identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C35358FFC1936AFE8B3B89FD9E92B4.text	03C35358FFC1936AFE8B3B89FD9E92B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peirosaurinae Geroto & Bertini 2019	<div><p>PEIROSAURINAE SUBFAM. NOV.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 647D2A18-0461-45A6-8304- 72FFF18F427C</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Crocodyliformes with a heavily sculpted mandible and skull (Gasparini, 1982; Gasparini et al., 1991); moderately high snout and a large wedged maxillary process inserted dorsolaterally between the premaxilla; a high maxillary notch; anterolaterally oriented external nares separated by the nasals; nasals lacking contact with the lacrimals; large and paired supraorbitals; broad and partly divided internal nares located between the palatine and pterygoid; a broad and anteroventrally inclined basisphenoid that is exposed only in occipital view; a supraoccipital that does not take up part of the cranial roof; the basioccipital has an elongated central crest and heavy lateral bumps; two to three teeth posterior to the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestra; subcircular teeth that are moderately compressed, with anterior and posterior serrated edges. Additionally, P. torminni, U. terrificus and M. arrudacamposi also have this nasal process.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Peirosaurinae was established as the name of the subfamily based on the family Peirosauridae (Gasparini, 1982).</p> <p>Phylogenetic definition</p> <p>Peirosaurus torminni Price, 1955 and all Crocodyliformes that share a more recent common ancestor with P. torminni than with N. terrestris Woodward, 1896, B. pachecoi Price, 1945, S. huenei Price, 1950, I. jesuinoi Price, 1955, P. deiseae Campos et al., 2011, B. franciscoi Iori &amp; Carvalho, 2012, A. gomesii Price, 1959, S. icaeorhinus Simpson, 1937, M. amarali Carvalho &amp; Bertini, 1999, and C. niloticus Laurent, 1768.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Peirosaurinae (Fig. 9; node 156; refer to the Supplementary Information Data S3 for the consensus tree with the numbered node) consists of H. rebouli, L. palpebrosus, G. peirosauroides, Barcinosuchus gradilis, P. torminni, U. terrificus and M. arrudacamposi. A clade supported by 13 unambiguous synapomorphies was recovered based on: skull height in posterior view higher than wide (10.0); anteroposterior length of the premaxilla in relationship to the rostrum long (&gt; 30% of the total length of the rostrum) (11.1); a premaxilla with a wedge-like process of the maxilla on the lateral surface of the premaxillary–maxillary suture (13.1); perinarial fossa facing anterolaterally (20.2); a foramen on the posterior surface of the base of the postorbital bar (67.3); posterodorsal inclination of the external surface of the occipital portion of the squamosal (110.1); shape of the dentary near the mandibular symphysis, forming an acute angle (183.0); dorsal edge of the dentary in the lateral view with two concave festooned regions (195.2); ziphodont teeth (219.0); lateral or anterolateral external nares (248); a foramen in the perinarial depression of the premaxilla (249.1); a notch for hypertrophied mandibular caniniform teeth on the premaxilla–maxilla suture, with a medial bent border of the premaxilla and maxilla (252.1); and reduced participation of the maxilla at the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestra (264.1).</p> <p>The aim of this analysis was to provide some internal stability to Peirosauridae, thus both Hamadasuchus and Uberabasuchus were not chosen as internal specifiers of the subfamily Peirosaurinae, given the problems related to specimens of these taxa. The holotype of Hamadasuchus has some differences compared with a more complete specimen described by Larsson &amp; Sues (2007) and the MNHN specimen (MRS 3101). A polytomy between P. torminni, M. arrudacamposi and U. terrificus is caused by an overlap of characteristics with Uberabasuchus recovered in a different position within node 153. Martinelli et al. (2012) and Lio et al. (2015) proposed that P. torminni and U. terrificus are synonymous based on morphological similarities, such as the premaxillary length relative to the rest of the rostrum. The clade is sustained by six non-ambiguous synapomorphies (node 153, Supplementary Information Data S3), hinting that the genus might be the same as the three taxa. That revision, however, is not the scope of this contribution.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C35358FFC1936AFE8B3B89FD9E92B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar;Bertini, Reinaldo J.	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar, Bertini, Reinaldo J. (2019): New material of Pepesuchus (Crocodyliformes; Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Bauru Group: implications about its phylogeny and the age of the Adamantina Formation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 312-334, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly037
03C35358FFC2936BFEA43CCCFB789425.text	03C35358FFC2936BFEA43CCCFB789425.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pepesuchinae Geroto & Bertini 2019	<div><p>PEPESUCHINAE SUBFAM. NOV.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9429A610-2185-4000-AF39- B6F7A550C887</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Crocodyliforms with an elongated platirostral rostrum, parallel lateral edges of the nasals and maxilla–lacrimal contact fully included in the antorbital fossa. The anterior wedge portion of the frontal region is elongated and inserted between the nasals; the nasals have a posterolateral process inserted between the prefrontals and lacrimals. The lateral aspect of the longitudinal axial inclination of the humeral shaft is slightly posterodorsally inclined.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Pepesuchinae was established as the name of the subfamily based on P. deiseae Campos et al., 2011.</p> <p>Phylogenetic definition</p> <p>Pepesuchus deiseae and all Crocodyliformes that share a more recent common ancestor with P. deiseae than with N. terrestris Woodward, 1896, S. icaeorhinus Simpson, 1937, B. pachecoi Price, 1945, S. huenei Price, 1950, P. torminni Price, 1955, G. peirosauroides (Gasparini et al., 1991), L. palpebrosus Gasparini et al., 1991, M. arrudacamposi Carvalho et al., 2007, A. gomesii Price, 1959, Malawisuchus mwakasyungutiensis Gomani, 1997, M. amarali Carvalho &amp; Bertini, 1999, and C. niloticus Laurent, 1768.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This phylogenetic analysis revealed a monophyletic clade comprising C. camposi, B. franciscoi, I. jesuinoi, P. deiseae and MCT 1723-R, and excluding Miadanasuchus oblita and A. minor, making the clade Trematochampsidae paraphyletic, sensu Buffetaut (1991). Pepesuchinae has phylogenetic stability as a name for this group and was recovered in further analyses as a polytomy (Montefeltro et al., 2013); internal relationships were recovered and solved. The clade definition contains P. deiseae as an internal specifier because the taxon is more preserved than I. jesuinoi, with P. torminni as an external specifier, allowing the clade to remain stable even with changes in the phylogenetic position of P. torminni.</p> <p>This group is supported by ten synapomorphies as follows: posterolateral nasal process inserted between the prefrontal and lacrimal (54.1); a longer total lacrimal length relative to total prefrontal length (57.0); a rod-shaped jugal below the laterotemporal fenestra (65.1); an anterior margin of the prefrontals at the same level as the frontal anterior margin (70.1); a slightly depressed nasal–frontal contact area (80.1); an anterior process of the frontal extending between the prefrontals (82.1); a postorbital bar inclined medially and posteroventrally (95.1); mandibular branching with anteroposterior axis twice the medial–lateral width in the dorsal view (that forms a Y shape) (187.2); an anterior dentary direction of the teeth that is slightly procumbent (240.1); no internarial bar (250.2).</p> <p>THE AGE OF THE ADAMANTINA FORMATION</p> <p>Time calibration of the phylogenetic hypotheses described above implies that Pepesuchinae originated from an Early Cretaceous ancestry. The presence of early members of the clade from the Araripe Basin suggests an origin there. A subsequent cladogenic event split this group into two lineages, the first giving rise to C. camposi, and the other spreading to the Bauru Group and giving rise to some of its taxa (Itasuchus, Pepesuchus and Barreirosuchus). A palaeobiogeographical link has been suggested between the Araripe and Paraná basins, although these crocodyliform taxa cannot be used to correlate these localities. Except for C. camposi, found in the Lower Cretaceous of the Araripe Basin, all other taxa included in Pepesuchinae occur in the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group.</p> <p>The phylogenetic results show that diversification within itasuchine taxa from the Bauru Group occurred throughout the Santonian, matching the stage during which depositions and basin border rising occurred in the region (Riccomini, 1997; Batezelli et al., 2003). Both Peirosaurinae and Pepesuchinae can be found in the Adamantina and Marília Formations.</p> <p>Itasuchus jesuinoi occurs in two localities and in distinct geological units: the Adamantina (Mezzalira, 1989) and Marília Formations (Price, 1955). Pepesuchus deiseae and B. franciscoi also occur in the Adamantina Formation (Campos et al., 2011; Iori &amp; Garcia, 2012). Peirosauridae occurs in outcrops from the Adamantina Formation, considering the presence of Montealtosuchus (Carvalho et al., 2007), and in the Marília Formation, considering the presence of P. torminni (Price, 1955; Carvalho et al., 2004).</p> <p>The morphological similarity between Pepesuchinae taxa from the Adamantina and Marília Formations, and the occurrence of the same species in both, reveals a close chronology for these geological units. The age of the Marília Formation is usually considered Maastrichtian owing to the presence of charophytes, ostracods, turtles and dinosaurs (Dias-Brito et al., 2001; Gobbo-Rodrigues et al., 2001; Santucci &amp; Bertini, 2001; Menegazzo, Bertini &amp; Manzini, 2015).</p> <p>Another faunal correlation can be determined between the Adamantina and Santo Anastácio Formations. The presence of a podocnemidid in both geological units derived from Early Cretaceous taxa (Menegazzo et al., 2015). Menegazzo et al. (2016) suggests a Coniacian age for the Santo Anastácio Formation.</p> <p>The Adamantina and Araçatuba Formations from the Bauru Group and the Locoche and Bajo de La Carpa Formations from the Neuquén Group can be dated to the Campanian–Maastrichtian ages (Leanza &amp; Novas, 2004) considering assemblages of ostracods such as Ilyocipris argentinensis, I. riogradensis (Gobbo-Rodrigues et al., 1999a, b; Carignano &amp; Varela, 2011) and Vecticipris sp. (Dias-Brito et al., 2001; Carignano &amp; Varela, 2011). There are similarities between the aeolosaurine Brasilotitan nemaphagus from the Adamantina Formation and Antarctasaurus whichmannianus and Bonitasaura salgadoi from the Santonian of Argentina (Machado et al., 2013). Mariliasuchus material has been found in the lower layers of the Adamantina Formation, in contact with the Araçatuba Formation, which is dated as Coniacian–early Santonian (Andrade &amp; Bertini, 2008; Menegazzo et al., 2016). These correlations and the distribution of some morphotypes along the same time span in these geological units point to at least a Campanian age for the Adamantina Formation, possibly Campanian–Maastrichtian. Supporting this hypothesis, there are morphological similarities between crocodyliform taxa from those geological units, as proposed by Bertini et al. (2001), Gobbo-Rodrigues et al. (1999a, b) and Santucci &amp; Bertini (2001), in opposition to the Turonian to Santonian proposal of Castro et al. (1999) and Dias- Brito et al. (2001).</p> <p>CONCLUSIONS</p> <p>The new data provided by Pepesuchus MCT 1723 -R, regarding taxa closely related to I. jesuinoi, generates phylogenetic stability and is a significant addition to the fossil record from the Bauru Group. MCT 1723-R shares synapomorphies with P. deiseae that allow the specimen to be inserted in the Pepesuchus genus. These synapomorphies include the dorsal edge of the rostrum starting from the anterior verge of the concave orbits and the L-shaped lacrimal inferior process contacting the jugal.</p> <p>The differences between P. deiseae and Pepesuchus MCT 1723 -R cannot be determined as taxonomic or intraspecific variation, because there are few specimens of Pepesuchus MCT 1723 -R, and the material is in a fragmented state.</p> <p>The description of MCT 1723-R indicates characteristics that solved internal relationships among Itasuchus, Pepesuchusxi and Barreirosuchus, with polytomies prior to the addition of the MCT 1723-R material. Two characteristic suture patterns occur in Pepesuchinae: the insertion of the frontals into the anterior region between the nasals, and a posterolateral process inserting between the prefrontal and lacrimal. The frontal inserted between the prefrontal is a diagnostic characteristic that appears as a synapomorphy from a more inclusive group, containing taxa from both the Adamantina and Marília formations. The fact that distinct geological units show not only species with morphological similarities, but also the occurrence of the same genus in both geological units, points to the correlation of their ages and the placement of the Adamantina Formation in the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C35358FFC2936BFEA43CCCFB789425	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar;Bertini, Reinaldo J.	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar, Bertini, Reinaldo J. (2019): New material of Pepesuchus (Crocodyliformes; Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Bauru Group: implications about its phylogeny and the age of the Adamantina Formation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 312-334, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly037
03C35358FFD3937BFEE238EEFC619289.text	03C35358FFD3937BFEE238EEFC619289.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pepesuchus SP.	<div><p>PEPESUCHUS SP.</p> <p>Material</p> <p>MCT 1723-R, curated in the Museu de Ciências da Terra, DNPM, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</p> <p>Location and horizon</p> <p>A d a m a n t i n a Fo r m a t i o n, B a u r u G r o u p, U p p e r Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian). Outcrop was not identified by collector. Dark red sandstones, with thin to medium grains.</p> <p>Diagnosis (modified from Campos et al., 2011) Postorbital with a comparatively acute anteromedial process, short dorsoventral extension of the lacrimal, V-shaped suture between the palatine and maxilla, presence of two alveolar couplets (sixth to seventh and eighth to ninth pairs) in the mandible. The dorsal edge of the rostrum is concave and adjacent to the anterior verge of the orbits; the lacrimal inferior process contacts the jugal, and the splenial is strongly concave in cross-section.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C35358FFD3937BFEE238EEFC619289	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar;Bertini, Reinaldo J.	Geroto, Caio Fabricio Cezar, Bertini, Reinaldo J. (2019): New material of Pepesuchus (Crocodyliformes; Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Bauru Group: implications about its phylogeny and the age of the Adamantina Formation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 312-334, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly037
