identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FC03440BFFE2FF82EE374178F819FAD2.text	FC03440BFFE2FF82EE374178F819FAD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverridae Gray 1821	<div><p>Family VIVERRIDAE</p> <p>(CIVETS, GENETS AND OYANS)</p> <p>• Smallto medium-sized mammals; body shape is long and slender, with a pointed face, small ears, fairly short legs, and a long tail.</p> <p>• 65-180 cm.</p> <p>• Old World tropics throughout Asia and Africa, also southern Europe.</p> <p>• Found mainly in forests, although some species also live in more open habitats such as savannah and grassland.</p> <p>• 14 genera, 34 species, at least 79 extant taxa.</p> <p>• 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Endangered, 9 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE2FF82EE374178F819FAD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE0FF81EF8A4299FE33FE7B.text	FC03440BFFE0FF81EF8A4299FE33FE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverricula indica (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803)	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Small Indian Civet</p> <p>Viverricula indica</p> <p>French: Civette indienne / German: Kleine Indische Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta india pequena</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Oriental Civet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803,</p> <p>India.</p> <p>Often named V. malaccensis, but this name is now not considered valid. The number of subspecies is debated, but some authors recognize eleven subspecies.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>V. i. indica Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — S peninsular India.</p> <p>V. i. atchinensis Sody, 1931 — Sumatra.</p> <p>V. i. baliensis Sody, 1931 — Bali.</p> <p>V. i. baptistae Pocock, 1933 — Bangladesh to NE India (Assam), and Bhutan.</p> <p>V. i. deserti Bonhote, 1898 — Pakistan through C India to Nepal.</p> <p>V. i. klossi Pocock, 1933 — Malaysia.</p> <p>V. i. mayori Pocock, 1933 — Sri Lanka.</p> <p>V. i. muriavensis Sody, 1931 — Java.</p> <p>V.i. taivana Schwarz, 1911 — Taiwan.</p> <p>V.i. thai Kloss, 1919 — Myanmar and Thailand through Indochina to China.</p> <p>V. i. wellsi Pocock, 1933 — NW India.</p> <p>It has been introduced to Madagascar, Zanzibar Island, the Comoro Islands, and Socotra Island for the production of civet or to be used as rat catchers; its presence on some of the Indonesian islands (Bali, Bawean, Kangean, Lombok, and Sumbawa) could also have resulted from introductions.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48.5-68 cm, tail 30-43 cm, hindfoot 8:5-10 cm, ear 3.9-5 cm; weight 2—4 kg. A small terrestrial civet, with no erectile dorsal crest, a short muzzle, and ears set close on the forehead. The coat color is gray, tawny, or brown. The body is covered by small brown or black spots on the flanks, which tend to run as three to five longitudinal lines on the back. This pattern of lines and spots is variable and does not seem to be correlated with geographic origin. The black and white neck-stripes are narrower and more variable than in the Viverra civets. There are white patches on both sides of the muzzle and white spots between the eyes, but these are not clearly defined. The tail has six to nine dark rings and a white tip. The feet are dark brown or black and have five digits; however, the hallux and pollex are reduced and elevated. The metacarpal pads are reduced to one small lobe and the metatarsal pads are absent. The perineal gland is larger in males. This gland opens into specialized pouches; the inner pockets are enclosed by antero-posteriorly elongated lips (these are everted when the gland secretion is applied). There are at least two pairs ofteats. The skull is low and elongated, with well-developed post-orbital processes. The posterior chamber of the auditory bullae is well-developed. Dental formula: 13/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The first upper premolars are reduced and the lower premolars have well-developed cusps. The largest teeth are the carnassials.</p> <p>Habitat. Semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, bamboo forest, scrubby areas, grasslands, and riverine habitat. Also found near plantations and human settlements. Reported up to 1200 m in north-east India. In Thailand, a radio-collared male moved in an area consisting of 62% dry deciduous forest, 25% dry evergreen forest, and 13% mixed deciduous forest. In Thailand, out of 29 individuals live-trapped, 16 captures were in open shrub habitat, ten were semi-evergreen/mixed deciduous forest, and four were in grassland; camera-trapping produced 14 photographs, with 13 photos from semi-evergreen/mixed deciduous forest, and one from open shrub habitat. In India (Western Ghats), Small Indian Civets were found to be more abundant in rainforest fragments than in relatively undisturbed large tracts of rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Omnivorous; feeds largely on small vertebrates and invertebrates (particularly insects). In China, the most common prey was rodents (80%) and insects (23%). In southeastern China, the frequency of occurrence of food items in 44 scats was 89% rodents, 39% insects, 21% birds, 14% fruit, 9% leaves, 5% shrews, 5% acorns, 2% crustaceans, and 2% paddy rice. In Taiwan, the percentage of occurrence was 95% insects, 67% earthworms, 58% plants, 40% mammals, 16% amphibians, and 11% reptiles; the occurrence of birds, fish, crustaceans, chilopods, gastropods, and arachnids, were all less than 10%. There was some variation in the diet due to seasonal availability; insects were consumed more in the summer and less in the winter, and plants were consumed more in the spring and summer. The contents of seven stomachs from India comprised rats, babblers, frogs, scorpions, crabs, crickets, centipedes, millipedes, beetles, seeds, berries (Zizyphus oenoplia and Aporusa lindleyana), pineapple, and grass. The stomachs of Small Indian Civets captured near human habitations contained boiled rice and fish bones. The heads of vertebrates are chewed and other parts of the body are merely crushed.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nocturnal: activity during the night has been recorded by cameratraps, field sightings, and radio-telemetry. In Thailand, a radio-collared male was active over 50% of the time between 16:30 h and 04:30 h, with a peak of activity between 19:30 h and 01:30 h. The highest monthly activity level was in the rainy month of February. In Myanmar, two Small Indian Civets showed peak activity from 19:30-22:00 h, and from 00:30-03:00 h. In southeastern China, two males were active over 50% of the time between 18:00 h and 05:00 h. In Thailand, rest sites were located in trees and on the ground, all in mixed deciduous forest. In southeastern China, daybeds were on the ground, under bushes or among tall grass, and were often adjacent to each other. They were used once (43%) or twice (29%), but four were used 6-10 times each. In Myanmar, Small Indian Civets rested on the ground, within dense shrub cover, or less often, in a hole in the ground; 60% ofthe sites were used only once, although one was re-used 15 times over a period of 250 days.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, single individuals have been observed in the field and recorded by camera-traps. Terrestrial, but is said to climb well. In southeastern China, the resting home range of a male was 2-3 km*. The mean distance moved between consecutively used daybeds was 613 m. In Thailand, the home range of a male was 3-1 km?®; his core home range was 1-1 km?and the mean daily movement was 500 m. In India (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve), the home range of a male was 2-2 km? the distance between successive daytime locations ranged from 193 m in September to 2260 m in October. In Myanmar, the mean distance moved between consecutive resting sites was 214 m. Scent marking activity, using the secretions from the perineal gland, occurs in both sexes, but is more frequent in males. They mark any object, but vertical objects seem to be preferred. Scent marking varies between days and season. In captivity, it occurs mainly at night, with three peaks at 18:00-19:00 h, 21:00-23:00 h, and before dawn. Scent marking is more common in the spring, during the breeding season. Vocal communication in captive civets includes: a scream (given by the female during fights with a male); threat calling (given under stress and when an animal is terrified); courtship calling, “da da da” (given by the male as an estrus female approaches).</p> <p>Breeding. In China, captive Small Indian Civets had two breeding periods. Breeding occurred mostly between February and April; and less frequently in August and September. In southern India, breeding in captive civets occurred during March to May and October to December. When the female is in estrus, both the male and female increase scent marking, inter-individual contacts, and locomotor activity (which is highest between 20:00 h and 21:00 h). Scent marking increases in the male first and then in the female, with a peak during estrus; it decreases after copulations. The male also sniffs the posterior quarters of a female in estrus. Courtship commences with a series of “duk-duk-duk” calls from the male. During the first mounting attempts, the female responds with a sharp scream and bites the male. This often ends in a fight, in which both animals can be injured on the nape and tail. Courtship calls resume after 5-30 minutes. After three or four such attempts, the female runs around the cage, often touching and slightly pushing the male. The male follows and sniffs at the perineal region of the female and finally she lies down, allowing the male to mount; the body of the female is fully extended, with the hindlegs slightly raised. The male mounts with the forepaws placed on either side of the female’s shoulders. He grips the hair on her nape and begins pelvic thrusts. After some time, the female makes a low cat-like call and the male then dismounts. Immediately after dismounting, the female growls and tries to bite the male; they then go to separate corners of the cage. During the first ten days after copulation, females are less active than before, but their appetite increases. Scent marking decreases to a base level and stops around 20 days after a successful mating. Females do not resume scent marking until two months after the parturition date. Movements of the fetuses within a pregnant female are noticeable from the sixth week of pregnancy. Females do not eat on the day of parturition. The mean gestation period is 67 + 2 days. Thelitter size varies from two to five, with two being the most common. The mother nurses the young three to four times every hour during the first week after parturition, but this decreases to once every hour by the second week, to once every two hours by the third week, and to two to three times a day by the seventh week. The mother licks the whole body of her offspring and eats their excreta. If alarmed, she will hold a kitten in her mouth, gripping the fur on its nape. At birth, the newborn civets are blind and covered with fur; their weight ranges from 90 to 110 g. They immediately cluster beside the belly of the mother and crawl to reach a teat. Their eyes open on the fifth day and from the eighth day onwards they can walk slowly. They start eating solid food by four weeks of age. Scent marking behavioris first observed when they are eight weeks old, but perineal gland secretions are not noted until they are eight months old. The body weight is 180-200 g by the end of the second week, 250-300 g by the end of the fourth, 400-500 g by the end of the eighth week, and 1 kg by ten weeks. They reach adult size at six months of age.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Small Indian Civet is considered unthreatened due to its widespread distribution and generalist habitat and food preferences. However, it is not fully understood how habitat disturbance may affect this species, and more ecological studies are needed. Small Indian Civets are hunted for their meat and scent, and are particularly vulnerable to snare trapping. They are also farmed in India to extract their perineal gland secretion for medicinal purposes. These farmed civets are not captive-bred, but are trapped in the wild, and this could be causing declines in local populations. Field surveys are needed to monitor populations, especially in areas where their numbers may be depressed due to high trapping pressures.</p> <p>Bibliography. Austin &amp; Tewes (1999b), Ayyadurai et al. (1987), Balakrishnan &amp; Sreedevi (2007a, 2007b), Chuang &amp; Lee (1997), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Duckworth (1997), Gaubert (2003b), Gupta (2004), Jha (1999), Kumar &amp; Umapathy (2000), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Medway (1969), Mohan (1994), Mudappa (2001), Muddapa et al. (2007), Pocock (1933a, 1933b, 1939), Rabinowitz (1991), Sheng &amp; Xu (1990), Stuart &amp; Stuart (1998), Su &amp; Sale (2007), Veron (1999), Wang &amp; Fuller (2001, 2003b), Wang et al. (1976), Wozencraft (1984, 2005), Xu &amp; Sheng (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE0FF81EF8A4299FE33FE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE1FF86EFD841A5FD9BF908.text	FC03440BFFE1FF86EFD841A5FD9BF908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Civettictis civetta (Schreber, 1776 1776)	<div><p>2.</p> <p>African Civet</p> <p>Civettictis civetta</p> <p>French: Civette d'Afrique / German: Afrikanische Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta africana</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra civetta Schreber, 1776,</p> <p>Guinea.</p> <p>Six subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C. c. civetta Schreber, 1776 — S Mauritania and Senegal E to Ethiopia and Somalia, and S to Gabon.</p> <p>C. c. australis Lundholm, 1955 — Zambia and E Botswana to Malawi and Mozambique, and S to South Africa and Swaziland.</p> <p>C. c. congica Cabrera, 1929 — S Sudan, DR Congo and Rwanda, S to Angola and N Zambia.</p> <p>C. c. pauli Kock, Kunzel &amp; Rayaleh, 2000 — Djibouti.</p> <p>C. c. schwarz Cabrera, 1929 — S Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania (including Zanzibar I).</p> <p>C. c. volkmanni: Lundholm, 1955 — NE Namibia and N Botswana.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-84 cm, tail 34-46. 9 cm, hindfoot 12:3-13. 9 cm, ear 5.4-5. 8 cm; weight 7-20 kg. In South Africa, females are larger and heavier than males, but there is a large overlap. A large terrestrial civet, with large hindquarters and an erectile dorsal crest. The pelage is coarse, with long thick guard hairs. The coat color varies from white to yellow to reddish-buff. The body spots are brown to black and are arranged in irregular lines along the body. Melanistic individuals have been reported from some areas, including up to one third of the population in the Congo Basin. The head is broad, with a pointed muzzle and small rounded ears. There is a black band across the face and white patches between the eyes and ears and on the sides of the muzzle. The forehead is whitish or grayish; the ears are white at the front and black at the back, with a white tip. The neck has conspicuous large black and white bands. The hairs along the dorsal crest increase in length from the forehead and reach their maximum on the posterior back, where the maximum length reaches 10-12 cm. The tail is dark on the dorsal surface and marked with five diffuse white rings; the tip is broadly black. There are five digits on each foot, although the hallux and pollex are set back and do not appear in prints. The claws are long and curved, and slightly retractile. The metacarpal and metatarsal pads are reduced and fused, and form a small rounded bi-lobed pad. The perineal gland is well-developed, forming a doublepocketed invagination. This gland is visible externally as paired swellings (each about 30 mm long and 19 mm wide), with an oblong opening about 25 mm long that is kept closed by a pair of labia (which are everted when the secretion is applied). Inside each gland there is a large hair-lined sac; the secretion from the glands enters a space that functions as a storage reservoir. Up to 15 g of civet oil can be extracted each week from captive animals. Anal glands are present, but are simple; they are situated in the wall of the rectum and open directly into the rectum. There are two pairs of teats. The skull is heavily built with developed crests, especially in males. The auditory bullae are large and oval, with the posterior chamber rounded and swollen. The paroccipital process is well-developed and extends beyond the bullae ventrally. The post-orbital constriction is not well marked and the post-orbital processes are short and blunt. Dental formula: I 3/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 = 40. The canines are short and heavily built. The carnassials and post-carnassial teeth are well-developed; the molars are blunt and broad, adapted for crushing.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest and open habitats (particularly with dense ground cover). Often associated with riverine habitat in drier regions and sometimes found in plantations and near human settlements. Found up to 1700 m. In Ethiopia, a radio-tracked male used Hagenia and Juniper forests (62% of the time), bush (19%), grassland (11%), and farmland (8%).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Omnivorous: invertebrates, fruits, small vertebrates, eggs, and grass. In Zimbabwe, an examination of 27 stomachs revealed that during the warm, wet summer months (October to April), 70% contained insects, (predominantly grasshoppers and beetles), followed by 40% fruits, 30% rodents (Muridae, mainly multimammate mice Mastomys spp., and the Angoni Vlei Rat, Otomys angoniensis), 30% reptiles, 20% amphibians, 20% myriapodes, 20% grass, and 10% birds. In the colder, dryer months (May to September), the highest percentage of occurrence was 57% fruits, followed by 43% insects, 43% Muridae, 21% birds, 21% grass, 14% reptiles, and 7% amphibians. Animal prey also included Scrub Hare (Lepus saxatilis), Banded Mongoose, Common Slender Mongoose, Smith’s Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus cepapr), South African Spring Hare (Pedetes capensis), and helmeted guineatowl (Numida meleagris). Carrion of Impala (Aepyceros melampus), Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Bushbuck (7: scriptus), and Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) was also eaten. A similar diet has been reported in West and East Africa, but aquatic organisms (crabs, snails, and mudskippers) were also eaten. In Nigeria, stomach contents contained rodents, reptiles, insects, birds, amphibians, gastropods, and plants. In the Central African Republic, the frequency of occurrence in scats was 97% arthropods, 73% fruits, 30% rodents, 3% reptiles, and 3% birds. In Zaire, scats contained eleven fruit species (Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, and Sapindaceae); seasonal variations were observed and a wider diversity of fruits was consumed during the rainy season. A civet feeding on a fruiting tree immediately exploited a nearby outbreak of millipedes. Their behavior in captivity suggests that they detect their prey mainly by scent and sound, rather than vision. Animal prey is seized by the mouth, the paws are not usually used in the capture and the killing bite is often directed at the head. Various methods have been observed when attacking live prey: run-away bite (a quick nip aimed at any part of the prey’s body, followed by instant release and retreat); bite-and-throw (the prey is held long enough to be thrown quickly aside with a quick movement of the head); bite-and-shake (the grip is retained and the prey is shaken to break the vertebrae); killing bite (the jaws bite home firmly).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Predominantly nocturnal, with peaks in activity one to two hours before sunset until midnight, and around sunrise. Occasionally seen in the morning or afternoon on overcast days. In Ethiopia, diurnal rest sites were in dense vegetation on the ground, mostly in an area of dense Juniper forest (nine out of eleven sites). In Zaire, African Civets selected dens close to fruit-bearing trees and moved away when the fruiting season was over.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, although groups consisting of an adult and young have been observed. Terrestrial; they are poor climbers, but are known to clamber along low stout branches to get at ripening fruit. In Ethiopia, a radio-collared sub-adult male had a home range of 11-1 km? the core area was 0-4 km?, centered on Hagenia and Juniper forests. On one occasion, this male was found within 20 meters of a White-tailed Mongoose. African Civets deposit their feces in latrines (civetries); these are usually located along game trails and in clearings and may play a role in marking territories. Some are used frequently and then abandoned for periods of several months. They tend to use the same sites, even when the accumulation of scats is removed. In Zimbabwe, latrines were found in Asparagus thickets, in grassland, and in the cover of dense reed beds. In Zaire, four latrines were separated by several kilometres; each one was used by a single civet. These latrines were in natural hollows in the ground left by uprooted trees (35-65 cm deep and 60-170 cm wide), and all were close to a river (8-30 m). Urine may also play a role in scent marking: captive males have been observed to sniff a female’s urine, which prompted them to flehm. African Civets scent-mark objects with their perineal gland secretion (called civet), both on the ground and on vertical surfaces. In South Africa, they were found to mark trees (50%), rocks (29%), shrubs (19%), and herbs (10%); the mean height of marks above ground was 35 cm. They mark trees and shrubs that bear fruits eaten by them and also at or nearcivetries. Scent marks retain a strong musk odor for one month and are still detectable after four months. To mark a tree, the civet backs up, raises its tail, and presses the everted perineal gland against the trunk. Both sexes scent-mark, but males do it more frequently than females (the perineal gland is larger in the male). Captive females mark horizontal surfaces more than vertical ones; the opposite is true for males. Young animals scent-mark only in the squatting posture, whereas adults only perform the backing-up technique. African Civets do not emit perineal civet when alarmed, but they do sometimes mark when anxious or feeling insecure. Their senses of smell and hearing are acute (particularly for high pitched sounds). When at ease and alert, they move with the head held higher than the shoulder and the legs well extended. When anxious or in fear, they lower their head and flex the legs; the whole body sags, the eyes are narrowed, and the erectile crest is depressed. In a defensive threat, the dorsal crest is erected, the head is directed toward the source of alarm, and the body is turned sideways so that the change in size is visible to the opponent. An appeasement posture has been observed in captive civets and consists of lying down on one side. Although generally silent, several distinct vocalizations have been detected in captive animals: growl (frequently emitted by a female in defense of her kittens); cough-spit (when a terrified civet is approached); and scream (heard during serious fights). There are three different types of meow: a distress meow from kittens; a cat-like meow (made by the female during copulation); and the female sex call (emitted by the female before and during estrus). The most frequent vocalization is the contact call: a short sound, usually repeated three or four times, and sounds like “ha-ha-ha” emitted with the mouth closed.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding seems to occur throughout the year in West Africa, but there may be favored breeding seasons in East Africa (March to October) and southern Africa (August to January). Sexual maturity is attained at around twelve months. Females are polyoestrous and can have two or three litters a year; the estrus period appears to last up to six days. Natal den sites are in holes made by other animals or in cavities under tangled roots. Breeding behavior has been observed in captivity. As the female comes into estrus, the male and female became more aggressive, the male gives more contact calls, and both sexes increase their locomotor activity. The male makes several mounting attempts before the female accepts him; she will often move away and sometimes turn to snap at the male. When the female is receptive, she shows this by breaking into a run and inciting the male to pursue her. After several unsuccessful mounting attempts, the female finally lies down (with her hindquarters slightly raised) and permits the male to mount. The male places his forelegs on both sides of the female’s shoulders and makes treading movements with his hindlegs on each side of her flanks. Pelvic thrusting then takes place, during which the male bites the female’s fur between the shoulders. During copulation, the female gives a long meow; the male dismounts after forty seconds. After copulating, each civetlicks its genitals. Copulations take place at night. Gestation is 60 to 81 days. Litter size in captivity ranges from one to four. The young are born with short dark soft fur; the neck stripe is present, but is pale grayish and less conspicuous than in the adult. The facial pattern is indistinct, but the white muzzle marks are present. The perineal gland in the young is genet-like; the pouch is marked by an area of pale hairs, in the center of which the naked lips of the gland are visible. In female young, there is a patch of naked skin around the anus and a hairless isthmus links the lips of the gland. At one month old, the dark hairlines that traverse the adult pocket start to appear. Growth of the pocket conceals the naked lips, which are then only visible when everted. The eyes are open at birth or within the first few days. Newborns can crawl at birth; at five days they can stand on their hindlegs. They start to play at 14 days and to explore outside the den at 17-18 days. The motherlicks her young all over, with special attention to the perineal region, and consumes the urine and feces voided in response to this stimulation. The young are not given the opportunity to urinate independently before they are 25 days old. They are dependant on the mother’s milk for up to six weeks; they usually suckle from the posterior teats and it seems that each young always uses the same one. They start eating solid food in their second month and weaning occurs at around 14 to 16 weeks. In the second month, the young begin to catch insects and at 42 days the mother provides solid food. Mouth suckling (the young lick their mother’s mouth) is exhibited immediately before the mother begins to provide solid food. Weights of young are: 162 g at six days; 440-540 g at 17 days; 480-550 g at 21 days; and 680-810 g at 33 days. During the fifth month, the young begin to mark vertical objects with the backing-up technique, the perineal gland secretion becomes strongly scented, and males first flehm in response to female urine.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered common and widespread, and is not thought to be threatened. However, some local populations could be threatened by hunting and civet farming. African Civets are hunted and sold in markets for bushmeat and for their skins. They are also kept on farms in Ethiopia for the purpose of extracting their perineal secretions for the perfume industry. Although exact numbers are not known, one estimate is that there are 180 civet farmers holding over 2700 African Civets. They are not bred on these farms and to replenish those that die, new animals are taken from the wild. There is still not much known about this species acrossits range and field studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Admasu et al. (2004b), Angelici (2000), Angelici, Luiselli, Politano &amp; Akani (1999), Colyn et al. (2004), Duckworth (1995), Ewer &amp; Wemmer (1974), Guy (1977), Hoppe-Dominik (1990), Jacob &amp; Schliemann (1983), Kock et al. (2000), Mallinson (1969), Pendje (1994), Pocock (1915e), Randall (1977, 1979), Ray (1995, In press), Ray &amp; Sunquist (2001), Sillero-Zubiri &amp; Marino (1997), Skinner &amp; Chimimba (2005), Stuart &amp; Stuart (1998), Veron (1999), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE1FF86EFD841A5FD9BF908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE6FF86EF8B44B3F5E7FD08.text	FC03440BFFE6FF86EF8B44B3F5E7FD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverra civettina Blyth 1862	<div><p>3.</p> <p>Malabar Civet</p> <p>Viverra civettina</p> <p>French: Civette de Malabar / German: Malabar-Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta malabar</p> <p>Other common names: Malabar Large-spotted Civet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra civettina Blyth, 1862,</p> <p>Southern Malabar, India.</p> <p>Has been considered a subspecies of the Large-spotted Civet (V. megaspila). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW India (Western Ghats).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 76-85 cm, tail 30-40 cm, hindfoot 13-15 cm; weight 6.6-8 kg. A large terrestrial civet, very similar to the Large-spotted Civet. The coat is gray or tawny, with large black spots on the flanks, thighs, and hindlegs. There are conspicuous black and white bands on the throat and sides of the neck. A black crest of erectile hairs runs along the back and continues as a dorsal black line to the tip of the tail; the length of the crest hairs is up to 50 mm. The tail has five or six incomplete dark rings; the tip is black. The feet have five digits, but the hallux and pollex are reduced. There are small rounded metacarpal pads and small metatarsal pads; the area around the plantar pads is naked. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla has a pyramidal shape. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The cheek teeth are larger than in the Large-spotted Civet.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland swamp and riparian forests, but may also be found in cashew plantations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Reported to be nocturnal and to rest in scrub forests and cashew plantations during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thoughtto be terrestrial and solitary.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. The Malabar Civet is extremely rare and is listed as a priority species for conservation by the IUCN/SSC Small Carnivore Specialist Group. It has been recorded mostly in the coastal district, from Kanyakumari in the south to Honnavar in the north. There are only two reports of its occurrence at higher elevations, in the High Wavy Mountains and Kudremukh. In 1972, the IUCN declared that the Malabar Civet was “possibly extinct”. However, in the 1970s there were two possible sight records of this species, one in the Kudremukh area, Karnataka, and the other in Tiruvella, Kerala. Skins of recently killed civets were obtained in Elayur, Kerala (in 1987), and near Nilambur, northern Kerala (in 1990). Loss and degradation of habitat is a serious threat; it is likely that surviving populations exist in the remaining lowland forests and sub-optimal habitats along the foothills and lower slopes of the Western Ghats. Another major threat is hunting for meat. Various conservation measures have been proposed: greater protection of remaining populations and habitats, captive breeding, field surveys, and ecological studies.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ashraf (1990), Ashraf et al. (1993), Hutton (1949), Karanth (1986), Kumar &amp; Rai (1991), Kurup (1987, 1989), Pocock (1933a, 1939), Prater (1980), Rai &amp; Kumar (1993), Schreiber et al. (1989), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE6FF86EF8B44B3F5E7FD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE6FF86EA9D406CF739F5E8.text	FC03440BFFE6FF86EA9D406CF739F5E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverra megaspila Blyth 1862	<div><p>4.</p> <p>Large-spotted Civet</p> <p>Viverra megaspila</p> <p>French: Civette a grandes taches / German: Grolifleck-Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta moteada</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra megaspila Blyth, 1862,</p> <p>Prome, Myanmar.</p> <p>The Malabar Civet (V. ciwettina) was previously included in V. megaspila, but they are now believed to be separate species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S China and Mainland SE Asia to Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-85 cm, tail 30-36. 9 cm, hindfoot 13-13. 8 cm, ear 4.5-4. 8 cm; weight 8-9 kg. A large civet with conspicuous black and white bands on the throat and sides of the neck. The coat varies from gray to buff, with large black spots on the flanks, thighs, and hindlegs. A black crest of erectile hairs runs along the back and continues as a dorsal black line to the tip of the tail; the length of the crest hairs varies from 50 to 100 mm (mean 60 mm). The basal half of the tail has four or five incomplete dark rings; the terminal end is more or less completely dark. The head is more massive, and the muzzle is longer and more swollen, than in the Large Indian Civet. The feet are brown; there are small rounded metacarpal pads and no metatarsal pads. There are two pairs of teats. The skull resembles that of the Large Indian Civet, but has larger auditory bullae, a more inflated post-orbital constriction, and smaller post-orbital processes located behind the midpoint of the total length of the skull. The long axis of the sub-orbital foramina is horizontal. The dentition is similar to that of the Large Indian Civet, but with a longer maxillary toothrow and smaller canines and incisors. Dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. Differs from the Malabar Civet by having smaller cheek teeth.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary evergreen and deciduous forest, and disturbed forest. Found up to 520 m, but most records are from below 300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Camera-trapping data and sightings indicate that it is nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial and solitary.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Known only from a few records and almost nothing is known aboutits habits. Habitat loss poses a major threat. Throughout South-east Asia, large areas of lowland forest have been cleared or degraded, through logging and conversion to other land uses. This species is also vulnerable to hunting, particularly with snares. This occurs in much of its range, with snare trapping found even in some protected areas. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed to determineits distribution and to learn more aboutits natural history and conservation requirements. Lowland forests need to be protected, hunting pressures reduced, and the threats to this species monitored.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Duckworth (1994, 1997), Khounboline (2005), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Lynam et al. (2005), Pocock (1933a), Schreiber et al. (1989), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE6FF86EA9D406CF739F5E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE6FF87EA934917FAB6F695.text	FC03440BFFE6FF87EA934917FAB6F695.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverra tangalunga Gray 1832	<div><p>5.</p> <p>Malay Civet</p> <p>Viverra tangalunga</p> <p>French: Civette malaise / German: Malaiische Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta malaya</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra tangalunga Gray, 1832,</p> <p>West Sumatra.</p> <p>Two subspecies are recognized, but a systematic revision is needed.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>V. t. tangalunga Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, several Indonesian islands (Amboina I, Banggi I, Langkawi I, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, Bangka I, Karimata I &amp; Sulawesi), and the Philippines; also two records from Java, but no evidence of native population.</p> <p>V. t. lankavensis Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1920 — Malaysia (Langkawi I).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-773 cm,tail 26-39. 5 cm, neck circumference 18-23. 1 cm, hindfoot 8:2-11. 6 cm, ear 2-5—4-8 cm; weight 3-7 kg. A fairly large civet with conspicuous black and white bands on the throat and sides of the neck. The coat varies from ash-gray to yellowish-gray, with numerous small black spots on the flanks, thighs, and hindlegs. A black line runs along the back to the tip of the tail; there is a series of spots arranged in a row on each side of the dorsal median stripe. The face is gray, with a white patch on each side of the muzzle. There is a white patch below each eye, the rhinarium is large with a deep groove, and the ears are rounded. The chin is blackish brown. Thetail has 10-15 dark brown or black rings, alternating with pale rings. The legs are blackish. The feet have five digits, but the hallux and pollex are reduced; the claws are retractable, and there are no metatarsal pads. There are two pairs of teats. Skull similar to that of Viverra zibetha, but smaller. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and disturbed forest, up to 1100 m. Also found in plantations and near villages that are adjacent to forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Omnivorous. Diet includes invertebrates (beetles, crabs, scorpions, and millipedes), fruit, small mammals (rodents and insectivores), birds, frogs, snakes, and lizards. May enter forest camps and villages looking for food scraps. Forages on the ground. A male civet was observed foraging using three capture techniques: pausing to listen, then plunging its head into the undergrowth; running over a short distance to grab prey; sniffing up and down vegetation before snapping at small prey.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mainly nocturnal, with activity peaks immediately after dark and shortly before dawn. In Sabah, the mean activity from 18:00-07:00 h was 81%; on Sulawesi it was 94%. Malay Civets were more active during the day on Sulawesi (57%) than in Sabah (21%). Rest sites are within dense cover on the ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Generally solitary. Terrestrial, but can climb trees. In Sarawak, a male had a home range of 0-5-0-7 km®. In Sabah, in an unlogged forest, the mean home range size for males was 0-93 km? and 0-80 km? for females; in a logged forest, the mean home range size for males was 1-59 km?®, and 1-05 km? for females. On Sulawesi (Buton Island), the mean home range size for males was 0-86 km?, and 0-50 km? for females. In Sabah, there was considerable home range overlap in both sexes, indicating that this species was not territorial; however, there was low intra-sexual overlap on Sulawesi. In Sabah, the density of Malay Civets was lower in logged forest (1 per 1-1 km?) than unlogged forest (1 per 0-5 km*); minimum daily travel distance ranged from one to 9-7 km. On Sulawesi, the mean minimum distance covered in 24 hours was 415 m for males, and 286 m for females. A male civet has been observed scent marking using three methods: after protracted sniffing at a site, the civet elevated its tail, reversed into an upright tree trunk, and swayed its posterior from side to side; as it meandered aboutit paused momentarily, dipped and pressed its anal region onto the ground, raised it again and moved on; the side of the head and neck was rubbed against vegetation. Feces are found in latrines on the ground, generally in cavities and depressions.</p> <p>Breeding. On Peninsular Malaysia, a female appeared to be denning in October and November one year, and in August the following year. Two juvenile civets (about one month old) were caught in late August. At about nine months old, two young civets were not yet adult size and weight; the adult canines were just erupting in one individual. In Sabah, juveniles were captured between March and May.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered to be common, however, the exact population status in the wild is unknown. Its presence on some islands in South-east Asia possibly resulted from introduction. Although Malay civets seem able to tolerate habitat disturbance, forest loss and degradation could be a threatto this species, and their ability to survive in disturbed habitats and forage in plantation areas may be influenced by the proximity of undisturbed forest. They are hunted and snared for food. Malay Civets are often considered pests as they prey on small livestock and raid fruit orchards, and may be deliberately killed in retaliation. Malay Civets foraging in plantation areas may also be inadvertently killed if they ingest pesticides, either directly or via contaminated food and ground water.</p> <p>Bibliography. Colon (1996, 1999, 2002), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Jennings et al. (2006), Kitcheneret al. (1993), Macdonald &amp; Wise (1979), Meiri (2005), Nowak (1999), Nozaki et al. (1994), Veron (1999, 2001), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE6FF87EA934917FAB6F695	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE7FF87EFD94AC1F6D5F631.text	FC03440BFFE7FF87EFD94AC1F6D5F631.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viverra zibetha Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>6.</p> <p>Large Indian Civet</p> <p>Viverra zibetha</p> <p>French: Grande Civette / German: Indische Zibetkatze / Spanish: Civeta india grande</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra zibetha Linnaeus, 1758,</p> <p>India.</p> <p>The validity of the Taynguyen Civet (V. tainguensis) is debated and has been considered a synonym of V. zibetha. Six subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>V. z. zibetha Linnaeus, 1758 — SW China (Xizang) to Nepal and NE India.</p> <p>V. z. expectata Colbert &amp; Hooijer, 1953 — China.</p> <p>V.z. sigillata Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1920 — Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>V. z. hainana Wang &amp; Xu, 1983 — China (Hainan I).</p> <p>V. z. pruinosus Wroughton, 1915 — Myanmar.</p> <p>V. z. surdaster Thomas, 1927 — Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.</p> <p>Introduced to the Andaman Islands.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75-85 cm, tail 38-495 cm, hindfoot 10.9-14.0 cm, ear 4.7-5. 2 cm; weight 8-9 kg. A large civet with conspicuous black and white bands on the throat and sides of the neck. The coatis pale gray or fawn, with indistinct dark spots or a mottling of black or dark brown on the flanks, thighs, and hindlegs; this pattern varies throughout its range. The coat length varies according to the season, at least in northern areas. The face is grayish with white patches on each side of the muzzle. A black crest of erectile hairs runs along the back and ends at the base of the tail; the length of the crest hairs reaches 90 mm in China, 70 mm in Nepal, north-east India and Bengal, butis less than 55 mm in Peninsular Malaysia. The tail has five or six complete dark rings, alternating with complete white rings. The forefeet are dark brown, the hindfeet are medium brown, and the claws are retractable. The metacarpal pads are rounded and small; there are no metatarsal pads. There are at least two pairs of teats. The skull is long and low, with moderate crests, a low, flat zygomatic arch, and a marked depression between the nasal bones. The post-orbital processes are small and are located in front of the midpoint of the skull. The sub-orbital foramina are relatively small, with the long axis vertical. The mandibular ramus has a vertical posterior edge. The auditory bullae are small, shorter than the width across the occiptal condyles. In comparison with the Large-spotted Civet, the dentition is more robust, with longer and stronger canines and incisors and a smaller first upper premolar. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1.P4/4.M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary evergreen and deciduous forest, disturbed forest, and within plantations adjacent to forest. Found up to 1600 m. In Thailand, a radio-collared male moved within an area that comprised 52% dry evergreen forest, 35% mixed deciduous forest, 10% hill evergreen forest, and 3% dry dipterocarp forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Omnivorous. Diet said to include small mammals, birds, eggs, lizards, snakes, frogs, insects, crabs, fish, fruit, and roots. Forages on the ground.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Primarily nocturnal, with a peak in activity between 19:30 h and 22:30 h. Rests during the day within dense cover on the ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Generally solitary. Terrestrial, but apparently can climb trees. In Thailand, an adult male had a home range of 12 km?, with a mean daily movement of 1-7 km.</p> <p>Breeding. Said to breed throughout the year, with two litters per year. Litter size is one to four. Newborns are black, with white markings on the lip, ear, throat and tail, and their eyes are closed. The eyes open at ten days and weaning commences at about one month.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Considered common in some parts of its range, but is not well known and more field studies are needed. Habitat loss and degradation could be a threat to this species; it is hunted and snared for food in Vietnam and China.</p> <p>Bibliography. Agrawal et al. (1992), Austin &amp; Tewes (1999b), Azlan (2003), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Duckworth (1997), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Medway (1969), Nowak (1999), Pocock (1933a), Rabinowitz (1991), Veron (1999), Walston &amp; Veron (2001), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE7FF87EFD94AC1F6D5F631	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8E429AFEB2F844.text	FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8E429AFEB2F844.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poiana leightoni Pocock 1908	<div><p>7.</p> <p>Leighton’s Oyan</p> <p>Poiana leightoni</p> <p>French: Poiane de Leighton / German: Westafrikanischer Linsang / Spanish: Oyan occidental</p> <p>Other common names: \West African Linsang, Leighton’s Linsang</p> <p>Taxonomy. Poiana leightoni Pocock, 1908,</p> <p>Liberia.</p> <p>Has been considered a subspecies of the Central African Oyan (FP richardsonii).</p> <p>Monotypic</p> <p>Distribution. Ivory Coast and Liberia. Its presence in SE Guinea requires confirmation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-38 cm, tail 35-40 cm; weight 500-700 g. A small, slender genetlike carnivore. The dorsal pelage is soft and very short. The coat color is yellowish-fawn; the ventral pelage is white. There are large irregular spots on the back and flanks, and much smaller spots on the foreand hindlimbs, and on the flanks near the belly; these spots are more or less arranged into four to five longitudinal rows and form longitudinal stripes on the neck. A dark, sometimes interrupted, mid-dorsal stripe runs from between the shoulders to the base of the tail. There are ten to twelve chevron-shaped dark tail-rings (narrowerlaterally and ventrally). Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 1/2 = 38.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet is said to include insects, birds, and plants.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nothing known.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Said to build a round nest of green material in trees, at least two meters from the ground.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Known only from a dozen museum specimens; the most recent records are two skins collected in 1988 from eastern Liberia. Major threats to this species are not known, but it is probably being affected by ongoing habitat loss in the upper Guinean forests. This is a priority species for survey work in order to determine its current range and population status, and to investigate its ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gaubert (2003b), Rosevear (1974), Schreiber et al. (1989), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (In press |), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8E429AFEB2F844	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8F44B0F74CFD9D.text	FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8F44B0F74CFD9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poiana richardsonii (Thomson 1842)	<div><p>8.</p> <p>Central African Oyan</p> <p>Poiana richardsonii</p> <p>French: Poiane de Richardson / German: Zentralafrikanischer Linsang / Spanish: Oyan</p> <p>Other common names: African Linsang, Richardson's Linsang</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta richardsonii Thomson, 1842,</p> <p>Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.</p> <p>Has been considered conspecific with Leighton’s Oyan (P. leightoni). Two subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>P. r. richardsonii Thomson, 1842 — Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (and Bioko I), Gabon, and PR Congo.</p> <p>P. r. ochracea Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1907 — DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 32.1-40 cm (males), 34.6-39. 5 cm (females), tail 35-2— 40-2 cm (males), 34.0-38 cm (females), hindfoot 5.7-6. 4 cm (males), 5.7-6. 1 cm (females), ear 2:9.3-7 cm (males), 3.3-4 cm (females); weight 510-750 g (males), 455 g (females). A small, slender genetlike carnivore, with a short, soft pelage. The coat color is yellowishto reddish-brown, with small, brownish-black spots of various shapes and sizes on the back and flanks, coalescing into stripes on the neck. These spots do not form longitudinal lines and are very small on the thighs and forelimbs. There is a dark mid-dorsal line, sometimes interrupted or absent. The ventral pelage is pale gray and unspotted. The head has a pointed muzzle, a gray rhinarium, wide rounded ears, and large yellowish-brown eyes. The feet are grayish, unmarked, and with hairy soles (except for the digital pads and a narrow bare line on the plantar surface). The tail has 9-14 alternating broad and narrow black bands, interspersed with pale rings. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 1/2 =38.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland and montane forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Said to eat rodents, birds, insects, fruits, and other plant matter.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Thought to be nocturnal. Has been observed sleeping on thick tangled vines in trees. On Bioko Island, at 17:10 h, an individual was observed walking in a dry, rocky streambed with little vegetation, before it fled to the forest.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thought to be arboreal.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating female has been noted in October.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. A poorly known species and field studies are needed. There are no known major threats, but it may be undergoing localized decline due to forest loss and hunting for bushmeat and skins.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bates (1905), Carpaneto &amp; Germi (1989b), Halternorth &amp; Diller (1985), Harrington et al. (2002), Rosevear (1974), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (In press i), Wozencraft, (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEAFF8AEF8F44B0F74CFD9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEAFF8BEA974004FAB9FE7D.text	FC03440BFFEAFF8BEA974004FAB9FE7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta abyssinica (Ruppell 1836)	<div><p>9.</p> <p>Abyssinian Genet</p> <p>Genetta abyssinica</p> <p>French: Genette d'Ethiopie / German: Athiopien-Genette / Spanish: Gineta abisinia</p> <p>Other common name: Ethiopian Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra abyssinica Ruppell, 1835,</p> <p>Gondar, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Was previously placed in the subgenus Pseudogenetta with the Hausa Genet (G. thierryi). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40.8-43 cm, tail 38-40. 3 cm; weight 1.3-2 kg. A small genet with short legs and a moderately long tail. The pelage is soft, with short straight hair. The coat color varies from pale creamy-gray to yellow; the underparts are pale gray. Two distinct color forms have been reported: pale (in the lowlands) and dark (in the highlands). The forehead is gray, with a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle. The dark facial mask is well marked and there are pairs of supraand sub-ocular white spots. The nuchal stripes are well defined; the spots on the side of the neck merge into two dark lines. The dark mid-dorsalline is split longitudinally by a pale line of hairs; there is no dorsal crest. The dorsal spots are fused into five longitudinal black stripes. The spots on the lower flanks are also elongated and look more like stripes than spots. The tail has seven to nine pale rings, alternating with dark rings; the tip of the tail is dark. The foreand hindlimbs are pale gray with dark spots, the feet are pale gray and unspotted. The central depression of the sole of the foot is hairless. The skull is small. The premaxillary-frontal contact is absent. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The maxillary-palatine suture is anterior to the main cusp of P°.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane dry forest (dominant vegetation includes tree heath Erica arborea, curry bush Hypericum revolutum and Abyssinian rose Rosa abyssinica), montane heather moorland, Afro-alpine grassland, and steppe and sub-desert areas on lowland plains. Found up to 3750 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Appears to be predominately carnivorous. In the Ethiopian highlands, the analysis of 25 scats showed that small vertebrates (mostly rodents) were the main prey items, with smaller quantities of insects and fruit. Compositional differences between habitats were found, suggesting opportunistic consumption of the most available food sources. In the Afro-alpine areas, 15 scats consisted mainly of rodents (Arvicanthis and Lophuromys genera), with small quantities of birds (passerines), insects (Coleoptera), and fruit. In a savannah-woodland area, ten scats revealed that rodents and birds were also the main prey items, but more insects and fruit were consumed than at the higher altitude.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Believed to be mainly nocturnal; one individual was seen at 18:10 h. However, some observations of diurnal activity have been reported: sightings at 13:10 h, 14:30 h and 16:00 h were recorded in the Ethiopian Highlands. It has been suggested that this diurnal activity is a local adaptive response to the activity patterns of rodent prey at high altitudes, and that this might also minimize direct competition with African Wildcats.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Possibly solitary: the few reported sightings have been of single individuals. Latrine sites were found in Afro-alpine and montane savannah-woodland complexes (an average of 30 droppings was found in each). One latrine was found on a rocky ledge at 3750 m, in an area covered by highgrass steppe, scattered giant lobelias, and globe thistle. Two were found within an Afroalpine area at 3680 m; they were in rocky holes at the base of an escarpment, in an area of steep slopes, medium to high-grass steppe, and scattered lobelias. Another latrine was found on a rocky ledge in dry massif at 2150 m, in an open shrubby-grassy area, dominated by several acacia species.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation ofMustelids and Viverrids. Known from fewer than 20 museum specimens and a handful of sightings. Considered rare and is likely to be threatened by habitat loss due to agriculture and livestock pressures. There is a need for further fieldwork to better understand its habitat requirements, population status, and ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1981), Diaz &amp; Van Rompaey (2002), Gaubert (In press b), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Schreiber et al. (1989), Wozencraft (2005), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEAFF8BEA974004FAB9FE7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4298FE0EF6AE.text	FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4298FE0EF6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta angolensis Bocage 1882	<div><p>10.</p> <p>Angolan Genet</p> <p>Genetta angolensis</p> <p>French: Genette d'Angola / German: Angola-Genette / Spanish: Gineta angolena</p> <p>Other common names: Miombo Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genella angolensis Bocage, 1882,</p> <p>Caconda, Angola.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46:5-47. 8 cm (males), 44-45. 5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7.9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4.7-5. 4 cm (males), 5.1-5. 8 cm (females); weight 1.3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Open miombo woodland (Brachystegia), interspersed with savannah.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The stomach contents of a specimen from the Kafue National Park (Zambia) contained remains of grasshoppers, insects, unidentified fruit, and grass.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Has been seen foraging on the ground at night.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no known major threats: its habitat has only seen minor change and there appears to be little hunting pressure. Field studies of this poorly known species are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (in press), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Pacheco (1992), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Fernandes (2001), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Halternorth &amp; Diller (1985), Schlawe (1980), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4298FE0EF6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4AD1F8AFFBCE.text	FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4AD1F8AFFBCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta bourloni Gaubert 2003	<div><p>11.</p> <p>Bourlon’s Genet</p> <p>Genetta bourloni</p> <p>French: Genette de Bourlon / German: Bourlon-Genette / Spanish: Gineta guineana</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta bourloni Gaubert, 2003,</p> <p>Sérédou, Cercle de Macenta, Guinea.</p> <p>On the basis of morphological characters and molecular studies, some individuals of the large-spotted genet complex (which were previously attributed to the Pardine Genet G. pardina) have now been identified as representing G. bourlona.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A specimen collected from Oda in Ghana in 1946 has been attributed to this species, but its true origin is in question.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 49-5 cm, tail 41 cm; weight 1.5-2 kg. Similar to Pardine Genet, but differs by the more grayish coloration, the very dark spots that partly coalesce on the rump, and almost half of the tail is dark. The coat color is pale yellowishgray; the underparts are whitish-yellow to gray. The pelage is relatively short and rough. The face has a well-marked mask, suband supra-ocular white spots, and a thin dark line on the muzzle. The nuchalstripes are well defined. The mid-dorsal line is dark and wide, and begins after the shoulder; there is no dorsal erectile crest. The dorsal spots are completely dark, elongated, and partly fused on the rump. The tail has five to seven pale rings; almost half of the tail is dark. The foreand hindlimbs are dark and well spotted. The upper parts of the forefeet are spotted, whereas the hindfeet are unspotted. The under parts of the feet are dark. The skull has a very large posterior extension of the frontal bones, which almost completely overlaps the dorsal region of the interorbital constriction. The posterior chamber of the auditory bullae is inflated, with a broken curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width = 1-00 + 0-2. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nothing known.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nothing known.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Described in 2003 and known only from 29 museum specimens. Habitat loss is likely to be a major threat, particularly if this species is restricted to rainforest as suspected; forest loss in the Upper Guinea forests has been quite severe. Hunting is also a likely threat, as skins have been seen in bushmeat markets. Fieldwork is needed to better understand its habitat requirements, population status, and ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1981), Gaubert (2003a, In press c), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEBFF8BEFDB4AD1F8AFFBCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEBFF88EAA24735FCE8FE10.text	FC03440BFFEBFF88EAA24735FCE8FE10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta cristata Hayman 1940	<div><p>12.</p> <p>Crested Genet</p> <p>Genetta cristata</p> <p>French: Genette a créte / German: Niger-Genette / Spanish: Gineta crestada</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta cristata Hayman, 1940,</p> <p>Cameroon.</p> <p>Previously included as a subspecies of the Servaline Genet (G. servalina). Hybridization between G. cristata and G. servalina may be occurring in a sympatric zone: central Cameroon, northern Gabon, and the PR Congo. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Cameroon, Nigeria, and possibly Gabon and the PR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 49.5-62. 2 cm, tail 43.1-43. 2 cm, ear 8.6-9. 5 cm; weight c. 2-5 kg. The coat color ranges from pale buff to pale ocher, darkening to ocher on the shoulders and the middle line of the back. The throat is a light ash-gray; the remaining underparts a mixture of buff and gray, paling to ash-gray in the genital region. The black mid-dorsal line is composed of relatively long hairs; it begins after the shoulder and runs to the base of the tail. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The large dark brown to black spots on the dorsal pelage run in longitudinal rows, with the top three rows being the most uniform. These spots become smaller and more randomly spaced towards the ventral pelage, where the chest and throat have only a few small spots; there are no spots between the hindlegs. The hair covering the scrotum in the male is dark brown. The face has a dark mask and a pair of supraand sub-ocular white spots. The tail has eight to ten pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is pale gray. The forelimbs and hindlimbs are boldly spotted. The forelegs are pale on the innermost side and dark gray above, with scattered small spots. The inner hindlegs are dark gray, unspotted, and have a grayish patch over the upper metatarsal region. The feet are dark. There is one pair of teats. The auditory bulla has a ventrally inflated posterior chamber, with a continuous curve line on the externalside. The premaxillary-frontal contact is present and the ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1:00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Deciduous forest, where there are areas of scrub and dense understory vegetation. Also recorded in secondary and montane forest. Found up to at least 1000 m. In Nigeria, its presence was positively correlated to primary dry forest and bush-mango plantations inside the forest, and to a lesser extent secondary dry forest and primary flooded forest. Suburban areas, pineapple plantations, bushlands, and oil palm plantations, had a negative influence. Ecological niche modelling has expanded the potential range to at least 500 km south and 180 km west from what was previously known.Its apparent absence east of the Congo and Oubangi rivers might be due to lack of survey effort, low dispersal abilities, or riverine geographical barriers.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. In Nigeria, the percentage occurrence of prey itemsin eleven stomachs was: 51% insects, 20% mammals, 9% reptiles, and 6% plant matter. In terms of biomass, small mammals were the most important prey items, followed by arthropods; there is a 70% overlap in diet with the sympatric Rusty-spotted Genet, indicating strong interspecific competition for food between these two species. Two captive genets were observed pursuing and pouncing on small insects, frogs, and lizards.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Captive individuals were crepuscular, resting throughout the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Captive animals are agile climbers, spending the majority of their time in high places. They defecated and urinated in one place. They also scent-marked while urinating, slowly moving the pelvis from side-to-side, and rolled and rubbed themselves in smells or substances to which they were attracted. Four vocalizations were noted: a purr and growl; a long meow; a short squeak; and a short sneeze/cough/grunt (used as a contact call).</p> <p>Breeding. In Nigeria, one-week-old juveniles were captured in late August and mid-October, and two embryos were found in a female collected in December.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Habitat loss may be a major threat: the Cross River State forests are rapidly being converted into farms or wastelands and the Niger Delta is exploited as an oil-production area. May also suffer from high hunting pressure. This species is a high priority for further survey work in order to better understand its ecology, distribution, and population status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Angelici &amp; Luiselli (2005), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Papes &amp; Peterson (2006), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Heard &amp; Van Rompaey (1990), Rosevear (1974), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (In press e), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEBFF88EAA24735FCE8FE10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE8FF88EF824143FCE9F6D8.text	FC03440BFFE8FF88EF824143FCE9F6D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta felina (Thunberg 1811)	<div><p>13.</p> <p>Feline Genet</p> <p>Genetta felina</p> <p>French: Genette féline / German: Stdliche Kleinfleckgenette / Spanish: Gineta felina</p> <p>Other common names: South African Small-spotted Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra felina Thunberg, 1811,</p> <p>South Africa.</p> <p>Has been considered a subspecies of the Common Genet (G. genetta). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Namibia and South Africa.</p> <p>One possible specimen in Angola and one in Zambia require confirmation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 47.5-56. 5 cm (males), 43-55 cm (females), tail 41-49. 4 cm (males), 41-47 cm (females), hindfoot 7:3.9-5 cm (males), 7.8-8 cm (females), ear 4.5-6 cm (males), 4.5-2 cm (females); weight 1-5 to 2-4 kg (males), 1-4 to 2 kg (females). A medium-sized genet with long guard hairs. The coat coloris whitish-gray; the ventral pelage varies from whitish or pale yellowish-gray to gray. The nuchal stripes are well defined. The mid-dorsal line is black and continuous; there is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of supraand sub-ocular white spots. The tail has eight to ten pale rings alternating with dark rings. The pattern of rings is confused at the beginning of the tail and the width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle is 200%; the tip of the tail is pale. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are the same color as the coat and are spotted. The hindfeet are covered by a dark “sock” and the posterior part of the forefeet is completely dark. There are two pairs of teats. The auditory bulla has a broken curve line on the external side. The posterior extension of the frontal bones overlaps about 50% of the dorsal region of the inter-orbital constriction. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Woodland savannah, grassland, thickets, dry vlei areas, and the border of deserts. In South Africa, it occurs in areas with scrub, bush cover, or rocky outcrops.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. In South Africa, the stomach contents of 25 genets contained rodents (Rhabdomys pumilio, Otomys sp., Desmodillus awricularis, Mus minutoides), insects (Orthoptera and Coleoptera), birds, arachnids, frogs, reptiles, shrews, and plants (grass, leaves, and grapes). Also reported to feed on carrion.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal: seen during a night survey in South Africa.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Said to be solitary.</p> <p>Breeding. In South Africa, pregnant females with two fetuses were recorded in September and October. Newborn weight is 70 g. A young female taken in mid-July weighed 500 g and one young animal collected in June weighed 715 g.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List: included in G. genetta. A poorly known species: field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of any threats are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Delibes &amp; Gaubert (In press), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Skinner &amp; Chimimba (2005), Stuart (1981), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE8FF88EF824143FCE9F6D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFE8FF89EF834A3BF643F2F7.text	FC03440BFFE8FF89EF834A3BF643F2F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta genetta (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>14.</p> <p>Common Genet</p> <p>Genetta genetta</p> <p>French: Genette commune / German: Kleinfleckgenette / Spanish: Gineta comun</p> <p>Other common names: Common Small-spotted Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra genetta Linnaeus, 1758,</p> <p>El Pardo, near Madrid, Spain.</p> <p>Some authors have included the Feline Genet (G. felina) as a subspecies of G. genetta, G. felina is treated here as a separate species. High intra-specific variability within the Common Genet makes clear distinctions between populations difficult to assess and over thirty subspecies have been described. A taxonomic revision is needed, but five subspecies are recognized here.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>G. g. genetta Linnaeus, 1758 — SW Europe and N Africa from Morocco to Libya.</p> <p>G. g. dongolana Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg, 1833 — E, NE &amp; C Africa.</p> <p>G. g. grantii Thomas, 1902 — SW Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, and Oman.</p> <p>G. g. pulchra Matschie, 1902 — Angola, Namibia, Botswana, W Zambia, and NE South Africa.</p> <p>G. g. senegalensis Fischer, 1829 — W Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46.5-52 cm (males), 46-5— 49 cm (females), tail 42-51. 6 cm (males), 40-51. 6 cm (females), hindfoot 8.9-7 cm (males), 8:2.9-1 cm (females), ear 4-6 cm (males), 4-:2.6-5 cm (females); weight 1:6.2-6 kg (males), 1.4-2. 3 kg (females). A medium-sized genet, with a slender body and a long tail. The coat color ranges from whitish-gray to pale yellow-rufous; the underparts are whitish, pale yellowish-gray or gray. The pelage has relatively long guard hairs. In the arid parts ofits range, the pelage is shorter and the coat color and spots are lighter. The head is small, with a pointed muzzle and small, upstanding round ears. The facial mask is relatively well marked, with a dark line on the muzzle and contrasting white suband supraocular white spots. The nuchal stripes are well defined. There is a thin, dark mid-dorsal line with long erectile hairs (up to 7-5 cm), which begins after the shoulder and runs to the base of the tail. The dark dorsal spots merge into longitudinal lines. The tail is relatively long, with eight to ten pale rings alternating with dark rings; the tip ofthetail is whitish. The pale rings and the dark rings are the same width, although the margins of the rings are often not clearly distinguishable due to the overlapping long guard hairs of the preceding ring. The foreand hindlimbs are spotted; the upper parts of the feet are lightly spotted. The underparts of the hindlimb and feet are dark. There are five digits on each foot; the first digits are slightly set back and do not mark in the print. The central depression of the forefeet is hairy. The forefeet have reduced metacarpal pads and the hindfeet bear two very narrow, elongated metatarsal pads. The claws are sharp, curved, and retractile. The perineal gland opens into a longitudinal Y-shaped slit. There are two pairs of teats. The baculum in the male is well-developed. The skull is medium-size and ovoid, with a strong sagittal crest. The rostrum is narrow and elongated. The inter-orbital constriction is weakly marked and the zygomatic arches are lightly built. The post-orbital processes of the frontal and jugal bones are almost totally absent. The auditory bullae are elongated, with the anterior chambers only slightly smaller than the posterior chambers. The premaxillary-frontal contact is absent and the posterior extension of the frontal bones is moderate, overlapping about 50% of the dorsal region of the inter-orbital constriction. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The upper canines are elongated, curved and sharp, and the second upper molar and the second lower molars are small. The presence and development of the inner cusp of the third upper premolar is variable. The maxillary-palatine suture is at the same level as the main cusp of P°.</p> <p>Habitat. Occurs in a wide range of habitats. Often associated with trees and bushes, but can also be found in rocky, treeless areas. Seems to avoid dense rainforest and very arid zones, but can be found in close proximity to human dwellings. In Morocco, the Common Genet is found in forests and bushy areas (mainly in the mountains), rocky ravines (preferably vegetated and near water), and in the Sahara fringe (where it is common in oases and other productive areas). In Algeria, it is found in riparian forests at sea level and up to 2000 m in the Djurjura Mountains, where it occupies all types of habitats (most abundant in old forests of Quercus ilex and Cedrus atlantica). In West Africa, it occurs in wooded savannahs. In the Ethiopian Highlands, a radio-collared female was found in woodland (84% of the time), bush (9%), farmland (5%), and grassland (2%). In Tanzania, Common Genets were camera-trapped in lowland forest. In the Serengeti, they are strongly associated with trees and thickets and are frequently seen on escarpments, rocky outcrops, and other hills. In Botswana, they are found in all the major vegetation associations (including riverine forests and open, dry scrub savannahs): 47 genets were captured in Acacia woodland or scrub, 16 in mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodland or scrub, twelve in Terminalia-Bauhinia scrub, nine in unspecified riverine forests, nine in open grassland (with scattered bushes and trees), and lower numbers in other habitats. The Common Genet does not occur in open habitats unless there is some adjacent scrub cover or isolated patches of trees with underbrush, which suggests that scrub cover or woodland is an essential habitat requirement. In some places, the Common Genet can penetrate into deserts along seasonal watercourses. In Arabia, it is said to inhabit dry ravines in hills and mountains. In Europe, itis especially abundant in oak forests (Quercus spp.) and is also common in olive groves (Olea europaea), riparian copses, ash groves (Fraxinus spp.), pine forests, rocky areas, and scrublands, but is rare or absent in open areas, marshes, and agricultural fields. Common Genets prefer to live at low altitudes, especially in northern areas, which suggests that cold temperatures may restrict its distribution: in central Spain, genets were scarce on plateaux and the upper parts of mountains (not found above 1400 m), but were widely distributed in lower mountain areas. They were present in areas with abundant scrub cover and high mean temperatures. In northern Spain, three radio-collared males showed a strong preference for holm oak forest; pine plantations were avoided, eucalyptus plantations were used according to availability, and other habitats such as meadows, gardens, and crops near houses, were used opportunistically by two of the three genets.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Feeds mainly on small mammals, but also eats other small vertebrates (including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish), invertebrates (mainly insects), eggs, fruits, and sometimes grass. Field studies have shown seasonal and geographical variations in the diet (frequency of occurrence of food items). In south-west France (woodlands with rocky areas): 73% small mammals, including rodents (mainly Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Arvicola sapidus, Pitymys and Microtus spp.), insectivores (Sorex spp., Talpa europaea, Crocidura russula, and Neomys fodiens), and occasionally a few mustelids Least Weasel and Ermine. Other prey items included: 10% birds (mainly passerines), 9% insects (Coleoptera and Orthoptera), 1% amphibians, 0-7% reptiles, 0-6% European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 0-2% fish, and a few eggs. Plant remains included 13% grass, and 10% fruits and berries. Some seasonal variations were observed. The percentage of small mammals in the diet remained stable, but more birds were eaten during winter and fewer during spring, and the consumption offruits followed the fruiting season, being consumed mainly in the summer and autumn. In north-west France (marshy forest): 71% small mammals, 18% birds, 8% arthropods, and 2% rabbits. In north-west France (broad-leaved forest with pastures): 59% small mammals, 26% birds, 7% arthropods, 3% rabbits, 0-7% reptiles, and 0-4% amphibians. In north-west Spain (broad-leaved forest and riparian forest): 67% small mammals, 18% arthropods, 8% birds, 4% amphibians, and 2% reptiles. In north-east Spain (riparian forest): 34% arthropods, 30% small mammals, 10% reptiles, 7% birds, 4% rabbits, and 1% amphibians. In central Spain (holm oak and broad-leaved forests): 36% arthropods, 30% birds, 28% small mammals, 7% reptiles, 4% amphibians, and 0-2% rabbits. In southern Spain (Mediterranean shrubs): 65% small mammals, 16% birds, 8% arthropods, 7% amphibians, 4% rabbits, and 3% reptiles. In central Portugal: 58% mammals (42% rodents, 8% insectivores, 8% rabbits), 15% arthropods, 11% birds, 2% reptiles, 1% gastropods, 0-7% eggs, 9% fruits and 2% plants. Small mammals were consumed more in the autumn and winter, birds and fruits in the spring and summer. In north-west Portugal, rodents were the main prey (particularly Apodemus sylvaticus and Microtus agrestis), followed by insectivores and birds (particularly in the spring). Reptiles were consumed mostly in the spring and fruits in the summer. On Mallorca (Mediterranean forest): 47% small mammals, 25% arthropods, 23% reptiles, 4% rabbits, 3% birds, and 1% amphibians. Another study on Mallorca (Mediterranean forest): 91% mammals, 39% plants, 20% birds, 18% arthropods, and 8% reptiles. On Ibiza (Mediterranean shrubs): 45% small mammals, 19% reptiles, 18% arthropods, 10% amphibians, 6% birds, and 0-7% rabbits. Another study on Ibiza (Mediterranean shrubs): 92% mammals, 42% plants, 32% birds, 18% reptiles, and 12% arthropods. On Cabrera Island (Mediterranean shrubs): 46% arthropods, 40% reptiles, 16% small mammals, 11% amphibians, 5% birds, and 2% rabbits. Another study on Cabrera Island (Mediterranean shrubs): 70% mammals, 48% birds, 31% plants, 26% reptiles, and 21% arthropods. In Morocco (oak forest): 72% small mammals, 19% arthropods, 4% birds, 3% reptiles, 1% amphibians, and 2% fruits. In north-east Algeria (riparian forest): 64% arthropods, 23% small mammals, 7% amphibians, 3% reptiles, 1% birds, 0-6% fish, and 2% fruit. In north-east Algeria (Mediterranean montane forest), 62% arthropods, 20% small mammals, 12% birds, 3% reptiles, and 1% amphibians. In Zimbabwe: 66% insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Isoptera), 51% rodents (Mastomys spp., Mus spp., Tatera spp., Rattus rattus, Saccostomus campestris, and Steatomys pratensis), 31% arachnids, 10% birds, 10% reptiles, 3% shrews (Soricidae), 3% amphibians, and 3% Myiaodia. In Botswana: 73% insects (Orthoptera, Isoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera), 53% arachnids, 50% rodents (Mastomys spp., Mus spp., Tatera spp., Rattus rattus, Saccostomus campestris, Steatomys pratensis, Gerbillurus paeba, Thallomys paedulcus, Otomys angoniensis, and Aethomys spp.), 18% reptiles, 6% birds, 5% Myriapodia, 1% shrews (Soricidae), 1% Chiroptera, 1% dormice (Muscardinidae), and 5% fruits. Foraging takes place at night.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Primarily nocturnal. In Senegal, 25 nocturnal observations were recorded between 20:00-22:30 h. In Botswana, the earliest sightings were just after dark at 19:00 h, with activity recorded until 02:00 h. In Ethiopia, a radio-tracking study showed that Common Genets were nocturnal; four genets were also seen at night. In Spain, a radio-collared male was exclusively nocturnal; a young female was active 65% during the night, but was also active 19% of the time during the day. Both genets showed greater activity from sunset to midnight and the male had a secondary peak of activityjust before sunrise. In south-east Spain, radio-collared genets were primarily nocturnal, but were active 29% of the time during the day. Restsites are in trees (hollow trunks and branches), hollow logs, dense thickets and bushes, rocky areas, and holes in the ground. In Ethiopia, a female genet used several diurnal resting sites, most of them in trees. In Spain, a young female and an adult male both used areas with high ground cover for resting. The diurnal resting sites were located in dense thickets (86% in the young female, 36% in the male) and in treetops (14% and 64%, respectively). When both were available, they usually selected thickets. In treetops, they generally used old bird nests, pine-needle tufts, and dry pine branches, 4-15 m above the ground. Restsites changed each day. The mean distance between consecutive daybeds was 277 m for the female and 2175 m for the male.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, although pairs have occasionally been observed. Common Genets are proficient climbers, but most of their activity appears to be on the ground. In Tanzania, one marked individual was observed using an area of 0-25 km®. In Ethiopia, a radio-collared juvenile female had a home range of 0-34 km?and a lactating female had a range of 0-62 km?*; both ranges closely overlapped with each other. In southern Ethiopia, a female had a home range of 1-7 km?, with a core area of 0-2 km* (centered on Hagenia and Juniperus woodlands). In southwestern Spain, a young female had a home range of 1-4 km? she used 0-2 km?® in the first month, 0-7 km? the second, and 1-2 km®in the third, suggesting that she was increasing her home range as she got older. The radio-collared male in this study appeared to be a dispersing individual as he covered an area of 50 km? The mean daily distance travelled in 24 hours was 2978 m for the female and 8050 m for the male. Two types of movement were detected: a zig-zag run (associated with searching for food and hunting) and a more or less straight-line run (travelling). Further studies in southwestern Spain, revealed a mean home range size of 7-8 km? for eight individuals (range 0-73-14-71 km?); there was a large inter-sexual and a low intra-sexual overlap of ranges. The mean distance travelled was 2: 78 km /day; the mean distance between consecutive resting sites was 0-73 km. The density of adults was estimated to be 0-33 individuals/km?®. In northern Spain, three males had home ranges of 2-12, 3-39, and 10-16 km®. In north-east Spain, the mean annual home range size was 1-13 km” in males and 0-72 km? in females; resting home range sizes were nine times lower than overall home range sizes. Home range sizes changed with the seasons and were smallestin the summer (0-41 km? in males and 0-29 km? in females) and largest in the spring (0-79 km? in males and 0-56 km?” in females). Core areas represented 27% ofthe total home range in males and 19% in females. Intra-sexual home range overlap was lower than inter-sexual overlap; there was no overlap of core areas. The minimum density was 0-98 individuals/km*. Common Genets deposit their feces in latrines, which are either elevated (on rocks and in trees) or on the ground. More than one individual may use the same latrine and a large number of feces can be found in them. They are more frequently located on the edges of home ranges. In Spain, the number of feces in 27 latrines ranged from one to 27, with seven containing only one scat. More than one individual appeared to use these latrines. Feces were found in trees (44% on main trunks, 22% on secondary trunks, 15% on raptor nests, and 7% on branches), on thickets or hedges (7%), and on the ground (4%). Feces on trees were situated on average 4-2 m high. Each genet tended to deposit feces all over the surface of the latrine (never over fresh feces, but over old ones). Scattered feces were also found on the ground. Within the study area, Common Genets inhabited mesic scrubland patches and preferentially deposited their feces on the edges of these patches. The number of feces in latrines was highest in February-March and November-December, and lowest in April-August. Among 15 latrines, only five were continuously used for at least four months and only one was always used. All were close to resting sites and when these were deserted the latrines were no longer used. In central Spain, fecalsites were in areas with high rock and shrub cover, habitats that provided good feeding places and refuges. In south-west Portugal, the selection of latrine and scent marking sites was driven by the availability of shelter and food: latrines were more often in habitat with high understory cover. Latrines were usually located on conspicuous structures: old-growth trees were the dominant latrine sites. In south-west France, latrines were often located on rocks and were found to contain ten to 65 feces, but those with higher numbers were rare and isolated feces were also found. Common Genets also use the secretion from their perineal gland and urine as a means of communication. While scent marking, they adopt a handstand posture or a flexion of the hindlegs. In captivity, scent marking behavior increased in the male and decreased in the female during the breeding season; it increased again in the female after mating, but decreased again before parturition. Captive males and females sniffed the scent marks of unknown genets more than those of known genets (of the opposite sex). They also spent more time sniffing marks of other genets than their own marks. The Common Genet also scent-marks by flank rubbing, which consists of rubbing the cheek, neck and dorsal parts of the flank against unscented vertical surfaces; these body regions have a higher density of sebaceous glands. Males are able to recognize the physiological state offemales from sniffing scent marks left by flank rubbing. Flank rubbing increases during agonistic encounters and is generally associated with visual threat signals, such as piloerection of the dorsal crest and the tail. Intimidating behavior in Common Genets is very cat-like, with an arched-back stance, erection of the dorsal crest and tail hairs, hissing, and an open mouth showing the teeth.</p> <p>Breeding. There may be two breeding seasons in Kenya, from March to May and September to December, which correspond to the wet seasons. One adult female was found lactating in southwestern Ethiopia at the end of November and a pregnant female was recorded in Zambia in February. Most pregnant females were detected in Botswana from October to February. Elsewhere in southern Africa, pregnant females have been taken in September, October, and January. In Europe and North Africa, mating mainly occurs in the spring and autumn; birth peaks are in April to June and September to November. Breeding behavior has been mainly observed in captivity. Several days before mating, the male and female increase their uro-genital marking activity; the male emits contact calls, and sniffs the ano-genital region and flanks of the female. Copulations occur at night, last two or three minutes, and are repeated up to five times. Gestation is 70 to 77 days. Natal den sites are in hollow trees, burrows, and rocky crevices. Litter size is one to four; the most common number is two. Newborns are covered with hair and have closed ears and eyes. Weight at birth is 60 to 85 g; the young are 300 g at one month, 450 g at two months, 900 g at four months, and 1500 g at eight months. They nurse during the first four months and start eating solid food when they are about 45 days old. They start to pursue prey at twelve weeks and have acquired their predator skills by the 18" week. They are sexually mature at around 19-24 months.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Possibly introduced to Spain during historical times and has spread to France and Portugal. Individuals have also been recorded in Belgium, Germany, Holland, Italy, and Switzerland.The populations on Ibiza Island, sometimes considered a distinct subspecies (G. g. isabelae), were classified as Vulnerable on the The IUCN Red List. Listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and on the EU Habitats and Species Directive, Annex V. The Common Genetis not considered threatened because of its wide distribution and its generalist habitat and food preferences. However, it is eaten by people in some African localities and the body parts are used for medicinal purposes. In southern Africa, they have been reported for sale in city markets.</p> <p>Bibliography. Admasu et al. (2004b), Alcover (1982), Aymerich (1982a), Camps-Munuera &amp; Llober (2004), Carvalho &amp; Gomes (2004), Clevenger (1995, 1996), Crawford-Cabral (1981), Cugnasse &amp; Riols (1984), Delibes &amp; Gaubert (In press), Delibes et al. (1989), Dobson (1998), Duckworth (1995), Espirito-Santo et al. (2007), Gangloff &amp; Ropartz (1972), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Taylor, Fernandes et al. (2005), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Hamdine et al. (1993), lkeda et al. (1983), Lariviere &amp; Calzada (2001), Livet &amp; Roeder (1987), Lodé et al. (1991), Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999), Palomares (1993a), Palomares &amp; Delibes (1988, 1994, 2000), Roeder (1978, 1980), Roeder &amp; Thierry (1994), Roeder et al. (1989), Rosalino &amp; Santos-Reis (2002), Sillero-Zubiri &amp; Marino (1997), Skinner &amp; Chimimba (2005), Taylor (1969, 1970b), Virgos &amp; Casanovas (1997), Virgos, Casanovas &amp; Blazquez (1996), Virgos, Llorente &amp; Cortes (1999), Virgos, Romero &amp; Mangas (2001), Waser (1980), Wozencraft (2005), Zuberogoitia &amp; Zabala (2004), Zuberogoitia et al. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFE8FF89EF834A3BF643F2F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFECFF8CEF8C4276FC5FF5EC.text	FC03440BFFECFF8CEF8C4276FC5FF5EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta johnstoni Pocock 1908	<div><p>15.</p> <p>Johnston's Genet</p> <p>Genetta johnstoni</p> <p>French: Genette de Johnston / German: Liberia-Genette / Spanish: Gineta de Nimba</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta johnston Pocock, 1908,</p> <p>Liberia. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-51. 4 cm, tail 46.2-49. 5 cm, hindfoot 8.5-9 cm, ear 4-5—4-6 cm; weight 2.2-2.6 kg. A slender genet with a thick soft coat and elongated face. Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat color ranges from yellowish-ocher to yellowish-gray; the ventral pelage varies from yellowish-gray to buff. The dark, continuous mid-dorsal line strongly contrasts with the surrounding blackish to rufous-brown spots. The pattern of nuchal stripes varies. A dorsal crest is sometimes apparent. The large dorsal spots are generally aligned in three rows. The first two rows often coalesce into complete or partial lines, especially at the rump. The spots on the flank, thigh and shoulder, are smaller and darker. The face has a dark mask and there are supraand sub-ocular white spots. The eyes are large, with vertical pupils, and the ears are elongated. The tail has eight to nine pale rings alternating with dark rings; the dark rings broaden from the proximal part of the tail. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is less than 20%; the tip ofthe tail is pale. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are dark brown. The perineal gland is 30-40 mm long and 15-20 mm wide, with a tripartite structure. There is one pair of teats. In sub-adults, the coat is densely spotted and the pattern is irregular, but the mid-dorsal line is clearly marked. The skull is elongated and narrow, with a flattened mandible and reduced jugal teeth. The posterior extension of the frontal bones is large, almost completely overlapping the dorsal region of the inter-orbital constriction. The auditory bulla has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 £ 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest. Frequently observed in wetland areas, including swamp forest and riverine habitat. One specimen was collected from an area of moist woodlands and savannah in Guinea.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Dentition suggests an insectivorous diet.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Radio-tracking data indicates it is mainly nocturnal. During the day, it sleeps in tree holes or on large branches in the canopy. Over a period of one month, a radio-collared female returned before dawn each day to sleep in the canopy of the same tree (approximately 20 m high); a collared male was found sleeping in different trees each day over a period of several weeks.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mainly solitary, but pairs are occasionally seen.</p> <p>Breeding. In the Ivory Coast, an adult female showed signs of having recently finished lactation in late July. Juvenile genets were observed in early June; however, species identity was uncertain. Unknown if breeding is seasonal. The number of young has not been recorded, but the presence of only two teats suggests that a litter size greater than two is unlikely.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Considered a rare species with a restricted range. Habitat loss could be a serious threat: intensive deforestation resulting from agriculture, logging and mining pressures, has reduced the once continuous Upper Guinean forest zone to a few remaining blocks of intact forest. Hunting may also be affecting populations, even within protected areas; they are taken by commercial and local hunters for meat and skins. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed to determineits distribution, to monitor populations, and to implement conservation measures.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dunham &amp; Gaubert (In press), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier et al. (2004), Gaubert, Veron, Colyn et al. (2002), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Gaubert, Volobouev et al. (2004), Kuhn (1960), Lamotte &amp; Tranier (1983), Rosevear (1974), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFECFF8CEF8C4276FC5FF5EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFECFF8DEF944908FC07F6AE.text	FC03440BFFECFF8DEF944908FC07F6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta maculata (Gray 1830)	<div><p>16.</p> <p>Rusty-spotted Genet</p> <p>Genetta maculata</p> <p>French: Genette a grandes taches / German: GroRfleckgenette / Spanish: Gineta de manchas grandes</p> <p>Other common names: Central African Large-spotted Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra maculata Gray, 1830,</p> <p>Ethiopia.</p> <p>The name G. rubiginosa has been also used for this species, butthis is now considered invalid. Has been considered conspecific with the Cape Genet (G. tigrina) and Pardine Genet (G. pardina), and was sometimes also designated under the name G. tigrina. Recent morphometric and molecular studies have suggested that race letabae is a separate species, but this requires further investigation. Four subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>G. m. maculata Gray, 1830 — Ethiopia and Eritrea.</p> <p>G. m. letabae Thomas &amp; Schwann, 1906 — W, C &amp; E Africa, also in Angola, NE Namibia, Botswana, and SW Zambia.</p> <p>G. m. mossambica Matschie, 1902 — Mozambique and South Africa.</p> <p>G. m. zambesiana Matschie, 1902 — Malawi and Zimbabwe.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44:3-52. 1 cm (males), 41:1-49. 9 cm (females), tail 41.4-53. 5 cm (males), 39.5-54 cm (females), hindfoot 8:1.9-8 cm (males), 8.9-3 cm (females), ear 4.1-5 cm (males), 4.1-6. 5 cm (females); weight 1.4-3. 2 kg (males), 1.3-2. 5 kg (females). A slender genet with a short, soft pelage. Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat color is extremely variable: sandy-gray, pale yellow, rufousgray, or gray-yellow. The ventral pelage is whitish-gray to pale yellow. The nuchal stripes are well defined. The continuous mid-dorsal line is the same color as the body spots;it begins after the shoulder and runs to the base of the tail. There is no dorsal crest. The spots are black to rufous-brown and variable in size and shape; the first two dorsal rows are round or square and sometimes coalesce at the rump. The face has a well-marked mask, a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle, and white suband supra-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle ofthe tail is 50-75%. The elongated dark tail tip is due to the suffusion of dark hairs in the last two pale rings. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are well spotted. The posterior region of the hindlimbs is densely covered in dark hairs. This coloration extends to the bottom of the hindfeet and borders the toes. The upper parts of the forefeet and hindfeet are the same color as the coat and are lightly spotted. The central depression of the forefeet is hairy. There are two pairs of teats. In juveniles, the coat is densely spotted, with a very irregular pattern. The skull is of medium size, with a thin sagittal crest and a narrow inter-orbital constriction. The posterior extension of the frontal bones is very narrow. The posterior chamber ofthe auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a broken curve line on the external side. The maxillary-palatine suture is at the same level as the main cusp of P*. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is lesss than 1 + 0-07. Dental formula:13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforest, woodland savannah, savannah-forest mosaic, and montane forest. Also occurs in cultivated areas, farmlands, and suburbs. Said to prefer wet habitats such as swamps and riparian areas. In Nigeria, it was positively correlated with derived savannah, oil palm plantations, and other altered habitats, whereas it was negatively correlated with various types offorests. In south-east Africa, it only occurs in areas with a mean annual rainfall exceeding 450 mm. In Ethiopia and Eritrea, it is found in wet forest, woodlands, and humid grassland. In Tanzania, it was camera-trapped in both open and closed lowland forests from 280 to 1470 m. It can live at high altitudes, such as the Simien Mountains (Ethiopia) and Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Mainly carnivorous, although in some parts ofits range, fruits, seeds, and berries can be important foods. Animal prey includes small mammals, birds (and eggs), terrestrial and aquatic gastropods,bivalves, centipedes, millipedes,spiders, scorpions, insects, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, and reptiles (including lizards and snakes). The frequency of occurrence of food items in the diet has been determined in several places throughoutits range. In Zambia, scats contained 100% rodents (including Mastomys denniae, Mastomys sp., Grammomys dolichurus, Otomys sp., and Mus minuloides), 67% invertebrates, 67% insects (including Orthoptera), 39% grass, 33% amphibians, 11% insectivores (Crocidura sp.), and 6% reptiles. In Zimbabwe, stomach contents contained 68% murids (including Mastomys sp.), 40% insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), 15% birds, 9% arachnids, 8% reptiles, 8% wild fruits, 3% shrews, 3% centipedes, 2% amphibians, 1% lagomorphs and 1% fish. In Botswana, the diet comprised 90% insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Isoptera), 47% murids (including the Pouched Mouse Saccostomus campestris), 27% arachnids, 17% wild fruits, 10% centipedes, 7% birds, and 1% reptiles, amphibians and other arthropods. In Kenya, the relative occurrence of food items found in scats was 74% seeds and fruit (more than 40 species) versus 82% arthropods and 44% other food remains (small mammals, reptiles, birds, snails, and leaves). In Nigeria, stomach contents contained small mammal species (Praomys tullbergi, Cricetomys sp., Mus musculoides, Lemniscomys striatus, Hybomys univittatus, Dendromus sp., Crocidura nigeriae, Crocidura poensis, and Crocidura sp.), insects (including Orthoptera and Coleoptera), birds, eggs, reptiles, fruits, seeds, centipedes, and spiders; there was a 70% overlap in diet with the sympatric Crested Genet, indicating strong interspecific competition for food between these two species. Bats have been recorded as prey items in South Africa (Pipistrellus capensis and genera Eptesicus, Scotophilus, and Rhinolophus) and Somalia (genus Tadarida). There are reports of Rusty-spotted Genets killing poultry: in Zimbabwe, stomach contents included domestic fowl (pheasants, young peafowl, pigeons, and chickens). There is little evidence that carrion is eaten, although some stomachs from South Africa did contain maggots. Rusty-spotted Genets forage both in trees and on the ground. Prey is caught by careful stalking, followed by a pounce. Before being killed,its prey is bitten several times or sometimes shaken.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mainly nocturnal. In Kenya and Ethiopia, radio-collared genets were more active between sunset and sunrise than during daylight hours. Restsites include trees, hollow logs, under tree roots, in disused Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) or spring hare burrows, under boulders, rock overhangs, caves, and man-made shelters. Resting sites are reused by both sexes.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Generally solitary, except pairs are seen during the breeding season. A radio-tracking study in Kenya (June-August), found mean home ranges of 5-9 km? for three males and 2: 8 km ” for two females; male ranges overlapped those of females. Males may move at 3 km /hour. Often seen on the ground, but also regularly observed climbing in trees; it can descend headfirst and usesits tail as a balancing organ. Uses regular latrine sites; some ground latrines are shared by other genet and mongoose species. Territories are marked using the perineal gland secretion, urine, and feces (with anal gland secretions). Tree scratching also may play a role in marking. A threatening attitude is achieved by arching the back and erecting the hairs on the back and tail.</p> <p>Breeding. Two breeding peaks have been reported from Kenya: a main peak from October to December and another between March and May. In southern Africa, it appears that the breeding season extends from August to March. In South Africa, three young were found in February and two pregnant females, both with three fetuses, were recorded in November. Three two-week-old kittens were found in a hollow tree in northern Namibia in October. In Botswana, a female was found lactating during February and in Zimbabwe births were recorded from August to February. In Zambia, four-week-old juveniles were taken in October and November. Breeding behavior has been observed in captivity. A courting male, after sniffing the vulva of the female, exhibits a facial grimace (flehmen). He follows the female closely and produces grumbling and coughing calls. During the early stages of courtship, the female keeps turning away from the male, with hertail and hindquarters low, and flees. She eventually answers the male’s calls and allows him to come into close contact. Each partner then sniffs the other’s face and genitals, and they rub their cheeks. The female holds her tail up and crouches with raised hindquarters and tail deflected sideways. The male then clasps the female on the groin area, with his chest and belly resting on her lower back. As the female curves her spine, intromission occurs with pelvic thrusting. The male may sometimes bite the neck of the female during the final seconds of copulation, which usually lasts five minutes. Coupling pairs often meow. After copulating, the female may anal-drag and roll on her back, and both partners lick their genitals. Gestation is 70-77 days. Litter size appears to be two to five. Births take place in hollow trees, nests of leaves, and under roofs in urbanized habitats. Neonates are blind; they are covered with hair and have a discernable coat pattern. The eyes open at ten days and the first set of canines erupts at four weeks. These are shed after the permanent canines have erupted, at around 10-11 months. The mother licks her kittens ano-genitally and consumes their excrement. The young begin to take solid food at about six weeks, and may start to kill and eatlive vertebrates at about 28 weeks. At approximately eight weeks of age, the young start running, jumping, rolling, and playing fighting games.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered unthreatened as it has a wide range and occurs in a number of habitats. However, it may be declining in some areas due to hunting: it is found in bushmeat markets and is frequently trapped. Rusty-spotted Genets have a bad reputation as poultry thieves and farmers sometimes poison or trap them in retaliation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Angelici (2000), Angelici &amp; Gaubert (In press), Angelici &amp; Luiselli (2005), Angelici, Luiselli &amp; Politano (1999), Angelici, Luiselli, Politano &amp; Akani (1999), Carpenter (1970), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Fernandes (1999, 2001), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Pacheco (1992), De Luca &amp; Mpunga (2005), Duckworth (1995), Engel (1998a, 1998b, 2000), Estes (1991), Fernandes &amp; Crawford-Cabral (2004), Fuller et al. (1990), Gaubert &amp; Wozencraft (2005), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Taylor, Fernandes et al. (2005), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier, Veron et al. (2003), Gaubert, Volobouev et al. (2004), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2001, 2002), Grimshaw et al. (1995), Grubb (2004), Ikeda et al. (1982), Kingdon (1971-1982, 1997), Maddock &amp; Perrin (1993), Pienaar (1964), Rautenbach (1982), Rowe-Rowe (1971), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Smithers (1971), Smithers &amp; Wilson (1979), Stuart (1990), Stuart &amp; Stuart, M.D. (1997, Stuart &amp; Stuart, T. (2003), Taylor (1969), Waser (1980), Wemmer (1977), Wozencraft (2005), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFECFF8DEF944908FC07F6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEDFF8DEFD24AD5F656F9BD.text	FC03440BFFEDFF8DEFD24AD5F656F9BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta pardina Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1832	<div><p>17.</p> <p>Pardine Genet</p> <p>Genetta pardina</p> <p>French: Genette pardine / German: Pardelgenette / Spanish: Gineta pardina</p> <p>Other common names: West African Large-spotted Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta pardina Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832,</p> <p>Senegal.</p> <p>Has been considered conspecific with G. maculata and G. tigrina. Several forms related to G. pardina or to G. maculata have been debated and some are now recognized as separate species (G. bourloni and G. poensis). Other forms (such as schoutedeni and letabae) have also been suggested as distinct species by morphometric and molecular studies, but these need further investigation. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W Africa from Senegal and Mali to Burkina Faso and Ghana.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-55. 3 cm (males), 41-53 cm (females), tail 39-49 cm (males), 42-45 cm (females), hindfoot 9-10 cm (males), 8:8.9-5 cm (females), ear 3.9-4. 7 cm (males), 4.4-5 cm (females); weight up to 3-1 kg. A heavily built genet with a short, rough pelage. Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat color varies from yellowish-gray to pale or sandy-gray; the ventral pelage is whitish-yellow or gray. The nuchalstripes are well defined. The wide, dark mid-dorsal line begins after the shoulder and runs to the base of the tail. There is no dorsal crest. The dorsal spots are dark brown or rufous brown, elongated and squared, not coalesced, and are bordered by dark rings. The first two rows form a line of separated spots, equal in width to the dorsal line. The face has a well-marked mask, a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle, and white suband supra-ocular spots. The ears are broad-based and slightly rounded. The tail has six to seven pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is less than 20%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are the same color as the coat and are well spotted. The upper parts of the forefeet are spotted, whereas the upper parts of the hindfeet are unspotted. The underparts of the feet are dark-brown. There are two pairs of teats. In juveniles, the pattern of spots is similar to adults, but the spots on the flank, thigh and shoulder, are smaller and darker. The skull is large, with a thin sagittal crest. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is ventrally inflated and has a broken curve line on the external side. The premaxillary-frontal contact is absent. The posterior extension of the frontal bones overlaps c. 50% of the dorsal region of the inter-orbital constriction. The maxillary-palatine suture is at the same level as the main cusp of P?. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is less than 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary rain forests, gallery forests, and moist woodlands. Also occurs in forest plantations, bushlands, and suburban areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet thought to include rodents, invertebrates, and fruit. A specimen collected in the Ivory Coast contained remains of the brush-furred rat (Lophuromys sp.), insects, palm fruits, and grass.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Considered solitary.</p> <p>Breeding. In the Ivory Coast, two one-month-oldjuveniles were found in April and one sub-adult male in June. Another sub-adult specimen, estimated to be five to six months old, was collected in July.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Assumed to be common within its range and there are no known major threats. However, Pardine Genets have been recorded from bushmeat markets, so hunting pressure may have an impact on local populations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Anon. (1960), Ansell (1978), Bourliére et al. (1974), Coe (1975), Coetzee (1977), Crawford-Cabral (1970, 1973, 1981), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Fernandes (2001), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Pacheco (1992), Gaubert (2003a), Gaubert &amp; Dunham (In press a), Gaubert, Fernandes et al. (2004), Gaubert, Taylor, Fernandes et al. (2005), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Grubb et al. (1998), Haltenorth &amp; Diller (1985), Hoppe-Dominik (1990), Jones (1966), Rahm (1961), Rosevear (1974), Sillero-Zubiri &amp; Marino (1997), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEDFF8DEFD24AD5F656F9BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFEDFF92EAA445D8FDC8FC7A.text	FC03440BFFEDFF92EAA445D8FDC8FC7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta piscivora (J. A. Allen 1919)	<div><p>18.</p> <p>Aquatic Genet</p> <p>Genetta piscivora</p> <p>French: Genette aquatique / German: \Wassergenette / Spanish: Gineta acuatica</p> <p>Taxonomy. Osbornictis piscivora J. A. Allen, 1919,</p> <p>Niapu, Zaire.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Measurements from two adult males (respectively): Headbody 44-5—-49-5 cm,tail 34-41. 5 cm, hindfoot 8:3-9 cm, ear 6 cm; weight c. 1-5 kg. A slender unspotted genet, with a black bushy tail and strongly contrasting facial markings. The pelage is long and dense, especially on the is. coat is chestnutred to dull red, without spots or bands; some individuals have a dark mid-dorsalstripe. An indistinct line of whitish hairs runs along the midline of the abdomen. There is a pair of elongated whitish spots between the eyes. The front and sides of the muzzle, and the sides of the head below the eyes, are whitish. The ears are blackish and edged with long whitish hairs. The rhinarium is small and without a median sulcus. The chin and throat are white. The tail is black and without rings. The palms and soles of the feet are bare, and the hindfeet have distinct elongated metatarsal pads. The skull is long and lightly built, and the teeth are relatively small and trenchant. The premaxillary-frontal contact is absent and the dorsal region of the frontal bone is concave. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is less than 1 + 0-12. The posterior extension of the frontal bone is very narrow and the posterior chamber of the auditory bulla has a continuous curve line on the external side. The premaxillary-maxillary suture is at the same level as P! and the maxillary-palatine suture is at the same level as the main cusps of P*-M, (reduced). Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest. Nearly all specimens were trapped near small rivers and some were collected in forests dominated by limbali trees (Gilbertiodendron). Found from 460 to 1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Thought to be semi-aquatic and to primarily eat fish; natives say that fish is the favored prey. The stomach of one specimen contained bones of a small fish and an entire catfish (Clariidae) about 10 cm in length. The dentition may be adapted to dealing with slippery prey and the bare palms may be an adaptation for feeling and handling fish in muddy holes. Also reported to feed on crustaceans, but this is considered unlikely by some authors. Two captive adults never ate frogs, tadpoles, or crabs, but a young animaltried to eat all three. None showed any interest in moths or beetles that flopped into the pools in their enclosure. Small pools, or slowly flowing brooks, were approached with an extremely slow, gliding stalk. As the animal moved slowly along the water’s edge, the surface was alternately tested with the vibrissae and patted with the forefoot. The wrist was bent back almost to the vertical and the surface struck with a downward pivoting action. Insect-eating fish such as barbel (Barbus, up to 30 cm), catfish (Clarias), squeaker (Synodontis), and Labio were caught with a rapid, open-mouthed strike, and carried away.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Thought to be crepuscular and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Considered solitary. Has been caught in snare-traps set on the ground.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female was collected in late December with a single foetus, which was about 15 mm in length. A captive male made very aggressive tom-cat-like meows when pursuing a female and trying to mate. A chuffing call is used between individuals.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Mostly known from museum specimens (around 30) and considered among the rarest of the African carnivores. Has been given complete protection by the DR Congo government. Major threats are unclear, but Aquatic Genets are hunted for bushmeat by Bambuti pygmies. This speciesis a high priority for field studies to better understand its ecology, distribution, and population status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carpaneto &amp; Germi (1989b), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier et al. (2004), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2001), Hart &amp; Timm (1978), Van Rompaey (1988), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (in press f), Verheyen (1962), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFEDFF92EAA445D8FDC8FC7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF2FF92EF94409DFB3FF613.text	FC03440BFFF2FF92EF94409DFB3FF613.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta poensis Waterhouse 1838	<div><p>19.</p> <p>King Genet</p> <p>Genetta poensis</p> <p>French: Genette royale / German: Konigsgenette / Spanish: Gineta real</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta poensis Waterhouse, 1838,</p> <p>Fernando Po.</p> <p>Has been considered conspecific with G. pardina. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko I), and PR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-2 cm, tail 41-5 cm; weight 2-2.5 kg. A heavily built genet with a short, rough pelage.</p> <p>The coat varies from pale yellowish-gray to yellow; the ventral pelage is whitish-yellow to gray. The nuchal stripes are not clearly defined. The continuous mid-dorsal line is dark and beginsafter the shoulder. There is no dorsal crest. The dorsal spots are elongated and squared, completely dark, and coalesced in variousparts of the body. The face has a well-marked mask, suband supra-ocular white spots, and a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle. The ears are broad-based and slightly rounded. The tail is thickly furred, with four to six pale rings; the proximal half is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are dark and well spotted. The forefeet and hindfeet are spotted above and dark below. The skull is large, with the insertion of the masseter muscles always forming a narrow elevated crest. The premaxillary-frontal contact is present and the posterior extension of the frontal bones is narrow. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla has a broken curve line. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is less than 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 1 3/3, Cl1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nothing known.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nothing known.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Only known from ten museum specimens, with no records since 1946. Urgent survey work is required to confirm if it still survives in the wild. Hunting pressure is a threat, as most of the museum skins were collected from local hunters or bushmeat markets.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1981), Gaubert (2003a, 2003b, In press d), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier et al. (2004), Grubb et al. (1998), Rosevear (1974), Schlawe (1981), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF2FF92EF94409DFB3FF613	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF2FF92EF9D494EF8CFF846.text	FC03440BFFF2FF92EF9D494EF8CFF846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta servalina Pucheran 1855	<div><p>20.</p> <p>Servaline Genet</p> <p>Genetta servalina</p> <p>French: Genette servaline / German: Serval-Genette / Spanish: Gineta servalina</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta servalina Pucheran, 1855,</p> <p>Gabon.</p> <p>G. cristata was previously included as a subspecies of G. servalina, but is treated here as a valid species. Hybridization between G. servalina and G. cristata may be occurring in a sympatric zone: in central Cameroon, northern Gabon, and the PR Congo. Five subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>G. s. servalina Pucheran, 1855 — Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.</p> <p>G. s. archeri Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn, 1998 — Zanzibar I.</p> <p>G. s. bettoni Thomas, 1902 — DR Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, and Sudan.</p> <p>G. s. lower Kingdon, 1977 —S Tanzania.</p> <p>G. s. schwarz Crawford-Cabral, 1970 — PR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 49-51 cm (males), 44.5-49. 5 cm (females), tail 45—46-5 cm (males), 36.8-48. 5 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7.9-2 cm (males), 8.9-5 cm (females), ear 4-6 cm (1 male), 4.4-2 cm (females); weight 2-3 kg (females). The coat color ranges from gray to ocherous yellow. The dark mid-dorsalline is discontinuous and there is no dorsal crest. The large black spots on the dorsal pelage run in longitudinal rows, with the top three rows being the most uniform. These spots become smaller and more randomly spaced towards the ventral pelage. The chest and throat have only a few small spots. The face has a dark mask and a pair of supraand subocular white spots. The tail has eight to twelve pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is less than 20%; the tip ofthe tail is pale. The forelimbs and hindlimbs are boldly spotted. The forelegs are pale on the innermost side, with some scattered small spots, and dark gray above with small round spots. The inner hindlegs are dark gray, unspotted and have a grayish patch over the upper metatarsal region. The feet are dark. There is one pair of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is inflated ventrally and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The premaxillary-frontal contact is present. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is more than 1 £ 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forest, woodland savannah, savannah-forest mosaic, and gallery forest. Also found in wet forest, high-altitude bamboo forest, and coral rag thicket. Found up to at least 3500 m. Ecological niche modelling has predicted a potential broad distribution: the whole rainforest zone (Upper and Lower Guinean Blocks and Congo Basin); degraded lowland rainforest (N Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Uganda, and Kenya); deciduous forest and woodlands (Tanzania); mangroves (Mozambique and Nigeria); and the deciduous forest and woodlands of southern Africa (Angola, Zambia, and Mozambique).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. In the Central African Republic, the frequency of occurrence of prey items in 35 scats was: 77% mammals (mostly shrews and rodents), 71% arthropods (termites, beetles, and orthopterans), 14% reptiles and amphibians (snakes, lizards, and anurans), 6% birds, and 3% fruit. One individual has been observed scavenging a duiker (Cephalophus spp).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Thought to be nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Considered solitary, but has been seen in pairs. Hunts on the ground and at low level in bushes. Feces are often deposited under overhanging rocks.</p> <p>Breeding. Births have been reported in Uganda from February to August.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered common, but is not well known and field studies are needed. Re-discovered in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania), after a gap of nearly 70 years. There are no known major threats, but may be undergoing localized declines in some regions due to hunting for bushmeat and skins.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brink et al. (2002), Charles-Dominique (1978), De Luca &amp; Mpunga (2002, 2005), Gaubert, Papes &amp; Peterson (2006), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier et al. (2004), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Goldman &amp; Winther-Hansen (2003), Ray &amp; Sunquist (2001), Taylor (1970b), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (1998, In press g), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF2FF92EF9D494EF8CFF846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF2FF93EA9A44B3FD81FBC2.text	FC03440BFFF2FF93EA9A44B3FD81FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta thierryi Matschie 1902	<div><p>21.</p> <p>Hausa Genet</p> <p>Genetta thierryi</p> <p>French: Genette de Thierry / German: Haussa-Genette / Spanish: Gineta Hausa</p> <p>Other common names: Thierry's Genet, Villiers's Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta thierryi Matschie, 1902,</p> <p>Borgou, Togo.</p> <p>The type specimen of G. rubiginosa is actually G. thierryi. Was sometimes considered a subspecies of G. tigrina or G. maculata. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W Africa from Senegal to Nigeria and Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44.3-45 cm, tail 40-43 cm, hindfoot 6.7-5 cm, ear 3-5— 4 cm; weight 1.3-1. 5 kg. A small genet with a short pelage and no dorsal crest. Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat varies from yellow-brown and pale gray to pale beige; the ventral pelage is grayish-white. The nuchal stripes are either irregular or marked by two thin parallel lines. The continuous mid-dorsal line is rufous-brown; it starts after the shoulder and is usually split longitudinally by a line of pale hairs, at least in the upper part. The dorsal spots are rufous-brown, elongated, and aligned in two rows; the row flanking the mid-dorsal line partially coalesces just before the rump. The spots of the flank, thigh and shoulder, are smaller and darker. The facial mask is lightly marked. The muzzle and forehead are pale gray, with a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle. The sub-ocular white spots are well marked, but the supra-ocular spots are absent. The ears are rounded. The tail is narrow, but the base is thicker and has longer hairs. There are usually eight or nine pale rings alternating with dark rings, but the markings are indistinct due to brownish or rufous extensions of the dark rings. The width ofthe pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 100%. Dark hairs cover the last pale ring; the tip of the tail is dark. The forelimbs, lower hindlimbs, and feet are unspotted and are the same color as the coat. The line bordering the outer side of the forefoot pads and innerside of the hindfoot pads is brown. The central depression of the forefoot is hairless. There are two pairs ofteats. In juveniles, the general coloration is darker and the pattern of spots is irregular. The mid-dorsal line is present and the markings of the tail are identical to the adult. The skull has an elongated post-orbital process. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The premaxillary-frontal contact is absent. The maxillary-palatine suture is anterior to the main cusp of P?. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist and dry savannahs, with open woodlands. Also found in moist woodlands (Guinea-Bissau), rainforest (Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Ivory Coast), and dry wooded steppes (Senegal).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. A few observations suggest it is nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nothing known.</p> <p>Breeding. In Mali, two sub adults (8-10 months old) were collected in early November. Thought to bear young in holes dug in the ground or amongst rocks. A juvenile was found asleep in a dead tree in the Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered rare and is poorly known. There may be no major threats; however, this species has been reported from bushmeat markets throughout its range and there is some international traffic for the skins or as pets. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bourliére et al. (1974), Crawford-Cabral (1981), Gaubert &amp; Dunham (In press b), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Tranier et al. (2004), Gaubert, Veron &amp; Tranier (2002), Halternorth &amp; Diller (1985), Rosevear (1974), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF2FF93EA9A44B3FD81FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF3FF93EFDE472AF8F2FC16.text	FC03440BFFF3FF93EFDE472AF8F2FC16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta tigrina (Schreber 1776)	<div><p>22.</p> <p>Cape Genet</p> <p>Genetta tigrina</p> <p>French: Genette tigrine / German: Stdliche GroRfleckgenette / Spanish: Gineta manchada</p> <p>Other common names: South African Large-spotted Genet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra tigrina Schreber, 1776,</p> <p>Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.</p> <p>Has been considered conspecific with G. maculata. Two subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>G. t. tigrina Schreber, 1776 — South Africa (Southern region of Western Cape to Fastern Cape Provinces).</p> <p>G. t. methi Roberts, 1948 — South Africa (S of Umzigaba River, Pondoland), and Lesotho.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-58 cm (males), 42:7-56 cm (females), tail 39-45. 9 cm (males), 38-5—43-2 cm (females), hindfoot 8-9 cm (males), 7.7-8. 5 cm (females), ear 3.6-5. 5 cm (males), 3.9-4. 3 cm (females); weight 1.6-2. 1 kg (males), 1.4-1. 9 kg (females). Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat is whitish-yellow or gray; the ventral pelage is gray to whitish-gray. The nuchal stripes are well defined. The continuous black mid-dorsal line begins behind the shoulder; there is a short dorsal erectile crest. There are large spots on the thigh and shoulder. The face has a well-marked mask, a thin dark vertical line on the muzzle, and white sub-ocular spots; the white supra-ocular spots are less contrasting. The tail has seven to eight pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%. Dark hairs cover the last pale ring; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs are dark, with a thin row of pale hairs on the anterior surface. The posterior part of the forelimbs is dark. The upper parts of the forefeet and hindfeet are lightly spotted. There are two pairs of teats. The skull has a thin sagittal crest. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is flattened in comparison with the anterior chamber and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The maxillary-palatine is anterior to the main cusp of P?. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1 + 0-05. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Forests, lowland and mountain fynbos (heathland); often associated with dense vegetation cover. Frequents riparian zones and is sometimes found in scrub and open grasslands.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet includes rodents (Namaqua Micaelamys, Micaelamys namaquensis and Southern African Vlei Rat, Otomys irroratus), birds (Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus and Columbidae), insects (Coleoptera and Orthoptera), spiders, pill millipedes, freshwater crabs, earthworms, and plants (seeds, leaves, and grass). Also seen feeding in rubbish dumps. In the Eastern Cape Province, 372 scats contained invertebrates (arthropods, myriapods molluscs, and annelids), vertebrates (small mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish), fruit, and other plants. By volume, the dominant food items were insects and grass. There was some variation in diet between habitats and seasons, which appeared to be dependent on prey availability. Birds appeared under-represented in the diet, but peaked during the winter and spring.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal: active at night during a survey in the former Cape Province. One individual has been observed resting during the day in a hollow oak tree, three metres above the ground</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Appears to be solitary, but females may be accompanied by a mate or the young of a recentlitter. Home ranges in Kwa-Zulu-Natal were 50-100 ha.</p> <p>Breeding. Possibly gives birth to young from January to February: a lactating female caught inJanuary had recently given birth. Ajuvenile male collected in March weighed 300 g and was estimated to be six weeks old.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered common, with no known major threats. However,it is sometimes killed by farmers in retaliation for preying on small domestic stock and poultry, so in some areas trapping, poisoning, and shooting may be having an affect on local numbers.</p> <p>Bibliography. Coetzee (1977), Crawford-Cabral (1981), Crawford-Cabral &amp; Pacheco (1992), Gaubert (2003a, In press d), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Meester et al. (1986), Roberts et al. (2007), Schlawe (1981), Stuart (1981, 1990), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF3FF93EFDE472AF8F2FC16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF3FF93EAA64749F5D5F4D8.text	FC03440BFFF3FF93EAA64749F5D5F4D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genetta victoriae Thomas 1901	<div><p>23.</p> <p>Giant Genet</p> <p>Genetta victoriae</p> <p>French: Genette géante / German: Riesengenette / Spanish: Gineta gigante</p> <p>Taxonomy. Genetta victoriae Thomas, 1901,</p> <p>type locality debated: Uganda or Zaire.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. DR Congo and W Uganda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-60 cm, tail 41:3—-49 cm, hindfoot 9.2-10. 5 cm, ear 4.5-5. 1 cm; weight 2.5-3. 5 kg. A large genet. Both sexes are similar in color and size. The coat color ranges from yellowish to ochraceous-white; the ventral pelage is paler. There is a pair of wide nuchal stripes and a nuchal crest. The dark mid-dorsal line is discontinuous, but has long hairs that give it a continuous appearance; these hairs form an erectile dorsal crest. The dorsal spots are small and randomly distributed. The face has a dark mask and a pair of supraand sub-ocular white spots. The tail has about six pale rings alternating with dark rings. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is less than 20%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are brown to black. There is one pair of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is ventrally inflated, with a continuous curve line on the external side. The premaxillary-frontal contact is present and the maxillary-palatine suture is just behind the main cusp of P2. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is less than 1 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforest. Ranges up to 2000 m. Ecological niche modelling has predicted potential suitable regions in lowland forests in Cameroon, southwestern Central African Republic, northern Gabon, and north-western PR Congo (plus a small area of swamp forest between the PR Congo and the DR Congo). Deciduous forest and woodlands in southern DR Congo and Angola, and patches of deciduous forest and woodland in Tanzania, northern Zambia, and Uganda, also offer possible habitat. Its apparent absence west of the Congo and Oubangirivers might be due to lack of survey effort, low dispersal abilities, or riverine geographical barriers.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal: a single animal was observed trotting along a forest road at about 22:30 h, and a captive individual was only active at night. Reported to sleep in hollow trunks of dead trees or among vines.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thought to be solitary.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. A poorly known species and field studies are needed. There are no known major threats, but it is hunted for bushmeat and skins, which are used to make hats and other ceremonial objects.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carpaneto &amp; Germi (1989b), Gaubert, Taylor &amp; Veron (2005), Gaubert, Papes &amp; Peterson (2006), Kingdon (1971-1982), Schreiber et al. (1989), Van Rompaey &amp; Colyn (In press h), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF3FF93EAA64749F5D5F4D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF6FF96EF964291F671FB9A.text	FC03440BFFF6FF96EF964291F671FB9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arctogalidia trivirgata (Gray 1832)	<div><p>24.</p> <p>Small-toothed Palm Civet</p> <p>Arctogalidia trivirgata</p> <p>French: Civette a trois bandes / German: Streifenroller / Spanish: Galidia</p> <p>Other common names: Three-striped Palm Civet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paradoxurus trivirgatus Gray, 1832,</p> <p>type locality restricted to “ Java, Buitenzorg”.</p> <p>Three subspecies are recognized here, but a systematic revision is needed. Some authors believe that the Small-toothed Palm Civet should be split into two species, one north of the Isthmus of Kra and one in the Sundaic region. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>A. t. trivirgata Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; also found on several small Indonesian Is.</p> <p>A. t. leucotis Horsfield, 1851 — NE India (Assam), Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), and Mainland SE Asia to the Isthmus of Kra.</p> <p>A. t. tnilineata Wagner, 1841 — Java.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43.2-53. 2 cm, tail 46.3-66 cm, hindfoot 7.5-9. 5 cm, ear 4.2-5 cm; weight 2.2-5 kg. A small civet with a long tail; smaller on Borneo, and the pelage varies in color and pattern between different populations. The coat color varies from gray to dark brown; the underparts are grayish-white or creamy buff. The under fur on the back and sides is reddish brown. There are three dark dorsal stripes (narrow rows of spots) and a median white band on the nose (which can be missing or inconspicuous, particularly in Bornean individuals). The head and feet are darker than the body. Thetail is dark brown or black and is paler at the base; there can also be faint dark rings at the base of the tail in some individuals. The skin and hairs on the tip of the ear are white in populations north of the Isthmus of Kra (subspecies A. t. leucotis). The rhinarium has a deep groove in the front and on its upper surface. The feet have five digits and smooth plantar pads; the metapodial pads are large and covered with smooth skin. The area between the metatarsal pads is naked and covered by coarse skin; the heel is hairy. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are close together, but are not fused as in other paradoxurine species. The perineal scent gland is absent in the male. In the female,this gland is simple and consists of a small naked area in front of the vulva, surrounded by a flap of naked skin; the gland does not reach the anus and the principal secreting area is located in front of the vulva. There are two pairs of teats. The skull has long post-orbital processes; the post-orbital process of the zygomatic arch rises sharply to form part of the lower rim of the orbit. The sagittal crest is low and incomplete in some specimens, but the occipital crests are well-developed. The auditory bullae have a distinctive fusion of the bones of the anterior and posterior chambers. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The teeth are small, round, and widely separated. The protocone of the upper carnassial is medial to the paracone and the shearing blades of the molars are absent.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary semi-evergreen forest; a few records are from degraded forest in Laos. Found up to 1500 m. In Vietnam, an adult was observed in primary hill forest at 770 m and two sightings were in lowland, semi-evergreen forest. In Cambodia, a male was observed in a small area of semi-evergreen forest at 150 m and in Thailand individuals were seen in dry evergreen forest. In central Sumatra, a skull was found in primary forest at 300 m. On Borneo, one individual was trapped in primary forest at 600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Believed to be omnivorous, feeding on small vertebrates, invertebrates, and fruits. On Borneo, two stomachs contained 90% fruits and arthropods; another stomach collected in Myanmar contained remains of squirrels. Has been observed feeding on figs.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal: sightings have been recorded in the early morning hours and during the night. Said to rest during the day in the upper branches of tall trees.</p> <p>Movements, Home Range and Social organization. Appears to be solitary, although pairs have been seen. Arboreal: mainly observed in the crown of trees and rarely on the ground. It is an excellent climber and uses its tail for balance while walking on thin limbs. In Thailand, individuals were seen in trees, 10-25 m from the ground, and a pair was seen feeding in a fig tree. In Vietnam, individuals were observed in trees, 15-50 m above the ground, and in Cambodia, a single male was seen feeding in a fig tree. In Laos, several sightings were recorded in the canopy, but none were seen on the ground.</p> <p>Breeding. A female with two embryos has been reported; in captivity, litter size ranged from one to three, with two litters a year. A captive female had her first estrus period at 17 months and then at six-month intervals. Gestation is 45 days. The young are born blind; their eyes open at eleven days. They are weaned after two months.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List, the Javan subspecies trilineata has been recorded only in Gunung Halimun, Gunung Gede and Ujung Kulon National Parks, and is classified as Endangered by The IUCN Red List and is considered Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Planfor the Conservation ofMustelids and Viverrids. Habitat loss and degradation could be a serious threat: in South-east Asia, there has been loss and degradation of primary forests through logging and conversion to non-forest land-uses. On Borneo, the overall density of civets in logged forests was found to be significantly lower than in primary forests. Small-toothed Palm Civets are hunted in the Indochina region, and they are seen in local markets and outside restaurants. However, they may be less vulnerable to traps and snares set on the ground than more terrestrial civet species. Field surveys are needed to determine their current distribution and to monitor populations. As this is a very arboreal species, it is unlikely to be detected by camera-trapsset close to the ground; spotlighting at night appears to be a more appropriate detection method. Ecological studies also are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Borissenko et al. (2004), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Davis (1962), Duckworth (1997), Goldman (1982), Holden (2006), IUCN (2008), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Medway (1969), Meiri (2005), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915f, 1933c, 1939), Rabinowitz (1991), Schreiber et al. (1989), Van Bemmel (1952), Veron (1999), Walston &amp; Duckworth (2003), Wells et al. (2005), Wozencraft (1984, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF6FF96EF964291F671FB9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF6FF97EA98463CFE06FC46.text	FC03440BFFF6FF97EA98463CFE06FC46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrogalidia musschenbroekii (Schlegel 1877)	<div><p>25.</p> <p>Sulawesi Palm Civet</p> <p>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</p> <p>French: Civette des Célebes / German: Sulawesi-Roller / Spanish: Civeta de las Célebes</p> <p>Other common names: Giant Palm Civet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paradoxurus musschenbroekii Schlegel, 1879,</p> <p>Menado-Kinilo, Celebes.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sulawesi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-715 cm, tail 44.5-54 cm, hindfoot 10.1-11. 1 cm, ear 3.9-4. 1 cm; weight 3.9-6. 1 kg. A large palm civet with a long tail. The coat color is light brownish-chestnut to dark brown on the upperparts; the underparts are yellowish-brown, with a reddish breast.</p> <p>There are lighter patches above and below the eyes, in front of the ears, and on the edge of the upper lip. The eyes are large, with light brown irises and vertical pupils; the rhinarium is large and similar to that of the Binturong. There are two longitudinal rows of indistinct dark dorsal spots on either side of the midline that converge anteriorly. The tail has seven to eleven indistinct pale yellowish rings. The feet have five digits, retractile claws, rudimentary skin sheaths over the claws (digits 2-5), and a fleshy web connecting the toes; the metapodial pads are large and smooth. The naked depression between the long metatarsal pads is wider distally than proximally, and is covered with coarse, horny tubercules. The feet are flexible and can be rotated to allow headfirst descents from trees. The perineal gland in the female is a shallow semi-circular depression behind the vulva; the secretion tinges the surrounding hairs an orange color. The male lacks a noticeable perineal gland, although there is a small naked area between the anus and scrotum. There are two pairs ofteats. The skull has a near parallel-sided palate and its general shape is similar to the Common Palm Civet. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The premolars and molars are larger than in other palm civets and lack shearing blades. The first upper and lower premolars are small and deciduous in old age.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary forest, up to 2600 m; also recorded in grassland and near farms.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Appears to be omnivorous: the percentage occurrence of food items in 47 scats found in the Lore Lindu Reserve was: 47% rodents, 4% Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis), 2% birds, 2% grass, and palm fruit (including 45% Arenga spp., 15% Pandanus sp.). Captive animals caught and killed chickens by seizing the chicken with the forepaws and biting it on the head. Feeding began at the head and the entire carcass was eaten, including the feet and nearly all the feathers. They chewed fruit with their headstilted upwards.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal: has been camera-trapped at night and captive animals were reported to be mainly active at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Appears to be solitary: the few recorded camera-trap photographs have been of single individuals. Arboreal, but has been camera-trapped and snared on the ground. Captive animals have demonstrated that they are skilful climbers; they can walk upside down across the mesh of a cage and can ascend and descend along trunks by vertical looping (synchronous movements of the fore and hindfeet, accompanied by arching of the back as the body is contracted and extended). Sulawesi Palm Civets claw-mark smooth-barked trees; scratches extending up to 2: 7 m above the ground have been found on trees up to 65 cm in circumference. They do not appear to deposit scats on prominent logs or rocks, but simply leave them on the ground.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Protected under Indonesian law. Recently recorded in Rawa Aopa National Park, Tanjung Peropa Wildlife Reserve, and Mangolo Recreation Forest. Possibly threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, particularly at lower elevations; between 1985 and 1997, there were forest losses of 59% in the northern peninsular, 72% in the central peninsular, and 67% in the southeastern peninsular. Known to raid villages for pigs and chickens and are sometimes killed in retaliation. Little is known aboutthis species and field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dammerman (1939), Groves (1976), Lee et al. (2003), Pocock (1933c), Schlegel (1879), Schreiber et al. (1989), Veron (1999, 2001), Wemmer &amp; Watling (1986), Wemmer et al. (1983), Wozencraft (1984, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF6FF97EA98463CFE06FC46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF7FF97EFD147C4F7E0F61F.text	FC03440BFFF7FF97EFD147C4F7E0F61F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arctictis binturong (Raffles 1821)	<div><p>26.</p> <p>Binturong</p> <p>Arctictis binturong</p> <p>French: Binturong / German: Binturong / Spanish: Binturong</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra binturong Raffles, 1822 [presented orally in 1820,</p> <p>often incorrectly ascribed as 1821], Malacca, Malaysia.</p> <p>The number of subspecies is debated and up to nine have been recognized; the subspecies on Palawan Island, the Philippines (whiter) has been considered a distinct species by some authors. There is no recent taxonomic revision, but a molecular study has suggested a separation of the Sundaic and northern populations.</p> <p>Distribution. E Nepal, NE India (Sikkim, Assam &amp; Arunachal Pradesh), Bhutan, Bangladesh, S China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Mainland SE Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Nias, Bangka, Bintan &amp; Kundur Is), and the Philippines (Calauit &amp; Palawan Is).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-96. 5 cm, tail 50-84 cm, hindfoot 11.8-18 cm, ear 4.9-5. 2 cm; weight 9-20 kg. The largest civet species, with a long shaggy coat. The general color is black; the tip of the guard hairs can be white, giving a grizzled appearance in some individuals. The head is black, grayish, or almost white; the grayish color of the head can also extend behind the shoulder. The ears are black and rounded, with a white rim and long tufts of hairs on the dorsal surface and at the tip. The mystacial vibrissae are white. The rhinarium has a median groove within a shallow depression; this groove extends onto the dorsal surface. Thetail is long and prehensile. The feet have five digits and very large metacarpal and metatarsal pads covered with coarse skin. The forefeet have large metacarpal pads, which are neither well defined nor well separated from the plantar pads. On the hindfeet, the divisions between the plantar pads, metatarsal pads, and the medial depression also are not well defined. The naked area on the foot extends to the back of the heel, which is covered by horny pointed papillae. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are fused at their base. The claws are strong, sharp and retractile, but are unguarded by lobes of skin. There are two pairs of teats. The perineal gland is simple and consists of a pair of haired labia. The skull is large and not constricted in the post-orbital area. Dental formula: I 3/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The teeth are quite small, with the shearing blades of the carnassials reduced, and the incisors well separated.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forest, including grassland/forest mosaic. Found up to 1500 m on Borneo, and from 700 to 2500 m on Sumatra. In north-east India,it is restricted to dense tropical and subtropical forests up to 2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Said to feed on small vertebrates, invertebrates, and fruits, but 1s believed to be predominantly frugivorous. Figs were found to be the main food item in one specimen stomach collected from Borneo and in a scat collected from a trapped animal in Thailand; Binturongs have been observed in fig trees frequently. One individual was photographed eating fallen jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in Sumatra.</p> <p>Activity patterns. In Thailand, radio-collared Binturongs were found to be arrhythmic; they were active 47% of the time and had activity peaks between 04:00-06:00 h and 20:00-22:00 h. Also in Thailand, two Binturongs were observed feeding at night (00:30 h and 03:30 h), but several diurnalfield observations were also reported: feeding animals were seen between dawn and early afternoon, with a peak active period from 06:30-08:00 h. In Sabah, Binturongs were seen almost as often by day as by night. On Sumatra, sightings were frequently reported during the day, but they were also cameratrapped at night. A captive female and two males showed an arrhythmic activity pattern: moving, feeding, and agonistic behavior were highest from 09:00-12:00 h, resting was highest from 00:00-03:00 h, and reproductive activities were more frequent from 03:00-06:00 h. Another captive male from Vietnam was found to be strictly nocturnal. Rest sites are in the upper branches oftall trees; when resting,it lies curled up, with the head tucked underthe tail.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, but sometimes females are seen with young. Arboreal, but will descend to the ground. Binturongs can climb trees with ease, but progress slowly and deliberately, using their long prehensile tails for balance and to hold branches for support. On the ground, they are plantigrade and walk along on the soles oftheir feet. In Thailand, five radio-collared males had a mean annual range size of 6-2 km? (range 4-7 to 7-7 km?); wet season ranges were larger. The home range overlaps were substantial (mean= 35%) indicating a lack of territories. The mean one-day movement distance was 688 m. In another study in Thailand, the home range of a female was 4-0 km? and 20-5 km? for a male (with a core area of 3-5 km?). Captive Binturongs utter high-pitched whines and howls, rasping growls, and a variety of grunts and hisses when excited.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding seems to occur throughout the year, at least in captivity. Captive females are non-seasonally polyoestrous and may give birth to twolitters annually; however, there is a pronounced birth peak from January to March. Littersize is one to six, most commonly two. Gestation is 84 to 99 days. Observations in captivity have shown that copulations usually take place in trees. Captive males and females had their first copulations between 13 and 48 months old. Both sexes remain fertile until 15 years old; the maximum lifetime productivity is estimated to be 23 young. The mean estrous cycle is 83 days. Copulations are observed during a period of up to 15 days, suggesting a long estrous period. During estrus, females increase their activity and calling; this call consists of a single blowing sound (made by expelling air through the nose) that is also emitted by males in adjacent cages. During encounters, the male follows the restless female, frequently sniffing both her and the cage. After mutual sniffing, the male investigates the female's perineal region and often exposes this area by pulling her tail aside with his forepaws; males often flehmen after licking the perineal region of the female. The female indicates her receptivity by emitting a coarse purring sound and incites the male to follow her by trotting briskly. She will then lie down and the male mounts by either standing on the female’s back, clasping her around the midbody with his forepaws, or by standing and straddling the female with his forelegs. Thrusting occurs in bouts and frequently alternates with periods of back licking; the female emits a continuous loud coarse purring noise during copulations. The female terminates copulations by quickly departing. The male remains at the copulation site and licks his penis; the female licks her perineal gland and vulva. After a pause, the female walks around the cage and initiates another mounting sequence. Mean newborn birth weight is 319 g, which is about 3% the weight of the mother. The young start to eat solid food at the age ofsix to eight weeks.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Classified as Critically Endangered on the China Red List. Habitat loss and degradation could be a major threat: in South-east Asia, there has been forest loss and degradation through logging and conversion to non-forest land-uses. On Borneo, the overall density of civets (including the Binturong) in logged forests was found to be significantly lower than in primary forests. In the Philippines, Binturongs are harvested for the pet trade. Hunting is a threat, particularly snaring, as they descend to the ground occasionally; in Vietnam, a Binturong was found in a snare-trap. There has been an increased demand for civet meat in Chinese and Vietnamese markets;it is considered particularly tasty in parts of Laos and civets are also taken for human consumption in southern areas. Binturongs are found in markets in Laos and skins are traded to Vietnam. They are hunted in north-east India, as civet oil is believed to have aphrodisiac properties. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed. In order to manage captive breeding programs of this species, there is a Population Management Plan in American zoos and a European Studbook Programme in European zoos.</p> <p>Bibliography. Arivazhagan &amp; Thiyagesan (2001), Austin (2002), Austin &amp; Tewes (1999b), Azlan (2003), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Cosson et al. (2007), Duckworth (1997), Esselstyn et al. (2004), Grassman, Tewes &amp; Silvy (2005), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Holden (2006), Jha (1999), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Nettelbeck (1997), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915f, 1933c, 1939, 1945), Rozhnov (1994), Story (1945), Veron (1999), Wemmer &amp; Murtaugh (1981), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF7FF97EFD147C4F7E0F61F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C.text	FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paguma larvata (C. E. H. Smith 1827)	<div><p>27.</p> <p>Masked Palm Civet</p> <p>Paguma larvata</p> <p>French: Civette masquée / German: Larvenroller / Spanish: Paguma</p> <p>Taxonomy. Gulo larvatus C. E. H. Smith, 1827,</p> <p>type locality not known (possibly S China).</p> <p>The number of subspecies is debated and up to sixteen have been considered. A taxonomic revision is needed, but six subspecies are recognized here.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>P. l. larvata C. E. H. Smith, 1827 — China (and Taiwan &amp; Hainan Is), Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam.</p> <p>P. l. annectens Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1917 — Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand.</p> <p>P. l. grayi Bennett, 1835 — Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan.</p> <p>P. l. leucocephala Gray 1865 — Borneo.</p> <p>P. l. leucomystax Gray, 1837 — Sumatra.</p> <p>P. l. tytlerii Tytler, 1864 — Andaman Is.</p> <p>A possible sighting in western Java in 1993; however, there are no other records for this island. Introduced to Japan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50.8-87 cm, tail 50.8-63. 6 cm, hindfoot 9.5-10. 4 cm, ear 4.6-5 cm; weight 3-5 kg. A large palm civet. The coat color varies from gray, light brown, or blond to dark brown; the underparts are paler. There are no stripes or spots on the body and tail. The facial mask generally consists of a median white stripe from the nose to the top of the head, bordered by large black patches on both sides. Below each eye is a small white patch and above there is a large white mark that extends to the base of the ear and beyond. In the northern regions, the white band on the nose can extend beyond the forehead to the neck and shoulders. In the Sundaic region, the facial mask can be almost absent or yellowish, with no distinct patches, or black and white pattern. The rhinarium is large and deeply grooved up to its dorsal surface. The distal end of the tail may be darker than the basal part, and sometimes has a whitishyellow tip. The feet have five digits and are blackish. The metapodial pads are large and wide. The plantar and metacarpal pads on the forefeet are clearly separated by ridges. The metatarsal pads on the hindfeet are long and partly fused anteriorly to the plantar pads; the depression in between is naked and covered by horny papillae. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are fused at the base. There are two pairs of teats. The perineal gland is simple: it consists of a pair of thickened ridges of skin that form the walls of a longitudinal fossa (the external parts of the ridge are hairy and the inner sides are naked). The skull is quite similar to the Common Palm Civet, but is larger and wider. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The teeth are small and low, and the blades on the carnassials are reduced. The premolars are small and separated from each other.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary evergreen and deciduous forest, and in disturbed habitats. Found up to 2500 m. In Thailand, a radio-collared female moved in an area that constituted 67% dry evergreen forest, 30% mixed deciduous forest, and 3% dry deciduous dipterocarp forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Omnivorous: fruit, small vertebrates, and insects. In southeastern China, the frequency of occurrence of food items in 37 scats was: 38% Chinese berry (Abelia chinensis), 27% rodents, 24% unidentified fruit, 22% kiwi fruit, 22% beetles, 19% persimmon fruit (Diospyros spp), 3% birds, and 3% grass. In Japan, where it has been introduced, 38 stomach contents contained 73% fruit, 56% leaves, 40% arthropods, 21% other plant items, 13% molluscs, 8% mammals, 8% fish, 5% birds, and 3% reptiles. Fruits and mammals were the highest food items by weight.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mainly nocturnal. Field sightings and camera-traps have recorded activity during the night. In Thailand, radio-collared Masked Palm Civets were active over 50% of the time between 16:30 h and 04:30 h, with a peak of activity between 19:30 h and 22:30 h. In southeastern China, five radio-tracked individuals were also found active over 50% ofthe time between 18:00 h and 05:00 h; their activity declined throughout the morning, reaching the lowest point at 12:00 h, then remained moderately low until 18:00 h. Reported to sleep in tree holes or on branches in large trees. In southeastern China, rest sites were in burrows, mainly the abandoned dens of Malayan Porcupines (Hystrix brachyura); numerous daybeds were used, either once (59%), twice (14%), three times (11%), or several times (some up to 17).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary and arboreal, but does spend some time on the ground. In Thailand, an adult male had a home range of 5-9 km® and an adult female had a home range of 3-7 km? the mean daily movement was 840 m for the male and 620 m for the female. In southeastern China, the resting home ranges of three adult males were 1-8, 3-5 and 4-1 km? and 1-9 and 2-9 km? for two adult females; the mean distance moved between consecutive daybed locations was 429 m for males and 404 m for females.</p> <p>Breeding. Based on captive animals, it appears that there are two breeding seasons, early spring and late autumn, although some authors suggest that this species is polyoestrous. Estrus lasts one to 13 days (mean five days) and gestation is 51 to 56 days. Litters of up to four have been reported. Neonates are born blind and open their eyes when around nine days old. They are mature at 10-22 months.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Masked Palm Civets may be threatened by habitat loss and degradation, hunting, the food trade, and the SARS epidemic. They are traded throughout South-east Asia and are commonly sold in food markets and restaurants in China, Vietnam, and Laos. They are farmed on a large scale in China for the meat trade. In the 1960s, the annual take from the wild was 80,000 to 100,000 in China. During the 1990s, civet farming developed intensively, as wild populations became scarce. By 2003, there were 660 farms in China holding 40,000 Masked Palm Civets. The SARS-like coronavirus has been isolated in this species and it may have played a role in the recent SARS epidemic (although there is no evidence that it is the natural reservoir of this virus); it is yet unclear what the ramifications will be of any recent control methods for this disease. The impacts of habitat loss and degradation on Masked Palm Civet populations are largely unknown, but on Borneo,it was found that the overall density ofcivet species in logged forest was significantly lower than in primary forest. May also be at risk from snare trapping; on Sumatra, they are commonly caught in snares set for Muntjac. Field surveys, ecological studies, and monitoring of threats are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Azlan (2003), Bell et al. (2004), Brooks &amp; Dutson (1994), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Duckworth (1997), Goldman (1982), Grassman (1998c), Guan et al. (2003), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Holden (2006), Jha (1999), Jia et al. (2000, 2001), Jiang etal. (2003), Keiji (1998), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Medway (1969), Meiri (2005), Moutou (2004), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915f, 1933d, 1934a, 1934b, 1934c), Rabinowitz (1991), Saksaki (1991), Tan (1989), Torii (1986), Veron (1999), Wang &amp; Fuller (2001, 2003), Yu et al. (2003), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF4FF95EA9242A6FBAEF857.text	FC03440BFFF4FF95EA9242A6FBAEF857.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pallas 1777)	<div><p>28.</p> <p>Common Palm Civet</p> <p>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</p> <p>French: Civette hermaphrodite / German: Fleckenmusang / Spanish: Musang</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas, 1777,</p> <p>type locality unknown.</p> <p>The number of subspecies is debated and over thirty have been described; a taxonomic revision is needed. Included here is the Mentawai Palm Civet (P. lignicolor), endemic to the Mentawai Islands, which is sometimes considered a separate species.</p> <p>Distribution. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal to China, Mainland SE Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and many ssa small islands. Also scattered records in Sulawesi, Moluccan Is, Timor, and the Aru Is, probably resulting from introductions. Presence uncertain in Papua New Guinea. Introduced to Japan in the late 1800s.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-71 cm,tail 33-66 cm, hindfoot 7-9 cm, ear 4.1-4. 9 cm; weight 2-5 kg. Smaller on islands, notably Borneo. A small civet with a dark mask and long tail. The coat color is gray, grayish-brown or rusty; the body spots and stripes are brown or black. The head pattern is very variable, but generally consists of a dark mask, with white or pale gray patches below the eyes, on the forehead, and at the bases of the ears. Variations include: a muzzle with white nose patches, ear and forehead patches that are fused, facial patches that are very small, and facial patterns that are absent or very faint. The rhinarium is large and has a deep groove in the middle. There are black spots along the back that merge to form three lines, which run longitudinally from the shoulders to the base of the tail. The spots on the flanks are well separated, but tend to be in rows. This pattern is variable and can be obscure in some populations; on Borneo and the Philippines, the whole body can be dark brown or black, and the stripe pattern is indistinguishable. In the northern parts of the range, the length of the guard hairs seems to vary seasonally; when the pelage is long, the coat pattern tendsto be faint. Some individuals have faint rings at the base of the tail, and the tail tip can sometimes be white or yellow. The feet have five digits. The metapodial pads are large and not well separated from the plantar pads. They cover the whole sole and the area between them is naked. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are fused at their base. The perineal gland is simple and consists of a naked elongated area. There are three pairs of teats, but the third pair is reduced. The skull is long and low, with prominent post-orbital processes, low crests, a rising rather than flat zygomatic arch, and a marked post-orbital constriction. The posterior chamber of the auditory bullae is ovoid and extends anteriorly, covering largely the anterior chamber. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The carnassials have reduced shearing blades. Sometimes the upper carnassial is short and triangular, with a strong postlingual cingulum; it also can be elongated and narrower, with a reduced post-lingual cingulum. The shape of the premolars and molars is variable. The first premolars are reduced; the second and third premolars are rather simple and pointed. The teeth of old individuals are often very worn.</p> <p>Habitat. A wide range of habitats, including evergreen and deciduous forest (primary and secondary), plantations, and around human dwellings and settlements. Found up to 2400 m. In Thailand, one radio-collared male moved through an area that constituted 44% dry dipterocarp forest, 30% mixed deciduous forest, and 26% dry evergreen forest; another male moved within 55% dry dipterocarp forest, 32% dry evergreen forest, and 12% mixed deciduous forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Mainly frugivorous, but also eats small vertebrates and invertebrates. On Borneo, specimen stomachs contained 90% arthropods and 45% fruits and leaves (no vertebrate remains were found). In Nepal, 193 scats contained 85% fruits; insects, molluscs, small reptiles, birds, and small mammals were also included in the diet. The major source of fruit was Coffea benghalensis (from mid-December to February) and Bridelia stipularis (in March and April). All scats contained fruits during the fruiting seasons. When ripe fruits were not available, the diet shifted to small vertebrates and invertebrates. Field observations showed that they also fed on the nectar of Bombax ceiba and sap from the stems of Vallaris solanacea. In India, scats contained 83% fruits (including 23% papaya, Carica papaya), rodents (Roof Rats Rattus rattus, House Mice Mus musculus, and Indian Gerbils Tatera indica), and insects (beetles and cockroaches). Common Palm Civets sometimes drink the juice (called “toddy’) from tapped coconut palms, hence the local colloquial name “Toddy Cat” for this species.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nocturnal. Camera-traps and field sightings have recorded this species as active during the night. In Thailand, radio-collared individuals were active over 50% of the time between 16:30 h and 04:30 h, with a peak between 19:30 h and 01:30 h. In Nepal, an adult female was active 79% of the time during the hours of darkness, and five other radio-tracked individuals were active from 18:00-04:00 h; they were more active on darker nights, and none of them left their resting sites when there was a full moon. Common Palm Civets rest in trees, choosing the tallest and largest tree in their immediate area at the onset of daylight. They rest more often in trees covered with dense vines (63%) than in trees with holes (21%) or without vines or holes (16%). Trees with vines or holes were used for several consecutive days, but those without these features were not. Common Palm Civets are also known to sleep in buildings. They rest alone, except for females with young. In Myanmar,rest sites were usually in tall trees (greater than 10 m in height) that had dense tangles of climbing plants (e.g. lianas). In shrubby areas, rest sites are in a tangle of shrubs (sometimes surrounding a tall tree), 2-3 m above the ground. About 45% ofrestsites were used once only; one site was used 55 times over a period of 294 days.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary. Mainly arboreal, but can be active on the ground. In Nepal, a radio-collared adult female had a home range of 0-12 km? In another study in Nepal, three males had home ranges of 0-17, 0-17, and 0-20 km?, and two females had home ranges of 0-06 and 0-12 km*. Home ranges were smaller during February and June, when the fruits of Coffea benghalensis and Murraya koeniggii were abundant, and largest in March to May, when ripe fruits were clumped or scarce. There was considerable overlap of home ranges among adjacent civets, but this changed according to food availability; more overlap was observed when ripe fruiting trees were at low density or clumped in distribution. In Thailand, the home ranges of two males were 4-2 and 17 km?: a shift in the range of the latter male occurred during the study. Mean daily movements were from 660 m to 1 km. In another study in Thailand, two males had home ranges of 1-1 and 3-4 km*, and a female had a home range of 1-4 km? The mean daily movement was 0-43 km for males and 0-48 km for the female. Common Palm Civets deposit scats on the ground and on tree branches.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding seems to occur throughout the year, although young are more frequently seen between October and December. Littersize is two to five. The female often gives birth in a hollow tree. In Nepal, a female palm civet was captured in May with five young, estimated to be a week old; they were found in a den within a hollow tree. In captivity, gestation is 61 to 63 days. The eyes of neonates are closed and they weigh 69-102 g. They attain sexual maturity at 11-12 months.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. P. h. lignicolor (Mentawai Islands, Indonesia) is classified as Vulnerable. The subspecies kangeanus (Kangean Islands, Indonesia) and P. h. lignicolor are listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Although widespread and generally considered common (even in disturbed habitats), on Borneo, it was found that the overall density of civets (including this species) in a logged forest was found to be significantly lower than in a primary forest. Common Palm Civets are often considered pests by fruit farmers and are killed. They are also trapped and traded for meat. Common Palm civets are kept as pets and used as rat catchers, which may explain why they were introduced to several areas. They may be under threat on the Mentawai Islands due to forest loss from commercial logging. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed to ascertain their distribution and conservation status, particularly on small islands on which they are known to occur.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abegg (2003), Austin &amp; Tewes (1999b), Azlan (2003, 2005), Bartels (1964), Blanford (1885a, 1885b), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Davis (1962), Dhungle &amp; Edge (1985), Duckworth (1997), Goldman (1982), Grassman (1998c), Groves (1984), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Holden (2006), Joshi, Smith &amp; Cuthbert (1995), Krishnakumar &amp; Balakrishnan (2003), Krishnakumar et al. (2002), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Medway (1969), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915f, 1933d, 1934a, 1934b, 1934c), Rabinowitz (1991), Schreiber et al. (1989), Su &amp; Sale (2007), Veron (1999, 2001), Wozencraft (1984, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF4FF95EA9242A6FBAEF857	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF5FF95EFD34482F649FA87.text	FC03440BFFF5FF95EFD34482F649FA87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradoxurus jerdoni Blanford 1885	<div><p>29.</p> <p>Brown Palm Civet</p> <p>Paradoxurus jerdoni</p> <p>French: Civette de Jerdon / German: Jerdon-Musang / Spanish: Musang indio</p> <p>Other common names: Jerdon’s Palm Civet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paradoxurus jerdoni Blanford, 1885,</p> <p>Tamil Nadu Province, Palni Hills, Kodaikanal, S India.</p> <p>Two subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>P.j. jerdoni Blanford, 1885 — SW India (Western Ghats).</p> <p>P. j. caniscus Pocock, 1933 — S India (Palni Hills, Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-615 cm,tail 44-50 cm; weight 2.0-4. 3 kg. The coat color is a uniform brown, but is darker on the head, neck, shoulders, legs, and tail; there are paler patches in front of the ears. The pelage can be slightly grizzled and the long tail sometimes has a white or pale yellow tip. The hairs of the neck are directed forward, a feature that also occurs in the Golden Palm Civet, but not in the Common Palm Civet. The feet have five digits. The metapodial pads are large and not well separated from the plantar pads; they cover the whole sole and the area between them is naked. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are fused at the base. The perineal gland is simple and consists of a naked elongated area. The skull is very similar to that of the Common Palm Civet. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P4/4, M 2/2 = 40 teeth. The upper carnassial retains a major portion of the metastylar blade and has a large parastyle, but does not have a posterolingual cingulum.</p> <p>Habitat. Evergreen forest; occasionally in coffee plantations. Reported from 500 to 1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Mainly frugivorous. In the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, 1013 scats contained 91% seeds, fruits and flowers, 11% invertebrates (insects, millipedes, centipedes,snails, and crabs), and 4% vertebrates (small mammals, birds, and reptiles). There were also small quantities of grass and beeswax. The fruits of 53 native plants and four exotic species were consumed. There was considerable variation in the diet throughout the year: the highest consumption of animal prey occurred during the dry season and was related to the low availability of fruits, but there were other peaks in prey consumption that did not correspond to lower fruit availability.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nocturnal. Radio-collared individuals were active 80% of the time between dusk and dawn (18:00-06:00 h). All sightings were at night. Daytime rest sites were on 19 tree species (mainly Syzygium spp. and Mangifera indica), within nests of Indian Giant Squirrels (Ratufa indica) (40%), tree hollows (30%), vine tangles (18%), and on the forks of branches (3%). Most daybeds were not reused. Rest site trees were tall and wide, within mature forest stands (where there was good canopy contiguity).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Appears to be solitary: out of 14 sightings, all were of single individuals, except one observation of two together on the same tree. Although they are predominately arboreal and can be observed moving long distances through the canopy, they have been sighted, trapped and cameratrapped, on the ground. The home ranges of three adult males were 0-10, 0-33 and 0-56 km? The home range for a sub-adult male was 0-18 km? and 0-07 km* for a juvenile male. The home ranges of two adult females were 0-06 and 0-17 km*. There were spatial overlaps between some home ranges (up to 33%), although on a short temporal scale (during the same month) there were very little or no overlaps.</p> <p>Breeding. Females with one and two young have been seen.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. The major threat is forest loss and degradation in the Western Ghats: Brown Palm Civets were found to be more common in medium-sized fragments adjoining coffee plantations than in more isolated smaller and larger fragments. Remaining isolated and disturbed rainforest patches on private lands should be identified and incorporated into an overall habitat conservation plan. Regular and systematic monitoring, using suitable field methods, should be implemented to ascertain population trends and distribution. More ecological studies are also needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ashraf (1990), Ashraf et al. (1993), Blanford (1885a, 1885b, 1886), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Ganesh (1997), Ganesh et al. (1998), Gupta (1997), Mudappa (2001, 2006), Mudappa et al. (2007), Pocock (1939), Rajamani et al. (2002), Ramachandran (1990), Schreiber et al. (1989), Wozencraft (1984, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF5FF95EFD34482F649FA87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF5FF95EADB46F2F800F42C.text	FC03440BFFF5FF95EADB46F2F800F42C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradoxurus zeylonensis (Pallas 1777)	<div><p>30.</p> <p>Golden Palm Civet</p> <p>Paradoxurus zeylonensis</p> <p>French: Civette de Ceylan / German: Goldmusang / Spanish: Musang dorado</p> <p>Taxonomy. Viverra zeylonensis Pallas, 1777,</p> <p>Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50.2-58 cm, tail 43.7-52. 5 cm; weight 3-6 kg. A small civet with a tail as long as the body.</p> <p>The pelage is golden brown, rusty red or beige; there are sometimes three indistinct brown dorsal stripes. The face may be paler, and the tail more yellowish, than rest of the body. The tip ofthe tail is often white or yellow. The hairs on the neck are directed forward, as in the Brown Palm Civet. The feet and perineal glands are believed to be identical to those of the Common Palm Civet. Dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The upper third molar is narrow and has no lingual lobe. The upper carnassial does not have a distinct parastyle and the posterolingual cingulum is absent.</p> <p>Habitat. [Lowland to montane forest and dense monsoon forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Believed to be omnivorous, feeding on fruits and possibly small vertebrates and insects.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal, based on field sightings and camera-trapping data. Said to spend the day in large hollow tree branches.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Believed to be solitary. Arboreal, but has been trapped and camera-trapped on the ground.</p> <p>Breeding. Litter size is reported to be two or three. Births may occur in October and November.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. A poorly known species, vulnerable due to its very restricted range. It has been recorded in Uda Walawe National Park, the Sinharaja Forest area, Wasgomuwa and Yala National Parks. Deforestation is a threat: lowland forests have almost totally disappeared from Sri Lanka. It is also hunted for its meat. Field surveys within National Parks and other established reserves are needed to obtain population estimates. A greater protection status for other forested areas is also needed (particularly lowland forests). Research into the species’ ecological and conservation requirements are a high priority. In 2005, the National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka initiated a breeding and conservation programme.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hoffman (1990), IUCN (2008), Jayasekara et al. (2003), Pocock (1939), Schreiber et al. (1989), Wozencraft (1984, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF5FF95EADB46F2F800F42C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFF5FF9AEAD84E25FE5DF4D1.text	FC03440BFFF5FF9AEAD84E25FE5DF4D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynogale bennettii Gray 1837	<div><p>31.</p> <p>Otter Civet</p> <p>Cynogale bennettii</p> <p>French: Civette loutre / German: Otterzivette / Spanish: Civeta pescadora</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cynogale bennettii Gray, 1837,</p> <p>Sumatra.</p> <p>Included here is Lowe’s Otter Civet (C. lower), which is only known from the type specimen, a poorly preserved juvenile skin from north Vietnam. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo. There is one skin from N Vietnam (Tonkin, the type locality of C. lowei) and a possible skin record in China (S Yunnan).</p> <p>However, there have been no further confirmed records from these two areas.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57.5-68 cm, tail 12-20. 5 cm, hindfoot 10.2-11. 1 cm; weight 3-5 kg. A dark brown civet, with a short tail and a grizzled appearance (the tips of the guard hairs are gray). The underparts are a paler brown and not speckled. The chin and corners of the mouth are white, and there are whitish spots on each cheek and above the eyes. The head has a large snout, with an expanded upperlip; the facial vibrissae are very long and numerous. The rhinarium is deeply grooved on its anterior surface, with the nostrils opening upwards on top of the muzzle. The ears are small and round; both the ears and nostrils can be closed when the head is submerged. There are two pairs of teats. The feet have five digits and are webbed; they have small metapodial pads and the area surrounding these pads is naked. The perineal gland is simple, consisting of an area of naked skin and openings (a pair of small depressions in the female and a series of median pores in the male). The skull is long and low, with only a slight sagittal crest and a flat zygomatic arch; there is a very slight post-orbital process and a low ascending ramus. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The canines are only a little longer than the premolars. The premolars are set close together and are triangular in shape, with high, pointed crowns; the molars are broad with low cusps.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland dry forest, swamp forest, bamboo forest, and secondary forest. It has been recorded as high as 1200 m in Borneo, but most records are from lowland forest. The majority of field observations and camera-trap records are in the vicinity of water, near streams and swampy areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Thought to be semi-aquatic and is said to feed on aquatic prey (small vertebrates and invertebrates).</p> <p>Activity patterns. May be nocturnal: several field observations were at dusk, at night, and in the early morning, and one camera-trap in Riau Province (Indonesia) recorded an Otter Civet at 03:20 h. However, camera-trapping in the Way Kambas National Park (Sumatra) recorded Otter Civets as active at all times of the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial, but there is one camera-trap photograph showing an Otter Civet climbing a tree. Mainly solitary, but photographs of mothers with young have been recorded: of 59 camera-trap pictures in Sumatra, 53 were of single individuals, four were of two individuals, and two were of three individuals.</p> <p>Breeding. Females with two and three embryos have been recorded, and camera-traps have photographed females with one and two young. In captivity, the litter size has been reported to range from two to three.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The [UCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation ofMustelids and Viverrids. Most museum specimens are from 1826 to 1940. There is a scarcity of recent records, especially from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, and little is known about current populations. As it is found primarily in lowland forest, particularly near streams and wetland areas, the loss of lowland forest within its range has probably reduced populations of this species and threatens its persistence. Riverine habitats are increasingly being polluted and disturbed. Selective logging may also be responsible for its apparent rarity: in northern Borneo, the abundance of civets was significantly lower in logged forest than in primary forest, with the most specialized civets (such as the Otter Civet), being less tolerant of logged forests than generalist civet species. Conversion of peat swamp forests to oil palm plantations is an additional threat. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed to ascertain its current distribution, to monitor populations, and to determineits tolerance to habitat disturbance.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen (1988), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Davies &amp; Payne (1982), Goldman (1982), Harrison (1974), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Heydon &amp; Ghaffar (1997), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915g, 1933c), Schreiber et al. (1989), Sebastian (2005), Veron (1999), Veron et al. (2006), Wozencraft (1984, 2005), Yasuma (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF5FF9AEAD84E25FE5DF4D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFFAFF9AEF854F45F590F45B.text	FC03440BFFFAFF9AEF854F45F590F45B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrotogale owstoni Thomas 1912	<div><p>32.</p> <p>Owston’s Palm Civet</p> <p>Chrotogale owstoni</p> <p>French: Civette d'Owston / German: Fleckenroller / Spanish: Hemigalo chino</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chrotogale owstoni Thomas, 1912,</p> <p>Yen Bay on the Songhoi River, Vietnam.</p> <p>No subspecies are recognized, but there may be two distinct geographic clades. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S China (Yunnan &amp; Guangxi), Laos, and Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-72 cm, tail 35-47 cm, ear 4-6 cm; weight 2-5—4-2 kg. A slender civet with a pointed muzzle and large pointed ears. The coat color varies from nearly white to buff; the pelage is washed by orange in adults. The underparts are whitish, but are also orange around the belly, especially in the male. There are four large black bands across the back, which resemble long triangles (with their bases on the back and the apex towards the abdomen). This pelage pattern is similar to the Banded Palm Civet, but differs from Hemigalusby the presence of black spots on the sides of the neck, forelimbs, thighs, and flanks. The muzzle is long and pointed; the ears and eyes are large. The face has a narrow black stripe that runs along the midline from the nose to the nape, and two broad black stripes that start at the muzzle, encircle each eye, and pass backwards over the base of the ear to the neck. There are whitish patches under and above each eye. Two broad stripes run from the neck back to the shoulders. The terminal two-thirds ofthe tail is black; there are two faint black rings at the base. There are two pairs of teats. The feet have five digits; the metatarsal pad covers half the foot. The skull is long and low. Dental formula: 13/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The lower incisors are projecting and the canines are thin and curved.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary deciduous and evergreen forest, bamboo forest, and degraded forest. Found from lowland to montane areas and in scrubby and humid habitats (near streams, lakes, and rivers).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Specimen stomach contents and information from captive animals suggest that earthworms are the major food item in the diet (65-100% of the total content), but it may also include small vertebrates, insects, and fruit.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Observations and camera-trap photographs indicate that this species is nocturnal. Den and restsites are said to be under large tree trunks, in dense bushes, in tree holes, amongst rocks, or in the ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial, but can climb well. Considered solitary, except during the breeding season.</p> <p>Breeding. Information is known only from captive animals. The breeding season appears to be mainly from January to early March, during which both sexes increase flank rubbing, scent marking, and vocalizations. When the female comes into estrus, the male becomes excited and spends much of the time following the female and attempting to mount her. She does not accept mating immediately, but initially avoids the male mounting by moving forward or sometimes turning and snapping at him. All mating behavior happens in darkness. During copulation, the female lies flat on the ground with her body extended. The hindpart of her body rises slightly and the tail is raised up high to expose the vulva; she will often purr in this position. The male firmly places his forelegs on either side of the female’s shoulders and his hindlegs on either side of the female’s flanks, and begins to make thrusting movements. Copulations last for two to three minutes, after which each animal makes a low meow sound and the male dismounts. There are numerous copulations during the night (at least eight and as many as 15). Gestation is between 75 and 87 days. Litter size varies from one to three. Most births occur at night; newborn weight is around 80-135 g. The young are born blind; their eyes open between four and fifteen days. From birth, they are able to purr, mew, growl, and “chuff” (a call that is used by kittens to summon their mother and between siblings). The young are capable of walking at 10-14 days and start exploring their environment at four to six weeks. Between eight and eleven weeks, they start eating solid food, particularly worms. They are weaned at around 12-18 weeks. The young reach full size at two years and sexual maturity at around 18 months; the first breeding season may occur at 21 months.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. Listed as Endangered on the China Red List and as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Owston’s Palm Civet is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and illegal hunting for food, medicines, and trophies. Due to its restricted distribution and high level of threats, this species is of conservation concern. In 1995, a captive-breeding program was established at Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietham (the Owston’s Palm Civet Conservation Program); there have been successful births since 1997, and in 2004 three breeding pairs were exported to England. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed to ascertain its current distribution, to monitor populations, and to determine its tolerance to habitat disturbance.</p> <p>Bibliography. Adler (1991), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dang &amp; Anh (1997), Dang &amp; Evghenjeva (1990), Dang, Anh &amp; Huynh (1992), Dang, Anh, Nhu &amp; Chan (1991), Duckworth (1997), Heard (1999), Long &amp; Hoang (2006), Pocock (1933c¢), Roberton &amp; Muir (2005), Rozhnov et al. (1992), Schreiber et al. (1989), Streicher (2001), Tan (1989), Veron (1999), Veron &amp; Heard (2000), Veron, Heard et al. (2004), Veron, Laidlaw et al. (2004), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFFAFF9AEF854F45F590F45B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFFAFF9BEA8D4FFBF7DAFCD6.text	FC03440BFFFAFF9BEA8D4FFBF7DAFCD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemigalus derbyanus (Gray 1837)	<div><p>33.</p> <p>Banded Palm Civet</p> <p>Hemigalus derbyanus</p> <p>French: Civette de Derby / German: Banderroller / Spanish: Hemigalo cebrado</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paradoxurus derbyanus Gray, 1837,</p> <p>Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>There has been no recent taxonomic revision, but three subspecies are recognized here, including minor and sipora from the Mentawai Islands.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>H. d. derbyanus Gray, 1837 — Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Siberut I, and Borneo.</p> <p>H. d. minor G.S. Miller, 1913 — South Pagai I.</p> <p>H. d. sipora Chasen &amp; Kloss, 1928 — Sipora I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-56. 5 cm, tail 23-5—-37-5 cm, hindfoot 7-5—-8-2 cm, ear 3.6-5. 5 cm; weight 1-3 kg. A small slender civet. The coat color is grayish to pale rufous brown on the upperparts; the underparts are lighter and lack markings. There are four to eight large black bands across the back, which resemble long triangles (with their bases on the back and the apex towards the abdomen). The muzzle is long and pointed; the ears and eyes are large. The rhinarium is large and deeply grooved both along the front and above (the upper edge appears biconvex). The face has a narrow black stripe on the midline from the nose to the nape, and two broad black stripes that start at the muzzle, encircle each eye, and extend over the base of the ear to the neck. There are whitish patches under and above each eye. Two broad stripes, sometimes broken into shorter stripes or spots, run back from the neck and curve downwards to the elbow. The hairs on the neck are reversed and point forward. The terminal two-thirds of the tail is black; there are two faint black rings at the base. The limbs and feet are the same color as the body; there are a few faint bands on the upper forelimbs. There are five digits on each foot, with claws that are fully retractable (but lack sheaths). The metatarsal pads are well-developed and extend to one third the length of the foot. The metacarpal pads are also well-developed; the internal one is long and narrow and touches the external metacarpal pad, which is a little longer and thicker. The space between the plantar pads and the metacarpal/ metatarsal pads is naked. The perineal scent gland consists of a pair of longitudinal folds that are covered by silky hairs; between them is an oval depression, which deepens at the front. There are three pairs of teats. The skull is long and narrow, with a constricted post-orbital area and a very low crest. The zygomatic arch is relatively flat and the post-orbital processes are short and blunt. The auditory bullae have a posterior chamber that is ovoid and elongated, and which expands anteriorly. Dental formula: 13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The first upper and lower premolars have one root and no accessory cusps. The carnassials and molars are multi-cusped.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and disturbed rainforest, particularly lowland areas. In western Sumatra, has been camera-trapped in primary lowland forest at 150 m and 800 m. Found up to 1200 m on Borneo.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Carnivorous (particularly insects and earthworms). In Thailand, specimen stomachs contained insects, and in Malaysia, the remains of crabs, molluscs, frogs, lizards, and giant rats where found in two stomachs. On Borneo, the frequency of occurrence of prey items found in twelve stomachs was: 656% insects (including Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoteran larvae, and ants), 22% earthworms, 9% other arthropods (spiders, pedipalps, centipedes, millipedes, and crabs), 2% molluscs, and 1% amphibians (toads and frogs). No fruits or other plants were found, except fragments of dead leaves and pieces of rotten wood. Based on its diet, it appears to forage mainly on the forest floor and along stream banks.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Data from camera-traps and field observations indicate it is nocturnal. In captivity, is active when the enclosure is in the dark. Said to rest in hollow logs or in tree holes.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Appears to be terrestrial: has been captured and camera-trapped on the ground, three specimens were shot along forest streams, and its diet suggests that it forages on the forest floor. However,it is also believed to be partly arboreal: it climbs well in captivity, one live animal was found in a hole in a large tree, and another was trapped 8 m above the ground. Captive animals have been observed scent marking by rubbing the perineal gland onto a solid surface; this was more common in males than females. While in a defensive, agitated, or startled state, a civet may squirt an oily spray from the perineal gland (from a standing position and with a sudden quick lift of the tail).</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female with one foetus was recorded from Borneo in February. In captivity, litter size has been reported as one to two. One newborn female weighted 125 g and measured 25 cm. Newborns are scarcely able to crawl, their eyes are closed, and the ears are folded. The eyes open between eight and twelve days. The young start walking at around 18 days and can climb trees at four weeks. At four months, one young female weighed 1050 g and was 76 cm long. At ten weeks, the young start to eat on their own. At six months, they are adultsized. The adult orange buff coloration on the neck and belly appears when the young civets are sexually mature.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Mentawai subspecies are listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation ofMustelids and Viverrids. Habitat loss and degradation are major threats. In South-east Asia, there has been loss and degradation offorests (particularly lowland forests), through logging and conversion to other land-uses. Although the Banded Palm Civet has been recorded in disturbed forests, on Borneo, the overall density of civets (including this species) in a logged forest was found to be significantly lower than in a primary forest. Hunting and trade could also be threats. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Davis (1962), Dinets (2003), Gangloff (1972, 1975), Goldman (1982), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Holden (2006), Kowalczyk (1989), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Lim (1973, 1991), Louwman (1970), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915h, 1933c, 1939), Ratnam et al. (1995), Schreiber et al. (1989), Veron (1999), Veron, Laidlaw et al. (2004), Wozencraft (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFFAFF9BEA8D4FFBF7DAFCD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
FC03440BFFFBFF9BEAAA4754F974F4A2.text	FC03440BFFFBFF9BEAAA4754F974F4A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplogale hosei (Thomas 1892)	<div><p>34.</p> <p>Hose’s Palm Civet</p> <p>Diplogale hosei</p> <p>French: Civette de Hose / German: Schlichtroller / Spanish: Hemigalo de Borneo</p> <p>Taxonomy. Hemigale hose: Thomas, 1892,</p> <p>Mount Dulit, N. Borneo.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Borneo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47.2-54 cm, tail 29.8-33. 5 cm, hindfoot 7-4-8: 1 cm, ear 3-6 cm, weight 1-3 kg. A slender civet with a long pointed muzzle and large ears. Similar in body shape to the Banded Palm Civet, but with a dark brown or blackish coat and no stripes and bands; the underparts are white or slightly brownish-white. There are whitish patches on the side of the muzzle, above and below the eyes, and on the side of the cheeks. The whiskers are long (greater than 150 mm). The rhinarium is bilobed and the nostrils diverge and open to the side. The tail is black and the inner sides of the limbs are grayish. The feet have five digits and are partly webbed, with patches of short hair between the footpads. There is one pair of teats. The skull is quite similar to that of the Banded Palm Civet. The posterior chamber of the auditory bullae is ovoid, extends anteriorly, and partly covers the anterior chamber. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The first upper and lower premolars are two-rooted and have accessory cusps. The second upper premolar has a small postero-internal cusp.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary rainforest, montane broadleaf forest, and mature mixed-dipterocarp forest. Specimens and sighting records are from 450 m to 1700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. One specimen stomach was said to contain various small insects.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Possibly nocturnal: one individual was seen at 22:00 h in Brunei, another individual was observed at 03:00 h on Mount Kinabalu (Sabah), and a third was camera-trapped at 22:00 h. A captive female emerged only at night and rested during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Possibly terrestrial and solitary: the few reported records are of single individuals on the ground. A captive female was trapped on the ground and was never seen climbing on the branches within her cage.</p> <p>Breeding. Nothing known.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. An almost completely unknown species with a very restricted range; there are fewer than 20 museum specimens. Hose’s Palm Civet has been recorded only in a handful of scattered localities in Sabah (Mount Kinabalu National Park and Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary), Brunei (Ulu Temburong National Park), and north-eastern Sarawak (Mount Dulit). In 1997, an adult female was live-trapped in Brunei (at 1500 m) and kept in captivity for about 2% months. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of any threats are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chapron et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dinets (2003), Francis (2002), IUCN (2008), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1933c), Schreiber et al. (1989), Van Rompaey &amp; Azlan (2004), Wells et al. (2005), Wozencraft (2005), Yasuma (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFFBFF9BEAAA4754F974F4A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Viverridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 174-232, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714564
