identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6D2846174515FF99FF6708CC4DD407B7.text	6D2846174515FF99FF6708CC4DD407B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocalamus chanardi CHANARDI DAVID & PAUWELS 2004	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MACROCALAMUS CHANARDI DAVID &amp; PAUWELS, 2004</p>
            <p>CHANARD’ S REED SNAKE</p>
            <p>(FIGS 12–15)</p>
            <p> Macrocalamus chanardi David &amp; Pauwels, 2004: 635–645 . </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus lateralis (non Günther, 1864) Boulenger, 1894: 327, 1912: 153; Flower, 1899: 673; Smith, 1930: 57 (in part); Smedley, 1931a: 118 (in part), 1931b: 50; Tweedie, 1953: 53 (in part), 1957: 55 (in part), 1983: 60 (in part); Lim, 1963: 100 (in part), 1967: 122, 124 (in part); Grandison, 1972: 90 (in part), 1978: 289; Welch, 1988: 75 (in part); Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 365 (in part), 366, fig. 273; Chan-ard et al., 1999: 34 (in part), 173, 2002: 57, pl. 17; Vogel &amp; David, 1999: 315; Lim et al., 2002: 54; Leong &amp; Lim, 2003: 133; Norhayati et al., 2011: 13. </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus chanardi Das, 2010: 284 ; Grismer et al., 2010: 155. </p>
            <p>  Holotype: BMNH 1900.6.14.17. Type locality: ‘  Larut Hills , Perak, 3500–4500 ft. ’, now Bukit Larut, Perak, West Malaysia. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult males reach 190 mm SVL, 221 mm TL, and adult females reach 237 mm SVL, 264 mm TL. Head triangular, tapered anteriorly when viewed dorsally, depressed anteriorly, indistinct from neck; snout rounded, elongate; body cylindrical, moderately elongate; tail short, tapered to a point; rostral higher than broad, triangular; separates nasals, touching prefrontals; nostril piercing the anterior lower margin of the nasal, adjacent to the upper margin of the first supralabial and to edge of rostral; internasals absent, fused with prefrontals; one pair of prefrontals; one elongate loreal; one preocular; one postocular; one supraocular; suboculars absent; 1 + 2 temporals; eight supralabials, first and second in contact with nasal, second, third and fourth in contact with the loreal, fourth and fifth entering orbit, seventh the largest; seven infralabials, first pair in contact, first to fourth in contact with anterior chin shield, sixth the largest; 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; 104–127 ventral scales (males 104–114, females 114–127); cloacal scale single; 18–28 divided subcaudals (males 23–28, females 18–24) (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004; present study).</p>
            <p>Coloration in life: The dorsal colour ranges from chestnut brown to dark brown or dark greyish brown. Along the flanks of the dorsum is a discontinuous row of lighter, dark-edged, elongated ocelli that extend the length of the body on the fifth and sixth or the sixth dorsal scale row. The colour of these ocelli is tan or orange–brown, and they are usually more prominent on the anterior portion of the body and fade posteriorly, especially in larger specimens. The head is usually the same colour as the body or slightly darker, and the supralabials are irregularly mottled with beige. The chin and infralabials are irregularly stippled with dark brown spots. A pale, cream or yellowish brown oblique streak extends from the parietals to the throat. In some specimens, the oblique streak is broad and merges posteriorly on the nape, giving rise to a poorly defined, lighter band. On the neck and the anterior part of the body there are two to six oblique, parallel, light orange or tan streaks. A single dark ventrolateral stripe formed by the dark brown tips of the ventral scales extends the length of the body and is bordered above by a narrow, lighter, pale orange or cream stripe formed by the colour of the first dorsal scale row. The colour of the venter ranges from vivid orange to pink or light coral and is usually lighter anteriorly and more vivid posteriorly. The throat and neck area are usually white or cream and gradually turn orange or pink towards the middle of the body. Sometimes there are dark spots scattered on the venter. In some specimens, a median dark brown, zig-zag subcaudal stripe is present. The juvenile coloration is similar to that of the adults, except for being more vividly coloured, and the row of lateral ocelli on the body are especially prominent (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004; present study).</p>
            <p>Distribution: This species was considered to be widely distributed by David &amp; Pauwels (2004) and listed as being from Bukit Larut, Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill. In the present study, a new population was discovered at Gunung Jerai, Kedah that is conspecific with the Bukit Larut population (Fig. 2). The molecular analyses reveal that the populations from the Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s Hill and the Genting Highlands may not be conspecific with the Bukit Larut and Gunung Jerai populations (Fig. 1).</p>
            <p> Natural history: Similar to other species of  Macrocalamus , this is a semifossorial species that seeks refuge beneath surface debris, logs and rocks or in loose soil. Specimens have been collected by digging during the day and night but are considered diurnal by David &amp; Pauwels (2004). In the present study, their observations are corroborated by observations of snakes crossing forest trails or roads during the early morning, where many are killed by traffic. David &amp; Pauwels (2004) record this species from 1100–1500 m in elevation in wet montane forest, but we have collected specimens from as low as ~ 800 m a.s.l. in the Genting Highlands. The diet consists of earthworms, slugs, insects and their larvae (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004), and these observations are corroborated by E.S.H.Q. from a specimen from the Cameron Highlands (LSUHC 11685) that regurgitated an earthworm. Vogel &amp; David (1999) reported that captive specimens consumed crickets. This species has been observed in the diet of  Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768) at Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, when a DOR  Calliophis intestinalis was observed with a half-swallowed  M. chanardi hanging from its mouth (Rupert G. Lewis, personal observation). In addition, death-feigning behaviour has been noted in specimens from the Cameron Highlands (Vogel &amp; Hans, 2010). An adult female (USMHC 1540) collected in late September was gravid and with two eggs. </p>
            <p> Relationships:  Macrocalamaus chanardi s.l. is a poorly supported monophyletic group composed of populations from Bukit Larut, Gunung Jerai, Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s Hill and Genting Highlands, albeit with weak support. This indicates that their distribution might represent a rapid radiation with subsequent incomplete lineage sorting. There is an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 10.0% between the Banjaran Titiwangsa populations at Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s Hill and Genting Highlands and the Bukit Larut population. There is sequence divergence of only 1.0% between the populations from Gunung Jerai and Bukit Larut (Table 3). The sequence divergence among the Banjaran Titiwangsa populations is notable at 7.0%. Given that the sequence divergence between these morphologically undiagnosable populations is much higher than that of the morphologically diagnosable (Table 6) species  M. gentingensis and  M. schulzi at 2.0%, this indicates that  Macrocalamus cf. chanardi 1 and  M. cf. chanardi 2 should be recognized as candidate species. Comparisons of morphological characters from the literature and recently collected material reveal a broad overlap in character states among specimens from the different populations and lineages, indicating that  M. chanardi is a species in need of reappraisal. Further examination </p>
            <p>*Data obtained from David &amp; Pauwels (2004).</p>
            <p>will follow the acquisition of additional material. A non-paramatric analysis with the Kruskal– Wallis H -test shows that the means of all the characters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between males and females. However, there is no statistical support for significant differences of these variables among populations or the flagged candidate species (Table 6), possibly owing to low samples sizes.</p>
            <p>Material examined: Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Bukit Larut USMHC 1616, LSUHC 8367, 8999–9001, 9737, 9848 and 12109, Pahang, Cameron Highlands LSUHC 9821, 11685, 12602, 12610 and 12614, USMHC 1960 and 1961, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill USMHC 1523 and 1540, Pahang, Genting Highlands USMHC 1687, Kedah, Gunung Jerai LSUHC 12572 and 12573.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D2846174515FF99FF6708CC4DD407B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quah, Evan S H;Anuar, Shahrul;Grismer, Lee L;Wood, Perry L;Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah	Quah, Evan S H, Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Lee L, Wood, Perry L, Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah (2020): Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (4): 1236, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz092, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/4/1236/5614987
6D2846174512FF99FF1F09D04B6500F7.text	6D2846174512FF99FF1F09D04B6500F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocalamus jasoni JASONI GRANDISON 1972	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MACROCALAMUS JASONI GRANDISON, 1972</p>
            <p>JASON’ S REED SNAKE</p>
            <p>(FIGS 16, 17)</p>
            <p> Macrocalamus jasoni Grandison, 1972: 45–101 . </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus jasoni: Das, 2010: 285 ; Grandison, 1978: 289; Tweedie, 1983: 61; Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 367, fig. 136; Norsham &amp; Lim, 2002: 83–89; Vogel &amp; David, 1999: 317; Zakaria et al., 2014: 342. </p>
            <p>  Holotype: BM 1967.2283. Type locality: ‘  On track below camp 5 at about 5800 feet,  Gunong Benom , Pahang, West Malaysia’ = Mt. Benom, 1770 m, Pahang, Malaysia. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult females reach 692 mm SVL, 752 mm TL. Body large, stout; head elongate, triangular, depressed, indistinct from neck; snout rounded; elongate loreal present; one preocular; one postocular; 1 + 2 temporals; eight supralabials, second, third and fourth touching loreal, fourth and fifth touching eye, seventh the largest; seven infralabials; 15 dorsal scales rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; ventrals 131– 133 (females); cloacal scale single; 19–22 subcaudals (females) (Grandison, 1972; Vogel &amp; David, 1999).</p>
            <p>Coloration in life: Dorsum deep iridescent black, with dorsolateral yellow stripes extending from the nape to the tip of the tail, where they converge. These dorsal stripes are located on the fifth, sixth and seventh dorsal rows and are ~1.5 to two scales wide and sometimes broken up by a length of one or two scales. The head is brownish yellow, tip of snout lighter. There are darker markings on the prefrontals, loreal, pre- and postoculars, anterior temporals and labials, except for the sixth supralabial, which is entirely yellow. Along the posterior edges of the eighth supralabial to the seventh infralabial there is a faint vertical streak. The mental and chin shields are yellowish with black markings, and there are black spots on the third and seventh pairs of infralabials. The throat, neck and venter up to the middle of the flank are yellow. The lateral margins of the ventrals are black. There is some variation in the ventral pattern between the types, from being uniform yellow or marked with black along the middle throughout the length of the body or confined only to the anterior of the body, which gives the appearance of a broad, discontinuous median stripe most prominent anteriorly (Grandison, 1972; Vogel &amp; David, 1999).</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from only the type locality at Gunung Benom, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
            <p> Natural history: Grandison (1972) noted that  M. jasoni is a montane species recorded between 1770 and 1980 m a.s.l. All specimens were collected from leaf litter on the forest floor in damp habitat or while abroad crossing the trails. Nothing is known of their diet. The holotype was gravid when collected during early April. </p>
            <p> Relationships: This is the largest species of  Macrocalamus . Owing to the large size and patterning, with the predominantly black dorsum and bright yellow belly, it is hypothesized to be related to the large  M. gentingensis and  M. schulzi , with which it shares the dorsal and ventral colours, respectively. </p>
            <p>Material examined: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, G u n u n g B e n o m B M 1 9 6 7. 2 2 8 3 – 1 9 6 7. 2 2 8 5 (photographs only).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D2846174512FF99FF1F09D04B6500F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quah, Evan S H;Anuar, Shahrul;Grismer, Lee L;Wood, Perry L;Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah	Quah, Evan S H, Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Lee L, Wood, Perry L, Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah (2020): Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (4): 1236, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz092, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/4/1236/5614987
6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD.text	6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocalamus lateralis LATERALIS GUNTHER 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MACROCALAMUS LATERALIS GÜNTHER, 1864</p>
            <p>SIDE- BLOTCHED REED SNAKE</p>
            <p>(FIG. 3)</p>
            <p> Macrocalamus lateralis Günther, 1864: 199 , pl. 18: fig. D. </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus lateralis Vogel &amp; David 1999: 309– 332 (in part); Das 2010: 285, pl. 48. </p>
            <p>  Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.7.23. Type locality: ‘ The continent’, with no precise locality. Specified to the mainland part of the  State of Penang by David &amp; Pauwels (2004). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adults reach 262 mm SVL, 297 mm TL. Head relatively stocky, triangular and indistinct from neck; snout pointed; loreal fused with prefrontal; one preocular; one postocular; eight supralabials, fourth and fifth touching eye; seven infralabials; 1 + 2 temporals; 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; ventrals 112–122 (males 112–114 and females 122); cloacal scale single; 14–24 subcaudals (males 21–24 and females 14); (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004; present study).</p>
            <p>Coloration in life: The dorsum is ochre to brown in colour with a light cream, oblique streak on the neck that extends from the parietals and temporals to the venter posterior to the jaws. The snout is lighter in colour, with pale labial markings. No additional oblique streaks or markings occur on the neck or the anterior portion of the body. Elongate, cream–yellow ocelli edged posteriorly with dark brown located on the scales of the fifth and sixth dorsal scale rows and are evenly spaced along the length of the body and the dorsal surface of the tail. Double, parallel, dark brown lateral stripes run the length of the body, beginning on the first ventral scale and extending to the vent. The first stripe results from the brown edging along the ventral scale margins, and a thin cream stripe separates the two darker ones. The venter is cream– yellow, with dark brown speckling near the lateral margins of the ventrals. The underside of the tail is uniform cream–yellow (Fig. 3; David &amp; Pauwels, 2004).</p>
            <p>Variation: In the specimens from Langkawi Island, the double, dark, ventrolateral stripes are not as clearly defined as in the Thai specimen (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004: figs 5, 6), because the upper stripe is faint and diffuse. The oblique, light-coloured streak on the nape and neck is also not as prominent in the Langkawi specimens in comparison to the Thai specimen. In the Langkawi specimens, the colour of the venter also ranges from yellow to orange, with varying degrees of speckling along the margins of the ventral scales. The subcaudal region has a series of dark spots along the midline, creating a faint median line.</p>
            <p> Distribution: This species is found in northern Peninsular Malaysia in mainland Penang State and on Langkawi Island, Kedah, and in southern Thailand at Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat Province (Fig. 2). The holotype of  M. lateralis was collected by Major- General Thomas Hardwicke, but its collecting location is unknown, because the label indicates only that it came ‘From the continent’. However, Günther (1864) listed </p>
            <p>1242 E. S. H. QUAH ET AL.</p>
            <p>it as coming ‘From the mainland’. Major Hardwicke collected in Singapore and Penang Island, and David &amp; Pauwels (2004) narrowed down the type locality of the species to the mainland part of the State of Penang.</p>
            <p> Natural history: This is the only known lowland species of  Macrocalamus . A specimen from Thailand was collected from hill rainforest at an elevation of ~ 400 m (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004). However, we now know that the species ranges up to 800 m in elevation at Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island. Specimen LSUHC 11590 was collected during mid-morning, at ~10.00 h, from beneath damp leaf litter along a road cut. Although the Thai specimen was reported to have been found active above the ground during the daytime (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004), observations of additional specimens on Gunung Raya, Langkawi indicate that this species is also active at night, with specimens having been observed crossing roads after sunset (Tom Charlton in litt., 2015). Nothing is known about the diet, reproductive biology or behaviour of this species. Relationships:  Macrocalamus lateralis is most closely related to the new species,  M. emas , from which it differs by an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 15.0% (Table 3). </p>
            <p>Material examined: Peninsular Malaysia, Kedah, Langkawi Island, Gunung Raya LSUHC 11590.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D2846174509FF80FCA80B994A3900DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quah, Evan S H;Anuar, Shahrul;Grismer, Lee L;Wood, Perry L;Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah	Quah, Evan S H, Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Lee L, Wood, Perry L, Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah (2020): Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (4): 1236, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz092, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/4/1236/5614987
6D284617451BFF9EFF0C080F4DBA0795.text	6D284617451BFF9EFF0C080F4DBA0795.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocalamus schulzi SCHULZI VOGEL & DAVID 1999	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MACROCALAMUS SCHULZI VOGEL &amp; DAVID, 1999</p>
            <p>SCHULZ’ S REED SNAKE</p>
            <p>(FIG. 11)</p>
            <p> Macrocalamus schulzi Vogel &amp; David, 1999: 309–332 . </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus lateralis (non  Macrocalamus lateralis Gunther, 1864 ): Smith, 1930: 57 (in part.); Tweedie, 1953: 53 (in part.), 1957: 55 (in part.), 1983: 60 (in part.); Lim, 1963: 100 (in part.), 1967: 122, 124 (in part.); Lardner, 1994: 7. </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus cf. lateralis: Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 366 , fig. 274. </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus schulzi Lim et al., 2002: 54 ; Norsham &amp; Lim, 2002: 88; David &amp; Pauwels, 2004: 643; Das, 2010: 285, pl. 48. </p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: ZFMK 51159. Type locality: ‘ Tanah Rata (~ 4°29′N, 101°23′E), Cameron Highlands, Pahang,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.38333/lat 4.483333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.483333">Malaysia’</a>
                 at ~ 1500 m elevation. 
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            <p>Diagnosis: Adults reach 342 mm SVL, 399 mm TL. Head triangular, strongly tapered, indistinct from neck; rostral longer than broad, triangular, visible from above, separating nasals and contacting prefrontals; internasals absent; nasals entire, pentagonal; nostril piercing lower margin of nasal, adjacent to upper margin of first supralabial; one pair of prefrontals; one preocular; one supraocular; one postocular; suboculars absent; 1 + 2 temporals; one elongate loreal; eight supralabials, with second, third and fourth touching loreal scale, fourth and fifth entering orbit; seven infralabials, first pair in contact, first to fourth touching first chin shield; 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; 114–136 ventrals (males 114–125, females 119–136); single cloacal scale; 17–31 divided subcaudals (males 23–31, females 17–27) (Vogel &amp; David, 1999; David &amp; Pauwels, 2004; present study).</p>
            <p>Coloration in life: In the adults, the dorsum is a uniform brown, with some scales bearing lemon yellow on their anterior edge and darker brown on the posterior edge, creating a fine yellow netting pattern. The outer dorsal scale row is pale yellow and mottled with brown below. The throat and venter are yellow, with the outer edges of each ventral scale light brown, forming broad, indistinct stripes bordering the lateral edges of the ventrals. The tail is uniformly brown, and the subcaudals are yellow and brown laterally. The head is brown above, with a light yellow temporal streak extending from behind each eye, across the parietals to contact the yellow throat and supralabials. There are two to four faint, oblique yellow stripes parallel to the temporal streak on the neck. A faint, dark median, zig-zag subcaudal stripe is present in some specimens. In the juveniles, the patterning is more vivid, with the colour of the dorsum being a darker shade of brown and the temporal streak and oblique streaks on the neck and body much bolder (Vogel &amp; David, 1999; David &amp; Pauwels, 2004; present study). Juveniles are much darker, and the ground colour of the body is greyish to dark brown, and they have ≤ 12 oblique parallel streaks on the neck and body that fade in adulthood. Posterior to these streaks is a row of light yellow dorsolateral spots extending to the tip of the tail (Vogel &amp; David, 1999: pl. 4).</p>
            <p>Distribution: This species is known only from the Cameron Highlands plateau, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia from 1000 to 1800 m a.sl.</p>
            <p> Natural history: This is a semifossorial snake known from both cloud forest and agricultural areas. Specimen LSUHC 11707 was collected beneath leaf litter and under damp sphagnum moss in the mossy forest of Gunung Brinchang at night, but the species has also been taken from nearby vegetable farms and tea plantations in the Cameron Highlands. Specimen LSUHC 12611 was found crawling on the ground in a tea plantation in Habu at ~09.30 h. Vogel &amp; David (1999) observed that snakes were frequently found dead on the roads in the morning, and we can corroborate these findings because specimens LSUHC 10982 and 11672 were found dead on the road near the tea plantations at Sungai Palas during the morning. This secretive, terrestrial species was considered nocturnal and has been observed abroad at night on roads or along their sides (Lardner, 1994), and E.S.H.Q. has observed snakes active during early mornings, at which time fresh road-killed specimens were found. Little is known about the diet of  M. schulzi , but Vogel &amp; David (1999) believed that specimens mentioned by Lim (1967) and Smedley (1931a) as  M. lateralis but most probably referable to this species contained insect larvae, cockroaches and earthworms in their gut. Captive specimens kept by Vogel &amp; David (1999) refused crickets, earthworms and baby mice, and a female laid four eggs. These authors also recorded  Calliophis intestinalis (recorded as  Maticora intestinalis in their paper) as a known predator of  M. schulzi when a road-killed specimen was found with half of the body of an  M. schulzi hanging out of its mouth. In the Cameron Highlands plateau, this species coexists with  Co. williamsoni ,  Calamaria lumbricoidea ,  Calamaria lovii gimletti ,  Calamaria schlegeli ,  M. tweediei ,  M. cf. chanardi 1,  M. emas and  P. longiceps (Lim et al., 2002) . Vogel &amp; David (1999) report the scincid lizard  Larutia trifasciata (Tweedie, 1940) occurring in the same biotope as  M. schulzi , and we have collected it in sympatry with another scincid,  Sphenomorphus senja Grismer &amp; Quah, 2015 , and the snakes  Co. williamsoni ,  M. emas and  M. tweediei . </p>
            <p> Relationships: Vogel &amp; David (1999) presumed that the nearest relative of  M. schulzi was  M. chanardi , which at the time was referred to as  M. lateralis before its description as a distinct species. Our molecular data reveal that the closest relative of  M. schulzi is  M. gentingensis , from which it differs genetically by only 2% (Table 3) despite the adults of both species being different in appearance. </p>
            <p>Material examined: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata LSUHC 12148, 12603, 12604 and 12628, USMHC 1953; Cameron Highlands, Gunung Brinchang LSUHC 10982 and 11707; Cameron Highlands, Sungai Palas LSUHC 11672; Cameron Highlands, Habu LSUHC 12611.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D284617451BFF9EFF0C080F4DBA0795	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quah, Evan S H;Anuar, Shahrul;Grismer, Lee L;Wood, Perry L;Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah	Quah, Evan S H, Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Lee L, Wood, Perry L, Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah (2020): Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (4): 1236, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz092, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/4/1236/5614987
6D2846174512FFA5FC8E0C2E4D85048B.text	6D2846174512FFA5FC8E0C2E4D85048B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocalamus vogeli VOGELI DAVID & PAUWELS 2004	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MACROCALAMUS VOGELI DAVID &amp; PAUWELS, 2004</p>
            <p>VOGEL’ S REED SNAKE</p>
            <p>(FIG. 18)</p>
            <p> Macrocalamus vogeli David &amp; Pauwels, 2004: 635–645 . </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus lateralis (non Günther, 1864) – Smith, 1922: 266, 1930: 57 (in part); Norsham &amp; Lim, 2002: 88. </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus cf. lateralis Vogel &amp; David, 1999: 317 . </p>
            <p> Macrocalamus vogeli Das, 2010: 285 , pl. 48. </p>
            <p>  Holotype: BMNH1968.764. Type locality ‘  Camp Padang ,  Gunong Tahan , Pahang,  Malaya , 5400– 5700 ft’ = Gunung Tahan, Pahang, West Malaysia, Malaysia. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Only known adult male is 163 mm SVL, 192 mm TL. Head triangular, flat, tapered anteriorly when viewed dorsally, not depressed anteriorly, indistinct from neck; snout rounded, elongate; body cylindrical, moderately elongate; tail relatively long, ending in a sharp spine; rostral longer than broad, triangular, separates nasals and touching prefrontals; nostril piercing the anterior lower margin of the nasal, adjacent to the upper margin of the first supralabial and to edge of rostral; internasals absent, fused with prefrontals; one pair of prefrontals; one elongate loreal; one preocular; one postocular; one supraocular; suboculars absent; 1 + 2 temporals; eight supralabials, first and second in contact with nasal, second, third and fourth in contact with the loreal, fourth and fifth entering orbit; seven infralabials, first pair in contact, first to fourth in contact with anterior chin shield; 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; dorsal scales smooth; 125 ventral scales; single cloacal scale; 29 divided subcaudals (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004).</p>
            <p>Coloration: The dorsum is a dark yellowish brown, with many scales faintly and thinly edged with darker brown. On the upper part of the sixth dorsal scale row on each side of the body is a row of small ochre–brown ocelli that are irregularly shaped and edged in darker brown. The ocelli are clearly visible on the anterior part of the body but fade at midbody. The outer edges of the ventral scales are dark brown and form a broad, distinct ventrolateral stripe, beginning on the first ventral and extending to the vent. The ventrolateral stripe is bordered above by a pale ochre–brown stripe on the first dorsal scale row. The head is dark yellowish brown above, much darker posteriorly on the occipital region and bearing a wide, yellow temporal streak extending from the parietals, through the temporals, corner of the jaw and neck, then onto the throat. There are two faint, narrow oblique yellow bands that are edged anteriorly with dark brown on the sides of the neck and anterior part of body. The supralabials are light yellow, whereas the chin and throat dark yellow, with extensive brown flecks on the infralabials, except on the last two and to a lesser extent on the chin and throat. The venter and subcaudal region are a dusky yellow, and the ventral scales are speckled with brownish black spots and become progressively more heavily speckled towards the end of the tail. The subcaudal scales are heavily marked with dark brown and a dark, median, zig-zag subcaudal stripe is present (David &amp; Pauwels, 2004).</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known only from the type locality of Gunung Tahan, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.</p>
            <p>Natural history: Nothing is known about the natural history of this species except that it was caught between 1650 and 1750 m a.s.l.</p>
            <p> Relationships: This species is known only from the type specimen, but based on the size, colour pattern and scalation is hypothesized to be related to either  M. chanardi or  M. cf. chanardi 1 and  M. cf. chanardi 2. Similarities between the species are their small size as adults (&lt;200 mm SVL); brown coloration of the dorsum; a single, dark ventrolateral stripe; presence of oblique streaks on the head and body; and presence of ocelli on the flanks. Other characters are presented in Table 5. </p>
            <p> Material examined:   Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang,  Gunung Tahan BMNH 1968.764 (photographs only)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D2846174512FFA5FC8E0C2E4D85048B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quah, Evan S H;Anuar, Shahrul;Grismer, Lee L;Wood, Perry L;Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah	Quah, Evan S H, Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Lee L, Wood, Perry L, Mohd Nor, Siti Azizah (2020): Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (4): 1236, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz092, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/4/1236/5614987
