identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.text	620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prionodontidae Horsfield 1824	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  PRIONODONTIDAE</p>
            <p>(LINSANGS)</p>
            <p>• Small mammals with slender, genet-like aspect, pointed muzzle, elongated neck, and tail almost as long as the head and body; spotted coat pattern and a pair of large stripes on the nape.</p>
            <p>• 61-84.9 cm.</p>
            <p>• South-east Asia.</p>
            <p>• Moist and evergreen forests, including montane forests up to 2700 m.</p>
            <p>• 1 genus, 2 species, 4 taxa.</p>
            <p>• No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/620587906369FFFA09B1FDF1749693AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Prionodonotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 170-173, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5714314
620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.text	620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prionodon linsang (Hardwicke 1821)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>1.</p>
            <p>Banded Linsang</p>
            <p> Prionodon linsang</p>
            <p>French: Linsang rayé / German: Banderlinsang / Spanish: Linsang rayado</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Viverra linsang Hardwicke, 1821 , </p>
            <p> Malacca, Malaysia. [restricted by Robinson &amp; Kloss (1920) to “ Malacca ”].</p>
            <p> Two subspecies recognized,  linsang includes maculosus and gracilis includes hardwichaz, fredericae, and interliniurus. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> P. l. linsang Hardwicke, 1821 — S Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and S Thailand. </p>
            <p> P. l. gracilis Horsfield, 1822 — Bangka I, Belitung I, Borneo, and Java. </p>
            <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 37.9-45 cm, tail 33-37. 5 cm; weight 590-800 g. Ratio head-body/ tail slightly superior to one. Two pairs of mammae. Adult males may be slightly larger than females, but size overlap between the two genders is considerable. Has a genet-like aspect, with head and neck more elongated; pointed muzzle; nose pad brownish pink. Extremely slender; captive individual reported to escape through bars 4 cm apart. Ears are medium-sized, broad at the base and rounded.Iris is dark brown to black, and pupil is vertical. Pelage is short and very soft. Coat color is relatively uniform across the body, and varies from pale yellowish to white. Individual variation exists in spot markings. Back exhibits two main pairs of lines of very large dark spots that fuse into five more or less clearly delineated transversal stripes. The characteristic pair of nucchal stripes in continuation with the second row of spots is wider than in Spotted Linsang. A line of thin spots starting behind the shoulders forms a broken medio-dorsal stripe thatis vertically crossing the transversal stripes. Smaller spots are irregularly distributed on the flanks, shoulders and thighs. The rest of the hindlimbs and the forepaws are not spotted. Five claws fully retractile; presence of sheaths. Hindfeet digitigrade, forefeet plantigrade; hallucal lobe small and remote; absence of metatarsal pads. Tail is almost as long as head and body; thickly furred, with short hair; exhibits seven to nine broad dark rings. Confused annealing pattern at the whitish tip, with the last bright ring often interspersed with a thin dark ring. Perineal glands are absent. Rostrum is moderately elongated; sagittal crest forms a large, flat stripe that fuses with the frontal bone. Caudal entotympanic bone more ventrally inflated—compared to the ectotympanic bone—than in Spotted Linsang. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 1/2 = 38. M2 may sometimes exist under vestigial condition. Chromosome number: 2n = 34. In gracilis, average body size and skull length are smaller.</p>
            <p>Habitat. Primary-secondary evergreen and mixed deciduous forests, up to 2700 m (e.g. Jang Plateau, Java). May be found in ecotonal habitats and disturbed forests; few records in human-inhabited places. Its distribution could be shaped by moisture gradients and their topographical variations.</p>
            <p>Food and Feeding. Primarily carnivorous. Stomach contents in continental Malaysia and Borneo included rodents (long-tailed rats, spiny-furred rats, ground squirrels), lizards, frogs, birds and cockroaches. Captive individuals were fed with minced meat, mice, chicks, fresh fish, eggs, cottage cheese, and occasionally birds and ox liver;fruits were always refused. May hunt both in canopy and on the ground; direct observations always made on the ground. Great dexterity when chasing small birds. Rodents are killed with a bite to the neck; may combine grasping and killing into one movement, and proceed to a series of crunching bites from the seized part of the body to the head while the prey is maintained between the jaws. Forepaws are rarely used for manipulating preys during feeding; however, an individual was seen pulling off flesh pieces while maintaining the prey with its forepaws (head was eaten first).</p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Mostly nocturnal, but may be active during daytime. Presumably arboreal, but probably uses the ground to move and forage. Individuals in continental Malaysia were seen moving among tree branches 3-8 m high but were always trapped on the ground. Nests in hollows of dead trees, under roots of large trees, or in tree holes above ground level. A nest entrance was around 13 cm in diameter and 45 cm in depth; the inside was covered with leaves and contained bits of dry sticks. Good climber and jumper; semi-digitigrade, with plantigrade forefeet and digitigrade hindfeet; uses a “head-first” vertical descent of trees. Has a cat-like gait, and often stands on its hindlegs. In captivity, observed sleeping with tail curled around forepaws and head; frequent sharpening of the claws; self grooming and face washing very similar to genets.</p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Almost unknown. Probably solitary. Newly-born captive kittens emit shrill and vibrating cries when handled; adults may snarl and make sharp, whistling noises when other animals are confronted. A captive male frequently urinated while walking, marking about 1 m around. Neck and shoulders, and subsequently flanks, are rubbed against objects for marking.</p>
            <p>Breeding. Litters of two cubs, apparently once a year, between February and August. Dens reported in hollow trees; may raise young on the ground. Young with same coloration as adults except at nose (pink) and undersides (white). At birth, captive cubs weighed 40 g and measured 16 cm from head to tail. Weight was doubled at day 18; eyes were wide open between 18 and 21 days. Young were 275 g and 40 cm at eight weeks; equalled adult size at four months; at this age, they had the same color as their parents but their undersides were still whiter. The mother never carried her young in her mouth. In the wild, females stay with their mother until maturity, but males leave after weaning. A captive specimen lived up to ten years and eight months.</p>
            <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Widespread distribution over the Sundaic region at all elevations but records are scarce, especially at northern edge (Myanmar, Thailand) and in Java. Major threats are deforestation and,to a lesser extent, hunting/trade for fur. Most of the skins kept in museums were collected from natives. Protected by national laws in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia (only partially protected in Sarawak) and Indonesia.</p>
            <p>Bibliography. Azlan (2003), Banks (1949), Boitani et al. (2006), Davis (1958), Gangloff (1975), Hardwicke (1821), Jones (1982), Lim (1973, 1976), Louwman (1970), Nowak (1999), Pocock (1915d, 1933c, 1935), Sody (1936, 1949), Schreiber et al. (1989), Taylor (1988), Van Rompaey (1993), Wells et al. (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/620587906368FFF80885F7DB77F19468	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Prionodonotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 170-173, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5714314
62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.text	62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson 1842	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p>2.</p>
            <p>Spotted Linsang</p>
            <p> Prionodon pardicolor</p>
            <p>French: Linsang tacheté / German: Fleckenlinsang / Spanish: Linsang manchado</p>
            <p> Taxonomy.  Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 , </p>
            <p> “Sikim... Sub-Hemalayan mountains”. [Sikkim, India].</p>
            <p> Two subspecies recognized,  pardicolor includes pardochrous, and perdicator. </p>
            <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p>
            <p> P. p. pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 — Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and Nepal. </p>
            <p> P. p. presina Thomas, 1925 — Cambodia, S China, Laos, N Thailand, and Vietnam. </p>
            <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 31-45 cm, tail 30-39. 9 cm; weight 550-1220 g. Ratio head-body/tail slightly superior to one. Two pairs of mammae. Adult males are larger than and may be twice as heavy as females. Has a genetlike aspect, with head and neck more elongated, pointed muzzle; nose pad brownish pink. Ears are medium-sized, broad at the base and rounded.Iris is dark brown to black. Pelage is short and very soft. Coat color is relatively uniform across the body, and varies from pale gray to yellow rufous on the back and flanks; ventral pelage pale gray to pale yellow. Individual variation exists in spot markings. Back exhibits two main pairs of lines of large dark spots rarely fused, and a characteristic pair of large nucchalstripes in continuation with the second row ofspots. A line of thin spots starting behind the shoulders forms a broken medio-dorsal stripe. Small spots are irregularly distributed on the flanks, shoulders and thighs. The rest of the hindlimbs and the forepaws are not spotted. Five claws fully retractile; presence of sheaths. Hindfeet digitigrade, forefeet plantigrade; hallucal lobe small and remote; absence of metatarsal pads. Tail is almost as long as head and body; thickly furred, with short hair; exhibits 7-9 broad dark rings. Confused annealing pattern at the whitish tip, with broad, distal rings often interspersed with thin ground-colored rings. Perineal glands are absent. Rostrum is moderately elongated; sagittal crest forms a large, flat stripe that fuses with the frontal bone. Caudal entotympanic bone poorly inflated ventrally when compared to the ectotympanic bone. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P4/4,M 1/2 = 38. The brain weighs about 9 g. Geographic variations in coat pattern have been described. In presina, size is greater, dorsal spots are smaller and less regularly distributed, ground color—especially on the belly—is paler, and dark rings on the tail are narrower.</p>
            <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary moist forests, up to 2700 m (e.g. Nepal, Assam). Also recorded in mosaics of lowland riverine/sal forests and grassland (Nepal), mixed bamboo forests along mountain rivers (Vietnam), and disturbed evergreen forest (Thailand, Laos).</p>
            <p>Food and Feeding. Primarily carnivorous. Stomach contents in Vietnam showed remains of rodents, frogs, snakes and small birds. A captive female of 600 g ate around 100 g of meat per day, of which 76-5% was digested. Several authors have mentioned that the favorite food is passerine birds, which may be preyed upon either in trees or hiding in the grass. However,it is not known whether foraging more frequently occurs in trees or on the ground; a captive individual always ate on the ground. Small rodents are killed with a bite to the neck, whereas larger preys (e.g. rats) are leaped upon and finished whilst lying side-by-side on the ground. Reported to feed on carcasses killed by other predators. A captive specimen refused fish, eggs and fruits.</p>
            <p>Activity patterns. Most of the active period (about eight hours) takes place during the night. Presumably arboreal, but from recent camera-trap records, may frequently use the ground to move and forage. A captive specimen was reported to spend most ofits time at heights up to 1 m, although wild individuals were sighted higher in the canopy. Shelter in trees. Good climber; springs and climbs in the manner of cats; semi-digitigrade, with plantigrade forefeet and digitigrade hindfeet; uses a “head-first” vertical descent of trees. Jumps may reach 1 m high.</p>
            <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Almost unknown. Probably solitary. A female captive specimen marked territory with urine and feces. When scared, may emit a squeak accompanied by a “drumming” on the ground with one forepaw.</p>
            <p>Breeding. Litters reported to be of two cubs, once or twice a year, between February and August (three litters in one year has been reported once in captivity). Dens are located in tree holes.</p>
            <p>Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Widespread distribution over South-east Asia but individuals rarely sighted, especially in Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia. Recent records from camera-trapping however suggest that the species is not uncommon in some parts of its range (e.g. Yunnan, China). Major threats are habitat loss (e.g. slash and burn shifting cultivation) and hunting for fur. Most of the skins kept in museums were collected from natives. Listed on Category II of the China Wildlife Protection Law; totally protected in India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.</p>
            <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Choudhury (1997a, 1997b, 2002), Duckworth (1997), Duckworth et al. (1999), Hodgson (1842, 1847), Kuznetzov &amp; Baranauskas (1993), Pham-chong-Ahn (1980), Pocock (1915¢, 1933c, 1935), Radinsky (1975), Ramakantha (1994), Schreiber et al. (1989), Sunquist (1982), Taylor (1988), Tizard (2002), Van Rompaey (1995).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/62058790636BFFF808DCFC5D75329F55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Prionodonotidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 170-173, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5714314
