taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C1502EA85D682EFDD27303F82CFA94.taxon	vernacular_names	(NIGHT MONKEYS)	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85D682EFDD27303F82CFA94.taxon	diagnosis	* Small to medium-sized monkeys with small, rounded head, large, globose eyes, inconspicuous ears, white to off-white hair above eyes and around muzzle, variously distinct triradiate, black stripes on head, and long tail. 60 - 90 cm vv ... z u ... • Neotropical Region.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85D682EFDD27303F82CFA94.taxon	description	• Moist tropical and subtropical, submontane and montane, dry deciduous and semi-deciduous, gallery and Chacoan forests. • 1 genus, 11 species, 13 taxa. • 4 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	materials_examined	Hacienda Cincinnati, Santa Marta, and Rio Sinu Cereté, Bolivar, Colombia.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Colombia and NW Venezuela, where it occurs in the Rio Magdalena Valley and N lowlands in Colombia, including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and basins of the rios Sinu and San Jorge, extending into Venezuela in the vicinity of Lake Maracaibo and the Sierra de Perija.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 48 cm, tail c. 42 cm; weight 800 - 1000 g. The Graylegged Night Monkey is one of the gray-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number of 52 - 54. Hair on the side of the neck is grayish-agouti to brownish-agouti. Upperparts of the body are grayish to buffy, with at a poorly- defined brownish medial dorsal band. The chest, belly, and inner surfaces of the legs (as far as the knees and elbows) are brownish or yellowish to pale orange. Pelage is relatively short and adpressed. Facial pattern is inconspicuous, and dorsal parts of the hands and feet are light coftee-brown, with darker hair tips. There is no interscapular whorl or crest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical lowland forest. The Gray-legged Night Monkey has also been observed in coffee plantations.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mean interbirth intervals of c ¢. 13 months and a gestation of 133 days have been reported for the Gray-legged Night Monkey in captivity.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is no doubt nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Group size is 2 - 4 individuals, typically with an adult pair and their offspring. A density of 150 ind / km ® has been reported in a census conducted in northern Colombia, but this unusually high density may be explained by the fact that data were collected in a forest remnant that may have served as a refuge.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBD7BF0F824FA2D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Magdalena Valley has been settled and farmed for centuries. Deforestation is widespread, and Gray-legged Night Monkeys are restricted to small and isolated forest fragments. Due to this and its use in biomedical research, it is considered the most threatened of Colombian night monkeys. The Gray-legged Night Monkey occurs in the national natural parks of Catatumbo-Bari, Isla de Salamanca, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and Tayrona, and the fauna and flora sanctuaries of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and Iguaque.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	materials_examined	Colombia, Santa Fé de Bogota.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	discussion	According to T. Defler and coworkers, the karyotype of A. hershkovitzi described by Ramirez-Cerquera in 1983, from the upper Rio Cusiana, Boyaca, Colombia, was 2 n = 58 (listed by C. P. Groves in his 2001 book Primate Taxonomy), which was in fact that of true A. lemurinus. Further cytogenetic studies by Defler and M. Bueno concluded that the A. lemurinus defined in P. Hershkovitz’s 1983 revision was in fact three karyotypically well-defined species: night monkeys of the lowlands of Panama and the Choco region of Colombia were A. zonalis; those of the Magdalena Valley were A. griseimembra; and only those from the slopes of the Andean cordilleras above elevations of 1000 - 1500 m were A. lemurinus. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. A montane species of the Andes range at elevations above 1000 - 1500 m in Colombia, in the upper Rio Cauca Valley and slopes of Cordillera Oriental (not in the Magdalena Valley, occupied by the Gray-legged Night Monkey, A. griseimembra), and extending S through the humid subtropical forests of the Cordillera Oriental into Ecuador; perhaps N along the Sierra de Perija into Venezuela, but this has not been confirmed.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body average 30 - 6 cm (males, n = 5) and 32 - 5 cm (females, n = 7), tail average 34 - 3 cm (males, n = 5) and 34 - 1 cm (females, n = 7); weight 800 g (one male) and 1050 g (one lactating female). The Lemurine Night Monkey is a gray-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number of 58 for both sexes. Rather shaggy and long-haired, coloration of the upperparts is variable but often grayish to buffy-agouti, with at most a poorly defined brownish medial dorsal band. The ventral side ofthe tail is red nearly to the tip, which is reddish-black. The underside is yellowish to pale orange. Inner sides of limbs are entirely grayish agouti, like the outersides, or they may have yellowish to pale orange tone extending from the chest and belly to usually no further than the mid-arm or mid-leg. Facial pattern is variable, and hands and feet are dark. Temporal stripes may be separate or united behind the head. There is no interscapular whorl or crest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and high-elevation forest at 1000 - 3200 m above sea level.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the diet is likely composed ofundoubtedly comprises fruits, insects, and nectar.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is no doubt nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682CFFBB70C8FD7DF59E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The range ofthis species has long suffered widespread deforestation and expanding illicit coffee production. Although believed to be threatened, little is known of its actual conservation status, and censuses of populations are needed. The national natural parks of Tama and Puracé in Colombia are within its range, and it is occurs in Llanganates and Sumaco Napo-Galeras national parks and the Cofan-Bermejo Ecological Reserve in Ecuador.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	materials_examined	Panama, Gatun, Canal Zone.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	discussion	J. Hernandez-Camacho and R. Cooper in 1976 and C. P. Groves in 2001 recognized this form as a subspecies of A. lemurinus, but T. Defler and M. Bueno argued that night monkeys from Panama and the Choco in Colombia are a separate species, A. zonalis. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW Colombia in the Pacific lowlands (E to the Sinu Valley, S towards the Ecuadorian border, and N into Cordoba Department, perhaps as far as Valdivia where it would overlap with the Gray-legged Night Monkey, A. griseimembra), and most of Panama (along the Pacific coast W to the Rio San Pedro in Veraguas and on the Atlantic side W as far as the Rio Changuinola in Bocas del Toro); it is absent from SW Panama (Chiriqui), and its occurrence in SE Costa Rica is uncertain.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body ¢. 30 cm, tail ¢. 36 cm; weight 889 g (males, n = 6) and 916 g (females, n = 11). The Panamanian Night Monkey is a gray-necked species with a diploid chromosome number of 55 - 56. Body color is brownish in the Canal Zone and Colombia, but it grades into paler and grayer tones along the upper Rio Tuira, eastern Panama. Hair is short and adpressed. The Panamanian Night Monkey is similar to the Gray-legged Night Monkey, exceptfor its dark brown or blackish hands and feet.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland forest, up to elevations of 650 m. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, they usually move and feed at heights of 7 m in the lower canopy and up to 30 m in highest parts of the forest canopy. Panamanian Night Monkeys have not been seen traveling on the ground.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Based on an analysis of stomach contents, the Panamanian Night Monkey eats fruits (65 %), leaves (30 %), and insects (5 %) %), based on the stomach contents.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Night monkeys are socially monogamous, living in small groups of an adult pair and their offspring and sometimes a subadult. Similar to studies of other species of captive Aotus, captive and wild Panamanian Night Monkeys on the island of Barro Colorado, mate infrequently; it is rapid, and inconspicuous, lacking any evident soliciting behaviors or postures. The newborn is carried by the mother for the first week or so, but then it is transferred to the father, who subsequently carries it most of the time, returning it to the mother only for suckling.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Panamanian Night Monkey is nocturnal and arboreal. A radiotracking study of a young male followed for nine nights on Barro Colorado indicated two peaks of activity during the night. It became active at dusk (17: 00 - 18: 15 h), remaining active with gradually increasing periods of inactivity until about midnight when it would rest for 1 - 2 hours and then start feeding and foraging until dawn; it returned to its daytime nest at ¢. 06: 00 h.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Panamanian Night Monkey lives in family groups of 4 - 5 individuals. Groups are territorial and meet rarely. When they do meet at a fruiting tree, for example, they are quite aggressive. Following a slow approach, they leap at the opponent, hitting and attempting to bite it. Aggression is generally directed at individuals of the same sex.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85F682DFA857722FCDEFBA1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. Little is known about the Panamanian Night Monkey, so its conservation status is uncertain. Threats are poorly known, but deforestation and conversion to agriculture are likely among them. The Panamanian Night Monkey is protected in the national natural parks of Ensenada de Utria, Farallones de Cali, Las Orquideas, Los Katios, Munchique, Paramillo, and Tatama in Colombia. In Panama, it is protected in the national parks of Altos de Campana, Camino de Cruces, Cerro Hoya, Chagres, Darién, Isla Bastimentos, Portobelo, Sarigua, and Soberania and, among other protected areas, the Reserva Forestal Canglon, the Bosque Protector San Lorenzo, and the Barro Colorado Nature Monument.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	materials_examined	Rio Paraguay area. Restricted by P. Hershkovitz in 1983 to the Villavicencio region, Department of Meta, Colombia.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	discussion	Previously considered a subspecies of A. lemurinus, but T. Defler and M. Bueno argued that its karyotype is distinct. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Poorly known, NC Colombia in the E of Boyaca Department, E to the highlands of Meta to at least 1500 m above sea level. It is unclear if this species occupies an enclave within the range of the Lemurine Night Monkey (A. lemurinus) or if it replaces it in the NE part ofits distribution.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. No body measurements are available. Brumback’s Night Monkey is a gray-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number for both sexes of 50. Its dorsum is grayish-buffy agouti with a dark brown mid-dorsal zone, and the underside is pale orange, the tone extending to the elbows, knees, and lower throat. The entire side of the neck, including the area behind and below the ear, is grayish agouti or brownish agouti, like the flank and outer sides of the arms. There are well-marked, thin, brownish-black temporal stripes. The white above the eyes is yellowish, and the white on the face extends to the chin. The gular gland is long (5 cm) and thin. A short, longitudinal interscapular crest, with raised hairs, is directed backward and laterally — believed to be unique in the genus.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Closed canopy forest and gallery forest up to an elevation of 1500 m, but typically thought of as a lowland species. Brumback’s Night Monkeys sleep in hollow trees or dense vegetation.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. On the right bank of the Rio Duda in Tinigua National Natural Park, Colombia, Brumback’s Night Monkeys eat fruit (59 %), insects and other invertebrates (28 %), and flowers (13 %).	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information on this species, but a birth peak appears to occur in October.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Brumback’s Night Monkeys are nocturnal and arboreal. The activity pattern is 33 % resting, 32 % traveling, 16 % vocalizing, 15 % foraging, and 3 % engaging in social activity.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social groups of Brumback’s Night Monkey consist of an adult pair and their infants, juveniles, and subadults, with a mean group size of three individuals. Home-range size of 17 - 5 ha over six months has been observed, with a mean nightly travel distance of 837 m over 53 nights.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7875D8FF6CF344.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The only place whereit is known to occur for certain is in the forests around Villavicencio, Meta Department, Colombia. There is widespread deforestation throughout its supposed distribution, and populations are thought to have declined by 30 % over the past 24 years. The night monkey in Tinigua National Natural Park is believed to be Brumback’s Night Monkey, and it may also occur in the national natural parks of El Cocuy, El Tuparro, and La Macarena.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	materials_examined	Forests of the Rio Cassiquiare, near the foot of Mount Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	discussion	Undal the revision by P. Hershkovitz in 1983, the genus was considered to be monotypic, with A. trivirgatus as the only species. In his catalogue published in 1957, A. Cabrera listed nine subspecies, and W. C. O. Hill in his review of 1960 listed ten. Many of these are now considered distinct species. Some publications up to the 1980 s and early 1990 sstill referred to all night monkeys as belonging to this one species. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Brazil (N of the rios Negro and Amazonas and W of the Rio Trombetas), SC Venezuela (N to middle Orinoco E at least as far as the Rio Caura) and E Colombia (T. Defler reports sightings from the middle Rio Caqueta above the mouth of the Miriti-Parana and the lower Rio Inirida to the N); as such, Humboldt’s Night Monkey may be sympatric with Spix’s Night Monkey (A. vociferans) in some parts of Colombia.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 - 38 cm, tail 33 - 40 cm; weight ¢. 813 g (males) and c. 736 g (females). Humboldt’s Night Monkey is a gray-necked species. The hair on the side of the neck is grayish-agouti to mainly brownish agouti. Upperparts of the body are grayish to buffy-agouti. Innersides of the limbs, extending to the wrists and ankle, are similar in colorto the orange-buffy of the chest and belly. The facial pattern is quite inconspicuous, triradiate stripes are brown, and the face is rather grayish compared with the usual white of other night monkeys. Hands and feet are dark brown. Humboldt’s Night Monkey can be distinguished from other night monkeys by its parallel temporal stripes and the lack of an interscapular whorl or crest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical forests, including dry forest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Humboldt’s Night Monkey is nocturnal and arboreal. Climbing, leaping, and quadrupedal and suspensory locomotion have been reported.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Similar to all the night monkeys, Humboldt’s Night Monkey is monogamous, with the male carrying and provisioning young. A home range of size of 3 - 1 ha and a mean night range of 252 m have been reported, but these numbers are based on data from a single group.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682DFF7D7D84F59CF74D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Humboldt’s Night Monkey is a wide-ranging species and generally not hunted. There are a number of protected areas within its range: Pico da Neblina National Park, biological reserves of Rio Trombetas and Uatuma, and ecological stations of Anavilhanas, Caracarai, and Niquia in Brazil and national parks ofJaua-Sarisarinama, Parima-Tapirapeco, Duida-Marahuaca, and Yapacana in southern Venezuela.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	materials_examined	Tabatinga, upper Rio Maranon, Peru.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	discussion	Censuses along the Rio Nanay and upper Rio Napo and in north-eastern Peru, within the supposed range of A. vociferans, have recorded individuals that differ in appearance and genotype. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the upper Amazon, extending from NW Brazil (W of rios Negro, upper Uaupés, and Amazonas-Solimoes) into SE Colombia (S of the Rio Tomo in the Orinoco Basin, and perhaps the upper Rio Guyabero), and S into the Ecuadorian Amazon and NE Peru (to the N bank of the rios Maranon and Amazonas, W as far as the Rio Chinchipe); it occurs also S of the Rio Solimoes in a small area on the lower Rio Purus. Ma’s Night Monkey (A. nancymaae) replaces it in a small enclave N of the Rio Maranon between the lower rios Tigre and Pastaza.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 35 - 45 cm, tail 31 - 47 cm; weight ¢. 708 g (males) and c. 698 g (females). Four males from Colombia averaged 697 - 5 g (range 568 - 800 g). Spix’s Night Monkeyis a gray-necked species, with a diploid number of chromosomes of 46 - 48. It 1 s brown-toned above, with an off-white underside (having the merest trace of orange); this color extends to wrists, ankles, and the chin. Hands and feet are black. The proximal one-third to one-half of the ventral side ofthe tail is reddish or gray-red; the rest ofthe tail is black. Crown stripes are thick and brownish, with white above the eyes restricted to two small patches grading into the agouti crown. Temporal stripes are nearly always united behind, and the malar stripe ranges from well defined to absent. There is an interscapular whorl of centrifugal hairs. The gular gland is more or less circular. The face is white except for the chin.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tall tropical lowland forest in seasonally flooded forest, swamp forest, and terra firma forest at elevations of 200 - 900 m. In the Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador and Peru, Spix’s Night Monkey occurs at elevations up to 1550 m. As found for Ma' ’ s Night Monkey, population densities of Spix’s Night Monkey in upland terra firma forest tend to be lower (0 - 6 - 3 - 5 groups / km?) than in swampy and inundated forest (5 - 9 - 12: 5 groups / km?) — believed to be a result of reduced availability of tree holes in terra firma forest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Spix’s Night Monkeys primarily eat fruit, which makes up ¢. 83 % of the diet. They also eat flowers, accounting for up to 17 % of the diet at certain times of the year.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Records from a captive colony of wild-caught Spix’s Night Monkeys in Iquitos, Peru, provided the following statistics: age atfirst birth averaged about two years, although some individuals began breeding at three years old; the youngest age at conception was 31 months, based on a gestation of 4 - 5 - 5 months; interbirth intervals averaged 12 - 4 months (SD + 6 - 2 months); ¢. 75 % of 148 births in the colony occurred between December and May, nearly 60 % of them between December and March.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. An 18 - month study in the Yasuni National Park, Ecuador, found Spix’s Night Monkeys to be entirely nocturnal. They became active at dusk between 18: 00 h and 19: 20 h and returned to their sleeping tree between 05: 00 h and 06: 00 h.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Spix’s Night Monkeys have a monogamous breeding system. Groups consist of two to five individuals, with an average of three individuals per group. The home range of a group studied in Yasuni National Park was 6 - 3 ha. The group traveled on average 645 m each night (range 150 - 1358 m), but travel distances were greater on moonlit nights (average 795 m) than on dark nights with a new moon (average 495 m). The group used only five known sleeping holes during 81 days of study; it used a particular tree for a few days before moving to another. Two of the sleeping sites accounted for 78 % of the records. Trees were generally large, but groups also slept in palm crowns on some occasions. A study of night monkeysleeping sites in various localities in northern Peru found most of them in tree holes, sometimes hidden by vines and lianas, and sometimes exposed along banks of creeks, channels or oxbow lakes. They also slept among foliar sheaths in crowns of palms such as buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), Astrocaryum, and Iriartea. Occasionally they shared their holes with other mammals: the Kinkajou (Polos flavus), the Yellow-crowned Brush-tailed Rat (Isothrix bistriata), tree porcupines (Coendou), the Browneared Woolly Opossum (Caluromys lanatus), and bats. Densities of 0 - 6 - 12 - 5 groups / km? (27 - 9 - 38 - 9 ind / km?) have been reported for seven localities in northern Peru.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA85E682AFA427982FDEFF6C5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Spix’s Night Monkeys are wide-ranging and relatively abundant in the western Amazon. There are numerous protected areas where it occurs: Jau National Park, Juami-Japura Ecological Reserve, and two large sustainable development reserves — Amana and Mamiraua in Brazil, and national natural parks of Amacayacu, Cahuinari, Serrania de los Picachos, Cueva de los Guacharos, La Paya, Serrania de Chiribiquete, besides Nukak and Puinawai national natural reserves in the Colombian Amazon. In Ecuador, it occurs in Yasuni and Sumaco-Napo Galeras national parks, Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve, Cuyabeno Reserve, and Limoncocha Biological Reserve.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	materials_examined	type locality uncertain, a captive animal in Quindio Department, Colombia, said to be from the Parque de los Nevados on the border of Quindio and Riseralda.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The range is unknown, but it is believed to occur on the W slopes and foothills of the Andes of W Colombia, in the region of Quindio and Riseralda.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. No body measurements are available, but it is similar in size to other night monkeys. Hernandez-Camacho’s Night Monkey is a gray-necked species. The face has two discrete supraocular white patches separated by a broad black frontal stripe. Subocular white bands of fur are separated by a thin black malar stripe on each side of the head. Ventral parts of the arms from the wrists running up into the chest and belly are of thick white fur.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Submontane and possibly montane tropical forest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but Hernandez-Camacho’s Night Monkey is likely nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFF807839F6B1FDD3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. This species is not known to occur in any protected areas, but it may occur in Tatama National Natural Park in Colombia.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	materials_examined	Peru, Amazonas, San Nicolas, 1372 m above sea level.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	distribution	Distribution. A Peruvian endemic, confined to a small area S of the Rio Maranon and W of the Rio Huallaga to about 10 ° S.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 39 - 4 cm, tail 22 cm (measurements from the type specimen). The Andean Night Monkeyis a red-necked species. Its upper sides are light gray with a brownish tint, often quite infused with red-brown. Its underside is pale orange, extending forward as far as the chin and on the inner sides of the limbs, but not extending above the ventral one-half of the side of neck or to the ankle. Outer surface of body is dominantly brownish to buffy agouti. The tail is bushy; its upper side is blackish, and the lower side reddish orange. Facial pattern is inconspicuous. An interscapular whorlis absent.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary humid lower montane cloud forest at elevations of 800 - 2788 m. Temperature range in these habitats is 15 ° C- 19 ° C, and annual rainfall is ¢. 1500 - 3000 mm.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Andean Night Monkey includes fruits, young leaves and leaf buds, flowers (Melastomataceae), and insects. Studies in La Esperanza in the Bongara Province, Amazonas, Peru, have recorded them eating fruits of at least twelve species, including Ficus (Moraceae), two species of Inga (Fabaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Neosprucea montana (Flacourticeae), Styloceras laurifolium (Buxaceae), two species of Cecropia (Urticaceae), and Bunchosia armeniaca (Malpighiaceae). The Andean Night Monkeys there evidently eat more buds and young leaves (30 % of their diet) than has been found for Azara’s Night Monkey (A. azarae) — not typical of other species of night monkeys that tend to be more insectivorous.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is a record of a birth in April, but otherwise there is no information available for this species.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Andean Night Monkey is nocturnal and arboreal. An activity budget recorded at La Esperanza, involving more than ten hours of observation, was 48 - 8 % traveling, 37 - 8 % feeding, and 13 - 4 % resting.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of 2 - 6 individuals have been observed in the Cordillera de Colan and in the private reserves of Abra Patricia-Alto Nieva and Huiquilla in the northern part ofits distribution. Sleeping sites have been recorded at heights of 6 - 9 m in dense vegetation of branches, epiphytes, and lianas. Calls (recorded) of the black-banded owl (Strix huhula) elicit warning vocalizations and mobbing behavior by the Andean Night Monkey. Groups are able to live in small forest patches near and among houses and occasionally go to the ground to reach other forest patches or isolated trees in fruit, risking attack by dogs.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682AFA8B732DF6E8F454.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. It is listed as Endangered on the Peruvian threatened species list published by decree in 2004. The Andean Night Monkey is threatened because of the widespread destruction of its forests for farmland and pasture since the early 1970 s throughout its limited distribution. For many years, the Peruvian departments of San Martin and Amazonas have had the highest rates of deforestation and immigration in the country. The Andean Night Monkey is not hunted for food and can be locally quite common. Individuals are sometimes caught when their sleeping trees are cut down, and they are occasionally kept as pets. Andean Night Monkeys are known to occur in Rio Abiseo National Park, Alto Mayo Protected Forest, and possibly Tingo Maria National Park and Cordillera de Colan Reserved Zone.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	materials_examined	right bank of Rio Samiria above Estacion Pithecia, Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria, Loreto, Peru, elevation ¢. 130 m.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W Brazil (S of the Rio Solimoes from the Rio Javari on the Peruvian border E possibly as far as the Rio Jandiatuba) and NE Peru (from the Javari W to the Rio Huallaga), also found N of the Maranon in an enclave between the lower rios Tigre and Pastaza to c. 03 ° S.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 29 - 34 cm, tail 35 - 42 cm; weight 794 - 5 g (male average, n = 32) and 780 - 2 g (female average, n = 24). Ma’s Night Monkey is a red-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number of 54. Upperparts of the body are grayish-agouti, with a darkened mid-dorsal zone and a pale orange underside; the latter color extends up the sides of the neck and inner limbs. Proximal part of the tail is also orange with, usually, a blackish stripe above; the underside of the tail is blackish. Face is grayish-white, crown stripes are narrow and dark brown, and sides of the throat and jaw are colored like the body. An interscapular whorl is absent.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland tropical forest including seasonally flooded forest at elevations of 60 - 130 m. Densities of Ma’s Night Monkeys are lower in terra firma forest because of a relative paucity of tree holes, their preferred sleeping sites, compared with lowland swamp and seasonally inundated forests. Trees in terra firma forest are predominantly hardwoods that provide fewer hollows for sleeping. Lowland swamp and inundated forests have a predominance of softwood that more easily form hollows and abundant dense vine tangles that these monkeys also use as sleeping sites.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. In captivity, Ma’s Night Monkeys eat insects, geckos, lizards, and on one occasion, a small bird. Food sharing is prevalent in captivity.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A peak in births has been estimated to be between December and March in the wet season, but captive populations breed throughout the year when photoperiod is kept constant. Age at first reproduction is about 40 months. Single offspring are the rule, and twinning in captivity only occurred in one of 169 births in one study and one in 287 births in a second study. Interbirth intervals in captive females are 9 - 11 months. In captivity, pregnant females may mate.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Ma’s Night Monkey is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Field research on the Rio Tahuayo, north-eastern Peru, in 1978 - 1979 found social groups of 2 - 5 individuals (average 3 - 4), including a breeding pair and its offspring. In one instance, a third adult was seen traveling some 20 - 30 m from a group; it was eventually attacked and chased off by the breeding pair. Density at Rio Tahuayo was estimated at 8 - 7 groups / km? or 25 ind / km?. An analysis of the population structure found a lack ofjuveniles (450 - 575 g), indicating poor survival ofthis age category. Density estimates obtained for Ma’s Night Monkey in nine other localities from 1982 to 1985 were 3 - 9 - 13 - 2 groups / km? or 16 - 54 - 2 ind / km?.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA859682BFA887AABFBB0F6CB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major identified threats, but their capture for use in medical research continues. Peru banned trade in primates in 1973 and became a signatory to CITES in 1975. Between 1994 and 2007, registered exports of Ma’s Night Monkey from Peru totaled 1059 animals, but it is still being exported illegally, with Peruvian and Brazilian Ma’s Night Monkeys and Black-headed Night Monkeys (A. nigriceps) appearing in Colombia where they do not otherwise occur. Ma’s Night Monkey occurs in the Jutai-Solimoes Ecological Station in Brazil and Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve and ACR Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo in Peru.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	materials_examined	Peru, Chanchamayo, 1000 m.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	discussion	Populations on either side of the Rio Jurua differ somewhat from each other. Those on the right bank are gray-backed, while those on the left have a reddishbrown back and resemble A. nancymaae. Monotypic.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes and W of the Rio TapajosJuruena to the right bank of the Rio Guaporé and the left (N) bank of the Rio Madre de Dios in N Bolivia, also in SE Peru W to the Rio Huallaga and N as far the Rio Cushabatay at about 07 ° S.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 35 - 42 cm, tail 35 - 44 cm; weight ¢. 875 g (males) and c. 1040 g (females). The Black-headed Night Monkey is a red-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number of 51 in males and 52 in females. It is iron-gray above with a brownish agouti on the dorsum. The underside is orange with white tones, extending to the neck, throat, chin, and sides of the jaw and to the inner surfaces of the wrists and ankles. The cap is black, face stripes are broad, and areas of white on the face are conspicuous. The interscapular whorl is absent.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary tropical forest, swamp forest, and seasonally flooded forest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Black-headed Night Monkeys eatfruits, which account for ¢. 60 % of their diet, but they also eat nectar, young leaves and buds, insects, and spiders. In Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Peru, they tend to feed more in large trees with larger crowns (more than 11 m in diameter) than sympatric diurnal titi monkeys (similar in size and also living in small monogamous groups) that customarily follow a regular foraging circuit to find small quantities of fruits in smaller crowned trees. Associated with their use of larger-crowned trees, Blackheaded Night Monkeys travel and forage higher up in the forest canopy than the titi monkeys, which spend more than 50 % their time in the lower canopy and understory, perhaps due to the titi monkeys susceptibility to predation by diurnal raptors. Diets of Black-headed Night Monkeys and titi monkeys include many bitter or spicy (e. g. Lauraceae) and unripe fruits not generally eaten by other monkeys. Black-headed Night Monkeys forage for insects, especially at dawn and dusk, searching along branches and among foliage. They are adept at catching insects in mid-air and eat moths, beetles, and particularly orthopterans (katydids and grasshoppers of 6 - 10 cm in length, which call and are active at night and more easily located). Black-headed Night Monkeys are more insectivorous than titi monkeys that supplement the fruit part of their diet more with leaves. When fruits are scarce at the end of the wet season and in the early dry season, Black-headed Night Monkeys eat mostly figs, nectar, and insects. Their consumption of figs is facilitated by the lack of competition from the diurnal primates.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Peru, a seasonal peak in births of Black-headed Night Monkeys occurs between August and February during the rainy season, when fruit is abundant.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Black-headed Night Monkeys spend ¢. 50 % of the night active, with maximallevels of activity when the full moon is near the meridian. An activity budget generally consists of 53 % foraging, 21 % traveling, 22 % resting, and 4 % agonistic. They are very regular in their activity periods, consistently beginning their day about 13 minutes after sunset and reentering their sleeping sites about 15 minutes before sunrise.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social structure of the Black-headed Night Monkey consists of one adult female and one adult male. Group size ranges from two to five, with a mean of four individuals. In a study at Cocha Cashu, homerange size was 7 - 14 ha with a mean of 9: 2 ha (n = = 9 groups). The distance travelled at night averaged 708 m. They traveled twice as far on moonlit nights than on darker nights. Average distance moved on nights with a new moon was 436 m compared to 780 m on a night with a full moon. On dark and rainy nights, travel was slow and curtailed. They traveled farther at dawn and dusk than at other times. They repeatedly used the same routes through the trees indicating that this helped them to navigate in the dark. Principal predators of the Black-headed Night Monkey in the Amazon are diurnal raptors, which explain their propensity to use tree holes for sleeping during the day. Alternate sleeping sites are in very dense foliage, vines, and lianas where they are well hidden. Good sleeping sites appear to be uncommon and are reused frequently; travel during the night is generally circular, returning before sunrise to the sleeping site that they used the previous day. For 60 nights over a year, a group of Black-headed Night Monkeys usedjust five sites, and one of them was used more than 30 times. Both males and females emigrate. A density estimate for Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve, was 36 - 40 ind / km?.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA858682BFF797804F9A4F65D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Although the Black-headed Night Monkey is not generally hunted for food, considerable numbers of them were captured and exported to biomedical research laboratories in the 1970 s because of their use in research on malaria and in oncology. There is evidence that there is a continuing illegal trade of these monkeys even today. They occur in Manuripe-Heath National Reserve in Bolivia and Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Peru. The Brazilian national parks of Amazonia, Juruena, Pacaas Novos, and Serra do Divisor are within its known range, as are Abufari, Guaporé, and Jaru biological reserves and Rio Acre Ecological Station.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	materials_examined	Paraguay. Restricted by Elliot in 1913 to the right bank of Rio Paraguay in northeastern Argentina.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. a. azarae Humboldt, 1812 — SC Brazil (Pantanal), S Bolivia (Banados del Izozog), Paraguay (S & W Chaco, W of the Rio Paraguay), and N Argentina (provinces of Chaco & Formosa). A. a. boliviensis Elliot, 1907 — SE Peru (S of the rios Madre de Dios and Inambari) and Bolivia E of the Andes (from the Rio Madre de Dios S to the Banados del Izozog in the border region with Paraguay). A. a. infulatus Kuhl, 1820 — Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas (but with a small enclave in the SE tip of Amapa State), including Marajo and Caviana Is, extending E in the state of Maranhao as far as the Rio Parnaiba, S along the W bank of Rio Tocantins to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, W limits are marked by the rios Tapajos and Juruena.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 34 cm (males) and 33 cm (females), tail ¢. 31 cm; weight 990 - 1580 g (males, nominate subspecies) and 1010 - 1450 g (female nominate subspecies). Azara’s Night Monkey is a highly variable red-necked species, with a diploid chromosome number of 49 in males and 50 in females. An interscapular whorl is generally present. In the subspecies azarae, fur is long, thick, and shaggy, grayish to pale buffyagouti above and pale whitish-orange below. Face stripes are narrow. Basal hairs of the distal one-quarter of tail are orange. In the “ Bolivian Night Monkey ” (A. a. bolivienss), fur is relatively short, with an olive tone above and contrastingly grayer on limbs. Face stripes are very narrow except where the middle one expands on the crown; the black temporal stripe is poorly defined, the black malar stripe is faint or absent, and there is usually a whitish band between the eyes and temporal stripe. There is a conspicuous whorl between the shoulder blades. The “ Feline Night Monkey ” (A. a. infulatus) is like the Bolivian Night Monkey, but the white on its face is more prominent. There is generally no whitish band between the eyes and the temporal stripe as with the Bolivian Night Monkey. Temporal stripes are black, well defined, and continuous with the malar stripe. The tail tends to be reddish throughout its length except for the black tip. Orange of underparts extends to or above the ventral one-half of side of neck and to mid-tibia or ankle. Color of the throat varies from orange, with the anterior one-half grayish agouti to entirely orange. Sometimes there is an interscapular whorl, sometimes not.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous, gallery, riparian, and secondary forest of the Chaco in Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Group sizes of Azara’s Night Monkey are smaller in the more xeric regions of the Chaco compared with humid (mesic) regions. Seasonality in these environments is strong, and temperatures range between — = 5 ° C and 47 ° C. The Feline Night Monkey has been recorded in Orbignya (Arecaceae) palm forest (the Zona dos Cocais in Maranhao), forest patches and gallery forests in the “ cerrado ” (bush savanna) of central Brazil, and the “ caatinga ” (deciduous scrub and forest) in north-eastern Brazil. It also occurs in mangrove forest.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Azara’s Night Monkey is composed of fruits, nectar, flowers, leaves, fungi, and insects. Feeding ecology of the nominate subspecies has been studied in the subtropical dry forest of Paraguay. Azara’s Night Monkeys there were more folivorous than the Black-headed Night Monkey (A. nigriceps) in Peru, concentrating on leaves of small trees and vines for 46 % of their feeding time and with fruit being only 16 % of the diet (as opposed to 60 %), and nectar and flowers 33 %. At times of fruit shortage, Black-headed Night Monkeys eat more flowers, nectar, fig fruits, and insects, rather than leaves. Flowers can also be seasonally important, for example those of Tabebuia ipe (Bignoniaceae). Azara’s Night Monkeys have been seen to catch cicadas during the day.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding of Azara’s Night Monkey is seasonal; births peak in January-February in Paraguay and October-November in Argentina. In Argentina, adult body mass is reached at about four years of age, and the onset of reproduction occurs at about six years. In the nominate subspecies azarae, females have a reproductive cycle of ¢. 22 days in the wild and 25 days in captivity. Captive and wild females of the subspecies azarae have a gestation period of ¢. 120 - 130 days. Infants are mostly carried by the male from when they are about ten days old. The median interbirth interval is 370 days (range 345 - 426 days, n = 13). As has been found for other night monkeys, mating is infrequent. During three years of study and more than 2000 hours of observations, mating was recorded only eight times in five groups. Itis rapid and discreet, and therefore difficult to observe. Although all night monkeys are believed to be monogamous (there is never more than one breeding female and always only one male in the groups), a long-term study of known individuals in a population of the subspecies azarae in northern Argentina showed considerable turnover of resident adults.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. In Paraguay, the nominate subspecies is partially diurnal, foraging during the day for periods of one to three hours. Large raptors such as the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) and the Guiana crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis) are rare there, and the principal, potential, avian predator is the great horned owl (Bubo virgintanus). When traveling at night, they are quieter than is typical for night monkeys of the Amazonian forest possibly because of this. Temperature may be another factor promoting diurnal activity. Low temperatures do not completely inhibit their traveling and foraging, but when night-time temperatures are 5 ° - 10 ° C, they forage in the late afternoon at temperatures of 25 ° - 30 ° C. Diurnal foraging and traveling increases when the weather is cooler. A field study of the subspecies Bolivian Night Monkey in Beni, Bolivia, recorded an activity budget of 31 % foraging, 49 % resting, and 20 % traveling. Groups travel longer during full-moon nights than new-moon nights, and ambient temperature also influences distances moved during full-moon nights.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social structure of Azara’s Night Monkey consists of one adult male and one adult female per group, with a mean group size of 2 - 3 - 4 individuals. Subadults are often observed in groups of the nominate subspecies azarae in Argentina. Group density of the subspecies azarae has been reported at 5 - 5 - 16 groups / km? in Argentina. In Paraguay, group density has been estimated at 4 groups / km ”. For the Bolivian Night Monkey, there is one report of 68 - 9 groups / km?, but the census was taken in an island offorest of only 0 - 33 ha. Home-range size has been reported to vary from 5 ha to 10 ha. Mean daily movement is estimated at 378 - 5 m, with mean diurnal movement of 199 m and mean nocturnal movement of 420 m. The population of the subspecies azarae in Guaycolec Ranch, Formosa Province, Argentina, has ¢. 25 - 30 % of adults living solitarily. Both males and females disperse. Subadults are often on the periphery of a social group’s home range prior to emigration in the subspecies azarae. Turnover of resident adults is frequent, with 14 of 15 pairs replacing at least one adult in a three-year period. Aggressive interactions in this population are observed between groups during the day and night. Paternal care and provisioning have been observed, with males carrying an infant 84 % of the time after the first week oflife. The adult male also plays, grooms, and shares food with the infant. In the subspecies azarae, males and females share food in the wild with infants and mates. Individuals in the population at Guaycolec often travel on the ground when they cross from one patch of forest to the other, sometimes for distances up to 100 m.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
03C1502EA8586828FA4078B3F66AF6EE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies azarae and boliviensis are classified as Least Concern and subspecies infulatus is classified as Near Threatened because of logging and the widespread conversion of forest for commercial agriculture, especially for soy beans, and for cattle pasture throughout its range in northern Mato Grosso and southern Para over the last two decades. The range of Azara’s Night Monkey coincides with the most devastated areas of the Brazilian Amazon. The subspecies azarae occurs in the national parks of Rio Pilcomayo in Argentina and Kaa-lya del Gran Chaco in Bolivia, and in the Defensores del Chaco, and Tinfunqué national parks in Paraguay. The Bolivian Night Monkey occurs in Amboro, Carrasco, Isiboro Sécure, Madidi, and Noel Kempff Mercado national parks and Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve in Bolivia. The Feline Night Monkey occurs in Pantanal Matogrossense and Araguaia national parks and Gurupi and Tapirapé biological reserves in Brazil.	en	Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson (2013): Aotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 414-431, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726960
