identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E04F2C785B15811EFF4FFC7DFE071E1F.text	E04F2C785B15811EFF4FFC7DFE071E1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphinoini Haupt 1929	<div><p>Membracidae:</p> <p>Darninae:</p> <p>Hyphinoini</p> <p>Amended diagnosis of the tribe Hyphinoini. ADULTS. Forewings entirely exposed or slightly concealed by pronotum; membrane densely covered in erect setae (Eualthe, Hyphinoe and Hanstruempelia), partially glabrous on posterior half (Tomogonia) or apical third (Bubalopa), row of erect setae alongside each vein; forewing vein R initially divided in R 1+2+3 and R 4+5, one s crossvein, one r-m crossvein and two m-cu crossveins, s crossvein distad of r-m. Femora lacking cucullate setae, metathoracic coxa and trochanter unarmed; metathoracic tibia bearing three complete rows of cucullate setae, row III single basally, double or triple on apical third, plantar surface of first metathoracic tarsomere with cucullate setae (absent in Bubalopa and Hanstruempelia bitumina Sakakibara, 2004). Abdominal segments III–VIII (each segment or all) often showing middorsal spots, fenestrae, scars or tubercles (except absent in Hanstruempelia).</p> <p>4 TH /5 TH INSTAR NYMPH. Tuberculate chalazae widely distributed, denser on scoli; scoli with or without setal portion. Vertex with 8–10 scoli, arranged into bilaterally symmetrical pairs. Prothorax with pair of premetopidial scoli, and two conical and robust postmetopidial scoli; meso- and metathorax with pair of scoli each. Abdominal terga III–IX (each tergum or all) bearing pair of scoli, ventrolateral lamellae absent. Abdominal segment IX dorsal length almost equal to combined lengths of segments IV–VIII.</p> <p>Remarks. Prior to this work, the defining features of Hyphinoini were the densely pubescent forewing membrane and the presence of cucullate setae on the ventral surface of the first metathoracic tarsomere (Deitz 1975). These were also inferred as synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the tribe, although the sampling of that study (Dietrich et al. 2001) only included representatives of Hyphinoe. In Bubalopa, the forewing membrane is partially glabrous, and cucullate setae are absent on the plantar surface of the first metathoracic tarsomere. We believe that the erect forewing setae still represent a key trait in diagnosing Hyphinoini because forewings are noticeably pubescent in all tribal constituents. In instances where the membrane is partially glabrous, veins exhibit a line of erect setae along their entire length. This amended diagnosis, which is intended to complement the revision of Deitz (1975), provides additional detail into the variation of wing pubescence in different hyphinoine groups, as well as cases in which key diagnostic traits are absent.</p> <p>Other important exceptions include Tomogonia vittatipennis (Fairmaire, 1846) and T. camposiana Goding, 1920, whose forewings lack setae in the posterior half, except along the veins. Cucullate setae on the plantar surface of the first metathoracic tarsomere are absent in Hanstruempelia bitumina, although 1–5 cucullate setae may be present at the distal margin (Sakakibara 2004). Members of the genus Hanstruempelia also lack paired fenestrae, spots or tubercles on abdominal terga III–VIII, which are observed in other species of Hyphinoini.</p> <p>We inferred the placement of Bubalopa within Hyphinoini based on the wing setae and venation, as well as unique features of immature stages. Nymphal traits are newly reported for Bubalopa and Hyphinoe. The arrangement of scoli and chalazae in the head, thorax, and abdomen show an unambiguous topological correspondence between these two groups. Immature features show great potential to inform the classification of darnine subfamilies and tribes, especially at the early stages, when the size and appearance of scoli make comparisons more straightforward. Scoli decrease in size throughout development in hyphinoine nymphs, with a different pattern of reduction in each genus. For instance, most scoli decrease equally and in proportion to body size in H. obliqua (Fig. 2F). Contrastingly, in B. furcata, the mesothoracic and abdominal scoli on segments VI–VIII decrease significantly in size compared to other scoli in later nymphal stages (Fig. 6F). Nymphal traits which are informative for tribal-level diagnosis include a similar arrangement of body scoli (Figs. 1A, 3A): 4–5 bilaterally symmetrical pairs on the head, one pair of premetopidial scoli, one pair of postmetopidial scoli, one pair on mesonotum and metanotum, and one pair on abdominal segments. Moreover, the differentiation of scoli in late instar nymphs can prove useful for recognizing genera. Hyphinoini nymphs can be distinguished from other similar immatures in unrelated tribes (e.g., Ceresini, which also have a laterally compressed body) in having smaller, stalked or tuberculate chalazae on scoli, a greater number of scoli on the head, and smaller scoli on the metanotum as compared to other thoracic and abdominal segments in late instar nymphs.</p> <p>Our decision to retain Bubalopa in Hyphinoini also takes into consideration the fact that these species do not fit into the current concept of any other darnine tribe. Representatives of Bubalopa do not exhibit the femoral cucullate setae diagnostic of Darnini and Procyrtini; their coxa and trochanter are unarmed, lacking the apposed and spinelike processes observed in Cymbomorphini and Procyrtini; and their metathoracic tibia bears three rows of cucullate setae, unlike members of Hemikypthini.A phylogenetic revision of Darninae is warranted to evaluate potential tribal synapomorphies and to determine when multiple acquisitions or secondary losses may have occurred, especially concerning forewing characters and leg chaetotaxy.</p> <p>Presented here is a provisional key to aid the identification of Hyphinoini genera. A comprehensive revision of Hyphinoe Stål is warranted to reassess the placement of species which strongly diverge in their pronotal morphology. The distinction between Hyphinoe and Hanstruempelia Sakakibara also needs to be further clarified. We based our concept of genera on their corresponding type species, and we believe a reappraisal of Hyphinoini genera will result in the description of new taxa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B15811EFF4FFC7DFE071E1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B14811EFF4FF90EFC331DB2.text	E04F2C785B14811EFF4FF90EFC331DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphinoe Stal 1867	<div><p>Hyphinoe Stål, 1867</p> <p>Hyphinoe Stål 1867: 538</p> <p>(type species: Hemiptycha cuneata Germar, 1835); Metcalf and Wade 1965: 691; McKamey 1998: 476.</p> <p>Ictaranthe Fowler 1895 b: 75 (type species: Ictaranthe latifrons Fowler, 1895).</p> <p>Tauriona Buckton 1903 a: 259 (type species: Tauriona obesum Buckton, 1903).</p> <p>Trapezoida Buckton 1905a: 335 (type species: Trapezoida hirsuta Buckton, 1905).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B14811EFF4FF90EFC331DB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B14811EFF4FFB38FA701CC5.text	E04F2C785B14811EFF4FFB38FA701CC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphinoini Haupt 1929	<div><p>Key to Hyphinoini genera</p> <p>1. Pronotum distinctly elevated and swollen anteriorly, pronotal height usually&gt;2x head length in frontal view............. 2</p> <p>1’ Pronotum low to moderately elevated, not swollen, pronotal height not exceeding 1.5x head length in frontal view.........3</p> <p>2’. In lateral view, metopidium vertical or curvilinear; in dorsal view, sides compressed into anterior angles or horns yielding a triangular appearance........................................................................ Hyphinoe Stål</p> <p>2 (1). In lateral view, metopidium distinctly leaning forward; in dorsal view, sides tumid and enlarged, forming a semicircular platform....................................................................... Hanstruempelia Sakakibara</p> <p>3. Suprahumeral horns robust and carinate, horn apex well above humeral angles; forewing membrane smoky to opaque, uniformly colored............................................................................................. 4</p> <p>3’. If present, suprahumeral horns slender, acute, devoid of longitudinal carina, apex close to humeral angles; forewing membrane hyaline with narrow dark macula along main branch of R vein....................................... Tomogonia Stål</p> <p>4 (3). Posterior pronotal process extending well beyond forewing apex; forewing densely and uniformly pubescent, lacking supernumerary veins.......................................................................... Eualthe Stål</p> <p>4’. Posterior pronotal process not reaching forewing apex; forewing pubescent basally and mostly glabrous apically, venation distinctly reticulate apically................................................................... Bubalopa Stål</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B14811EFF4FFB38FA701CC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B13811BFF4FFF60FCB318CB.text	E04F2C785B13811BFF4FFF60FCB318CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyphinoe obliqua (Walker 1858)	<div><p>Hyphinoe obliqua (Walker, 1858)</p> <p>(Figs. 1, 2)</p> <p>Thelia obliqua Walker 1858: 73 (Type locality: Mexico); Fowler 1894: 74 to Hyphinoe camelus Gray (Error); Funkhouser 1927: 144 to Hyphinoe camelus Gray (Error); Funkhouser 1951: 94 to Hyphinoe camelus Gray (Error).</p> <p>Hyphinoe obliqua Metcalf and Wade 1965 a: 697 (Catalogued) Equals Thelia obliqua Walker, Equals Hemiptycha bigutta Walker, Equals Hyphinoe tau Fowler, Equals Hyphinoe tau atitlana Fowler; McKamey 1998: 477.</p> <p>Description: 5 TH INSTAR NYMPH. Body laterally compressed. Color: Mostly green in both live and dry museum specimens. Surface: Tuberculate chalazae present on the following structures: post-ocular lobes, prothorax (along anterior and dorsal margin), anteroventral margin at base of forewing pads, mesonotal and abdominal scoli, ventrolateral margins of abdominal terga, entire abdominal segment IX, and dorsoanterior and dorsoposterior margins of tibia; tuberculate chalazae varying in size, larger and prominent along the anterior surface of thoracic and abdominal scoli. Lateral surface of thorax and abdomen glabrous; elongate and slender setae covering ventral surface of body and legs, more densely distributed on ventral side of head (Figs. 2E–H). Head: Subtriangular; vertex bearing 8 scoli, arranged into 4 bilaterally symmetrical pairs: 2 slender scoli on upper margin, equidistant from eyes and coronal suture, curved upwards (Fig. 2G, hs1); 2 stout scoli, each at external anterior margin, juxtaposed to eyes, curved diagonally and downward (Fig. 2G, hs2), fused with 2 small scoli at base, the latter directed downward (Fig. 2G, hs4); 2 small and stout scoli at inferior margin, just below eyes, directed laterally. Thorax: Prothorax well developed; pair of stout scoli at base, just above head, discreetly curved, and directed upward and slightly forward (=premetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015); tall and laterally flattened dorsoanterior projection, with 2 robust, conical scoli at apex, slightly curved laterally at tip (=postmetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015); suprahumeral buds relatively inconspicuous, consisting of small lateral protuberance well above eyes; posterior process triangular, reaching anterior margin of metanotum, resting under mesonotal scoli. Mesonotum with pair of large scoli, curved forward apically, enclosing tip of posterior process. Metanotum with pair of small scoli, leaning forward against mesonotum. Forewing pads emarginate ventrally, sheltering metathoracic legs in repose, venation barely perceptible (except tinged bright green in live specimens); wing pads reaching fourth abdominal segment; hind wing pads subtriangular, attaining apex of forewing pads, anal margin mostly exposed (Figs. 2D, F, H). Abdomen: Abdominal terga III–VIII with pair of stout and enlarged dorsal scoli, each pair slightly arched forward (except for scoli in segment VIII, curved backward) and fused basally. Segment IX tubular, elongate (more than half the length of rest of abdomen), bearing one pair of apical spine-like scoli, directed posteriorly (Figs. 2D, F, H).</p> <p>Remarks: This is the first record and description of an immature of Hyphinoe. Nymphs of H. obliqua can be distinguished in having much sparser distributed setae; vertex lacking a pair of scoli immediately above the eyes (=hs 3 in Bubalopa, Fig. 6D); suprahumeral buds reduced to a relatively inconspicuous protuberance; postmetopidial scoli smaller; and mesothoracic and abdominal scoli on segments VI–VIII larger. Morphological data for Hyphinoe immatures illuminate the systematics of the tribe, as discussed in the previous section.</p> <p>Nymphs of different instars and adults were found on one species of Cucurbitaceae at PNN Farallones de Cali (Colombia). This is the first record of H. obliqua for Colombia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B13811BFF4FFF60FCB318CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B118115FF4FFD0DFEB7187B.text	E04F2C785B118115FF4FFD0DFEB7187B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubalopa Stal 1869	<div><p>Bubalopa Stål, 1869</p> <p>Bubalopa Stål 1869 c: 255; Funkhouser 1927: 117 (Darninae); Metcalf &amp; Wade 1965: 701 (Darninae); Deitz 1975: 72 (Darninae: Hyphinoini); McKamey 1998: 476 (Darninae: Hyphinoini).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Large (&gt; 10mm), robust. Suprahumeral horns prominent, tricarinate, diagonal with respect to median carina, truncate apically; posterior process not reaching forewing apex. Forewings entirely exposed, strongly coriaceous at basal 1/2, membrane adjacent to veins punctate throughout; all punctations with adjacent setae; forewing membrane setose on basal 2/3, mostly glabrous at apical 1/3, bearing supernumerary veins. Femora lacking cucullate setae, metatibia with three complete, distinct rows of cucullate setae.</p> <p>Description: ADULTS. Large (&gt; 10mm), robust. Ochraceous yellow to brown with dark punctation; forewings opaque, amber to dark brown, hindwings smoky hyaline. Surface: Head, pronotum and forewings densely punctate, punctations large and deep, each with single adjacent silver seta. Ventral area of head, thoracic sclerites and legs covered in shiny pubescence. Basal 1/2 of forewings distinctly sclerotized, punctations covering 4/5 of basal cell 1 (R), 1/2 to 2/3 of basal cell 2 (M) and 1/3 to entire basal cell 3 (Cu). Head: Subtriangular, almost as wide as long; anterior margin of vertex widely arched, posterior margin trapezoid; supra-antennal ledges slightly to distinctly sinuous or indented; anterior margin of frontoclypeus triangular, apex acute to slightly round, posterior margin arched. Thorax: Pronotum: dorsomedian carina percurrent, sharper from basal 1/3 to apex of posterior process; suprahumeral horns prominent, prismatic, 1–3x as long as wide basally, moderately curved, diagonal with respect to median carina both anteriorly and dorsally; each horn bearing three sharp longitudinal carina: anterior carina emerging from above supraocular callosities, lateral and dorsal carina emerging from above humeral angles, all three converging to horn apex; dorsal outline of posterior process slightly curved to strongly sinuous past humeral angles, gradually declining along posterior 1/3; dorsal hump occasionally present at middle; deep semicircular impressions past humeral angles and above clavus in lateral view; posterior process acute, not extended above apex of forewings. Forewings entirely exposed, strongly coriaceous at basal 1/2; all punctations with adjacent seta; membrane adjacent to veins punctate throughout, cell membrane at apical 1/3 glabrous; vein R initially divided into R 1+2+3 and R 4+5, one s, one r-m and two m-cu crossveins present, crossvein s distad of r-m, several supernumerary crossveins in apical 1/3. Hind wing with four apical cells, one r-m and one m-cu crossveins. Femora lacking cucullate setae; dorsal surfaces of tibiae sulcate; metathoracic tibia with three complete longitudinal rows of cucullate setae, row III single basally, double or triple on apical third; first metathoracic tarsomere lacking cucullate setae on plantar surface, cucullate setae present at apex. Abdomen: terga III–V or III–VI with a pair of dorsal scars (Figs. 7A, D; 8A, F). Male genitalia: lateral plates fused with pygofer. Subgenital plates somewhat pear-shaped, inflated, lobes with dorsal hump in lateral view, contour sinuous in ventral/dorsal view; aedeagus U-shaped, slender, bearing minute teeth along dorsal surface (Fig. 7). Female genitalia: Second valvulae blade shaped, two prominent teeth on apical third (Fig. 8).</p> <p>4 TH /5 TH INSTAR NYMPH (based on fourth/fifth instar nymphs of B. furcata) (Fig. 6): Vertex with 10 scoli arranged in 5 bilaterally symmetric pairs along the upper (8) and inferior (2) border. Tuberculate chalazae numerous, varying in size, broadly distributed on prothorax, lacking setal portion or very reduced; anteroventral margin at base of forewing pads, abdominal scoli, ventro-lateral margins of abdominal terga, and anterodorsal and posterodorsal margin of tibia. Prothorax well developed, tall, pair of scoli on metopidium (=premetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015); anterior projection bearing two robust, conical scoli curved apically (=postmetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015); posterior process triangular, reaching anterior margin of metanotum; suprahumeral process buds flap-like, folded posteriorly onto sides of prothorax. Meso- and metathorax with a pair of scoli each.Abdominal terga III–V with pair of distinctly tall, laterally divergent, and stout dorsal scoli, terga VI–VIII with pair of small spinelike scoli, segment IX tubular, elongate with dorsal length almost equal to combined lengths of segments IV–VIII, bearing a pair of apical spine-like scoli.</p> <p>Distribution: species of Bubalopa are restricted to the Northern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela (Fig. 11). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Medellín (Corregimiento Santa Elena); Boyacá: Villa de Leyva (SFF Iguaque). VENEZUELA: Trujillo: Boconó.</p> <p>Species included (3):</p> <p>Bubalopa furcata (Fairmaire, 1846)</p> <p>B. obscuricornis Stål, 1869</p> <p>B. iguaque Flórez-V and Evangelista sp. nov.</p> <p>Remarks. Members of Bubalopa are distinguished by (1) their entirely exposed forewings, exceeding the length of the posterior pronotal process, and (2) apical supernumerary forewing veins, which yield a reticulate aspect. Their placement in Hyphinoini was inferred based on forewing venation, leg chaetotaxy, and traits from late instar nymphs, as previously discussed.</p> <p>The distribution and appearance of scoli and other characters in the fourth-fifth instar of B. furcata is almost identical to that of Alcmeone robustus (Lencioni-Neto and Sakakibara 2013). Dorsal pronotal impressions in the form of two small circular impressions can be observed in the adults of B. furcata and A. robustus. This feature is thought to be remnants of the two large apical scoli located on the pronotal process of last instar nymphs (Lencioni-Neto and Sakakibara 2013, Fig. 6, p. 472; Fig. 5B). This appears to be the case in B. furcata, whose immatures also have large pronotal scoli and nearly identical pronotal scars in adults. These scars, although minute, can be easily distinguished in the middle of the dorsum, with one impression at each side of the dorsomedian carina, posterior to the suprahumeral horns (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>Large oval pits on the dorsolateral portion of the abdominal terga III–V are a distinguishing feature of Bubalopa (Figs. 7A, D; 8A, F; 10C), although also observed in other Darninae groups. Deitz (1975) commented that spots, fenestrae or tuberosities were present in members of Cymbomorphini and Hyphinoini, and identical pits were described for A. robustus (Lencioni-Neto and Sakakibara 2013). The oval pits seem to be a remnant of the large nymphal scoli in Bubalopa and Alcmeone, as they share the same location in both nymphs and adults. Further observations can help confirm whether these pronotal and abdominal scars in adults result from nymphal traits that share a topological correspondence.</p> <p>The prominent abdominal apodeme is a remarkable feature of Bubalopa. The shape of these apodemes varies among species and can be relatively inflated and extended to the posterior margin of the abdominal segment IV (e.g., B. iguaque sp. nov., Fig. 10C). These structures have been virtually unexplored in treehopper systematics, except for one previous study which incorporated this information into a phylogenetic reconstruction of the tribe Darnini (Roy et al. 2007) Roy et al. ’s findings demonstrate that these abdominal characters can offer information useful for refining the classification of these darnine groups.</p> <p>Nymphal traits are reported for the first time for B. furcata, but immature stages of other Bubalopa species remain unknown. There is remarkable variation in the size of scoli between early and late instars, as most scoli undergo a significant reduction in size, albeit with important distinctions between hyphinoine genera (Figs. 1, 3). In early instars of B. furcata, the scoli on the head, metopidium, mesothorax and VI–VIII abdominal segments turn into minute spine-like processes in older nymphs (Fig. 3). Contrastingly, in H. obliqua, the same scoli remain large during development, covered in tuberculate chalazae (Fig. 1). Although the scoli on the head of B. furcata appear to be chalazae in the late instar, these structures seem to arise from the large scoli observed in the early instars.</p> <p>Morphological features relevant to species-level recognition in Bubalopa</p> <p>Species of Bubalopa are mainly distinguished by their body color (head, pronotum, forewings, and legs), as well as the overall appearance of their pronotum, e.g., suprahumeral horns and posterior process. Most relevant traits pertain to the head, pronotum, and genitalia: the shape, size and orientation of the suprahumeral horns, the shape of the frontoclypeus, suprantennal ledges and dorsal pronotal outline, and certain structures of the male genitalia such as the parameres. Bubalopa is the only genus in Darninae to exhibit reticulate forewings, which resemble the wings of species of Membracinae: Hypsoprorini, Centronodinae, Centrotinae: Centrodontini, and Nicomiinae. The extent and number of supernumerary veins can vary among species, and while this trait is also expected to have a degree of intraspecific variation, this could not be assessed based on the few representatives available for examination. The orientation and length of the suprahumeral horns can have inter- and intraspecific variation.Additionally, parameres in Bubalopa are broad throughout, but the apex varies among species, and may be either bifurcated and T-shaped or truncated with a lateroventral projection. The aedeagus does not vary greatly between species, but it may vary in width and length.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B118115FF4FFD0DFEB7187B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B1F8115FF4FFD9CFA701E6A.text	E04F2C785B1F8115FF4FFD9CFA701E6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubalopa undefined-1 Stal 1869	<div><p>Key to Bubalopa species</p> <p>1. Yellow, dark brown or combination thereof; dorsal outline of posterior pronotal process weakly to moderately arched past humeral angles (Figs. 4B, 4G, 5C, 5G, 9G); forewings not strongly reticulate (&lt;15 supernumerary veins restricted to apical 1/4).................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>- Golden brown with ferruginous tinge; dorsal outline of posterior pronotal process strongly sinuous past humeral angles (Fig. 9C); forewings strongly reticulate (&gt;20 supernumerary veins distributed along apical 1/3).............. B. iguaque sp. nov.</p> <p>2. Yellow with orange tinge and black punctations; suprahumeral horns slender, longer than wide basally, variable in length and orientation (Fig. 5); dorsal outline of posterior pronotal process feebly arched or gradually descending (Figs. 4B, 4G, 5C, 5G), lateral margins with weakly marked semi-circular impressions (Figs. 4F, 5B, 5F).................. B. furcata (Fairmaire)</p> <p>- Dark brown with reddish tinge and irregular yellow patches; suprahumeral horns robust and triangular, approximately as long as wide basally; dorsal outline of posterior pronotal process moderately arched, abruptly narrowed at posterior ½ (Fig. 9G); lateral margins with strong semi-circular depressions (Fig. 9F–G).............................. B. obscuricornis Stål</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B1F8115FF4FFD9CFA701E6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B1F810DFF4FFBADFEC51C33.text	E04F2C785B1F810DFF4FFBADFEC51C33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubalopa furcata (Fairmaire 1846)	<div><p>Bubalopa furcata (Fairmaire, 1846)</p> <p>(Figs. 3–8)</p> <p>Hemiptycha furcata Fairmaire, 1846: 314.</p> <p>Bubalopa furcata Stål, 1869c: 255; Funkhouser, 1927: 117; Metcalf and Wade, 1965: 701; McKamey, 1998: 476.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Overall color ochraceous yellow, punctation reddish black, antero-dorsal surface of suprahumeral horns dark brown with slight red tinge, tibia black, spotted yellow medially, anterior and posterior margins orange. Suprahumeral horn orientation: 35–50º (frontal view), 25–40º (dorsal view); dorsal outline slightly arched, descending in almost straight line from above humeral angles to apex of posterior process. Males: parameres Tshaped, subgenital plate abruptly narrow apically.</p> <p>Description: ADULTS. Color. Head and pronotum ochraceous yellow with reddish dark brown punctation. Eyes grey, ocelli yellow, surrounding cuticle forming a brown ring. Antero-dorsal surface of suprahumeral horns dark brown with slight red tinge. Forewings slightly to entirely opaque, amber to reddish dark brown with black punctation. Thoracic sternites, coxa, trochanter, femora and tarsomeres ochraceous yellow; dorsal surface of tibiae black spotted yellow, anterior and posterior margins orange, ventral surface ochraceous yellow. Head: Triangular, wider than long; suprantennal ledges discreetly sinuous, apex of frontoclypeus acute. Thorax: Suprahumeral horns 2–2.5x as long as wide basally, orientation: 35–50º (frontal), 25–40º (dorsal); dorsal carina of suprahumeral horns less sharp than others; dorsal contour weakly arched, highest above humeral angles, descending in almost straight line to apex of posterior process; semicircular impression at each side of median carina, approximately at middorsum. Abdomen: Terga III–V with a pair of oval dorsal pits (scars) (Figs. 7A, 7D, 8A, 8F). Male: Apodeme reaching posterior margin of sternite III. Lateral plate fused with pygofer. Subgenital plates wider at basal half, with slight dorsal hump, abruptly narrow in lateral view. Parameres broad, T-shaped, bifurcate distally into fingerlike lobes, weakly curved and round apically. Aedeagus U-shaped, several rows of minute teeth along entire length of anterior surface of posterior arm. Female: Gonoplac blade-shaped, covered in setae, distinctly more sclerotized along posteroventral margin. First valvulae blade-shaped, broad throughout; dorsal margin, from mid-length to apex, finely sculpted in short diagonal lines, gradually turning into well-marked striations, extended transversally across triangular and acute apex. Second valvulae blade-shaped, slightly broader at apex, two prominent teeth on apical third, quadrangular teeth on dorsal contour apically, located after apical prominent tooth, apical margin dorsally serrated, ramus extended up to apical 1/5.</p> <p>4 TH /5 TH INSTAR NYMPH. Color: Mostly green in live specimens, brown in dry preserved specimens. Surface: vertex, pronotum and abdomen covered in minute, stout and subcylindrical setae, sparser on metathorax and mesonotum, abdominal segment I+II glabrous; elongate and slender setae covering ventral surface of body and legs, more densely distributed on ventral side of head. Tuberculate chalazae present on post-ocular lobes, suprahumeral buds, entire prothorax (except for pre-metopidium), anteroventral margin at base of forewing pads, mesonotal and abdominal scoli, ventrolateral margins of abdominal terga (Fig. 6E, ach), and anterodorsal and posterodorsal margin of tibia; chalazae and their setal portion varying in size, larger and prominent along the anterior surface of thoracic and abdominal scoli. Head: subtriangular; vertex bearing 10 scoli, arranged into 5 bilaterally symmetric pairs: 2 slender scoli on upper margin, equidistant from eyes and coronal suture, curved upwards (Fig. 6D, hs1); 2 stout scoli, each at external anterior margin, juxtaposed to eyes (Fig. 6D, hs3); 2 slender scoli (longest in vertex), each near external anterior margin, adjacent to latter pair, distinctly curved downwards (Fig. 6D, hs2); 2 smaller scoli, each adjacent to eyes, right below the latter pair (Fig. 6D, hs4); 2 small and stout scoli at inferior margin, right below eyes, slightly curved posteriorly (Fig. 6D, hs5). Thorax: prothorax well developed, tall and laterally flattened antero-dorsal projection, bearing 2 robust, conical scoli, curved forward apically (=postmetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015) (Fig. 6F, pos); pair of minute scoli on metopidium (=premetopidium scoli sensu McKamey et al. 2015) (Fig. 6F, prs); suprahumeral buds flap-like, folded posteriorly onto sides of prothorax (Fig. 6C, shb); posterior process triangular, reaching anterior margin of metanotum; meso- and metanotum with 1 pair of small scoli each (Fig. 6F, mss, mts); ventral margin of forewing pads slightly emarginate anteriorly, sheltering metathoracic leg in repose, venation barely perceptible (tinged bright green in live specimens), pads reaching fourth abdominal segment; hindwing pads subtriangular, as long as forewing pads, anal margin mostly exposed. Abdomen: Abdominal terga III–V with pair of greatly enlarged dorsal scoli, each pair slightly arched in frontal and dorsal view in U-shaped outline (Fig. 6C, 6F, 6I, asIII-asV), terga VI–VIII with pair of small spinelike scoli (Fig. 6F, sps). Segment IX tubular, elongate (more than half the length of rest of abdomen), bearing one pair of apical spine-like scoli directed posteriorly (Fig. 6F, asIX) and slightly diagonally in V-shape.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm): Female (n=3, including lectotype)/male (n=1): Body length: 13.48/11.62; forewing length: 11.94/10.34; pronotal length: 11.91/9.99; pronotum height: 3.41/2.64; pronotal width: 4.50/3.46; head width: 4.08/3.28; vertex width: 2.81/2.19; vertex length: 2.17/1.72.</p> <p>Lectotype designation for Hemiptycha furcata Fairmaire, 1846: 314. In the original description of Hemiptycha furcata, Fairmaire (1846) specified Bogota as the type-locality, and the Signoret Collection as the repository of the examined material. When erecting Bubalopa and redescribing Bubalopa furcata, Stål (1869) also listed Bogota as the type-locality and mentioned that the specimen he examined had a mutilated head. The single specimen currently housed at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien closely matches the description of Fairmaire and Stål both in terms of morphological features and its state of preservation. However, while the determination label of this specimen correctly states ‘ furcata ’, the locality label reads ‘ Bolivien’, contradicting the records from both of these authors.</p> <p>The Signoret collection was sold to the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria (NMW) in 1890 after the death of Victor Signoret in 1889. After its acquisition, Signoret’s specimens were re-labelled by Anton Handlirsch (Rabitsch 2000). Each specimen received at least two labels, which were highly characteristic in terms of appearance and style. One label features a handwritten locality (usually one word, e.g., ‘ Bolivien ’) and a printed collection source (i.e., ‘Coll. Signoret’). The second label includes the species identification, containing a handwritten epithet (i.e. ‘ furcata ’), and the printed name of the identifier/author (i.e., ‘det. Signoret’) (Figure 4C). Fairmaire and Stål’s manuscripts, published between 1846 and 1869, indicate that they examined the type before it was transferred to NMW. The authors, therefore, correctly reported the locality from Signoret’s original labels before it was incorrectly transcribed by Handlirsch. Transcription errors, although rare, have been observed in other hemipteran specimens that Handlirsch curated (e.g., Reduviidae: Phymatinae; Rabitsch 2000). Despite this label inconsistency, there is strong indication that this exemplar is the syntype of Hemiptycha furcata, from Bogota, not Bolivia, which was examined first-hand by Stål. The term ‘Bogota’ was often used in the 19 th century to refer to multiple sites in Colombia, and therefore will not be included in the distribution of this species.</p> <p>Distribution: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Medellín (Corregimiento de Santa Elena, 2500 masl); Puerto Berrío (Vereda Cristalina, 400 masl) (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Examined Material: Lectoype female (here designated): “ Bolivien \ Coll. Signoret.”, “ furcata \ det. Signoret.” [original type locality: ‘ Bogota’, incorrectly transcribed by A. Handlirsch] (NMW). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Medellín: “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Medellín, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.4996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.194048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.4996/lat 6.194048)">Corregimiento Santa Elena, Reserva SMA San Pedro</a>, 6.194048ºN, 75.499603ºW, 2600 msnm, Manual, en Senna pistaciifolia (Fabaceae), Jun. 2019, leg. Semillero de Entomología 2019-I (C. Flórez-V), CBUCES-F 9036 (1 male, 1 female, CBUCES); “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Medellín, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.4996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.194048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.4996/lat 6.194048)">Corregimiento Santa Elena, Reserva SMA San Pedro</a>, 6.194048°N, 75.499603°W, 2600 msnm, Manual, en Senna pistaciifolia (Fabaceae), Jun. 2020, leg. C. Flórez-V, A. Ospina, CBUCES-F 8002 ”, “ CBUCES-F 8003 ”, “ CBUCES-F 8023 ” (1 male, 2 females, CBUCES); “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Medellín, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.4996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.194048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.4996/lat 6.194048)">Corregimiento Santa Elena, Reserva SMA San Pedro</a>, 6.194048°N, 75.499603°W, 2600 msnm, Manual, en Senna pistaciifolia (Fabaceae), Sep. 5/2020, leg. C. Flórez-V, A. Ospina, CBUCES-F 8004 ” (1 nymph, CBUCES). Puerto Berrío: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.4996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.194048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.4996/lat 6.194048)">COant. Puerto Berrío Vda. / Cristalina R.U.N.A.</a> 400–500m / Manual 22-sep-2005 / A. Acosta / CEUA 66707 ” (1 female, CEUA).</p> <p>Biology: Adults and immatures were observed feeding on branches of Senna pistaciifolia (Kunth) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby (Fabaceae).Adults and nymphs are highly cryptic. The color, shape, and ultrastructure of scoli and chalazae help nymphs blend into the apical indumenta of the host plant. Nymphs closely resemble host plant stipules, where they usually feed. Adults were consistently observed on ligneous plant tissue feeding on subapical branches. Both nymphs and adults are solitary, not associated with ants or other hymenopterans, and were sparsely distributed in the surveyed transects. For example, only five adults and five nymphs were collected after thorough inspection of 50 host plants in that area, which suggests low population density. Other treehopper species were found to co-occur in the same host plant individual: Bordoniana nigricosta (Goding, 1926) (Smiliinae: Acutalini), an unidentified species of Membracinae, and several aggregations of Aetalion cf. nigromarginatum (Aetalionidae) including multiple adults and nymphs.</p> <p>Remarks: Representatives of B. furcata are easily distinguished from other Bubalopa by their overall color, ochre yellow and reddish brown punctation, acute frontoclypeus, slender suprahumeral horns, and a nearly diagonal dorsal outline. The supernumerary crossveins on the forewings vary intraspecifically and can be as numerous as in B. obscuricornis but still fewer than in B. iguaque. In males, suprahumeral horns are more horizontal (35º–40º, frontal view; n=2) than in females. A larger sampling of females indicates that there is considerable variation in horn orientation (35º–50º, frontal view; n=5), although four of the five examined females showed an angle from 40º–50º. While those differences are evident in frontal view, horns appear similar in lateral and dorsal view in both sexes for all exemplars. As observed in other species in the genus, B. furcata bears prominent oval pits on the dorsolateral area of abdominal terga III–V, which are thought to be scars resulting from nymphal scoli (Lencioni-Neto and Sakakibara 2013). The small semicircular impressions on the pronotal posterior process in adults, which appear to be topologically correlated with scoli in the nymphs, are also visible in A. robustus. These traits are not observed in other species of Bubalopa (see remarks after the redescription of the genus).</p> <p>Some structures of the male genitalia of B. furcata are highly characteristic, including the subgenital plate, with a large dorsolateral indentation, and the robust and T-shaped paramere. These two features are not observed in any other Membracidae. The internal lateral margin of abdominal pleurites, and the lateral and anterior margin of abdominal sternites are somewhat invaginated into the abdomen. The spiracles are located in the invaginations of the pleurite. The second valvulae of B. furcata (Figs. 8I–J) differs from the figure presented in Deitz (1975) for the same species (Fig. 24O, pp. 85). We believe that Deitz (1975) illustrated a specimen of Eualthe, which had been previously misidentified by Funkhouser as Bubalopa.</p> <p>This is the first species of Bubalopa for which nymphal morphology is described. The relevance of these characters to tribe and genus classification are discussed elsewhere in this paper. Nymphs were collected on the same date and same host plants as adults.</p> <p>The specimen from Puerto Berrío was incorrectly referred to in Flórez-V et al. (2015) as a representative of Sundarion. The authors commented that this exemplar did not exhibit femoral cucullate setae as in Sundarion but listed other characters as deep pronotal punctations or supernumerary forewing crossveins, which are characteristic of Bubalopa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B1F810DFF4FFBADFEC51C33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B07810EFF4FF955FE101F1B.text	E04F2C785B07810EFF4FF955FE101F1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubalopa iguaque Flórez-V & Evangelista 2021	<div><p>Bubalopa iguaque Flórez-V and Evangelista sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs. 9A–D, 10)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Overall coloration rusty brown, variegated with ochraceous yellow, body strongly pubescent. Suprahumeral horns subtriangular, robust, nearly horizontal, distinct round protrusion at base, orientation formula: 25º (frontal), 45º (dorsal); posterior process with marked dorsal hump, dorsal outline sinuous, descending in curve toward apex.</p> <p>Description: HOLOTYPE MALE. Color: Rusty brown; head, pronotum, femora and tibia variegated ochraceous yellow. Eyes silver with dark brown patches. Median carina, suprahumeral horns’ carina and lateral margins of pronotum slightly darker, spotted ochraceous yellow, more evidently on dorsal view. Forewings rusty brown, coriaceous area brownish yellow and opaque. Thoracic sternites and coxae dark brown, posterior margins yellow. Surface: Head, pronotum, legs and forewings with dense silvery pubescence; seta adjacent to each punctation in head and pronotum. Head: Subtriangular, supraantennal ledges with distinct indentation before middle, near eyes; frontoclypeus’ anterior 1/2 semicircular, posterior 1/2 triangular, apex slightly round. Thorax: Suprahumeral horns robust, subtriangular, nearly horizontal, 1.5–2× as long as wide, small budge on external surface at base of horns’ lateral carina, orientation formula: 25º (frontal), 45º (dorsal); suprahumeral horns’ carina distinctly marked, horn’s dorsal carina reaching median carina on anterior 1/3. Pronotal posterior process with dorsal hump past humeral angles, dorsal outline sinuous, descending in curve towards apex. Forewings distinctly reticulate with several supernumerary crossveins from apical 2/5. Abdomen: Terga III–VI with a pair of oval dorsal pits (scars), decreasing in size in posterior segments. Apodeme broad, finger-like, reaching posterior margin of segment IV, apex clavate in lateral view (Fig. 10C). Genitalia: Lateral plate fused with pygofer. Dorsal margin of subgenital plates sinuous, nearly undulate, as seen in lateral view. Parameres hook-shaped, relatively slender, shank broader at middle, bend and point triangular. Aedeagus U-shaped, posterior arm slender with teeth along anterior surface.</p> <p>Female and nymphs unknown.</p> <p>Measurements: Male (n=1, mm): Body length: 8.7; forewing length: 7.67; pronotal length: 7.88; pronotum height: 2.61; pronotal width: 2.93; head width: 2.91; vertex width: 2.08; vertex length: 1.54.</p> <p>Etymology: The epithet ‘iguaque’ (noun in apposition) refers to the name of the type-locality near the Iguaque lagoon, which was an important religious and cultural sanctuary for the indigenous people ‘Muiscas’, and they referred to this area as the “heart of the world”.</p> <p>Biology: The specimen was collected in a Malaise trap.</p> <p>Distribution: COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Villa de Leyva (SFF Iguaque – 5º25‘N 73º27‘W, 2855 masl) (Fig. 11). Coordinates on original label do not match with the locality SFF Iguaque. However, Mamarramas is a locality inside the SFF [Flora and Fauna Sanctuary] Iguaque.</p> <p>Examined Material: Holotype male from COLOMBIA: Boyacá: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.4166665)">Villa de Leyva</a>: “Col Boyacá SFF / Iguaque Cabaña Mamarramas / 5º25‘N 73º27‘W 2855m / Dic. 21 – Jan 07/2003 M. 1072/ R. Reina leg.” (ICN).</p> <p>Remarks: The holotype was collected at a higher elevation than other Bubalopa species (2800 masl). Bubalopa iguaque sp. nov. is unique in having a rusty brown, densely punctate and pubescent body, stout and coarsely margined suprahumeral horns, and pronotal posterior process with a dorsal hump. The abdominal pits are smaller than those in B. furcata, and an additional scar can be observed on tergum VI, although it is much less distinct, nearly vestigial. The male genitalia also exhibits unique features such as the shape of the parameres and the subgenital plate in lateral view. The abdominal apodeme is greatly enlarged, both in terms of width and length, and extends to the posterior margin of segment IV.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B07810EFF4FF955FE101F1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B048108FF4FFA3DFE8418AF.text	E04F2C785B048108FF4FFA3DFE8418AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubalopa obscuricornis Stal 1869	<div><p>Bubalopa obscuricornis Stål, 1869</p> <p>(Figs. 9E–H)</p> <p>Bubalopa obscuricornis Stål, 1869: 314; Funkhouser, 1927: 118; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965: 702; McKamey, 1998: 476.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Overall color ochraceous yellow with brown spots and bands, legs brown. Suprahumeral horns direction formula of 35º (frontal), 25º (dorsal); dorsal carina of suprahumeral horns distinctly marked; dorsal contour widely arched from metopidium to its maximum elevation above humeral angles, then descending sinuously to apex of posterior process.</p> <p>Description: ADULT. Color: Overall color ochraceous yellow with brown spots and bands, punctation dark brown. Head ochraceous yellow spotted brown, ocelli yellow, frontoclypeus with two longitudinal brown bands sublaterally. Pronotum yellow ochraceous on metopidium, supra-ocullar callosities brown, suprahumeral horns and area between them brown, yellow on anterior and dorsal carina; impressions behind humeral angles ochraceousyellow, area above with a U-wide brown band extended until half of pronotum, then yellow ochraceous until apex of posterior process with a brown tip; lateral margins yellow anteriorly and brown posteriorly. Ventral area of head, thoracic sternites and coxae brown with ochraceous yellow margins. Forewings entirely brownish hyaline. Legs ochraceous yellow. Surface: Silver pubescence accompanied each punctation. Head: Subtriangular, supraantennal ledges sinuous, frontoclypeus ventral margin sinuous, apex acute. Thorax: Pronotum with suprahumeral horns 1.5X as long as wide in its base, suprahumeral horns direction formula 35º (frontal), 25º (dorsal); dorsal carina of suprahumeral horns distinctly marked; dorsal contour widely arched from metopidium to its maximum elevation above humeral angles, then descending sinuously to apex of posterior process.</p> <p>Male genitalia, female genitalia and nymph morphology unknown.</p> <p>Measurements: Female (n=1, mm): Body length: 10.09; forewing length: 8.94; pronotal length: 8.89; pronotum height: 2.08; pronotal width: 3.32; head width: 3.42; vertex width: 2.45; vertex length: 1.75.</p> <p>Biology: Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution: COLOMBIA (McKamey 1998), VENEZUELA (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Examined Material: VENEZUELA: Trujillo: “Venezuela, Trujillo, Boconó, 8/2/81, colector: Bordón”, “ Bubalopa obscuricornis Stål ” [A.M. Sakakibara det.] 1 female (DZUP).</p> <p>Remarks: This species can be easily distinguished from other Bubalopa by its unique color pattern, dark brown with nearly symmetrical, slightly irregular yellow patches, and robust suprahumeral horns, distinctly enlarged at the base. The posterior process is comparatively lower than other species, yielding a more slender and elongate body shape in lateral view. Although ‘Bogota’ was stated as the type-locality in the original description, the term was used in the 19 th century to refer to multiple sites in Colombia. The specimen examined in this study represents the first record of Bubalopa from Venezuela.</p> <p>The syntype (s) of B. obscuricornis could not be located, despite an extensive search of European repositories. Stål (1869) stated that the type material was deposited in the Museum of Stockholm [“Mus. Holm.”, NHRS]. The single specimen at NHRS marked as Bubalopa obscuricornis is clearly not part of Stål’s type collection (Gunvi Lindberg, pers. comm.). This specimen is also misidentified to species: it is, in fact, a representative of Eualthe laevigata (Fairmaire, 1846). In the absence of type specimens, we based our identification on the original description of B. obscuricornis, which independently matched a previous identification by A.M. Sakakibara. The specimen illustrated here (Figs. 9E–H) is a single female from the Bordón collection, currently on loan to DZUP and examined by Dr. Sakakibara.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B048108FF4FFA3DFE8418AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
E04F2C785B028108FF4FFC91FB0E1F27.text	E04F2C785B028108FF4FFC91FB0E1F27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eualthe punctum (Fairmaire 1846)	<div><p>Eualthe punctum (Fairmaire, 1846)</p> <p>Hemiptycha punctum Fairmaire, 1846: 318 (Plate 6, figure 22); Funkhouser, 1927: 118; Metcalf &amp; Wade, 1965: 678; McKamey, 1998: 476.</p> <p>Hyphinoe punctorum Buckton, 1903: 124 (Plate 28, figures 3, 3a), syn. nov.</p> <p>Remarks: Hyphinoe punctorum is proposed as a junior synonym of Eualthe punctum based on the original descriptions and illustrations. Fairmaire (1946) and Buckton (1903) characterized their respective species as having the following combination of features: an ochraceous-yellow pronotum with one pair of brown spot at each side; suprahumeral horns somewhat acute and divergent; and posterior process exceeding the apex of forewings. Buckton (1903) discussed a possible synonymy between these species, stating that Hyphinoe punctorum could be “a variety of Hemiptycha punctum ” (p. 124). Goding (1929) treated this species as Bubalopa based on his interpretation of the literature, and Funkhouser (1951) incorrectly treated H. punctorum as a synonym of B. furcata. This misidentification hindered the accurate determination of H. punctorum as well as Bubalopa and its constituent taxa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E04F2C785B028108FF4FFC91FB0E1F27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo;Evangelista, Olivia	Flórez-V, Camilo, Evangelista, Olivia (2021): A revision of the treehopper genus Bubalopa Stål illuminates the systematics of Hyphinoini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae). Zootaxa 5052 (4): 529-551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.4
