identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E91587EB4D3B6B358579FC5B41A69B82.text	E91587EB4D3B6B358579FC5B41A69B82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxuderces DENTATUS EYDOUX & SOULEYET 1848	<div><p>GENUS OXUDERCES EYDOUX &amp; SOULEYET, 1848</p> <p>Oxuderces Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848: 181 (type species Oxuderces dentatus Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848, type by monotypy)</p> <p>Composition: Two allopatric species: O. dentatus Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848 (Figs 3A, 11, 12) and O. nexipinnis (Cantor, 1849) (Figs 2, 3B, 6, 14). The distribution of each species is shown in Figure 13.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: Oxuderces is differentiated from all other oxudercine gobies by five putative synapomorphies: (1) single, anterior interorbital pore C that sits in a fleshy, interorbital trough supported internally by expanded, curved medial margins of the frontal bones and lined externally with a thick epidermis and thin dermis (vs. no fleshy, interorbital trough, medial margins of the frontal bones expanded but not curved, and epidermis extremely thin and dermis thick); (2) highly thickened epidermis over the eye (vs. a thickened dermis); (3) neural spine of the fourth vertebra broad and spatulate (vs. narrow and pointed); (4) anterior ceratohyal elongate and notched posterior to insertion of fourth branchiostegal (vs. not elongate, or elongate but not notched); and (5) acute angle</p> <p>between metapterygoid – symplectic – quadrate strut and the anguloarticular (vs. angle obtuse).</p> <p>Description: Anterior portion of head markedly depressed; snout profile broadly pointed; gape wide; distinct notch in middle of upper lip between two medial premaxillary teeth; lips thick, posterior lower lip protruding distally. Roof of mouth with fleshy palp that is elliptical and with pointed tips, palp studded with papillae. Teeth in both premaxilla and dentary in single row; one or two prominent, elongate canine teeth on each side of premaxillary symphysis, canine teeth extending slightly anteroventrally and projecting beyond lower jaw when mouth closed, all teeth on premaxilla caninoid; dentary with discontinuous caninoid teeth; no canine tooth on each side of symphysis internal to anterior margin of dentary; dentary with small dorsally directed flange on each side just posterior to posterior-most tooth. Maxillo-dentary ligament with finger-like projections on dorsoposterior sides of lower lip; dentary with ligament on each side attaching medially just posterior to posterior-most tooth and antero-medially to flange (Murdy, 1989: fig. 73). Gill opening restricted, beginning from the region anterior to midpoint of pectoral-fin base, coursing anteroventrally, and ending just dorsal to pelvic-fin origin. Eyes positioned anterodorsally but not meeting medially, no dermal cup or membrane covering ventral portion of eye. Thickened dermal layer (or secondary cornea) over dorsal portion of eye, extending, and gradually thinning out ventrally and posteriorly (Figs 4, 5). Single anterior interorbital sensory pore (pore C) at anterior edge of fleshy trough or groove; trough covered externally by thickened dermal layer extending from dorsal area of eyes; a pair of anterior oculoscapular canal pores present. Posterior nostril large, anteroventral to eye; anterior nostril opening ventrally at tip of pendulous short tube overlapping upper jaw. Sphenotic bones small, not contacting eyes. Frontal bone elongate; lateral processes on medial portion of frontal distinct; frontal bone fused, forming interorbital bridge, slightly curved, not overlapping ethmoid anteriorly (Fig. 5A). Maxilla and premaxilla terminating posterior to eye, maxilla not reaching retroarticular. Palatine terminating before mid- If a specimen was damaged or abnormal (e.g. it has obvious parasites), we did not record data; this is noted in the table by the abbreviation DNT. Data for the holotype of O. dentatus are not included in the range reported for the species.</p> <p>ectopterygoid. Ectopterygoid thin and elongate, meeting with quadrate posteriorly (Fig. 7A). Metapterygoid terminating at hyomandibular junction; angle between metapterygoid – symplectic – quadrate strut and anguloarticular acute (vs. angle obtuse). Preopercle subcrescent-shaped, thin, meeting hyomandibula dorsally. Basihyal bone triangular with continuous cartilaginous anterior margin. Branchiostegal rays 5, rays thin. No laminar processes on parapophyses of fourth vertebrae; neural spine of fourth vertebra broad and spatulate. D1 and D2 connected by membrane for entire height, shallow indentation separating D1 and D2 due to varying height of fin elements. No membrane connecting D2 or A to caudal fin. D1 with six spinous elements, each spine with associated pterygiophore; spaces between first five D1 spines subequal, base of sixth spine positioned approximately midway between base of fifth D1 spine and first element of D2; all elements in D2 and A fins are segmented rays; penultimate and ultimate rays of D2 and A fins supported by single pterygiophore; caudal fin lanceolate, with 17 segmented rays; pelvic fin short and rounded, not reaching genital papilla. Caudal peduncle cartilage elongate, reaching anterior extent of penultimate vertebra. Vertebrae slightly elongate, vertebrae number 10 + 16, two epural bones present. Dense network of capillaries close to epidermal surfaces, especially on head. Males with triangular, conical genital papilla, with posterior tip pointed; females with bulbous, rectangular genital papilla. No other observed external sexual dimorphism.</p> <p>Etymology: Greek in origin, derived from the word ‘ oxyderkes ’ meaning ‘sharp-sighted’ (Murdy, 1989). Gender masculine.</p> <p>Remarks: The genus Oxuderces, and type species O. dentatus, was first described by Eydoux and Souleyet based on a single specimen collected from Macao along with some 200 other fish species aboard the corvette La Bonite between 1836 and 1837 (Bauchot, Whitehead &amp; Monod, 1982; Figs 1, 11). The unique character of the holotype that prompted its description as a new genus and species (Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848:181) was a peculiar gill opening interpreted by Springer (1978:1) as ‘... continuous across the isthmus and restricted to the ventral surface of the head’. The holotype and, until 1978, the sole scientific specimen identified as O. dentatus also lacks pelvic fins (Fig. 12A; Springer, 1978: fig. 4b). Springer (1978) concluded that the absence of pelvic fins in the holotype was abnormal, although it was not considered so by Eydoux &amp; Souleyet (1848) who compared Oxuderces to the ‘anarrhiques’, the French vernacular for wolffishes, currently classified as the family Anarhichadidae, which typically lack pelvic fins. Although Eydoux &amp; Souleyet (1848) placed their new genus in the family Gobioides, congruent with the modern Gobiidae, classification of Oxuderces has been unstable (Springer, 1978). It has been subsequently placed in its own family, the Oxudercidae (G unther€, 1861; Gill, 1872, 1893; Reeves, 1927; Chu, 1931), which was classified alternatively as a trachinoid (Berg, 1940; Fowler, 1956; Schultz, 1960; Golvan, 1965; Lindberg, 1971), blennioid (Gosline, 1968) or gobioid fish (G unther€, 1880; Boulenger, 1904; Jordan, 1905). Many of these ichthyologists who reclassified O. dentatus did not examine the holotype or, even if they did, were probably diverted to a search for close relatives among other fishes that also lacked pelvic fins, such as the wolffishes. No other specimen of Oxuderces has been identified without pelvic fins.</p> <p>A</p> <p>After examining the holotype, Springer (1978) returned Oxuderces dentatus to the family Gobiidae, a decision followed by all subsequent workers (e.g. Hoese, 1984; Murdy, 1989; Pezold, 1993).</p> <p>The monotypic Apocryptichthys Day, 1876, allied historically with Oxuderces, was described for Apocryptes cantoris Day, 1871. Confusion surrounding the identity of Apocryptichthys cantoris stemmed from the inconsistent descriptions in the literature and figures by Day (1871, 1876, 1889; and see Springer, 1978: 10 for a tabulated summary). These descriptions varied from publication to publication. The original description of Apocryptichthys and the figure included of the type specimen Apocryptes cantoris (Day, 1876) conform to Oxuderces (probably referring to AMS B.8336 from Madras), whereas the original description of Apocryptes cantoris (probably referring to BMNH 1870.5.18.23 from the Andaman Islands) conforms to Scartelaos histophorus (Valenciennes, 1837). Springer (1978) designated a lectotype for Apocryptes cantoris Day, 1871 (BMNH 1870.5.18.23) from an unspecified number of syntypes and classified the species in the genus Boleophthalmus Valenciennes, 1837. Murdy (1989) reclassified this species in Scartelaos Swainson, 1839, a decision with which we concur, as does V. G. Springer (pers. comm.). As the original description of Apocryptichthys may be interpreted to include Oxuderces, we have included Apocryptichthys, in part, in our treatment of Oxuderces.</p> <p>Ecological note: Published information on the biology and natural history of Oxuderces may refer to what we now recognize as three allopatric species classified in two genera. We interpret information on specimens from eastern China to refer to O. dentatus, that on specimens from the Indo-West Pacific, excluding China, to refer to O. nexipinnis, and that on specimens from northern Australia and New Guinea to refer to Apocryptodon wirzi. General information on O. dentatus may refer to either one of the species of Oxuderces.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91587EB4D3B6B358579FC5B41A69B82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jaafar, Zeehan;Parenti, Lynne R.	Jaafar, Zeehan, Parenti, Lynne R. (2017): Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (5): 195-215, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12482, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12482
E91587EB4D366B328694FA3644CD9FD7.text	E91587EB4D366B328694FA3644CD9FD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxuderces DENTATUS EYDOUX & SOULEYET 1848	<div><p>OXUDERCES DENTATUS EYDOUX &amp; SOULEYET, 1848</p> <p>FIGURES 1, 3A, 10A, 11, AND 12; TABLE 1</p> <p>Oxuderces dentatus Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848: 182 (type locality, Kwantung, near Macao, China)</p> <p>Apocryptichthys sericus Herre, 1927: 264 (type locality, Amoy, China)</p> <p>Apocryptes pellegrini Wu, 1931: 48 (type locality, Foochow, China)</p> <p>Holotype (examined): MNHN A-1822, female, 77.5 mm SL, 91.0 mm TL, Kwantung, near Macao, China, by La Bonite, 1837.</p> <p>Other material examined: Eight specimens, 54.3 – 93.8 mm SL: CAS-SU 25524, female (65.0 mm), Xiamen, China; CAS-SU 61139, male (75.3 mm), Macao, China; USNM 85846, male (80.3 mm), female (80.2 mm), Fengsien, Nanking (near Shanghai), China; USNM 86378, 2 females (54.3 – 67.3 mm), Foochow and nearby Fukien, China; USNM 86954, male (78.7 mm), 1 undet. (C&amp;S, 93.8 mm), Foochow, Fujian, China.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: Oxuderces dentatus is differentiated from its sole congener O. nexipinnis in having: first hemal spine extending ventrally to a point approximately mid-length of first anal-fin pterygiophore (vs. terminating dorsal to mid-length of first anal-fin pterygiophore; see Fig. 10); mouth terminal (vs. superior); no conspicuous dermal invagination posterior to point of attachment of pelvic-fin base (vs. present); and head relatively short (25.1 – 27.7%SL vs. 27.3 – 30.3%SL).</p> <p>Description: Head markedly depressed, wider than deep, head length 25.1 – 27.7%SL, head width 35.8 – 48.1%HL, head depth 32.4 – 42.5%HL. Eye diameter 8.7 – 13.7%HL; interorbital narrow, interorbital distance 3.7 – 5.4%HL, eye without dermal cup. Snout profile broadly pointed, snout length 12.8 – 17.5%HL. Mouth terminal; gape wide; jaw length 44.6 – 57.1% HL; distinct notch in middle of upper lip between two medial teeth. Teeth in premaxilla and dentary caninoid, unevenly spaced, in single row; one or two prominent and elongate canine tooth/teeth on each side of premaxillary symphysis, canine teeth on premaxilla extending anteroventrally beyond lower jaw when mouth closed, teeth decreasing in length posteriorly; teeth in dentary more uniform in size, all teeth shorter than medial canine teeth of premaxilla, teeth absent posteriorly, no canine tooth on each side of symphysis internal to anterior margin of dentary. Body compressed and stout, body depth at anus 10.7 – 12.5%SL, body width at anus 5.2 – 6.9%SL. Predorsal long, predorsal length 28.7 – 36.8%SL. D1 and D2 connected by membrane for entire height, base of D1 and D2 57.6 – 59.8%SL; base of anal fin 36.4 – 42.8%SL. No membrane connecting D2 or A to caudal fin. Pelvic fin rounded, not reaching genital papilla, pelvic-fin length 14.4 – 18.4% SL. Pectoral-fin length 14.6 – 18.8%SL. Caudal fin long, lanceolate, 20.5 – 25.4%SL. First dorsal fin (D1) with six spinous rays (VI); all elements of D2 and A fins segmented, D2 with 25 – 27 elements, A fin with 24 – 26 elements; pectoral rays 22 – 23; caudal fin segmented rays 17; dorsal procurrent rays 5, ventral procurrent rays 4. Two epural bones. Lateral longitudinal scale count 51 – 59. Predorsal midline with 0 – 29 scales, scales may be small and embedded in skin. In specimens without predorsal scales, entire dorsal region anterior to D1 as well as the isthmus, pectoral-fin base and ventral region of head without scales; scales on body small and embedded in skin anteriorly, and increasing in size posteriorly. Raised free-neuromast rows on head.</p> <p>Coloration: Eydoux &amp; Souleyet (1848:183) described the colour of the holotype: ‘Ce poisson est d’un brun verdâtre supérieurement et sur les côtés; inférieurement, il est d’une couleur blanchâtre. Les nageoires sont grisâtres [This fish is greenish-brown on the dorsal surface and on the sides; on the ventral surface, it is whitish. The fins are grayish]’. Wu (1931) reported live specimens with a bluish throat and abdomen and a black line on the upper lip. Preserved specimens are uniformly light brown with a dark brown to black upper lip and pectoral-fin base. There is a diffuse, dark brown spot at half of ray height, on the posterior distal end of D2; the spot lies between the 20 th and the penultimate rays. Eydoux &amp; Souleyet (1848) did not mention nor did they illustrate the spot, although Springer (1978) reported it in examination of the holotype. Only Herre (1927: 265 – 266) reported the presence of seven to eight brown dorsal cross bands posteriorly in his smallest specimen (41.0 mm).</p> <p>Etymology: Latin, ‘ dentatus ’ meaning ‘toothed’, in reference to prominent canines on the upper jaw.</p> <p>Distribution and ecological note: Known from isolated localities in coastal China, from Shanghai south to Macao (Fig. 13). Ecology poorly known; reports on the natural history of O. dentatus may refer to O. nexipinnis.</p> <p>Remarks: Data associated with the holotype indicate that it was collected from Kwantung (Guangdong), China, the province adjacent to Macao, although all other reports identify the type locality as Macao. The precise locality of collection of the holotype is probably unknowable. The holotype is in poor condition, with most teeth lost and pelvic fins abnormally absent (Figs 11, 12A). Various dates have been cited for the description of O. dentatus: 1842 in Springer (1978), or 1848 in Murdy (1989). In an attempt to standardize the dates of publication, Bauchot et al. (1982) inadvertently introduced more confusion. In the abstract presented in English, the authors wrote that fishes described by Eydoux &amp; Souleyet were ‘...published as late as 1850’ (Bauchot et al., 1982: 59). In the abstract presented in French, they wrote ‘La publication est postérieure à 1848 et peut avoir été aussi tardive que 1850 [The publication was made after 1848, and may have been</p> <p>as late as 1850]’ (Bauchot et al., 1982: 59). Elsewhere in the paper, and in English, they concluded that the volume describing fishes from the voyage ‘...were published after March 1848 ’ (Bauchot et al., 1982: 63). We use 1848 following Murdy (1989) and the earliest year within the range proposed by Bauchot et al. (1982).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91587EB4D366B328694FA3644CD9FD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jaafar, Zeehan;Parenti, Lynne R.	Jaafar, Zeehan, Parenti, Lynne R. (2017): Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (5): 195-215, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12482, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12482
E91587EB4D316B318557FE0544B69B04.text	E91587EB4D316B318557FE0544B69B04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxuderces NEXIPINNIS (CANTOR 1849	<div><p>OXUDERCES NEXIPINNIS (CANTOR, 1849)</p> <p>FIGURES 2, 3B, 4A, 5A, 6, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10B, 14;</p> <p>TABLE 1</p> <p>Apocryptes nexipinnis Cantor, 1849: 1170 (type locality, Sea of Penang, Malaysia)</p> <p>Apocryptes cantoris not Day, 1871 (in part Day, 1876, specimens from Madras, India)</p> <p>Apocryptichthys livingstoni Fowler, 1935: 162 (type locality, Paknam, Thailand)</p> <p>Syntypes examined: BMNH 1860.3.19.568-69, 2 undet., 65.0 – 67.8 mm SL, Sea of Penang, Malaysia.</p> <p>Other type material examined: Apocryptichthys livingstoni holotype: ANSP 63091, male, 73.2 mm SL, mouth of Me Nam Chao Praya, Paknam, Thailand.</p> <p>Other material examined: Sixty-four specimens, 19.9 – 80.6 mm SL. RMNH.PISC 12091, male (66.8 mm), 2 females (65.9 – 73.0 mm), east coast Java Island, Indonesia; RMNH.PISC 12092, 5 males (63.0 – 76.4 mm), 14 females (60.0 – 79.9 mm), east coast Java Island, Indonesia; RMNH.PISC 12433, female (55.6 mm), Java Island, Indonesia; RMNH.PISC 12750, female (79.4 mm), Surabaya, Indonesia; RMNH.PISC 33844, female (57.6 mm), Indonesia; RMNH.PISC 17382, female (72.0 mm), Pulau Weh, Sumatra, Indonesia; USNM 119547, female (64.0 mm), off Tachalon, Gulf of Thailand; USNM 278447, female (43.6 mm), southern side of river mouth, Muar river, Johore, Malaysia; USNM 279359, 12 males (19.9 – 50.0 mm; 1 C&amp;S, 35.7 mm), 14 females (22.1 – 31.5 mm; 1 C&amp;S, 47.9 mm); USNM 288662, 1 male (C&amp;S, 39.7 mm), 2 females (C&amp;S, 21.6 – 26.8 mm), southern side of river mouth, Muar river, Johore, Malaysia; ZRC 39777, male (80.6 mm), Sungai Selising, Matang mangroves, Perak, Malaysia; ZRC 53919, 3 males (50.3 – 53.2 mm), 3 females (33.4 – 53.3 mm), Matla mudflats, Jharkali, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: Oxuderces nexipinnis is differentiated from O. dentatus by the following characters: first hemal spine terminating above midlength of first anal-fin pterygiophore (vs. extending ventrally below mid-length of first anal-fin pterygiophore; Fig. 10); mouth superior (vs. terminal); conspicuous dermal invagination posterior to the point of attachment of pelvic-fin base (vs. dermal invagination absent; Fig. 6); head relatively long (27.3 – 30.3%SL vs. 25.1 – 27.7%SL).</p> <p>1 mm</p> <p>Description: Head markedly depressed, wider than deep, head length 27.3 – 30.3%SL, head width 32.6 – 44.4%HL, head depth 30.4 – 42.7%HL. Eye diameter 8.7 – 16.3%HL; interorbital distance 3.0 – 4.8%HL, eye without dermal cup. Snout profile pointed, snout length 12.0 – 15.5%HL. Mouth superior, lower jaw terminating just anterior to upper jaw, gape wide; jaw length 41.3 – 59.7%HL; distinct notch in middle of upper lip between two medial teeth. Teeth in both jaws caninoid, unevenly spaced, in single row; one or two prominent and elongate canines on each side of premaxillary symphysis, canine teeth extending slightly anteroventrally and reaching beyond lower jaw when mouth closed, teeth decreasing in length posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw more uniform in size, teeth all shorter than medial canine teeth of upper jaw, teeth absent posteriorly, no canine tooth on each side of symphysis internal to anterior margin of lower jaw. Body compressed and gracile; body depth at anus 8.6 – 12.9%SL, body width at anus 4.5 – 7.3% SL. Predorsal long, predorsal length 28.2 – 31.6%SL. D1 and D2 connected by membrane for entire height, base of D1 and D2 54.9 – 59.4%SL; base of anal fin 35.9 – 40.4%SL. No membrane connecting D2 or A to caudal fin. Pelvic fin short and rounded, not reaching genital papilla, pelvic-fin length 14.0 – 18.2% SL. Pectoral-fin length moderate, 14.0 – 19.2%SL. Caudal fin long, lanceolate, 20.8 – 24.8%SL. D1 with six spinous dorsal rays (VI); all elements of D2 and A fins segmented; D2 with 25 – 26 elements, A fin with 24 – 26 elements; pectoral rays 21 – 24; caudal fin segmented rays 17; dorsal procurrent rays 5, ventral procurrent rays 4. Two epural bones. Lateral longitudinal scale count 50 – 54, scales on body small and embedded in skin anteriorly, and increasing in size posteriorly. All specimens without scales on dorsal region anterior to D1, ventral region of the head, cheek, operculum and pectoral-fin base except for largest specimen examined (ZRC 39777, 80.6 mm) which has cheek scales and 14 predorsal midline scales; all scales small and embedded. Raised and distinct free-neuromast rows on head. Conspicuous dermal invagination posterior to point</p> <p>A First dorsal-fin anterior elements</p> <p>of attachment of pelvic-fin base, invagination deep and appearing as a ‘pit’ (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Coloration: Preserved specimens uniformly light to dark brown with black spots on dorsal region of head and nape. Darkened brown to black upper lip and pectoral-fin base. Dark brown spot between 20 th and penultimate rays, positioned at mid-height of D2. Murdy (1989: 20) based his description of live coloration on material from Peninsular Malaysia that he had identified as O. dentatus (= O. nexipinnis here): ‘Head and trunk greyish blue; 7 greyish-blue spots along lateral midline starting at a point equal to origin of first dorsal fin and ending at a point equal to about 75% of the length of D2; a suffusion of shiny, bluish scales on posterior half of trunk; 6 dusky, saddle-like blotches on dorsum starting at terminus of D1 with 4 across the base of D2 and 1 on caudal peduncle; D1 translucent; D2 translucent except for a thin, faint dusky stripe through the median part of fin and a large black ocellus near distal tips of last 4 rays; caudal, anal and pelvic fins translucent; pectoral fin translucent but with a large, dusky blotch on upper base; nape with dusky reticulations; anterior nostril with a black anterior margin; venter shiny white.’ In the Malacca Straits, along the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Takita, Agusnimar &amp; Ali (1999: 132) identified O. nexipinnis (reported as O. dentatus) by the characteristic ‘...bright green eyes and depressed head, and a dark spot posteriorly on the dorsal fin’. They reported that O. nexipinnis occurs on the mudflats of Bengkalis and Penang islands in Peninsular Malaysia, at sites facing the sea and not influenced by freshwater inflow (Takita et al., 1999). At Teluk Bahang in Penang Island, this species was found low on the intertidal zone, an area which was exposed for only several days per lunar cycle, prompting the hypothesis that O. nexipinnis is probably active underwater (Takita et al., 1999). This hypothesis is corroborated by Polgar &amp; Bartolino (2010) who found larger individuals of O. nexipinnis (reported as O. dentatus) in the lower intertidal zones (more aquatic) and smaller individuals in higher intertidal zones (more terrestrial) at their study site in Tanjung Piai, Johor, along the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>Etymology: Latin, ‘ nexus’ meaning ‘tied together’ and ‘ pinnis ’ meaning ‘fins’, referring to the continuous dorsal fins.</p> <p>Distribution and ecological note: Oxuderces nexipinnis is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, here reported from the southern part of the South</p> <p>1 mm</p> <p>China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Java Sea, Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal (Fig. 13). This species lives on intertidal soft-bottom habitats, predominantly mudflats. Adults have been observed to swim through the muddy substrate with only a thin film of water above them, through which they would occasionally poke their heads (Murdy, 1989, reported as O. dentatus). This species has been reported to store air in its burrows, especially in the spawning chambers (Ishimatsu et al., 1998, reported as O. dentatus). In Malaysia, it is a common prey of homalopsine snakes such as Bitia hydroides (see Jayne, Ward &amp; Voris, 1995, reported as O. dentatus) and Cerberus rynchops (see Jayne, Voris &amp; Heang, 1988, reported as O. dentatus).</p> <p>Remarks: Apocryptes nexipinnis, described by Cantor (1849), was classified in the genus Oxuderces, and synonymized with O. dentatus by Murdy (1989). We resurrect this name from synonymy as Oxuderces nexipinnis. The BMNH syntypes are the left sides (heads and bodies) of two individuals that have been dried, filleted and stuffed with cotton wool (Fig. 14). Cantor (1849) did not indicate the number of specimens he had on hand and reported the total length of the specimen (or specimens) on which he based his description as 3 3/ 8 inches, or 85.7 mm TL. He further indicated that the caudal fin comprised 1/5 of the TL, which would mean that the specimen (or specimens) was approximately 68 mm SL. The BMNH syntypes measure approximately 67.8 mm SL (possibly a male) and 65 mm SL (possibly a female). Although the larger specimen is closer in size to that given by Cantor (1849), we do not designate it as a lectotype because both specimens are extremely distorted, as well as incomplete, and we cannot identify either with certainty as the primary specimen on which the description was based.</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>Examination of type specimens and a review of the literature confirmed the hypothesis that Oxuderces comprises two distinct species. Specimens from coastal areas of southern China agree with the detailed description of the type specimen of Oxuderces dentatus (see Springer, 1978). Contra Springer (1978) and Murdy (1989), we consider Apocryptes cantoris Day, 1871 (in part) and Apocryptichthys livingstoni Fowler, 1935 to be synonyms of Apocryptes nexipinnis Cantor, 1849, rather than of Oxuderces dentatus Eydoux &amp; Souleyet, 1848. Material from Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and India agrees with the type specimens and original description of Apocryptes nexipinnis which we classify here as the second valid species of Oxuderces. Contra Murdy (1989), we do not classify Apocryptodon wirzi Koumans, 1937 in the genus Oxuderces. After examination of type and non-type specimens of Apocryptodon wirzi, we conclude that this species has characters diagnostic of the inferred sister genus Apocryptodon (Murdy, 1989; Agorreta et al., 2013), and does not conform to our revised concept of Oxuderces. Oxuderces nexipinnis uniquely has a conspicuous dermal invagination of unknown function just posterior to the point of attachment of the pelvic-fin base.</p> <p>The epidermal surfaces of all oxudercine gobies are barriers to the external environment and aid with respiration when individuals are near the surface or out of the water. Consequently, the skin of amphibious oxudercine gobies, such as Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon, Periophthalmus and Scartelaos, has been examined in detail to hypothesize adaptations to terrestriality (see Park et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2003). In contrast, little is known of the form and function of the skin of the oxudercine gobies that do not readily emerge out of water, such as species of the genera Apocryptodon, Oxuderces and Parapocryptes. Here we report for the first time some of the modifications of the skin on the head of Oxuderces, in which the dorsal part of the head and the eyes are covered with a thick epidermis that gradually thins ventrally (Figs 4A, 5A). This differs from the epidermal layer in the dorsal region of the head in Apocryptodon, which is relatively thin (Figs 4B, 5B). In addition, O. nexipinnis uniquely has a conspicuous dermal invagination of unknown function just posterior to the point of attachment of the pelvic-fin base.</p> <p>Swollen cells in the middle epidermal layer, hypothesized to inhibit desiccation while on land (Yokoya &amp; Tamura, 1992; Suzuki &amp; Hagiwara, 1994), were reported in Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon, Periophthalmus and Scartelaos (Suzuki, 1992; Zhang et al., 2000, 2003; Park, 2002). We identify these cells in Oxuderces, but not in Apocryptodon. Dense networks of capillaries close to the epidermal surface have been reported in Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmodon, Periophthalmus and Scartelaos (Zhang et al., 2000, 2003), assumed to aid in cutaneous respiration while out of water. We observed these capillaries in both Apocryptodon and Oxuderces. In many fish, a thickened epidermis and associated modifications to the epidermis are correlated with the ability to breathe atmospheric air (see Park, Kim &amp; Kim, 2014: 206). Periophthalmus, for example, can undergo cutaneous respiration facilitated by the intraepithelial capillaries that characterize the thickened epidermis (Park, Kim &amp; Kim, 2000). Likewise, the thickened epidermis in Oxuderces may function as an accessory respiratory organ for gaseous exchange, possibly aiding in respiration in hypoxic habitats.</p> <p>Both species of Oxuderces further share a unique morphology: a fleshy, interorbital trough (Fig. 3A, B). The function of this trough is unknown, and it has not been reported in any other gobioid fishes. The presence and position of a single, median sensory pore C in the anterior part of the trough suggests that the function of the trough may be sensoryrelated. We are encouraged by the details revealed by histological preparation of the heads of oxudercine gobies, and plan to continue that examination as part of our larger study of oxudercine goby phylogeny.</p> <p>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</p> <p>We are grateful to the following collections managers and curators who allowed us access to material under their care: Mark Sabaj Perez (ANSP), Mark McGrouther (AMS), Dave Catania (CAS), Gavin Dally (NTM), Jeffrey Williams (USNM), Gento Shinohara (NSMT-P), James Maclaine (BMNH), Tracy Heath (BMNH), Ronald de Ruiter (RMNH), Denis Vallan (NMBA), Urs W uest € (NMBA), Kelvin Lim (ZRC) and Kazuo Sakamoto (ZUMT). We are thankful for the help extended by Greg Erickson, Jeffrey Clayton, Kris Murphy, Andrew Rao, Nalani Schnell and Harry Taylor. Victor Springer provided constructive comments on a draft version of the manuscript. Helen Larson and two other anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript with their suggested edits. Harry Taylor photographed the specimens in Figure 14. Sandra Raredon photographed the specimens in Figures 2, 3 and 12B. Helen Wimer prepared the histological slides. Lisa Palmer, Laura Tancredi, Amanda Lawrence and Erin Bilyeu, through the office of Paul Kimberly, assisted with photography of the histological slides. Colleen Lodge prepared Figures 3 – 5 and 7 – 10. Erin Clements Rushing and Leslie Overstreet, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, provided the image in Figure 1. This study was supported by grants from the Systematic Research Fund (2012/13) and the Leonard P. Schultz Fund, Smithsonian Institution, awarded to the first author. 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A study on the epidermal structure of Periophthalmodon and Periophthalmus mudskippers with reference to their terrestrial adaptation. Ichthyological Research 50: 310 – 317.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91587EB4D316B318557FE0544B69B04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jaafar, Zeehan;Parenti, Lynne R.	Jaafar, Zeehan, Parenti, Lynne R. (2017): Systematics of the mudskipper genus Oxuderces Eydoux & Souleyet 1848 (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) with resurrection from synonymy of O. nexipinnis (Cantor 1849). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180 (5): 195-215, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12482, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12482
