taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
F84B0818F2770735FF31B9608BDDF964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711040/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711040	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FF31B9608BDDF964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711038/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711038	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FF54BD968DE4FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711038/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711038	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FF54BD968DE4FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711040/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711040	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FF54BD968DE4FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711044/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711044	Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while ‘*’ indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘+’ indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long.	Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while ‘*’ indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘+’ indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FF54BD968DE4FD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711046/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711046	Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm.	Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2770735FCC5B9968CB3FA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711038/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711038	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760734FF66BBEE8BDFFE3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711040/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711040	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD’s amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name ‘SN4’. The fish with the ‘short EOD’ waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins.Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms.This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711046/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711046	Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm.	Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711078/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711078	Figure 16. Nine species of Paramormyrops from Lower Guinea showing, from left to right, head shape viewed from above, the outline of the body, and representative female and male EOD waveforms. Head shapes are camera lucida tracings of the holotypes for each species from the snout to end of opercular opening. The first six have sharp V-shaped head profiles and the last three have relatively blunt U-shaped heads. All but the last two have electric organs composed of Type NPp electrocytes (exhibiting Non-Penetrating stalks innervated on the posterior face). The last two have electric organs composed of Type Pa electrocytes (with Penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face). All known mormyrids with Type Pa electrocytes have an initial, head-negative peak, P0, in the EOD waveform as illustrated here for P.kingsleyae. The P0 peak is absent in all species with Type NPp electrocytes. The EOD of P. batesii is unknown, but the electric organ is composed of Type Pa electrocytes.	Figure 16. Nine species of Paramormyrops from Lower Guinea showing, from left to right, head shape viewed from above, the outline of the body, and representative female and male EOD waveforms. Head shapes are camera lucida tracings of the holotypes for each species from the snout to end of opercular opening. The first six have sharp V-shaped head profiles and the last three have relatively blunt U-shaped heads. All but the last two have electric organs composed of Type NPp electrocytes (exhibiting Non-Penetrating stalks innervated on the posterior face). The last two have electric organs composed of Type Pa electrocytes (with Penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face). All known mormyrids with Type Pa electrocytes have an initial, head-negative peak, P0, in the EOD waveform as illustrated here for P.kingsleyae. The P0 peak is absent in all species with Type NPp electrocytes. The EOD of P. batesii is unknown, but the electric organ is composed of Type Pa electrocytes.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050	Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations.	Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711044/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711044	Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while ‘*’ indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘+’ indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long.	Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while ‘*’ indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘+’ indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711038/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711038	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711056/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711056	Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm.	Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058	Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D.	Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711062	Figure 10. Distribution map of West-Central Africa showing collection localities of specimens of P. sphekodes (blue), P. ntotom sp. nov. (red) and P. curvifrons (green). Stars mark collection locations of holotypes (or lectotype) and circles mark locations of other specimens.	Figure 10. Distribution map of West-Central Africa showing collection localities of specimens of P. sphekodes (blue), P. ntotom sp. nov. (red) and P. curvifrons (green). Stars mark collection locations of holotypes (or lectotype) and circles mark locations of other specimens.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711060/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711060	Figure9. Histologyofpara-sagittalsectionofparalectotype of P. sphekodes specimen MNHN 1998-1050 (Female, 98.7 mm, SL) shows electrocytes of type NPp (Non-Penetrating stalks with posterior innervation). The specimen, collected from Doumé Falls by Alfred Marche in 1876–1877 and preserved in alcohol, was embedded in plastic, sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife at 7 µm and stained with toluidine blue. E = main body of the electrocyte; anterior = anterior face of electrocyte; post = posterior face of same electrocyte; c = collagen layer separating two electrocytes; S = stalk of electrocyte which is innervated by the axons from the electromotor nerve (not shown); s = stalklets, or small branches from a dividing stalk that eventually fuse with posterior face of the electrocyte. Stalks are innervated on the posterior side of the electrocyte and all branches of the stalk system remain posterior to the main body of the electrocyte without crossing to the opposite or anterior side.	Figure9. Histologyofpara-sagittalsectionofparalectotype of P. sphekodes specimen MNHN 1998-1050 (Female, 98.7 mm, SL) shows electrocytes of type NPp (Non-Penetrating stalks with posterior innervation). The specimen, collected from Doumé Falls by Alfred Marche in 1876–1877 and preserved in alcohol, was embedded in plastic, sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife at 7 µm and stained with toluidine blue. E = main body of the electrocyte; anterior = anterior face of electrocyte; post = posterior face of same electrocyte; c = collagen layer separating two electrocytes; S = stalk of electrocyte which is innervated by the axons from the electromotor nerve (not shown); s = stalklets, or small branches from a dividing stalk that eventually fuse with posterior face of the electrocyte. Stalks are innervated on the posterior side of the electrocyte and all branches of the stalk system remain posterior to the main body of the electrocyte without crossing to the opposite or anterior side.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711064/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711064	Figure 11. (A, B) Collection localities near the rapids at Doumé (0.84245°S, +12.96249°E) on the Ogooué River of Gabon, where P. sphekodes is sympatric with P. ntotom sp. nov. (B) shows local villagers fishing with hoop nets at Doumé. (C, D) View of the Sébé River (0.93494°S, 13.35767°E) where the two species are also sympatric. Both habitats are moderate-sized rivers with gentle flow or rapids over rocky outcroppings, interspersed with sandy beaches, surrounded by dense rain forest. The Ogooué River is 75–100 m wide at Doumé, 3 m in depth, and the water had low conductivity (13.9 µs/cm) at pH 7.04 and 6.66 mg/L O2 (83.1% saturated) at 26.7 °C. The Sébé River is 55–75 m wide, approximately 3.1 m deep, 16.0 µs conductivity, 7.08 pH and 7.5 mg/L O2 (93.6% saturation) at 26.6°C).	Figure 11. (A, B) Collection localities near the rapids at Doumé (0.84245°S, +12.96249°E) on the Ogooué River of Gabon, where P. sphekodes is sympatric with P. ntotom sp. nov. (B) shows local villagers fishing with hoop nets at Doumé. (C, D) View of the Sébé River (0.93494°S, 13.35767°E) where the two species are also sympatric. Both habitats are moderate-sized rivers with gentle flow or rapids over rocky outcroppings, interspersed with sandy beaches, surrounded by dense rain forest. The Ogooué River is 75–100 m wide at Doumé, 3 m in depth, and the water had low conductivity (13.9 µs/cm) at pH 7.04 and 6.66 mg/L O2 (83.1% saturated) at 26.7 °C. The Sébé River is 55–75 m wide, approximately 3.1 m deep, 16.0 µs conductivity, 7.08 pH and 7.5 mg/L O2 (93.6% saturation) at 26.6°C).	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
F84B0818F2620722FCF2BF988A3EFA4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5711078/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711078	Figure 16. Nine species of Paramormyrops from Lower Guinea showing, from left to right, head shape viewed from above, the outline of the body, and representative female and male EOD waveforms. Head shapes are camera lucida tracings of the holotypes for each species from the snout to end of opercular opening. The first six have sharp V-shaped head profiles and the last three have relatively blunt U-shaped heads. All but the last two have electric organs composed of Type NPp electrocytes (exhibiting Non-Penetrating stalks innervated on the posterior face). The last two have electric organs composed of Type Pa electrocytes (with Penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face). All known mormyrids with Type Pa electrocytes have an initial, head-negative peak, P0, in the EOD waveform as illustrated here for P.kingsleyae. The P0 peak is absent in all species with Type NPp electrocytes. The EOD of P. batesii is unknown, but the electric organ is composed of Type Pa electrocytes.	Figure 16. Nine species of Paramormyrops from Lower Guinea showing, from left to right, head shape viewed from above, the outline of the body, and representative female and male EOD waveforms. Head shapes are camera lucida tracings of the holotypes for each species from the snout to end of opercular opening. The first six have sharp V-shaped head profiles and the last three have relatively blunt U-shaped heads. All but the last two have electric organs composed of Type NPp electrocytes (exhibiting Non-Penetrating stalks innervated on the posterior face). The last two have electric organs composed of Type Pa electrocytes (with Penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face). All known mormyrids with Type Pa electrocytes have an initial, head-negative peak, P0, in the EOD waveform as illustrated here for P.kingsleyae. The P0 peak is absent in all species with Type NPp electrocytes. The EOD of P. batesii is unknown, but the electric organ is composed of Type Pa electrocytes.	2017-05-05	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.		Zenodo	biologists	Rich, Madeline;Sullivan, John P.;Hopkins, Carl D.			
