8FD81FB5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Virbia medarda Stoll 1781	<div><p>Virbia medarda Stoll, [1781]</p> <p>Figs. 10–13. BIN: BOLD:AAW7134 (doi: pending)</p> <p>This species was described as Phalaena medarda from Suriname based on an undisclosed number of syntypes from Stoll’s collection (Stoll [1781], pp. 107–108). We are not aware of any surviving type material, so Stoll’s figure of a male (Stoll [1781], plate 345F, shown here as Fig. 10) is the best indication we have of this species. Hampson (1901) treated V. medarda as a widespread species occurring from Mexico to the Amazon and Peru, and included V. mentiens Walker, 1854 (♂ type NHMUK, Venezuela), V. parva Schaus, 1892 (♂ type USNM, Peru, see Watson (1971)), and three other taxa as synonyms. Rothschild (1910) treated this group as separate species, but Seitz (1919) reverted to treating them as forms. Subsequent authors have treated all species as valid (Watson and Goodger 1986, Zaspel and Weller 2006, Vincent and Laguerre 2014). Here we do not attempt to resolve the status of these taxa, but rather to fix the identity of V. medarda.</p> <p>The figure in Stoll’s plate (Fig. 10) falls within the range of variation of what we consider to be a single, moderately variable, sexually dimorphic species found both in French Guiana and Trinidad (Fig. 11). The limited number of male specimens from French Guiana are smaller (26 mm wingspan) than those from Trinidad (30–33 mm wingspan). Nevertheless, we compared male genitalia of specimens from both countries and found them identical (Figs. 12, 13). The extent of the yellow markings of the dorsal hindwing of males is variable (Fig. 11); the ventral hindwing mirrors the dorsal hindwing; a yellow patch on the ventral forewing may extend from the base as far as the middle of the wing, but is usually reduced and may be virtually absent. The female is similar in colour and markings (Fig. 11) although the dorsal forewing is darker brown, the yellow area of the ventral forewing is normally more extensive. Females are also significantly larger, typically 40–42mm wingspan. We are only aware of one species of this appearance in both Trinidad and French Guiana. Given that these samples are from both east and west of the Suriname type locality, we conclude that we are justified in treating this species as V. medarda. We only have DNA barcode sequences available from French Guiana (BIN BOLD:AAW7134), and conclude that this BIN should be treated as V. medarda. Public DNA barcodes in BOLD indicate that Central American material identified as V. medarda (BINs BOLD:ACE9527, BOLD:ABY7927, BOLD:ABZ3957, and BOLD:ABZ6726) will be found to represent different species.</p> <p>This species was first reported from Trinidad when Druce (1911) described V. birchi Druce, 1911 from Caparo, Trinidad, and Colombia based on an unspecified number of specimens. Seitz (1920–1925) incorrectly referred to this species as only occurring in Colombia. Hampson (1920) referred to Druce’s female type from Caparo being in coll. Joicey (now in NHMUK). Vincent and Laguerre (2014) report a male syntype from Caparo in NHMUK labelled ‘type’ (Fig. 10). This specimen is one of two females from Caparo collected by F. Birch in NHMUK, and only females are curated as this putative species in NHMUK. Druce (1911) purportedly described the male of V. birchi only, but given the stated wingspan (1¾ inch, i.e. 44.5mm) and the material in NHMUK, it seems clear that as Hampson (1920) indicated this was an error for the female, which as noted above is significantly larger than the male. Given that Druce named this species after Frederick Birch, who collected the Trinidad material, and Trinidad is listed as the first type locality by Druce (1911), and is given as the type locality by Hampson (1920), we designate the female specimen in NHMUK labelled ‘type’ as the lectotype (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Kaye and Lamont (1927) treated V. birchi as a synonym of V. medarda (Stoll) (TL Surinam), although subsequent authors (Watson and Goodger 1986, Zaspel and Weller 2006, Vincent and Laguerre 2014) treated both as valid species. Based on the material examined, we are satisfied that only one species of this appearance occurs in Trinidad, and as shown above, this is V. medarda. It follows that Kaye and Lamont (1927) were correct to treat V. birchi Druce, 1911 as a female synonym of the male V. medarda Stoll, [1781].</p> <p>Material examined. FRENCH GUIANA: 2♂ Piste de Belizon, PK 27, 15.ii.1999 [ML]. ♂ Piste de Belizon, PK 20+1, 28.vii. 2003, 120 m [ML]. 2♂ Piste Coralie, PK 7.5, 25.vii. 2003, 50 m [ML, dissected Gen. ML 3077 and sequenced Sample ID MILA 0060—BOLD Process ID ARCTA060-07]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRINIDAD: Arima: ♂ 26.iii.1939 [N. Lamont] [NMS]. Arima Blanchisseuse Road, milestone 4, MVL: ♂ 29.x.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [NMHUK]. Arima Blanchisseuse Road, milestone 10.5, MVL: ♂ 6.ix.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1329]. Arima Valley, Simla, MVL: ♂ 30.vii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]; 2♂ 6.viii.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, genitalia exposed]; 2♂ 18.x.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, dissection 1069]; ♂ 5.v.1989 (R.G. Brown and T. Cassie) [UWIZM CABI.1328]. Balandra: ♂ viii.1971 (F.D. Bennett) [UWIZM CABI.1330]. Caparo: 2♀ (F. Birch) [NHMUK as V. birchi]; ♀ xi.1905 (S.M. Klages) [NHMUK]; 4♂ xi.1905 (S.M. Klages) [NHMUK as V. mentiens]; 2♂ xii.1905 (S.M. Klages) [NHMUK as V. mentiens]. Caura Valley, Nr. Caura, MVL: ♂ 24.ix.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Chatham: ♂ 9.i.1985 (M. Alkins) [UWIZM.2014.9.1317]. Curepe, MVL: ♂ ii.1969 (R.E. Cruttwell) [UWIZM CABI.1332]; ♂ i.1970 [UWIZM CABI.1333]; ♂ ix.1970 (F.D. Bennett) [UWIZM CABI.1331]; ♂ i.1972 (R.E. Cruttwell) [UWIZM CABI.1330]. Lalaja Ridge, MVL: 7♂ 3.ix.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC, genitalia exposed]. Lalaja South Road, 1.5 miles: ♀ 29.viii.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Maraval: ♂ viii.1901 [NHMUK as V. mentiens]. Morne Bleu, Textel Installation, at light: ♂ 13.ix.1978 (M.J.W. Cock) [UWIZM CABI.1327]; ♂ 2.iii.1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Palmiste: ♀ 27.x.1917 [N. Lamont] [NMS]; ♂ 4.v.1921 [N. Lamont] [NMS as V. mentiens]; ♂ 17.i.1922 [N. Lamont] [UWIZM.2013.13.1185]; ♂ 23.iii.1922 [N. Lamont] [NMS]; ♂ 7.i.1927 [N. Lamont] [NMS]; 2♂ 21.xi.1927 [N. Lamont] [NMS as V.mentiens]; ♂ 26.ii.1928 [N. Lamont] [UWIZM.2013.13.1184]; ♀ 27.ii.1930 [N. Lamont] [NMS]; ♂ 19.vi.1947 [N. Lamont] [UWIZM.2013.13.1183]; ♂ 9.vii.1947 [N. Lamont] [UWIZM.2013.13.1186]. Pitch Lake: ♀ 28.viii.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. Point Fortin, clearing in forest and cultivated areas: ♀ 22.iv.1917 (R.W. Farmborough) [OUNHM]. &lt;15 mi from Port of Spain, &lt;1,000 ft.: ♀ xii.1913 – iv.1914 (F.W. Jackson) [OUNHM]. San Miguel Valley: ♀ 4.ix.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. St. Augustine: 2♂ 21.x.1952 (R.G. Fennah) [UWIZM.2014.9.222–223 (ICTA15262–15263)]. V[erdant] Vale: ♂ 19.iv.1919 [N. Lamont] [NMS]; ♂ 22.iv.1922 [N. Lamont] [NMS]. Verdant Vale [almost illegible]: ♂ 19.iv.1919 (N. Lamont) [OUNHM]. Trinidad: ♀ (Loxley) [NHMUK as V. birchi]; ♀ (F.W. Jackson) [NHMUK]. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TOBAGO, Cocoa Wattie: ♂ 8.iv.1907 (G.B. Longstaff) [OUNHM, as Virbia mentiens Walker]. Charlotteville, at light: 2♂ 15–19.vi.1998 (Roger Hammond &amp; Piers Meynell) [UWIZM CABI.7458; NHMUK]. Englishman’s Bay, at light: 2♀ vi–xii. 2009 (J. Ingraham) [UWIZM.2015.15.110–111]. Speyside, MVL: ♂ 14– 17.v.1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/357987BDFF95FF8A68B585F8FD81FB5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cock, Matthew J. W.;Laguerre, Michel	Cock, Matthew J. W., Laguerre, Michel (2021): Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago. Zootaxa 5071 (2): 253-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.5
