taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B187ABA824FFDCFF6F0C4DFD51D296.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 3) [Japanese name: Mikan-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA824FFDCFF6F0C4DFD51D296.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN, all samples collected by H. Tanaka: Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba Univ., on Pittosporum tobira, 1. v. 2000, 8 adult females mounted singly (4 ELKU, 4 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba Univ., on Nerium oleander, 14. v. 2004, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Sendabori, Forest and Park of 21 C., on Citrus aurantium, 11. v. 2004, 2 adult females mounted singly (1 ELKU, 1 EUMJ); Fukuoka Prefecture, Kurume-shi, Zendouji-cho, on Fatsia japonica, 15. iv. 2021, 3 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 1 EUMJ); Shimane Prefecture, Izumo-shi, Sono-cho, Shinjiko Green Park, on Pittosporum tobira, 25. iv. 2021, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA824FFDCFF6F0C4DFD51D296.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female elongate oval, usually flat; dorsum brown with yellowish white oval area with dark brown or black longitudinal midline, without visible wax before oviposition (Fig. 1), but with a small amount of granular or filamentous wax produced on dorsum during oviposition period; ovisac short, about 1 – 2 times as long as body; posterior part of body uplifted strongly by ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female (n = 21). Body elongate oval, 2.2 – 4.5 mm long, 1.2 – 2.5 mm wide, margin with distinct and relatively deep indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft approximately 1 / 5 – 1 / 7 times body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous; dermal areolations well developed, forming a distinct polygonal pattern. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 5 – 9 µm long with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, 2 – 5 µm in diameter, barely sclerotised, often difficult to see and count, numbering 4 – 54 anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, each situated within an areolation (Fig. 2 DA); tubular ducts visibly more numerous than microducts, ratio of numbers of tubular ducts to that of microducts about 1.7: 1. Dorsal submarginal tubercles of normal convex type, numbering 1 – 7 between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 0 – 3 between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, and 1 – 6 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 140 – 166 µm long, 60 – 90 µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, slightly convex posterolateral margin, and 4 or 5 (usually 4) apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 1 – 3 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 2 or 3 pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 5 – 7 (mostly 6) setae. Eyespots present in submarginal area. Margin. Marginal setae with well-developed basal sockets and with tips fimbriate, frayed, spatulate, split, or simply pointed; each seta 12 – 91 µm long, each side with 14 – 29 setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts distinct and rather deep, each with 0 – 4 (usually 3) stigmatic spines, median spine longest, 38 – 76 µm long, approximately 3 – 5 times longer than a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 4 – 9 µm wide, with 4 – 8 (mostly 7) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of preceding 3 or 4 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each metacoxa and occasionally lateral to each mesocoxa. Spiracular disc pores each 3 – 5 µm wide, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in rather broad bands, 1 – 5 pores wide, between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 20 – 53 pores, posterior bands each with 25 – 75 pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a large outer ductule (about 2 – 4 µm wide and 8 – 12 µm long), a stout inner ductule (about 2 – 3 µm wide and 10 – 16 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal area extending from near anterior abdominal segments to area between antennae; type II tubular ducts, each with a small outer ductule (2 – 3 µm wide and 6 – 12 µm long) ending in a shallow cup-shaped invagination and leading to a narrower inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 7 – 19 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal area of head, thoracic and abdominal segments; and type III ducts similar to type II, but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 1 – 5 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, intermixed with type I and type II ducts in inner submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen and in a broad submarginal band on head, thorax and abdomen, forming an almost complete submarginal ring, but ducts on head apex scarce or absent. Posteriormost 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae on medial area. With 3 or 4 pairs of long setae present between antennae, 1 – 3 pairs of long setae on area mesad of each procoxa, and occasionally 0 or 1 pair of long setae on medial area of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus, but each surrounded by a weak and usually faintly sclerotised spiracular plate; peritreme widths: each anterior spiracle 42 – 58 µm, each posterior spiracle 48 – 72 µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 238 – 314 µm long, hind tibia 165 – 240 µm long, and hind tarsus 92 – 126 µm long. Antennae each 6 – 9 (mostly 8) segmented, 340 – 508 µm long. Labium 54 – 75 µm long, 95 – 130 µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA824FFDCFF6F0C4DFD51D296.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants in Japan. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander (Takahashi 1955 as Nerium, Tanaka & Amano 2006 as N. indicum), Aquifoliaceae: Ilex rotunda (Kawai 1980), Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica (Kawai 1972, 1980, Takahasi 1955), Hedera rhombea (Kawai 1980, 2003, Takahashi 1955), Celastraceae: Microtropis japonica (Kawai 1980), Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Takahashi 1955), Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea macrophylla (Tanaka & Amano 2006), Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Takahashi 1955), Rutaceae: Citrus spp. (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Kuwana 1902, 1917, Takahashi 1955 as Citrus), Ternstroemiaceae: Cleyera japonica (Kuwana 1902 as Eurya ochanacea), Eurya japonica (Tanaka & Amano 2006), and Theaceae: Camellia sinensis (Kuwana 1902).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA824FFDCFF6F0C4DFD51D296.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria aurantii is very similar to P. polygonata Cockerell, 1905, sharing the following characteristics: (i) eyespots located in the submarginal area of the dorsum; (ii) multilocular pores mostly each with seven loculi, and (iii) have a similar distribution pattern of type III ventral tubular ducts. However, P. aurantii differs from P. polygonata as follows (character states of P. polygonata in brackets): (i) possessing mostly three stigmatic spines per cleft (usually more than three stigmatic spines); and (ii) a lighter body colour during the pre-oviposition period (relatively dark greyish brown body colour at this stage). It is also similar to P. psidii Maskell, 1893 in having fimbriate marginal setae, eyespots located in the submarginal area of the dorsum, and the presence of a sclerotised plate around each spiracle. However, P. aurantii differs from P. psidii as follows (character states of P. psidii in brackets): (i) each multilocular pore usually with seven loculi (each mostly with 10 loculi); and (ii) an undivided supporting bar underneath each anal plate (the bar is bifurcate). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. aurantii and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria aurantii can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study as well as P. vitis by possessing dorsal tubular ducts and dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of the dermal areolation, the location of the eyespots, body shape, the distributions of multilocular pores and type III ventral tubular ducts, and the number of loculi in each multilocular pore. The morphology of adult female P. aurantii, redescribed here, agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1955) except as follows (character states of Takahashi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae between anterior stigmatic furrow and posterior stigmatic furrow on each side numbering 14 – 29 (23 – 28); (ii) spiracular disc pores between each spiracle and stigmatic cleft numbering 20 – 53 (over 50 in each band); (iii) preopercular pores numbering 4 – 54 (referred to as dorsal minute median pores, over 50, sometimes about 70 in each individual); (iv) marginal setae each 12 – 91 μm long (23 – 50 μm); and (v) body 2.2 – 4.5 mm long and 1.2 – 2.5 mm wide (2.8 – 3.75 mm long and 1.6 – 3.5 mm wide). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes used. In addition, we found that P. aurantii and an Australian species, P. decorata Borchsenius, 1957 (= P. ornata Froggatt, 1921 (nec Hempel, 1912 )) show the same morphology (P. J. Gullan, the Australian National University, Acton, A. C. T., Australia, pers. comm.) and can therefore be considered as the same species. Thus, we propose P. decorata syn. nov. and P. ornata Froggatt, 1921 syn. nov. as new junior synonyms of P. aurantii. In their taxonomic work on Chinese Pulvinaria species, Cao & Feng (2020) considered P. aurantii and P. decorata to be distinct species. According to their morphological comparison table (Cao & Feng 2020, Table 3), P. aurantii differs from P. decorata in having (i) eight anal ring setae (P. decorata has six); (ii) in lacking a spiracular sclerotic plate and marginal setae with expanded paliform tips (mature adult female has spiracles with sclerotic plates and some marginal setae with paliform tips); and (iii) in possessing a small and sparse dermal areolation that does not form a reticulated pattern (P. decorata has numerous large areolations that form a reticulated pattern). However, the Japanese specimens of P. aurantii examined in this study actually have 5 – 7 (mostly 6) anal ring setae, thin and faint but observable spiracular sclerotic plates, some marginal setae with expanded paliform tips, and dense dermal areolations forming a reticulated pattern. Furthermore, at least one syntype specimen of P. aurantti deposited in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture also has six anal ring setae (Fig 3 a), a thin and faint but observable spiracular sclerotic plate (Fig 3 b), and large dorsal dermal areolations forming a reticulated pattern (Fig. 3 c) (S. Schneider, United States Department of Agriculture — Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, U. S. A., pers. comm.). In these circumstances, we do not agree with the opinion of Cao & Feng (2020) that P. aurantii and P. decorata should be regarded as separate and distinct species. It is possible that the species currently considered to be P. aurantii in China may be different from true P. aurantii. This synonymy of P. decorata with P. aurantii is probably evidence that the worldwide invasion by exotic soft-scale species to foreign countries had already occurred by the early twentieth century.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA823FFD0FF6F0941FEE4D0A2.taxon	description	(Figs 4 – 6) [Japanese name: Naga-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA823FFD0FF6F0941FEE4D0A2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Neotype (here designated): JAPAN / Fukuoka Prefecture / Buzen-shi / Hachiya / on Cornus florida / 18. iv. 2021 / coll. H. Tanaka; adult female mounted singly on a slide (ELKU). Other material. JAPAN: same data as Neotype, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 EUMJ, 2 ELKU); Tokyo, no host plant indicated, 26. ix. 1910, coll. I. Kuwana, 1 adult female mounted singly (NIPP); Aichi Prefecture, Nagoyashi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya Women’s University, on Cornus florida, 4. v. 2001, coll. H. Tanaka, 1 adult female mounted singly (EUMJ); Tokyo, Hutyu-shi, on Cornus florida, 20. iv. 2002, coll. H. Tanaka, 2 adult females mounted singly (1 EUMJ, 1 ELKU); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Forest, and Park of 21 C, on Toxicodendron succedaneum, 29. iv. 2003, coll. H. Tanaka, 2 adult females mounted singly (1 EUMJ, 1 ELKU).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA823FFD0FF6F0941FEE4D0A2.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female broadly oval to circular, slightly convex; dorsal surface dark brown, covered with irregular whitish or yellowish spots (Fig. 4); thin-walled ovisac produced from ventral surface of abdomen, extremely long, often more than 100 mm long (Fig. 5). Eggs reddish white, visible through thin-walled ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female (n = 11). Body broadly oval to circular, 7.2 (5.8 – 8.0) mm long, 6.0 (5.0 – 7.1) mm wide, margin with a shallow indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft approximately 1 / 7 (1 / 7 – 1 / 5) of body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed (Fig. 3 C). Setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 8 – 13 (6 – 13) µm long with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores oval to circular, each 4 – 6 (3 – 7) µm in diameter, barely sclerotised and often difficult to see and count, with 102 (46 – 141) anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts absent. Microducts frequent throughout dorsum, each associated with an areolation. Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 242 – 248 (184 – 256) µm long, 141 – 153 (104 – 153) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, posterolateral margin slightly convex, and 3 or 4 apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 (1 or 2) pairs of setae along anterior margin and 3 (2 or 3) pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 7 (6 – 10) setae. Eyespots not detected. Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket, 25 – 90 (18 – 98) µm long, often curved; mostly with a simple pointed apex but rarely with apex branched; each side with 13 (11 – 23) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts distinct but shallow, each containing 3 or 4 (2 – 4, mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 78 – 84 (50 – 109) µm long, approximately 2 – 3 times longer than a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 7 – 10 (7 – 11) µm wide, with 6 – 10 (mostly 7 or 8) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of all abdominal segments, meso- and metathoracic segments, and between antennae; a small group also present lateral to each coxa. Spiracular pores each 5 – 7 (5 – 8) µm wide, with 5 – 7 (3 – 7) loculi, present in rather broad bands 1 – 5 pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 61 (41 – 108) pores, posterior bands each with 71 – 86 (48 – 98) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a large outer ductule (3 – 5 µm wide and 10 – 20 µm long), a stout inner ductule (2 – 3 µm wide and 15 – 28 µm long), and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in postero-medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic segments, and in inner submarginal areas of head and thoracic segments; type II ducts each with large outer ductule (3 – 4 µm wide and 8 – 15 µm long) ending with a shallow cup-shaped invagination and leading to a long and narrow inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 14 – 26 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas and inner submarginal areas of abdominal segments; and type III ducts similar to type II but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 3 – 7 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present in a broad submarginal band on posterior thoracic and abdominal segments, intermixed with type II or type I ducts. Mesothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae in medial area, but these occasionally lacking on some segments. With 19 (12 – 22) long setae between antennal bases, and 3 (3 or 4) pairs of long setae on area mesad of procoxae; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 119 – 120 (74 – 120) µm, posterior spiracle 130 – 139 (96 – 152) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 575 – 617 (460 – 640) µm long, hind tibia 395 – 447 (318 – 465) µm long, and hind tarsus 213 – 214 (160 – 220) µm long. Antennae each 8 (6 – 8, mostly 8) segmented, 725 (572 – 818) µm long. Labium 114 (80 – 120) µm long, 170 (100 – 185) µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA823FFD0FF6F0941FEE4D0A2.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron sylvestre (Kawai 1972, 1980, Takahashi 1956 as Rhus sylvestris), T. succedaneum (Kawai 1972, 1980, Kuwana 1902 as R. succedanea), and Cornaceae: Cornus florida (Tanaka 2005).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA823FFD0FF6F0941FEE4D0A2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria hazeae is similar to P. idesiae in having: (i) well-developed ventral setae on the medial area of most thoracic and abdominal segments, (ii) a large, mostly rounded body; (iii) in lacking dorsal tubular ducts, and (iv) in having similar dorsal coloration (dark brown with irregular whitish or yellowish spots). However, it differs from P. idesiae by the following character states (character states of P. idesiae in brackets): (i) an extremely long, thin-walled ovisac (ovisac relatively short and thick walled); (ii) having multiple multilocular pores between antennal bases (lacking pores on the head); and (iii) in lacking type III ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area anterior to anterior stigmatic furrows (having type III ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area anterior to anterior stigmatic furrows). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. hazeae in comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria hazeae can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study, and from P. vitis, by the absence of dorsal tubular ducts and dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of dermal areolation, body shape, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, and the number of loculi in each multilocular pore. The morphology of the adult female P. hazeae described here mostly agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1956). However, the present description differs slightly from that of Takahashi (1956) as follows (character states of Takahasi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae rarely with branched apices (apices not branched); (ii) preopercular pores numbering 46 – 141 (referred to as minute dorsal median pores, numbering about 70); (iii) marginal setae each 18 – 98 μm long (39 – 66 μm); and (iv) body length 5.0 – 7.1 mm long (6 mm long). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes used. The original description of P. hazeae by Kuwana (1902) was mostly based on highly variable morphological characteristics (including proportions of the lengths of antennal segments and leg segments, body length, and ovisac length) that have little taxonomic value. We had searched for type specimens of this species for over 10 years in almost all of the Coccomorpha collections in Japan, but none could be found; therefore, it is concluded that all of Dr. Kuwana’s type specimens of P. hazeae have been lost. The authors believe that the designation of a neotype of this species is necessary because the original description of the species is not informative, highly similar species (P. idesiae) exist, and the type material has been lost. One of the specimens used in the redescription above and collected from the same area (Hachiya, Buzen-shi) as the type locality of the species (Chikujo-gun, currently known as Buzen-shi, Chikujo-machi, Kouge-machi, and Yoshitomi-machi), has been designated as the neotype of P. hazeae for the purpose of taxonomic stability. The morphology of this type specimen is almost consistent with the original description.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA82FFFD6FF6F0B15FD24D676.taxon	description	(Fig. 7) [Japanese name: Iigiri-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA82FFFD6FF6F0B15FD24D676.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (here designated): Pulvinaria / idesiae / Kuwana / (Type) / V. 1912 / Tokyo, Japan / I Kuwana; adult female mounted singly on a slide (NIPP). Other material. JAPAN: Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba University, on Zelkova serrata, 26. iv. 2001, coll. H. Tanaka, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, 24. iv. 2003, on Aesculus x carnea, coll. H. Tanaka, 3 adult females mounted singly (1 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka-shi, Suruga-ku, Nihon-daira, on Cornus kousa, 30. iv. 2006, coll. H. Tanaka, 2 adult females mounted singly (1 ELKU, 1 EUMJ); Chiba-pref., Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba University, 12. v. 2006, on Aesculus x carnea, coll. H. Tanaka, 2 adult females mounted singly (1 ELKU, 1 EUMJ).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA82FFFD6FF6F0B15FD24D676.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female broadly oval to circular, slightly convex; dorsal surface dark brown, covered with irregular yellowish spots; ovisac produced from ventral surface of abdomen, short, about 1 – 2 times as long as body; posterior part of body uplifted strongly by ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female (n = 12). Body broadly oval to circular, 7.5 (4.0 – 7.5) mm long, 6.0 (3.8 – 6.5) mm wide; margin with a shallow indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft approximately 1 / 8 (1 / 8 – 1 / 6) of body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed. Setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 4 – 8 (4 – 11) µm long, with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores oval to circular, each 4 – 5 (2 – 6) µm in diameter, barely sclerotised and often difficult to see and count, numbering 17 (9 – 56) anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts absent. Microducts frequent throughout dorsum, each associated with an areolation (Fig. 7 DA). Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 218 – 225 (190 – 225) µm long, 116 – 120 (100 – 125) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, a slightly convex posterolateral margin, and 4 (3 or 4) apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 (2 or 3) pairs of setae along anterior margin and 2 or 3 pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing [setae not discernible in Lectotype specimen] (6 – 8) setae. Eyespots not detected. Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket, 21 – 50 (14 – 55) µm long, often curved, mostly with apex simply pointed but rarely apex branched; each side with 11 – 16 (10 – 24) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts distinct but shallow, each containing 3 or 4 (mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 116 – 130 (84 – 130) µm long, approximately 1.5 – 3 times as long as a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 7 – 9 (5 – 9) µm wide, with 5 – 12 (mostly 8) loculi, present around genital opening, on medial areas of all abdominal segments and, rarely, on thoracic segments; a small group also present lateral to each coxa but occasionally absent from this position. Spiracular pores each 4 – 7 µm wide, each with 5 – 8 (3 – 8) loculi, present in rather broad bands 1 – 7 pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 67 – 78 (51 – 80) pores, posterior bands each with 81 – 86 (48 – 91) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a large outer ductule (3 – 5 µm wide and 7 – 18 µm long), a stout inner ductule (2 – 4 µm wide and 10 – 21 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in postero-medial area of head and medial areas of all thoracic and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal area of head, thoracic, and anterior abdominal segments; type II ducts each with a large outer ductule (2 – 4 µm wide and 7 – 14 µm long) ending with a shallow cup-shaped invagination and leading to a long and narrow inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 8 – 20 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas and inner submarginal areas of posterior abdominal segments; and type III ducts similar to type II but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 2 – 5 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present in a broad submarginal band between area near anal cleft and area near each antenna, intermixed with type II or type I ducts in inner submarginal band. Thoracic and abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae in medial area, but these occasionally lacking on some segments. With 16 (14 – 22) long setae between antennal bases, and 3 (1 – 5) pairs of long setae on area mesad of procoxae; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 75 – 80 (60 – 98) µm, posterior spiracle 101 – 106 (80 – 114) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 545 (435 – 580) µm long, hind tibia 420 (345 – 463) µm long, and hind tarsus 175 (150 – 180) µm long. Antennae each with [both antennae broken in Lectotype] (8) segments, (590 – 774) µm long. Labium 106 (70 – 106) µm long, 152 (125 – 160) µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA82FFFD6FF6F0B15FD24D676.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta (Kawai 1972, 1980), Euonymus spp. (Kawai 2003), Cercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Kawai 1980), Cornaceae: Cornus controversa (Kawai 1972, 1980), C. kousa, Cornus sp. (Takahashi 1956), Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Takahashi 1956), Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus (Kawai 1980), Rutaceae: Phellodendron amurense (Kuwana 1914, 1917), Salicaceae: Idesia polycarpa (Kawai 1972, 1980, Kuwana 1914, Takahashi 1956), Salix chaenomeloides (Kawai 1972, 1980), Sapindaceae: Aesculus x carnea (Tanaka & Amano 2006), A. turbinata (Kawai 1972, 1980, Takahashi 1956), and Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata (Tanaka & Amano 2006).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA82FFFD6FF6F0B15FD24D676.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria idesiae is similar to P. hazeae in having: (i) well-developed ventral setae on the medial area of most thoracic and abdominal segments; (ii) a large, rounded body; (iii) in lacking dorsal tubular ducts; and (iv) in having similar dorsal coloration (dark brown with irregular whitish or yellowish spots). However, P. idesiae differs from P. hazeae as follows (character states of P. hazeae in brackets): (i) producing a short, thick-walled ovisac (producing an extremely long and thin-walled ovisac); (ii) in lacking multilocular pores between the antennae (having multiple multilocular pores between antennae); and (iii) having type III ventral tubular ducts in submarginal area anterior to anterior stigmatic furrows (lacking type III ventral tubular ducts in submarginal areas anterior to anterior stigmatic furrows). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. idesiae and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are given in Table 1. Pulvinaria idesiae can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study, and P. vitis, by the absence of dorsal tubular ducts and dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of the dermal areolation, body shape, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, and the number of loculi in each multilocular pore. Pulvinaria idesiae is also similar to a European Pulvinaria species, P. regalis Canard, 1968 (the horse chestnut scale) in having: (i) a large, rounded body; (ii) producing a short, thick-walled ovisac; and (iii) in having similar dorsal coloration. Unfortunately, we could not examine any specimens of P. regalis in this study; thus, careful comparison of the morphology of slide-mounted specimens of P. regalis and P. idesiae is needed in the future. The adult female morphology of P. idesiae described here mostly agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1956). However, the present description differs slightly from that of Takahashi (1956) as follows (character states of Takahashi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae rarely with branched apices (not branched); (ii) marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic furrows numbering 10 – 24 on each side (about 21); (iii) spiracular disc pores between each spiracle and stigmatic cleft numbering 51 – 80 (over 70 in each band); (iv) preopercular pores numbering 9 – 56 (referred as dorsal median pores, numbering about 20 – 34); and (v) marginal setae each 14 – 55 μm long (31 – 50 μm). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes used.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA829FFCAFF6F0C21FC52D2AA.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 9) [Japanese name: Kuwa-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA829FFCAFF6F0C21FC52D2AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Neotype (here designated): JAPAN / Tokyo / Fuchu-shi / Saiwai-cho / on Morus australis / 10. v. 1972 / coll. S. Kawai; mounted singly (KTUA) Other material. JAPAN: Shizuoka Prefecture, Mt. Fuji, Takigahara, on Fujizakura [Cerasus incisa], 23, vi. 1944, 1 adult female mounted singly (1 of the syntypes of P. fujisana syn. nov., OMNH); same data as the neotype, 2 adult females mounted together on a slide (KTUA); Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya-shi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya Women’s University, on Hydrangea macrophylla, 4. v. 2001, 6 adult females mounted singly (3 ELKU, 3 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, on Diospyros kaki, 24. iv. 2003, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba University, on Cornus florida, 23. iv. 2004, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Fukuoka Prefecture, Buzen-shi, Hachiya, on Cornus florida, 18. iv. 2021, coll. H. Tanaka, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ). USA: California, San Mateo, on Hydrangea hortensis (Hydrangea macrophylla), 23. vi. 1935, 2 adult females (2 of the syntypes of P. hydrangeae syn. nov., UCD).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA829FFCAFF6F0C21FC52D2AA.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female elongate oval, usually moderately convex; dorsal surface yellowish brown with irregular greyish dark area and sometimes a slightly lighter yellowish brown longitudinal stripe (Fig. 8), changing entirely to yellowish orange during oviposition; with no wax on dorsum before oviposition period; ovisac short, about 2 – 3 times as long as body; posterior part of body uplifted slightly by ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female (n = 24). Body elongate oval, 4.5 (2.5 – 5.2) mm long, 3.2 (1.5 – 4.0) mm wide, stigmatic clefts discernible but shallow; anal cleft approximately 1 / 5 – 1 / 9 times body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 7 – 8 (5 – 11) µm long, with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, 2 – 3 µm in diameter, barely sclerotised and often difficult to see and count, with 30 (3 – 56) anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, each situated within an areolation (Fig. 9 DA); microducts noticeably more numerous than tubular ducts, ratio of number of tubular ducts to that of microducts about 0.1 (0.05 – 0.67): 1. Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 139 – 142 (139 – 168) µm long, 84 – 86 (70 – 98) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, a slightly convex posterolateral margin and 4 apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 (1 – 3) pairs of setae along anterior margin and 2 (2 or 3) pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 7 (6 – 8, mostly 6) setae. Eyespots present in marginal area. Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket, apex usually simple pointed but occasionally branched; each seta 20 – 64 (11 – 71) µm long, each side with 9 – 12 (9 – 21) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 3 (0 – 4, mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 84 (50 – 97) µm long, approximately 1.5 – 4 times as long as a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 6 – 9 µm wide, with 5 – 8 (4 – 9, mostly 7) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of preceding 4 or 5 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each meso- and metacoxa and occasionally also laterad to each procoxa. Spiracular disc pores each 4 – 6 µm wide, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in bands 1 – 5 (1 – 6) pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 36 – 48 (27 – 62) pores, posterior bands each with 53 – 55 (43 – 79) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a large outer ductule (about 3 – 5 µm wide and 8 – 18 µm long), a stout inner ductule (about 2 – 4 µm wide and 9 – 16 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in postero-medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic, and anterior abdominal segments; type II tubular ducts each with a rather small outer ductule (2 – 4 µm wide and 5 – 14 µm long) ending in a shallow cup-shaped invagination leading to a narrower inner ductule (<1 – 2 µm wide and 8 – 22 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and abdominal segments; type III ducts similar to type II, but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 2 – 12 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present intermixed with type I and type II ducts in inner submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen and in a broad submarginal band on head, thorax, and abdomen, forming a complete submarginal ring. Posteriormost 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae present in medial area. With 4 (3 or 4) pairs of long setae present between antennae, 2 (0 – 2) pairs of long setae present on area mesad of procoxae and occasionally with 1 pair of long setae present on medial area of some thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 52 – 58 (52 – 74) µm, posterior spiracle 63 – 64 (60 – 106) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 310 – 317 (310 – 410) µm long, hind tibia 204 – 206 (194 – 260) µm long, and hind tarsus 100 – 104 (80 – 117) µm long. Antennae each 8 (6 – 8, mostly 8) segmented, 403 – 404 (403 – 555) µm long. Labium 82 (69 – 130) µm long, 131 (120 – 152) µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA829FFCAFF6F0C21FC52D2AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants in Japan. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica (Kawai 1980), Cannabaceae: Celtis sinensis (Kawai 1980), Cornaceae: Cornus controversa (Kawai 1972, 1980), C. florida, Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Kawai 1980, 2003), Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus (Kawai 1972, 1980), Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea macrophylla (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Steinweden 1946), Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus (Kawai 1972, 1980), M. liliiflora (Kawai 1972, 1980), Malvaceae: Tilia japonica (Kawai 1980), Moraceae: Morus spp. (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003 as Mulberry, Kuwana 1907 as Mulberry), Oleaceae: Fraxinus japonica (Kawai 1972, 1980), Rosaceae: Cerasus incisa (Kanda 1960), Cerasus spp. (Kawai 1972, 2003), Cerasus x yedoensis (Kawai 1980), Malus halliana (Kawai 1980), Padus buergeriana (Kawai 1980), Pseudocydonia sinensis (Kawai 1980), Sapindaceae: Acer buergerianum (Kawai 1980), A. diabolicum (Kawai 1980), Acer spp. (Kawai 2003), Aesculus turbinata (Kawai 1972, 1980), Viburnaceae: Viburnum dilatatum (Kawai 1980), V. odoratissimum (Kawai 1972, 1980).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA829FFCAFF6F0C21FC52D2AA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria kuwacola is similar to P. photiniae Kuwana, 1907 in having: (i) eyespots located in marginal area of the dorsum, and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. photiniae in the following characteristics (character states of P. photiniae in brackets): (i) having seven loculi in each multilocular pore (having mostly eight or nine loculi in each multilocular pore), and (ii) dorsal microducts more numerous than dorsal tubular ducts (dorsal tubular ducts more numerous than dorsal microducts). Pulvinaria kuwacola is also similar to P. nipponica in having (i) eyespots located in the marginal area of the dorsum and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. nipponica in having preopercular pores (P. nipponica lacks preopercular pores). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. kuwacola and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria kuwacola can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study, and P. vitis, by the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, absence of dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of dermal areolation, location of eyespots, body shape, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, number of loculi in each multilocular pore, number of preopercular pores, and ratio of number of dorsal tubular ducts: number of dorsal microducts. In the present study we found that P. kuwacola, P. hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 and P. fujisana Kanda, 1960 show the same morphology and thus can be considered to be the same species. Thus, we propose P. hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 syn. nov. and P. fujisana Kanda, 1960 syn. nov. as new junior synonyms of P. kuwacola. According to Steinweden (1946), P. hydrageae can be separated from related species by the presence of a “ sub-discal seta ” on each anal plate. However, the “ sub-discal ” setal position and its size on the type specimen of P. hydrangeae, and an apical seta in the most lateral area of each anal plate in P. kuwacola specimens examined, were almost same so we concluded that they showed the same morphology. The morphology of adult female P. kuwacola described here mostly agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1956). However, the present description differs slightly from that of Takahashi (1956) as follows (character states of Takahasi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae between the stigmatic clefts on each side numbering 9 – 21 (16 – 18 setae present between the stigmatic clefts on each side); (ii) preopercular pores numbering 3 – 56 (referred to as dorsal median pores, 27 – 48); (iii) marginal setae each 11 – 71 μm long (28 – 60 μm); and (iv) body 2.5 – 5.2 mm long (4.0 – 5.0 mm long). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes. The original description of the species presented by Kuwana (1907) was mostly based on highly variable morphological characters (e. g. proportions of the lengths of antennal segments, body length, and number of anal ring setae) that have little taxonomic value. We have searched for type specimens of this species for over 10 years in almost all of the Coccomorpha collections in Japan, but none could be found, and it is therefore concluded that all of Dr. Kuwana’s type specimens of P. kuwacola have been lost. The authors believe that the designation of a neotype of this species is necessary because the original description of the species is not informative, there exist highly similar species (P. nipponica and P. photiniae), and the type material has been lost. One of the specimens used in the redescription above and collected from the original host plant (Morus sp.) in Tokyo, which is the type locality of the species, was designated as the neotype of P. kuwacola for the purpose of taxonomic stability. The morphology of the type specimen is almost consistent with the original description.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA835FFC8FF6F091DFF24D5BE.taxon	description	(Fig. 10) [Japanese name: Mikan-hime-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA835FFC8FF6F091DFF24D5BE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (here designated): (Type) / Pulvinaria / citricola / Kuw. / 柑橘 [Citrus spp.] / Shizuoka / 5 / 44 III k 7, 1 adult female on a slide together with 1 paralectotype; the lectotype is the individual on left under (NIPP); Paralectotype (here designated): same data, mounted on the same slide as the lectotype (NIPP). Other material. JAPAN: Tokyo, Minato-ku, Meiji-jingu-gaien, on Acer buergerianum, 20. v. 1965, coll. S. Kawai, 6 adult females on a slide (KTUA); Tokyo, Akishima-shi, Shouwa Park, on Acer buergerianum, 10. v. 1972, coll. S. Kawai, 1 adult female mounted singly (KTUA).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA835FFC8FF6F091DFF24D5BE.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female elongate oval to broad oval, rather convex; dorsum brown to dark brown and slightly shiny, with a yellow longitudinal line and powdery wax before oviposition; ovisac about same length as body or rather long (translated from Kawai 1980). Slide-mounted adult female (n = 9). Body elongate-oval to broadly oval, 3.0 (3.0 – 4.9) mm long, 2.7 (2.5 – 3.9) mm wide, stigmatic clefts discernible but shallow; anal cleft approximately 1 / 5 – 1 / 8 of body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 5 – 7 (4 – 9) µm long with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores absent. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, each one situated within an areolation (Fig. 10 DA); tubular ducts usually more numerous than microducts, ratio of numbers of tubular ducts to that of microducts about 0.25 (0.11 – 1.5). Dorsal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 134 – 141 (128 – 148) µm long, 78 – 80 (49 – 89) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, a slightly convex posterolateral margin and 4 (1 – 4, usually 4) apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 1 pair laterally. Anal ring bearing 6 (6 – 8, mostly 6) setae. Eyespots present in marginal area. Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket and mostly a simple pointed apex, but rarely apex branched; each seta 28 – 55 (12 – 61) µm long, each side with 11 – 13 (9 – 18) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 3 (1 – 3, mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 81 – 89 (73 – 94) µm long, approximately 2 – 4 times longer than a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 6 – 8 (5 – 8) µm wide, with 6 – 8 (4 – 10, mostly 7 or 8) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of preceding 4 or 5 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each coxa. Spiracular disc pores each 4 – 5 µm wide, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in bands 1 – 5 pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 24 – 40 (24 – 54) pores, posterior bands each with 43 (25 – 67) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with large outer ductule (about 3 – 5 µm wide and 8 – 15 µm long), a stout inner ductule (about 2 – 4 µm wide and 5 – 16 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; type II tubular ducts each with a rather small outer ductule (2 – 4 µm wide and 5 – 16 µm long) and a shallow cup-shaped invagination leading to a narrower inner ductule (<1 – 2 µm wide and 8 – 18 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and abdominal segments; type III ducts similar to type II, but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 2 – 6 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present intermixed with type I and type II ducts in inner submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen and in a broad submarginal band on head, thorax, and abdomen, forming a complete submarginal ring. Posteriormost 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae on the medial area. With 3 (3 – 6) pairs of long setae present between antennae, 1 or 2 (1 – 4) pairs of long setae present on area mesad of each procoxa, and rarely 0 – 1 pairs of long setae on medial areas of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 56 – 59 (50 – 65) µm, posterior spiracle 65 – 72 (60 – 79) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 294 (279 – 316) µm long, hind tibia 178 (174 – 222) µm long, and hind tarsus 86 (76 – 106) µm long. Antennae each 7 (7 or 8, mostly 8) segmented, 381 – 385 (341 – 450) µm long. Labium 84 (58 – 92) µm long, 126 (117 – 140) µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA835FFC8FF6F091DFF24D5BE.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants in Japan. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Kuwana 1914), Malvaceae: Hibiscus spp. (Kawai 2003), H. syriacus (Kawai 1972, 1980, Kuwana 1914), Rutaceae: Citrus spp. (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Kuwana 1914, 1917), Sapindaceae: Acer spp. (Kawai 2003), A. buergerianum (Kawai 1972, 1980), and Ulmaceae: Zelkova serrata (Kawai 1972, 1980).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA835FFC8FF6F091DFF24D5BE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria nipponica is similar to P. kuwacola in having: (i) eyespots located in the marginal area of the dorsum, and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. kuwacola in the following character state (that of P. kuwacola in brackets): preopercular pores absent (at least a few preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates). Pulvinaria nipponica is also similar to P. photiniae; however, it differs from P. photiniae by lacking preopercular pores anterior to anal plates (P. photiniae has some pores in this area). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. nipponica and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria nipponica can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study, and P. vitis, by the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, the absence of dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of dermal areolation, location of eyespots, body shape, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, number of loculi in each multilocular pore, and the number of preopercular pores.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA837FFCCFF6F0C69FE71D362.taxon	description	(Fig. 11) [Japanese name: Ushikoroshi-wata-kaigaramushi]	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA837FFCCFF6F0C69FE71D362.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (here designated): Pulvinaria / Photiniae / Kuw. / Pholinia / villosa / ウシコ ¤ シ [Ushikoroshi: Pourthiaea villosa] / = エノキ [Enoki: Celtis sinensis] / Type / 5 / 1912, 1 adult female on a slide together with 1 paralectotype; the lectotype is the individual on left (OMNH); Paralectotype (here designated): same data as Lectotype (OMNH). Other material. JAPAN: Tokyo, Nerima-ku, Syakujii Park, on Viburnum dilatatum, 16. v. 1972, coll. S. Kawai, 2 adult females mounted on a slide (1 KTUA); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, on Celtis sinensis, 24. iv. 2001, coll. H. Tanaka, 8 adult females mounted singly (4 ELKU, 4 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, on Celtis sinensis, 1. v. 2003, coll. H. Tanaka, 3 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 1 EUMJ).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA837FFCCFF6F0C69FE71D362.taxon	description	Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female elongate oval, usually moderately convex; dorsum dark brown with a yellow longitudinal stripe on midline and a considerable amount of powdery wax before oviposition; ovisac short, about 1 – 2 times as long as body; posterior part of body uplifted strongly by ovisac. Slide-mounted adult female (n = 15). Note: The Lectotype specimen is not in good condition, so for some characters it was not possible to provide measurements. Body elongate oval, 4.0 (2.5 – 4.1) mm long, 3.5 (1.3 – 3.5) mm wide, stigmatic cleft discernible but shallow; anal cleft approximately 1 / 5 – 1 / 7 of body length. Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each [not visible in Lectotype] (5 – 10) µm long, with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, [not visible in Lectotype] (2 – 3) µm in diameter, barely sclerotised and often difficult to see and count, with (4 – 29) anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, each one situated within an areolation (Fig. 11 DA); tubular ducts significantly more numerous than microducts, ratio of numbers of tubular ducts to that of microducts about 2.3 (1.5 – 4.0): 1. Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 95 – 103 (95 – 150) µm long, 70 – 75 (50 – 97) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, a slightly convex posterolateral margin and 4 apical setae. Ano-genital fold with [not visible in Lectotype] (0 – 3) pairs of setae along anterior margin and (1 or 2) pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 6 (5 or 6, mostly 6) setae. Eyespots present in marginal area. Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket and usually apex simple pointed, rarely apex branched; each seta 25 – 65 (14 – 65) µm long, each side with [cannot be counted in Lectotype] (10 – 20) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 3 (0 – 3, mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 75 (29 – 92) µm long, approximately 2 – 4 times longer than a lateral spine. Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 6 – 8 (6 – 9) µm wide, with 7 – 9 (5 – 12, mostly 8 or 9) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of preceding 4 or 5 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each meso- and metacoxa and occasionally lateral to each procoxa. Spiracular disc pores each 4 – 6 µm wide, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in bands 1 – 5 pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing [cannot be counted in Lectotype] (22 – 56) pores, posterior bands each with [cannot be counted in Lectotype] (27 – 70) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with large outer ductule (about 2 – 5 µm wide and 6 – 14 µm long), a stout inner ductule (about 2 – 5 µm wide and 10 – 18 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; type II tubular ducts each with a rather small outer ductule (1 – 4 µm wide and 6 – 14 µm long) ending in a shallow cup-shaped invagination leading to a narrower inner ductule (<1 – 2 µm wide and 10 – 20 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and abdominal segments; type III ducts similar to type II, but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 1 – 5 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present intermixed with type I and type II ducts in inner submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen and in a broad submarginal band on head, thorax, and abdomen, forming an complete submarginal ring. Posteriormost 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae present on medial areas. With 2 or 3 (2 – 5) pairs of long setae between antennae, 1 (0 – 2) pairs of long setae on area mesad of each procoxa and occasionally 0 – 1 pairs of long setae on medial areas of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 50 (38 – 66) µm, posterior spiracle 60 (50 – 80) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 300 – 307 (275 – 350) µm long, hind tibia 205 – 208 (200 – 245) µm long, and hind tarsus 100 – 108 (96 – 110) µm long. Antennae each 8 (7 – 8, mostly 8) segmented, 382 – 393 (357 – 489) µm long. Labium 63 (55 – 106) µm long, 125 (91 – 140) µm wide.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA837FFCCFF6F0C69FE71D362.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants in Japan. Cannabaceae: Celtis sinensis (Kawai 1972, Kuwana 1914, Takahashi 1956), Hydrangeaceae: Deutzia crenata (Kawai 1972, 1980), Rosaceae: Pourthiaea villosa (Kawai 1972, 1980, Kuwana 1914, as Photonia villosa), and Viburnaceae: Viburnum dilatatum (Kawai 1972, 1980).	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
03B187ABA837FFCCFF6F0C69FE71D362.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pulvinaria photiniae is similar to P. kuwacola in having: (i) eyespots located in the marginal area of the dorsum, and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. kuwacola as follows (character states of P. kuwacola in brackets): (i) multilocular pores mostly each with eight or nine loculi (mostly seven loculi in each pore), and (ii) dorsal tubular ducts more numerous than dorsal microducts (dorsal microducts more numerous than dorsal tubular ducts). Pulvinaria photiniae is also similar to P. nipponica in having (i) eyespots located in the marginal area of the dorsum, and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. nipponica in having some preopercular pores (P. nipponica lacks preopercular pores). The important diagnostic morphological character states for P. photiniae and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria photiniae can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study and P. vitis by the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, absence of dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of dermal areolation, location of eyespots, body shape and size, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, number of loculi in each multilocular pore, number of preopercular pores, and ratio of number of dorsal tubular ducts: number of dorsal microducts. The adult female morphology of P. photiniae redescribed here mostly agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1956). However, the present description differs slightly from that of Takahashi (1956) as follows (character states of Takahashi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae between anterior stigmatic and posterior stigmatic clefts on each side numbering 10 – 20 (13 – 15); (ii) spiracular disc pores between each spiracle and stigmatic cleft numbering 22 – 70 in each band (approximately 40 in each band); (iii) preopercular pores numbering 4 – 29 (referred to as dorsal median pores, approximately 30 – 54); and (iv) marginal setae each 14 – 65 μm long (34 – 43 μm). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes used.	en	Tanaka, Hirotaka, Kamitani, Satoshi (2021): Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies. Zootaxa 5071 (1): 51-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3
