identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA0350FFB92519FF51C91BFF1328B6.text	03FA0350FFB92519FF51C91BFF1328B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis boulengerii Strauch 1887	<div><p>Cnemaspis boulengerii Strauch, 1887</p> <p>Boulenger’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 6, 7</p> <p>Gonatodes glaucus Smith 1920:95 (fide Smith 1935:76)</p> <p>Cnemaspis boulengeri Smith 1935:76; Dring 1979:220; Darevsky 1990:128, 1999:34; Grismer et al., 2010b:46</p> <p>Holotype. Unknown. Type locality: Pulo Condore Island in the South China Sea now Con Dao Island, Ba Ria-Vung Province, Vietnam (fide Sang et al. 2009).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 69.0 mm; 8–10 supralabials; six or seven infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 32–38 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged especially on upper flanks; lateral caudal furrows absent, dorsal caudal furrow weak; caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row; subcaudals smooth, bearing a medial row of enlarged scales; one postcloacal tubercle on each side; smooth, enlarged, plate-like femoral and subtibial scales; enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 25–32 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; dorsal surfaces unicolor tan; large, subcircular black spots on shoulders and nape; and thin, yellow reticulation on side of neck (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Figs. 6,7). Dorsal ground color brown to yellowish; dorsum unicolor except for large, black spots on nape, side of neck, and shoulders and a series of elongate, light colored, diffuse, vertebral markings extending onto caudal region and occasionally forming a weak, vertebral stripe; thin, yellowish reticulum on lateral surfaces of neck and in shoulder regions; ventral surfaces beige, immaculate. Light-colored, vertebral markings in juveniles more prominent, often bearing the typical butterfly shape seen in other species of Cnemaspis. At night the ground color lightens considerably and becomes a dull-yellow.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis boulengerii is known only from Con Son and Hon Bay Canh islands, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam of the Con Dao Archipelago, 185 km off the east coast of southern Vietnam (Darevsky 1990, 1999; Grismer et al. 2010b; Fig. 3). It is expected that C. boulengerii occurs on other islands of the archipelago.</p> <p>Natural history. The Con Dao Archipelago contains 16 islands with Con Son Island being the largest and centrally located. Con Son is elongate, hilly, and reaches nearly 570 m in elevation. Much of the low-lying areas of the island are covered in disturbed forest but the rocky, higher elevations of the interior remain fairly intact (Fig. 7) and it is here we observed several specimens of Cnemaspis boulengerii. During the day, C. boulengerii is extremely abundant in lowland forest habitats and can be found climbing on both granite boulders and tree trunks in all planes of orientation. Many lizards were observed basking in dappled light on the tops of boulders and on tree trunks they were seen facing both head up and head down. Lizards were commonly observed in pairs or trios, only found in areas with boulders, and no lizards were observed on the ground. We believe the abundance of this species and its non-secretive nature (unlike that of nearly every other species of Cnemaspis we have observed) may be due to the fact that there are no other diurnal lizards with which to compete. The only other diurnal species observed in their habitat were the skinks Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl) and Scincella rufocaudata (Darevsky &amp; Nguyen). Cyrtodactylus condorensis (Smith), however, is common at night in the same microhabiats occupied by C. boulengerii during the day.</p> <p>At night, Cnemaspis boulengerii was not seen on the tops of rocks or on the open faces of boulders but was observed only in rock cracks, on the undersides of rocky overhangs, and within caves. Here too, individuals are abundant and commonly found in pairs or trios. Rarely are lizards seen on trees at night and when they are, they are much more wary. Several gravid females carrying two eggs and tens of incubating eggs in communal laying sites in rock cracks and caves were found during August, indicating that this is the reproductive season. Cnemaspis boulengerii is very similar in all aspects of its behavior to its closest relative C. psychedelica (Grismer et al. 2010b).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis boulengerii is the sister species of C. psychedelica (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: Ria-Vung Tau Province, Con Dao Archipelago, Con Dao Island CAS 73745, LSUHC 9542, 9578–79, 11364, 11366–68, 11370, MCZ 39014-23, Pulo Condore (= Con Dao), Con Son Island, Vietnam.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFB92519FF51C91BFF1328B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFB82514FF51C961FD0C2D1E.text	03FA0350FFB82514FF51C961FD0C2D1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis psychedelica Grismer, Ngo & Grismer 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis psychedelica Grismer, Ngo &amp; Grismer, 2010</p> <p>Psychedelic Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 8</p> <p>Cnemaspis psychadelica Bauer 2013:42.</p> <p>Holotype. UNS 0444. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.8256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.434967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.8256/lat 8.434967)">Hon Khoai Island</a>, Ca Mau Province, Ngoc Hien District, Vietnam (08°26.098 N, 104°49.536 E)” at 30 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 75.3 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 5–8 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 34–48 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged especially on flanks; lateral caudal furrows absent; caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row; subcaudals smooth, bearing a medial row of enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side; smooth, enlarged, plate-like femoral and subtibial scales; enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 24–28 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; occiput and nape bearing a dense, yellow reticulum; hands, feet, forelegs, forelimbs, lower flanks, and tail orange; transverse yellow bars on flanks; ground color of body, brachia, and thighs magenta (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 8). Dorsal ground color of head anterior to posterior margin of eyes greenish yellow; occipital region and nape bear a dense, bright-yellow reticulum overlaying thick, black streaks, some of which begin as thin, postorbital stripes; dorsal ground color of trunk and upper limbs immediately proximal to elbow and knee joints blue-gray to magenta; hands, feet, and distal portion of limbs bright-orange; ventral portion of flanks bright-orange bearing short, transverse, yellow bars; tail bright-orange; all ventral surfaces beige, generally immaculate except for faint stippling on throat and gular region. In alcohol, coloration is generally a uniform dark gray dorsally and beige ventrally, except for a slightly darker gular region.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis psychedelica is known only from Hon Khoai Island, Ngoc Hien District, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam in Rach Gia Bay 18 km off the southern tip of Point Can Mau (Grismer et al. 2010b; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Hon Khoai Island is a small (~ 8 km 2) island reaching approximately 320 m in elevation. It slopes moderately to the sea and lacks some of the precipitous, rocky bluffs characteristic of many of the nearby islands. Hon Khoai maintains a thick vegetative cover and is dominated by primary, semideciduous forest on its slopes and upper elevations with disjunct, mangrove swamps fringing its coastlines. Hon Khoai Island’s granite basement gives rise to scattered, small to massive, boulder outcroppings across its lower elevations that provide the microhabitat for Cnemaspis psychedelica (Fig. 8). The vegetation surrounding the granite outcroppings is usually dense and composed of relatively small trees (Grismer et al. 2010b, 2011a).</p> <p>Grismer et al. (2010b) noted that Cnemaspis psychedelica is a relatively large, robust, diurnal, lowland, saxicolous species. Lizards of both sexes and all size classes have been observed abroad on large, granite boulders in the shade of the forest canopy from 0800–1930 hrs. Some lizards were observed basking in filtered sunlight. Lizards would retreat into rock cracks, beneath ledges, or between rocks when threatened. Grismer et al. (2010b) noted it was common to see 2–5 lizards together on the same rock. Lizards showed no preference for any particular plane of orientation, be it vertical, horizontal, or inverted nor did they restrict their activity to only deeply shaded surfaces as do many other species of Cnemaspis (Chan &amp; Grismer 2008; Das &amp; Grismer 2003; Grismer &amp; Chan 2008, 2009; Grismer &amp; Das 2006; Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007; Grismer et al. 2008a,b; 2009). During the evening hours from 1930 to 2400, lizards are not abundant, likely being displaced by the larger Cyrtodactylus sp. 1. At night, the coloration of this species is even more brilliant with the trunk becoming magenta (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis psychedelica is the sister species of C. boulengerii (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. At the time of this writing (22 December 2013), noted Russian reptile dealers are selling illegally collected individuals of Cnemaspis psychedelica for 3500 euro/pair. Unfortunately, the discovery and description of this unique species on this tiny island may ultimately lead to its extinction owing to the wide-reaching criminal element in Southeast Asia. Owing to recent poaching, this species has been put on the IUCN list of threatened species, which ironically will probably increase their commercial value.</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: Ca Mau Province, Ngoc Hien District, Hon Khoai Island LSUHC 9254–55, 9257–58, UNS 0444–49 (type series). Additional material examined subsequent to Grismer et al. (2010b): Vietnam: Ca Mau Province, Ngoc Hien District, Hon Khoai Island LSUHC 9524–53, 11007–12.</p> <p>Pattani clade</p> <p>The Pattani clade is a strongly supported (1.0/100), geographically circumscribed lineage composed of four species from southern Thailand and northwestern Peninsular Malaysia sandwiched between the biogeographic boundaries of the Isthmus of Kra in the north and the Kangar-Pattani Line in the south and embedded within the distribution of the Southern Indochina clade (Fig. 2). The basal species of this clade, C. monachorum Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood &amp; Grismer, is an insular endemic known only from the Langkawi Archipelago of Malaysia. The sister lineage to C. monachorum comprises C. biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda &amp; Sumontha from the borderlands of Thailand and Malaysia and the sister species C. niyomwanae Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya from southern Thailand and C. kumpoli Taylor from southern Thailand and extreme northwestern Peninsular Malaysia. The well-supported (0.99/93) sister species relationship between C. niyomwanae and C. kumpoli is further supported in that these are the only species of Cnemaspis to have the derived character states of red bands on their forelimbs and dark-red, dorsal blotches in males (Fig. 5). Three of the four species; Cnemaspis monachorum, C. biocellata, and C. niyomwanae, are small, diurnal, obligate karst-dwellers whereas the remaining species, C. kumpoli, is a much larger nocturnal species that inhabits granite boulders.</p> <p>This clade is diagnosed in having a maximum SVL of 35.1–63.0; 6–11 supralabials; 5–9 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 1–12 pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; randomly arranged dorsal tubercles; 2–35 paravertebral tubercles; caudal tubercles not encircling the tail; smooth subcaudals bearing a medial row of enlarged scales; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on either side of the tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; and 24–41 subdigital lamellae.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFB82514FF51C961FD0C2D1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFB5252FFF51CA49FE9E284E.text	03FA0350FFB5252FFF51CA49FE9E284E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis monachorum Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood & Grismer 2009	<div><p>Cnemaspis monachorum Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2009</p> <p>Monks’ Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 9, 10</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6774. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.875114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.337917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.875114/lat 6.337917)">Wat Wanaram</a>, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia (06°20.275 N, 99°52.507 E)” at 35 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 35.1 mm; seven or eight supralabials; 5–7 infralabials; ventral scales smooth; three, contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 2–20 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent from flanks and lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth bearing a medial row of enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials smooth; 24–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; gular region, throat, and abdomen in males yellow; faint, dark, lineate, mid-gular marking present (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>……continued on the next page</p> <p>……continued on the next page</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Figs. 9,10). Dorsal ground color brown; head, body, and limbs overlain with small, irregularly shaped, somewhat randomly arranged, black and cream colored spots varying somewhat in size; light dorsal blotches in general paravertebral arrangement; markings on top of head smaller than those on body; dark markings in caudal region tend to form bands that encircle tail; anterior gular region yellowish, most pronounced on mental scale; faint, dark, midgular stripe present; pectoral region and anterior, abdominal region orangish yellow; remainder of ventral surfaces of body and limbs beige bearing faint, dark, stippling.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis monachorum is known only from the Langkawi Archipelago where it inhabits the islands of Langkawi (Grismer et al. 2009) and reported here for the first time from the smaller satellite island of Langgun (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. On Pulau Langkawi, Grismer (2011a) noted that Cnemaspis monachorum is a lowland, saxicolous species known only from the karst outcropping of Wat Wanaram near the town of Kuah in a region dominated by a mixture of primary coastal and lowland dipterocarp forest. Cnemaspis monachorum is a small, swift, agile species abroad only during the day, climbing on the fragmented boulders along the periphery of karst formations as well as along the base of karst cliffsides near the edges of cracks. Lizards are wary and will rapidly retreat into a crack while curling their tail above their back and waving it from side to side. During the night, lizards are not abroad and only occasionally observed deep within limestone cracks. Cnemaspis monachorum is the smallest species of Cnemaspis and possibly associated with this small size is that gravid females carry only a single egg whereas females of all other Cnemaspis carry two eggs. Gravid females have been observed in October. On Pulau Langgun, C. monachorum is also diurnal and common throughout the island on the limestone rocky hillsides as well as the cliff faces that edge Tasik (lake) Langgun (Fig. 10). During August, no gravid females were found on Pulau Langgun suggesting that October may be the beginning of the reproductive season.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis monachorum is the basal lineage of the Pattani clade (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Kedah; Pulau Langkawi LSUHC 9118, ZRC 2.6774 – 76 (type series). Material examined since Grismer et al. (2009): Malaysia: Kedah; Pulau Langkawi LSUHC 9115–17; Pulau Langgun LSUHC 10807–11.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFB5252FFF51CA49FE9E284E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF8E252DFF51C839FE202E3E.text	03FA0350FF8E252DFF51C839FE202E3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda & Sumontha 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda &amp; Sumontha, 2008</p> <p>Twin-spot Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 11, 12</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.66693. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.14273&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4072833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.14273/lat 6.4072833)">Kuala</a> Perlis, Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia (06°24.437N, 100°08.564E) at 37 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 40.1 mm; 6–10 supralabials; 5–9 infralabials; ventral scales smooth; 6–12 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 21–27 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present on flanks, absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth bearing a median row of enlarged scales; one postcloacal tubercle on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials smooth; 29–37 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; paired ocelli on occiput in males; wide, white to yellow nuchal loop in males; single ocellus in shoulder region in males; original tail yellow and regenerated tail orange in males; and throat, pectoral region, ventral surface of hind limbs, abdomen, and subcaudal region orange or yellow in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Figs. 11,12). Adult males: ground color of dorsal surface of head, body, limbs, and tail dull yellow; rostrum grayish with faint, light markings highlighting bright yellow, anterior, extra brillar fringe; interorbital region yellow with two, distinct, white, immaculate, well-defined occipital ocelli; ocelli accentuated by wide, black, occipital band forming anterior border of a series of closely spaced, large, white to yellow spots forming a nuchal band extending from posterior margin of one eye to posterior margin of other eye; small, black, shoulder patch enclosing a single, white to yellow ocellus; body overlain by five yellow, butterfly-shaped, vertebral blotches extending from shoulder region to base of tail; small, faint yellow blotches on flanks and limbs; blotches tend to form caudal bands; ventral surfaces yellow or orange, nearly immaculate with only a faint amount of subcaudal mottling. Adult females: ground color of dorsal surfaces light brown lacking black occipital and shoulder markings of males; occiput bears faint, straw colored, ocelli homologous to those in males; poorly defined, straw colored, butterfly-shaped, vertebral markings extend from nape to base of tail continuing posteriorly to form poorly defined, caudal bands; small, irregularly shaped, faint spots on flanks and limbs; and Ventral surfaces beige, nearly immaculate with only faint, subcaudal mottling.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis biocellata extends through the karst system of the Banjaran Nakawan from Thale Ban National Park, Satun Province, Thailand southward through Wang Kelian and Perlis State Park to Gua Kelam, Tasik Meranti, Kampung Bukit Cabang, and Kuala Perlis, Perlis in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer 2011a; Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer (2011a) noted that Cnemaspis biocellata occurs in lowland areas from near sea level to approximately 200 meters in elevation and appears to be a karst-substrate specialist. Lizards have been observed on trees and cement walls (Fig. 11) but only where they were adjacent to a karst formation. Cnemaspis biocellata is often observed abroad during the day on the shaded, vertical surfaces of karst walls and boulders as well as within crevice microhabitats and beneath small limestone rocks piled on the ground. During the day, lizards are wary and difficult to approach and will retreat into nearby crevice microhabitats at the slightest provocation. At night, lizards move farther away from these retreats and are more approachable. At Gua Kelam, Perlis the habitat is highly disturbed and continually frequented by visitors to the neighborhood park yet C. biocellata are abundant and easily observed both day and night. At Tasik Meranti, Perlis, lizards occur on large karst rocks in lowland dipterocarp forest but restrict their daytime activities to shaded areas. At Wang Kelian, they are abroad only during the day, perhaps due to the presence of the much larger Cyrtodactylus astrum Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Norhayati, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer &amp; Pauwels and Gekko gecko Linnaeus at night which may even prey on them. At Kampung Bukit Cabang, lizards have been found at night within caves. At Kuala Perlis, lizards are abundant during the day and night on karst formations in the vicinity of parks, parking lots, and housing communities in areas with no immediate native vegetation. These observations suggest that the most important environmental component for this species is the karst substrate and the microhabitats it offers, regardless of the condition of the surrounding forest. This small species is amazingly quick and agile and effortlessly moves from one inclined surface to another. Upon capture, lizards release large sections of their skin in much the same manner as the Stump-tailed Gecko, Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann). Cnemaspis biocellata is the second smallest species of Cnemaspis and females carrying one or two eggs have been observed only during March.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis biocellata is a member of the Pattani clade and most closely realeted to the sister species C. niyomwanae and C. kumpoli (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Perlis, Kuala Perlis ZRC 2.6693 – 98 (type series). Specimens examined since Grismer et al. (2008a): Malaysia: Perlis, Gua Kelam LSUHC 8787–92, 8802, 8804–05, 9682. Kampung Bukit Chabang LSUHC 9683–84.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF8E252DFF51C839FE202E3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF8C252BFF51CB7FFE422F66.text	03FA0350FF8C252BFF51CB7FFE422F66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis niyomwanae Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis niyomwanae Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010a</p> <p>Niyomwan’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 13</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 15910. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.80237&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1657166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.80237/lat 7.1657166)">Thum Khao Ting</a>, Palean District, Trang Province, Thailand (07°09.943N, 99°48.142E) at 28 m in elevation.”</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 56.8 mm; 8–11 supralabials; 6–8 infralabials; ventral scales smooth; three usually contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 26–31 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent from flanks and from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; no lateral row of caudal tubercles; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth bearing a median row of enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials smooth; 31–34 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; and reddish bands on limbs in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 13). Dorsal ground color of head, body, and tail faded green; dorsal ground color of limbs faded brown; yellow stripe on each canthus rostralis; diffuse, light, paired, occipital blotches present; faint, light mottling on sides of head; whitish, medial blotch on nape followed posteriorly by five, lightly colored, paravertebral, butterfly-shaped markings between forelimb insertions and base of tail; markings continue onto tail to form lightly colored bands; enlarged, white tubercles on sides of neck, shoulders and flanks; other tubercles on body dark or lightly colored; faint, reddish dorsal blotches on body; upper regions of limbs bearing diffuse light mottling; alternating red and yellow bands on forelimbs and forelegs; digits white bearing broad, brown bands; all ventral surfaces except subcaudal region of uniform beige with fine, dark stippling in some scales; and subcaudal region grayish.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis niyomwanae is known only from the border regions of Trang and Satun Provinces, Thailand (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. Very little is known about the life history of Cnemaspis niyomwanae. Grismer et al. (2010a) reported that it occurs in lowland karst areas in the vicinity of small streams (Fig. 13) and that it is abroad at night. During the day, lizards retreat into limestone crevices and caves.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis niyomwanae is a member of the Pattani clade and the sister species of C. kumpoli Taylor (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Trang Province, Palean District, Thum Khao THNHM 15910. La-ngu District, Baan Man Pud CUMZ R-2009, 6,24-10, KZM 008, PSUZC-RT 2010.56, ZMKU Re-000315. These specimens represent the type series.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF8C252BFF51CB7FFE422F66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF8A2529FF51CFDCFCEC2E95.text	03FA0350FF8A2529FF51CFDCFCEC2E95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis kumpoli Taylor 1963	<div><p>Cnemaspis kumpoli Taylor, 1963</p> <p>Kumpol’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 14</p> <p>Holotype. FMNH 178268. Type locality: “ Khao Chong, Forestry Experimental Station, Trang province, Thailand.”</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 63.0 mm; 7–9 supralabials; 6–8 infralabials; ventral scales smooth; 1–8, discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round, poorly developed pores; 28–35 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows anteriorly; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; no lateral caudal row of tubercles; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth bearing a median row of enlarged scales; two or three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials smooth; 34–41 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; single ocellus in shoulder region in males; red bands on forelimbs and hind limbs in males; and reddish blotches on dorsum and tail in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 14). Adult males: dorsal ground color lime-green to yellow, overlain by red blotches on head (usually), body, limbs, and tail; round, red to brownish, paravertebral markings extend from just posterior to forelimb insertions to base of tail alternating with smaller, yellow, paravertebral blotches; smaller, more irregularly shaped, red blotches occur on flanks and limbs, those on tail tend to form bands; poorly defined, black markings occur on anterior margin of nape highlighting a white, nuchal band between it and large, black, shoulder patches; a single, whitish, longitudinal bar enclosed in each shoulder patch; shoulder patches narrowly meet on midline of body; ventral surfaces beige, immaculate; subcaudal region faintly mottled. Adult females and juveniles: ground color dull yellow; no red or brownish markings on head or limbs; no black shoulder patches enclosing ocelli; yellow markings on head anteriorly; paired, symmetrical dark and light markings on occiput; a series of white, vertebral blotches alternating with paired, dark vertebral blotches extend from nape to base of tail then transforming into indistinct, caudal bands; regularly shaped, dark and light markings on flanks and limbs; ventral surfaces beige, immaculate; faint, subcaudal mottling pattern present. The illustration of Cnemaspis kumpoli in Das (2010:57) is misleading and the description of this species’ color pattern (Das 2010:202) does not take into account its marked sexual dimorphism.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis kumpoli ranges from southern Thailand south of the Isthmus of Kra from the Khao Chong Forest Reserve, Trang, Satun, and Songkhla provinces, southwestern to extreme northwestern Malaysia where it is known only from Kaki Bukit, Perlis and Perlis State Park along the Thai-Malaysian border (Grismer 2011a; Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. In Peninsular Malaysia, Cnemaspis kumpoli occurs in rocky areas composed of granite boulders within primary, lowland dipterocarp forest and has not been observed on nearby karst formations (Grismer 2011a). Lizards are seen at night on large boulders of granite outcroppings on steep hillsides that often border streams. They are quite active, remain wary, and do not venture far from safe retreats between the rocks, within rock cracks, or from near burrows at the base of the rocks. Grismer (2011a) reported finding a pair of adults on the base of a large tree near granite boulders. No specimens have been observed abroad during the day and females carrying two eggs have been reported during June and September (Grismer 2011a).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis kumpoli is a member of the Pattani clade and the sister species of C. niyomwanae (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. Despite the fact that Cnemaspis kumpoli is a large, nocturnal, granite dwelling species embedded in a clade of small, diurnal karst-dwellers it bears none of the characteristics seen in most other large granite dwelling species (i.e., C. argus, C. limi, C. mcguirei and C. perhentianensis) such as keeled ventrals, keeled subtibials, and keeled subcaudal scales and strong dorsal tuberculation. Instead, it is weakly tubreculated and has smooth ventrals, subtibtials, and subcaudal scales bearing a median row of enlarged scales, as do many other karst-dwelling species.</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Perlis: Perlis State Park LSUHC 8846–49, 8990–95, 9035. Thailand: Songkhla Province, Had Yai Disrict, Nga Chang Waterfall near the Ton Nga Waterfall MS 393–94.</p> <p>Northern Sunda clade</p> <p>The Northern Sunda clade is a lineage containing 28 species within four species groups (the chanthaburiensis, siamensis, argus, and affinis groups) that collectively frame the northern and western borders of the South China Sea from southern Vietnam to central Peninsular Malaysia (Figs. 2,3).</p> <p>Chanthaburiensis group. The chanthaburiensis species group is composed of six species that range across southern Indochina from southern Vietnam to Thailand along the mountainous coastline bordering the northern shores of the Gulf of Thailand. The basal lineage of this group is composed of the sister species Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis Bauer &amp; Das from eastern Thailand and southwestern Cambodia and C. neangthyi Grismer, Grismer &amp; Chav from southwestern Cambodia (Fig. 3). The sister lineage of this group is composed of the geographically proximate, microendemic, granite-dwellers C. aurantiacopes Grismer &amp; Ngo; C. caudanivea Grismer &amp; Ngo; C. nuicamensis Grismer &amp; Ngo; and C. tucdupensis Grismer &amp; Ngo from continental and insular southern Vietnam (Fig. 3). This is a well-supported lineage that is further supported here in that they are the only species of Cnemaspis that have a dark, mid-gular line, which we hypothesize to be a synapomorphy based on its absence from all other Cnemaspis and outgroups and thus constitutes further evidence of their monophyly. Their close, circumscribed, geographic proximity across a previously connected range of mountain tops (Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007) is consistent with this hypothesis.</p> <p>This group is diagnosed by having a maximum SVL of 40.9–58.4 mm; 7–13 supralabials; 7–12 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 0–9 pore-bearing precloacal pores; 16–31 paravertebral tubercles; smooth subcaudals bearing a slightly enlarged to enlarged median row; 0–4 postcloacal tubercles; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; and 22–33 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF8A2529FF51CFDCFCEC2E95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF882527FF51CB14FEEE2DAB.text	03FA0350FF882527FF51CB14FEEE2DAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das. Both 1998	<div><p>Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis Bauer &amp; Das, 1998</p> <p>Chanthaburi Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 15</p> <p>Cnemaspis sp. A Dring 1979:220</p> <p>Holotype. FMNH 215979. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.083336/lat 13.0)">Khao Soi Daow</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.083336/lat 13.0)">Dao</a>) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.083336/lat 13.0)">Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Pongnomron (Pong Nam Ron), Chanthaburi Province, Thailand (approximately) 13°00’N, 102°05’E)” at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 42.2 mm; 8–10 supralabials; 7–10 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 6–9 contiguous pore-bearing precloacal scales with elongate or round pores; 21–25 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; lateral row of tubercles present; subcaudals smooth, median row of scales ranging from not enlarged to weakly enlarged or only weakly enlarged posteriorly only; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales on first toe; subtibials smooth to weakly keeled; 22–29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; in males gular region, throat, abdomen, and subcaudal region orange (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 15). Ground color of top of head and rostrum yellowish; ground color yellowish dorsally on body, grayish on flank transitioning to orangish on tail; dorsum bearing alternating distinct light and smaller indistinct dark vertebral and paravertebral markings; light vertebral markings sometimes fused to form an irregularly shaped stripe; light markings form yellowish caudal bands; limbs bearing cream colored bands alternating with small, irregularly shaped black markings; chin, abdomen, and subcaudal region usually orange.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis is known from Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Pong Nam Ron District, Chanthaburi Province; Khao Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Chon Buri Province; Khao Kitchakoot National Park, Chanthaburi Province; Khao Wong, Rayong Province; and Suan Kaset, Muang District and Namtok Pliieu, Chanthaburi Province in southeastern Thailand and from the base of Phnom Samkos, Phnom Dalai, and O’Som in the Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary of the Cardamom Mountains in southwestern Cambodia (Bauer &amp; Das 1998; Grismer et al. 2008c,d; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis is a small, secretive species restricted to hilly primary forests (Fig. 16) and ranges from near sea level to at least 968 m in elevation (Grismer et al. 2008d; Neang et al. 2010). Unlike most other species of Cnemaspis, C. chanthaburiensis is terrestrial and lizards are commonly found during the day inactive beneath and within logs and beneath loose bark on the forest floor (Neang et al. 2010). On two occasions we have even collected specimens from the fly covers of our tents (Grismer et al. 2008d). We have found gravid females carrying two eggs during August.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis is the basal lineage of the chanthaburiensis group (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Chanthaburi Province, Pongnomron (Pong Nam Ron) District, Khao Soi Daouw (Dao) Wildlife Sanctuary, FMNH 215979 (holotype) and FMNH 191479 (paratype); Chantaburi Province, BMNH 1917.5.14.4 (paratype); Chon Buri Province, Khao Khiew (Khieo) Wildlife Sanctuary, FMNH 215978 (paratype); Chantaburi Province, Suan Kaset, Muang District, FMNH 215980 (paratype). Material examined since Grismer et al. (2010): Cambodia: Phnom Samkos, Pursat Province, Cardamom Mountains LSUHC 7882, Phnom Dalai 9337–38, near O’Som LSUHC 10110–11. Thailand: Chantaburi Province, Khao Khitchakut NP LSUHC 9507–08.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF882527FF51CB14FEEE2DAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF862524FF51CE1AFA842F66.text	03FA0350FF862524FF51CE1AFA842F66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis neangthyi Grismer, Grismer & Thou 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis neangthyi Grismer, Grismer &amp; Thou, 2010</p> <p>Neang Thy’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 17</p> <p>Holotype. LSUHC 8485. Type locality: “…outside the village of O’lakmeas, Pursat Province, Cambodia (12°19.4339N, 103°30.6059E)” at 145 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 54.0 mm; 11–13 supralabials; 10–12 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; two round, contiguous pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; 20–26 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal tubercles linearly arranged; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals smooth, bearing a median row of enlarged scales; one postcloacal tubercle on each side; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales on first toe; subtibials keeled; 22–25 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; lacks the diagnostic color pattern characteristics of the other species in the Indochina clade (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 17). Dorsal ground color of body and limbs olive-green to dull-yellow; head bearing a distinct, black parietal spot; radiating black and dull-white postorbital lines; light-green chevron marking on anterior margin of shoulder region; body overlain with light colored, paired, paravertebral blotches containing a central black dot and alternating with round, black blotches that extend onto tail to form poorly defined alternating dark and light bands; regenerated tail dull yellow, nearly unicolor; black spots on flanks invade lateral margins of abdomen; limbs stippled with light green and black; venter dull yellow with black stippling in scales.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis neangthyi is known only from the type locality at O'Lakmeas, Pursat Province, Cambodia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. According to J. Grismer et al. (2010), Cnemaspis neangthyi is strictly nocturnal and found exclusively on boulders and cliff faces formed from sedimentary limestone-like rock. Cnemaspis neangthyi is most commonly found on vertical and overhanging faces, within cracks and shallow wind-eroded holes, shallow caves, and beneath exfoliations (Fig. 17). Cnemaspis neangthyi is adept at substrate matching and J. Grismer et al. (2010) found lizards only on sections of the rock wall containing light and dark green-colored lichens where their mottled color pattern enhanced their crypsis. No specimens were observed on the ground or in vegetation but when disturbed, lizards would run to the base of the rock wall to hide in cracks and holes formed by the expansive soil at the ground-rock interface.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis neangthyi is the sister species of the Vietnamese lineage containing C. aurantiacopes, C. caudanivea, C. tucdupensis, and C. nuicamensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Cambodia: Pursat Province, O’Lakmeas LSUHC 8478, 8485, 8515–17 (type series).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF862524FF51CE1AFA842F66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF852525FF51CFD1FBBE2D3B.text	03FA0350FF852525FF51CFD1FBBE2D3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis aurantiacopes Grismer & Ngo 2007	<div><p>Cnemaspis aurantiacopes Grismer &amp; Ngo, 2007</p> <p>Hon Dat Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 18</p> <p>Holotype. UNS 49. Type locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.89283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.112915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.89283/lat 10.112915)">Hon Dat Hill</a>, Hon Dat District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (10°06.7749 N, 104°53.5699 E)” at 30 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 58.4 mm; 9–11 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 23–31 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on body linearly arranged and present on flanks; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; lateral caudal tubercle row present; subcaudals smooth, bearing a median row of enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; slightly enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 27–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; faint, dark, elongate mid-gular marking; gukar region, throat, pectoral region, dorsal and ventral surfaces of forelimbs, ventral surface of hind limbs, and original tail orange in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 18). Males: dorsal ground color yellowish to saffron, overlain by rust colored, semitransversely oriented, irregularly shaped markings extending from occiput to base of tail and enclosing a series of eight, large, yellowish-gray, oval blotches extending from nape to base of tail; top of head reddish-brown, rostrum gray; dorsal surface of limbs saffron, overlain with faint, lighter mottling on brachia and thighs and weak banding on forelimbs and forelegs; dorsal caudal region reddish-brown, no banding; three wide, faint, reddish brown, postorbital stripes, uppermost extending onto shoulder region and contacting blotch on nape; ventral surfaces of neck, body, and limbs dull orange, immaculate; gular region slightly darker; labials unicolor reddish brown. Females: overall dorsal coloration is more yellowish-gray, especially noticeable on the limbs; dark, rhomboid blotches and bands on all dorsal surfaces. Both sexes bear a faint, usually lineate, median mid-gular marking.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis auarntiacopes is known only from the type locality at Hon Dat Hill, Hon Dat District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Hon Dat Hill composes a small cluster of mountains reaching to 100 m in elevation that supports an isolated section of secondary, highly disturbed, semi-deciduous forest in the southern reaches of the Mekong Delta flood plain (Fig. 3) and is completely surrounded by agricultural lowlands. The hill maintains abundant outcroppings of granitic rocks and caves and Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007) noted Cnemaspis aurantiacopes to be common on outcrops in both highly disturbed and old secondary forest. They did not observe lizards during the day but lizards were common at night within the confines of caves. This species does not venture out onto the open surfaces of the boulders and when alarmed, may give a tail display wherein the tail is rolled slightly over the back and often moved from side to side (Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis aurantiacopes is the basal species of the other Vietnamese species of Cnemaspis; C. caudanivea Grismer &amp; Ngo, C. tucdupensis Grismer &amp; Ngo, and C. nuicamensis Grismer &amp; Ngo (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: Kien Giang Province, Hon Dat District, Hon Dat Hill UNS 47, 49 (type series). Additional material examined since Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007): LSUHC 8245, 9528–41.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF852525FF51CFD1FBBE2D3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF842523FF51C9CFFDCC2EDB.text	03FA0350FF842523FF51C9CFFDCC2EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis caudanivea Grismer & Ngo 2007	<div><p>Cnemaspis caudanivea Grismer &amp; Ngo, 2007</p> <p>Hon Tre Island Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 19</p> <p>Holotype. UNS 83. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.849266&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.972382" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.849266/lat 9.972382)">Hon Tre Island</a>, Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (09°58.3429 N, 104°50.9559 E)” at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 47.2 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 0–2 round, discontinuous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales; 20–24 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged but absent from flanks; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; caudal tubercles occasionally in lateral caudal furrows anteriorly only; ventrolateral caudal tubercles variably present anteriorly; lateral caudal tubercle row occasionally present anteriorly; subcaudals smooth, sometimes bearing a median row of slightly enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials smooth to weakly keeled; weakly enlarged submetatarsal scales occasionally present on first toe; 23–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; large, black, round spots on nape and anterior portion of body; dark elongate mid-gular marking; wide black and yellow bands on tail; posterior portion of tail immaculate white dorsally and ventrally (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 19). Dorsal ground color gray, overlain by a dark pattern of reddish brown, irregularly shaped markings on top of head and snout; squarish, semi-transversely arranged, large, black blotches on neck and body separated by dull white blotches; irregularly shaped bands on limbs; wide, black and dull-yellow bands encircling tail; wide, poorly defined, dark-brown postorbital stripes edged below in white extending onto side of neck; ventral surfaces of neck, body, and limbs dull beige, immaculate; gular region smudged with darker coloration and light spots, bearing a dark mid-gular stripe; last 25% of original tail immaculate, brilliant white dorsally and ventrally.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis caudanivea is known only from the type locality of Hon Tre Island, Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Hon Tre is a small (70 km 2) island lying 15 km off the southern coast of Vietnam in Rach Gia Bay, 28.3 km nearly due west of the port of Rach Gia in Kien Giang Province. The island is steep-sided, reaching 315 m in elevation and dominated by secondary and primary semi-deciduous forest covering a landscape composed of nearly continuous outcrops of large, granitic boulders (Fig. 19). Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007) noted lizards occurred on granite boulders throughout the island, from the coastline to near the summit. During the day, lizards are only observed on shady, inclined surfaces and within rock cracks and cave-like cavities formed by boulders piled on top of one another. At night, lizards venture onto the exposed outer surfaces of the boulders but appear inactive. Lizards are exceptionally wary both day and night and typically escape capture at surprisingly high speeds, often hopping while running. Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007) reported lizards curling and elevating their tail above their back when alarmed and moving the posterior 25% from side to side, thus displaying the strikingly white coloration. The dexterity with which the tail is waved back and forth, however, exceeds that of all other Cnemaspis we have observed. Cnemaspis caudanivea can fold the end of the tail forward 180° on itself while rolling and unrolling it slowly in a lateral plane, making it look like a small, white worm wiggling on a rock. This behavior and color pattern is maintained in regenerated tails as well, suggesting it is strongly selected for.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis caudanivea is the sister species to a monophyletic group composed of C. tucdupensis and C. nuicamensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: Kien Giang Province, Kien Hai District, Hon Tre Island UNS 83, 84 (type series). Material examined since Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007): Vietnam; Kien Giang Province, Kien Hai District, Hon Tre Island LSUHC 8247, 9543–48.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF842523FF51C9CFFDCC2EDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF822523FF51CE8AFDF72B31.text	03FA0350FF822523FF51CE8AFDF72B31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis nuicamensis Grismer & Ngo 2007	<div><p>Cnemaspis nuicamensis Grismer &amp; Ngo, 2007</p> <p>Nui Cam Hill Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 20</p> <p>Holotype. UNS 37. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.00736&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.496265" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.00736/lat 10.496265)">Nui Cam Hill</a>, Tinh Bien District, An Giang Province, Vietnam (10°29.7759 N, 105°00.4419 E)” at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 48.2 mm; 7–9 supralabials; six or seven infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 3–6 pore-bearing, precloacal scales separated medially by 1–4 poreless scales; 16–21 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged and present on flanks; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows occasionally anteriorly; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; lateral caudal tubercle row absent or present only anteriorly; subcaudals smooth and bearing a median row of enlarged scales; 2–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials smooth; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 27–33 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; dark, elongate mid-gular marking (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 20). Dorsal ground color dull-yellow, body overlain with large, reddish brown blotches and offset, black, paravertebral blotches; limbs with reddish brown and pale yellow, alternating bands; poorly defined, reddish brown, caudal bands not encircling original tail; top of head and snout with reddish brown reticulum enclosing dull white blotches; scattered, dark spots on top of head; three thin, dark, reddish brown, postorbital stripes infused with black and edged below in white, uppermost not extending onto shoulder region; all ventral surfaces gray, immaculate; gular region bearing a dark, mid-gular line.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis nuicamensis is known only from the type locality of Nui Cam Hill 22.5 km south of Chau Doc in Tinh Bien District of An Giang Province, Vietnam near the border of Cambodia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Nui Cam Hill is part of the Bay Nui Mountains, which are surrounded by the vast, agricultural lowlands of the Mekong Delta flood plain. Nui Cam Hill is the tallest (710 m) in this range of mountains and is dominated by old growth, secondary, semi-deciduous forest and highly disturbed forest. Lizards were all observed during the day on the surface of granite rocks or within rock cracks. Within this microhabitat, Cnemaspis nuicamensis is far more common on vertical surfaces in the vicinity of streams than on rocks within the forest (Fig. 20). Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007) noted that lizards presented tail displays upon escape and no lizards were observed on rocks within disturbed forest.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis nuicamensis is the sister species to C. tucdupensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: An Giang Province, Tinh Bien District, Nui Cam Hill UNS 37, 38 (type series). Material examined since Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007): Vietnam; An Giang Province, Tinh Bien District, Nui Cam Hill LSUHC 8246, 8646–52, 9549–55.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF822523FF51CE8AFDF72B31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF80253EFF51CCCAFD2629BD.text	03FA0350FF80253EFF51CCCAFD2629BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis tucdupensis Grismer & Ngo 2007	<div><p>Cnemaspis tucdupensis Grismer &amp; Ngo, 2007</p> <p>Tuc Dup Hill Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 21</p> <p>Holotype. UNS 45. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.95561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.382582" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.95561/lat 10.382582)">Tuc Dup Hill</a>, Tri Ton District, An Giang Province, Vietnam (10°22.9549 N, 104°57.3369 E) at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 51.0 mm; 8–10 supralabials; 7–9 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 16–22 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged or nearly so, present on flanks; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; tubercles not in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; no lateral caudal tubercle row; subcaudals smooth, bearing a median row of slightly enlarged scales; 0–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials smooth; enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 26–32 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; large, black, squarish, paired paravertebral markings on body; black and yellow bands on tail; posterior portion of original tail in males black; dark mid-gular marking; gular region, throat, pectoral region, abdomen, ventral surfaces of limbs and subcaudal region in males orangish (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 21). Dorsal ground color gray, body overlain with large, black and pale yellow spots; limbs bearing reddish brown and pale yellow alternating bands; poorly defined, black and yellow caudal bands encircling tail; posterior portion of original tail black; regenerated tail beige, immaculate; top of head and snout with faint, dark reticulum enclosing dull whitish blotches; thin, dark, postorbital stripes edged below in white, uppermost extending onto nape; dark mid-gular marking; gular region, throat, pectoral region, abdomen, ventral surfaces of limbs and subcaudal region in males orangish.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis tucdupensis is known only from the type locality of Tuc Dup Hill located 36.3 km south of Chau Doc in Tinh Bien District of An Giang Province, Vietnam near the border of Cambodia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Tuc Dup Hill is a prominence of Co To Mountain that lies at the southern end of the Bay Nui Mountains in Tri Ton District of An Giang Province in southern Vietnam. Co To Mountain reaches 584 m in elevation and is covered with primary semi-deciduous forest where numerous granitic outcroppings and caves are common (Fig. 21). At Tuc Dup, the boulders are particularly large (up to 5 m in diameter) and enclose a myriad of spaces and chambers where they lie on top of one another. The type locality served as a Viet Cong headquarters during the Vietnam War and currently serves as a museum celebrating Tuc Dup Hill as a strategic military hideout. Cnemaspis tucdupensis is most prevalent in caverns near areas wherein sunlight can filter down during the day supporting plant growth and mosses on the boulders and serving as areas where lizards can forage (Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007). Lizards avoid direct sunlight and remain on the shaded vertical and inverted rocky surfaces nearby. At night, lizards venture out into open areas within the cavern as well as onto boulder surfaces exposed to the outside and appear inactive. Lizards present weak tail displays immediately before and after escaping.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis tucdupensis is the sister species of C. nuicamensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Vietnam: An Giang Province, Tri Ton District, Tuc Dup Hill UNS 42–43, 45 (type series). Material examined since Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007): Vietnam; An Giang Province, Tri Ton District, Tuc Dup Hill LSUHC 8245, 8609–22, 9527–41. Grismer &amp; Ngo (2007) mistakenly listed the holotype as UNS 49 when it should have been UNS 45.</p> <p>Siamensis group. The siamensis group is a well-supported lineage that contains parapatric sister lineages on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Kra in the central portion of the Thai-Malay Peninsula (Figs. 2,3). This group may be the sister lineage to the chanthaburiensis group although this relationship lacks strong statistical support (Fig. 2). The northern lineage contains C. siamensis (Smith) that extends throughout northern Peninsular Thailand (and probably Myanmar) and its sister species C. huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya known only from western Thailand just north of the Thai-Malay Peninsula (Grismer et al. 2010a). The southern lineage contains C. chanardi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya in the north and the sister species C. omari sp. nov. from southern Thailand and northern Peninsular Malaysia and C. roticanai Grismer &amp; Chan from Langkawi Island in extreme northwestern Malaysia (Fig. 3). These three species form a well-supported monophyletic group in the molecular analysis that is further supported here by them having the derived character states of a light-colored prescapular crescent, a yellow belly, and yellow ventral surfaces of the hind limbs. Some individuals of C. biocellata from the Pattani clade have a yellow belly, which we consider convergent.</p> <p>The siamensis group is diagnosed by having a maximum SVL of 37.8–47.0 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 6–9 infralabials; 0–8 pore-bearing, precloacal scales; linearly arranged dorsal tubercles; 18–30 paravertebral tubercles; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row and encircling tail; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or scales beneath first metatarsal; 21–31 lamellae beneath the fourth toe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF80253EFF51CCCAFD2629BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF9F253CFF51CA6AFA982DAB.text	03FA0350FF9F253CFF51CA6AFA982DAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis siamensis (Smith 1925)	<div><p>Cnemaspis siamensis (Smith, 1925)</p> <p>Siam Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 22</p> <p>Gonatodes siamensis Smith, M. A., 1925:21.</p> <p>Gonatodes kendallii Smith, M. A. 1916:151. non Boulenger fide Taylor, 1963:740.</p> <p>Gonatodes siamensis Smith, 1930:16.</p> <p>Holotype. BMNH 1946.8.19.83. Type locality: “ Maprit, near Patiyu (= Pathio, Chumpon Province), Peninsular Siam [Thailand]” at 10 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 39.7 mm; eight or nine supralabials; 6–8 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 19–25 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal tubercles on body randomly arranged; tubercles on flanks; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral caudal tubercle row present; subcaudals keeled; median row of enlarged subcaudal scales present; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 24–26 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; gular region, throat, and pectoral region yellow in males; dark, longitudinally arranged spots in gular region (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 22). Dorsal ground color gray to light brown overlain with short, dark, zig-zag, transverse bands on body countershaded with white markings; top of head and flanks mottled with light and dark irregularly shaped markings; limbs and tail bearing poorly defined dark bands; gular region, chest and posterior portion of original tail in males yellow; dark longitudinally arranged spots on a yellow gular region; belly and anterior portion of tail cream colored, immaculate; ventral surfaces of limbs gray.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis siamensis ranges throughout the lowland, hilly regions east of the Tenasserim and Phuket Mountains from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Phetchaburi Province in the north, southward to Khao Mod, Surat Thani Province on the east coast and to Phuket Island, Phuket Province in the west (Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2010a) stated that Cnemaspis siamensis is not a saxicolous, microhabitat specialist but a nocturnal, lowland, scansorial, forest-dwelling gecko that opportunistically utilizes rocky microhabitats when available. We have observed lizards at the type locality on both vegetation (Fig. 22) and rocks.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis siamensis is the sister species of C. huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Chumphon Province, Krom Luang District THNHM 0372; Pha To District, Ngao National Park THNHM 1086; Pathio LSUHC 9474, 9485, MCZ 39025; Kapoh Water Fall FMNH 215977. Phetchaburi Province, Muang District THNHM 1441–42, 1448–49. Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Pa-La-U, Kaeng Krachan National Park, Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan THNHM 1336–37; Thap Sakae District THNHM 2000. Surat Thani Province, Kanchanadit District MS16, Kaeng Krung National Park THNHM 1084.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF9F253CFF51CA6AFA982DAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF9D253DFF51C987FC942FFB.text	03FA0350FF9D253DFF51C987FC942FFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Yellow-headed Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 23, 24</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 15909. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.334833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.855835/lat 14.334833)">Sai Yok National Park</a>, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand (14°20.09N, 98°51.35E)” at 125 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 43.5 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 6–9 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; 5–8 contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; 18–24 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral caudal tubercle row absent; subcaudals smooth, with no enlarged or weakly keeled median scale row; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials smooth; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 21–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; head, forelimbs, tail, gular region, throat, pectoral region, underside of forelimbs, and subcaudal region yellow in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Figs. 23,24). Males: Cnemaspis huaseesom are capable of considerable change in coloration from a light to darker phase. The description that follows is of the darker phase: dorsal ground color of head, forelimbs and tail yellow, with faint banding on tail; dorsal ground color of trunk and hind limbs dark-gray and bearing large, light-gray, paravertebral spots extending from occiput to base of tail; dorsal surface of hind limbs bearing large, light-gray spots; dorsal surface of forelimbs bearing small, yellow markings; top of head mottled; dark postorbital stripes faint; large, round, whitish markings on nape; trunk uniformly gray; tubercles on body lightly colored; belly pale gray; ventral surface of hind limbs gray; fine, dark stippling on all ventral surfaces, most dense on belly. Some adult males may have a gray, as opposed to yellow tail. Females: lack yellow head, forelimbs, and tail, have same general trunk color as males in dark phase; overall ground color of head, body, limbs, and tail light brown; large, lighter, paravertebral markings extend from nape to base of tail where they continue posteriorly to form lightly colored, caudal bands; flanks densely stippled with cream-colored markings and bear faint, gray bars; limbs mottled; all ventral surfaces beige with faint stippling that is most dense on belly and tail.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis huaseesom is known only from the type locality of Sai Yok National Park, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2010a) stated that Cnemaspis huaseesom is most commonly found on hillsides in lowland areas with karst boulders in semideciduous, dipterocarp forest amongst thick vegetation including bamboo. Lizards are generally active at night on karst boulders but may be found on vine-like vegetation near the boulders (Fig. 24). This species is fast, wary, and flees into deep cracks and crevices at the slightest provocation. More than one lizard is usually found on a given outcropping. Lizards are only rarely observed during the day.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis huaseesom is the sister species of C. siamensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok National Park THNHM 15909, PSUZC-RT 2010.55, CUMZ-R 2009, 6, 24–4 (type series). Material examined since Grismer et al. (2010a): Thailand: Kanchanaburi Province, Sai Yok National Park LSUHC 9455–58.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF9D253DFF51C987FC942FFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF9C253BFF51CB52FE1228B6.text	03FA0350FF9C253BFF51CB52FE1228B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis chanardi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis chanardi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Chan-ard’s Rock gecko</p> <p>Fig. 25</p> <p>Gonatodes siamensis Smith, 1930:16 (in part)</p> <p>Cnemaspis siamensis Smith, 1935:71; Taylor, 1963:740 (in part)</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 6983. Type locality: “ Ban Chong, Chong, Nayong District, Trang Province, Thailand …between 400 and 600 m a.s.l. ”</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 40.1 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 6–8 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 6–8 discontinuous pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 20–30 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent anteriorly; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; lateral caudal tubercle row present; subcaudals keeled; median row of enlarged subcaudal scales present; one postcloacal tubercle on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 25–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; yellowish, prescapular crescent; gular region, belly, underside of hind limbs, and subcaudal region yellow in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 25). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail gray; top of head bearing small, diffuse, faint, darker colored markings giving it a somewhat mottled appearance; dark postorbital stripes faint; large, round, whitish markings on nape; trunk uniformly gray except for lightly colored tubercles on body; forelimbs mottled bearing a slight banding pattern; ventral surface of gular region, abdomen, hind limbs and tail yellow; abdomen and hind limbs sometimes pale gray; fine, dark stippling on all ventral surfaces, most dense on belly.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis chanardi occurs in the foothills of the Nakhon Si Thammarat and Sankalakhiri Mountains and lowland regions from the southern terminus of the Isthmus of Kra in Donsak District, Surat Thani Province, southward to Khao Chong and Nayong district, Trang Province. From the foothills of these mountains, C. chanardi extends westward through the lowlands to at least Khlong Thom District, Krabi Province (Fig. 3). Cnemaspis chanardi is not known to occur in the foothills or lowlands east of the crests of the Nakhon Si Thammarat and Sankalakhiri mountains (Fig. 3). Grismer et al. (2010a) considered the presence of C. chanardi (as opposed to the geographically more proximate C. siamensis) on Ko Tao Island approximately 85 km off the coast from Muang District, Chumpon Province, (Fig. 3), consistent with the geological history of this part of Peninsular Thailand. The island chain consisting of Ko Tao and the intervening islands Ko Samui and Ko Phangan, are offshore extensions of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Mountains to which they were connected during the last glacial maximum (Sathiamurthy &amp; Voris 2006) and lie to the east of the Isthmus of Kra (Fig. 3). It is likely that C. chanardi also occurs on Ko Samui and Ko Phangan.</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2010a) and Taylor (1963) noted that Cnemaspis chanardi is a diurnal, scansorial species that utilizes large, open, above-ground substrates (i.e. tree trunks and boulders; Fig. 25) and does not occupy habitats that do not contain both trees and rocks. Lizards are occasionally found beneath small rocks. Cnemaspis chanardi ranges from near sea level at Khlong Thom to just under 600 m at Khao Chong. Smith (1930) reported specimens from Khao Whip (=Khao Wang Hip), Nakhon Si Thammarat Province but gave no elevation.</p> <p>Remarks. Based on the geographically outlying southernmost paratype LSUHC 9564 from the Phuphaphet Cave, Satun Province, Thailand, Grismer et al. (2010a) considered this locality to be southern extent of the known range of Cnemaspis chanardi but posited that its range probably continued approximately 45 km further south to the Banjaran Nakawan mountains on the Thai-Malaysian border. However, genetic data from LSUHC 9565 from the same cave and from LSUHC 9978–79 from the Banjaran Nakawan mountains in Perlis, Malaysia (considered to be C. roticanai by Grismer [2011a]) indicate these populations are conspecific, fall outside of C. chanardi and C. roticanai, and are most closely related to the latter. Therefore, we consider the Phuphaphet Cave and Perlis populations to be the new species C. omari sp. nov. described below. We remove LSUHC 9564 from the type series of C. chanardi and consider C. roticanai to be endemic to Langkawi Island as was originally considered (Grismer &amp; Chan 2010; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Relationshsips. Cnemaspis chanardi is the sister species of the lineage containing C. omari sp. nov. and C. roticanai Grismer &amp; Chan (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Trang Province, Nayong District, Ban Chong, Chong, FMNH 176863, THNHM 6983 (holotype); Surat Thani Province, Ban Nasan District, Dad Fa Waterfall in Tai Rom Yen National Park CUMZ-R-2009, 6, 24-6, Donsak District, near Donsak Pier MS 395; Kanchanadit District, Petphanomwung Cave ZMKU Rep-000313, KZM 009; Ko Tao Island USNM 76143–44; Krabi Province, Khlong Thom District, Khao Nor Chuchi, Khlong Thom THNHM 12434, 12439–40; Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Lan Saka District, Khao Luang National Park THNHM 1334-35, 14111, Nopphitam District, Krung Nang Waterfall in Khao Nan National Park, THNHM 10705, Khao Nan National Park, THNHM 10115, Tha Sala District, Khao Nan National Park THNHM 10135, Nopphitham District, Ban Yod Leong, THNHM 10383, Thum Panra District; Thum Thong Panra, PSUZC-RT 2010.53 – 54.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF9C253BFF51CB52FE1228B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF9A2537FF51C961FBD72EF6.text	03FA0350FF9A2537FF51C961FBD72EF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis omari Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis omari sp. nov.</p> <p>Omar’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 26</p> <p>Cnemaspis chanardi Grismer et al. 2010a:24 (in part)</p> <p>Cnemaspis roticanai Grismer 2011a:367 (in part)</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male (LSUHC 9978) collected by Evan S. H. Quah and M. A. Muin on 11 March 2011 at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.179184&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.69675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.179184/lat 6.69675)">Wang Kelian</a>, Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia (06°41.805 N, 100°10.751 E) at 150 meters above sea level.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult female (LSUHC 9979) bears the same data as the holotype. Adult females (LSUHC 9564–65) collected by Kirati Kunya from the Phuphaphet Cave, Muang District, Satun Province, Thailand on 6 October 2009. LSUHC 9564 was previously considered a paratype of C. chanardi (Grismer et al. 2010a:17).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 41.3 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; keeled ventral scales; four contiguous pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; body tuberculation strong; 22–29 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal tubercles bear weak linear arrangement; tubercles present on flanks; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent; caudal tubercles encircling tail; lateral caudal tubercle row present; subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median row; one postcloacal tubercle on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; and 25–28 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; light colored prescapular crescent; gular region, belly, underside of hind limbs, and subcaudal region yellow in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult male; SVL 41.3 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.27), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.17), flat (HD/HL 0.41), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.50), concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, raised; scales of rostrum weakly keeled, larger than similarly shaped scales on occiput; moderate, supraorbital ridges; shallow frontonasal sulcus; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.23); extra-brillar fringe scales small in general but largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave dorsally, dorsal 75% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two supranasals and one smaller azygous scale, laterally by first supralabials and nostrils; 8R,L raised supralabials of similar size; 7R,L infralabials, decreasing gradually in size posteriorly; nostrils small, oblong, oriented dorsoposteriorly, bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, medially concave, extending to level of second infralabial, bordered posteriorly by three postmentals, lateral postmentals largest; gular and throat scales raised, smooth, somewhat pointed; throat scales larger.</p> <p>Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.50); small, weakly keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, intermixed with numerous, large, multi-keeled, semi-longitudinally arranged tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail and are smallest anteriorly; 29 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales flat, keeled, subimbricate, equal in size, much larger than dorsals; four pore-bearing, precloacal scales arranged in a 2(R)–2(L) chevron, separated medially by two non-pore-bearing scales; forelimbs moderately long (FL/SVL 0.17), slender, dorsal scales keeled; ventral scales of forearm smooth, juxtaposed to subimbricate; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; subdigital lamellae wide throughout proximal portion of digits to inflection, more granular after inflection, bearing a larger scale at the digital inflections; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fifth slightly shorter than fourth; hind limbs longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.21); dorsal scales keeled, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of thigh, raised, keeled; subtibials keeled, larger than dorsal tibials; plantar scales smooth, slightly raised, juxtaposed; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout length of digits except at base where scales are more granular; enlarged, scale at the digital inflections; interdigital webbing absent; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being longest; 27R,26L subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; caudal scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed anteriorly; moderate, middorsal furrow; deep, single, lateral furrow; subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median row of scales; opposing paravertebral, dorsolateral, and lateral rows of large, keeled, equally sized, caudal tubercles; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; caudal tubercles encircle tail, absent from lateral furrow; 1R,L postcloacal tubercle on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail; anterior 11.9 mm original, reamainder 17.0 mm regenerated.</p> <p>Coloration in life (Fig. 26). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail pale-yellow; rostrum bearing diffuse, faint brown spots; single, diffuse, black, postorbital stripe extending to occiput; diffuse, light yellow, oblong, vertebral marking on nape; paired, brown nape spots followed by pair of brown, paravertebral spots on neck followed by five small, irregularly shaped, brown, spots terminating at base of tail; original portion of tail faintly banded; regenerated portion of tail uniform pale gray; butterfly-shaped, pale-yellow, vertebral markings between paired, brown spots; yellow prescapular crescent followed by faint, semi-transversely arranged, yellow bars on flanks; forelimbs bearing yellowish blotches and scattered faint, dark markings; hind limbs bearing yellowish blotches and dark markings resembling a reticulate pattern; digits bearing dark bands; gular region yellowish orange; throat beige; abdomen, ventral surface of hind limbs, and subcaudal region yellow; ventral surface of forelimbs beige; all ventral scales bearing small, black stippling.</p> <p>Variation. The paratypes resemble the holotype in coloration (Fig. 26). The difference is that the Thai specimens are generally darker and more boldly patterned. The light nape marking on LSUHC 9979 is particularly apparent. Meristic and mensural differences are presented in Table 8.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis omari sp. nov. is one of five confirmed species in the siamensis group (Fig. 2). Within this group, it forms a monophyletic lineage with C. chanardi and its sister species C. roticanai. This lineage is diagnosed by the presence of a light colored prescapular crescent. Cnemaspis omari sp. nov. most closely resembles C. roticanai but differs from it in being smaller (max SVL 41.3 vs 47.0); having a lateral row of caudal tubercles; caudal tubercles that encircle the tail; and having a sequence divergence of 7.2% from C. roticanai (Table 4). It differs from C. chanardi in having four as opposed to 6–8 pore-bearing precloacal scales; and lacking a median row of enlarged subcaudal scales. From C. siamensis, C. omari is separated by having as opposed to lacking precloacal pores; having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail; lacking a row of enlarged median subcaudal scales; having a light colored pre-scapular crescent; and lacking dark, gular blotches. Form C. huaseesom, C. omari sp. nov. differs in having keeled as opposed to smooth ventral scales; having four pore-bearing scales with round pores as opposed to 5–8 pore-bearing scales with elongate pores; having keeled as opposed to smooth subcaudal and subtibial scales; having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail; having a light-colored pre-scapular crescent; and lacking a yellow head, forelimbs, and tail in adult males.</p> <p>Etymology. We name this species in honor of the current Vice-Chancellor of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Professor Dato’ Omar Osman. This is a sign of appreciation for all the support and funding from the university and for accelerating the research of biodiversity and wildlife studies in Peninsular Malaysia for many years.</p> <p>Natural history. At the Phuphaphet Cave area in Satun, Thailand at 220 m in elevation, Grismer et al. (2010a) reported lizards being collected and observed during the day on the buttresses of trees and within tree holes between 1.5–2 m above the ground along a footpath in old, secondary forest. All the trees upon which the lizards were observed had holes into which the lizards would retreat upon provocation. Several rock outcrops were nearby but no lizards were observed on them. We have made similar observations on lizards from Perlis, Malaysia (Fig. 27), observing them at night on the trunks of large trees. LSUHC 9564 from the Phuphaphet Cave area was carrying two eggs indicating that the reproductive season extends through October.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF9A2537FF51C961FBD72EF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF962535FF51C9ADFCAE2E95.text	03FA0350FF962535FF51C9ADFCAE2E95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis roticanai Grismer & Chan 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis roticanai Grismer &amp; Chan, 2010</p> <p>Roti Canai Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 28</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6860. Type locality: “ 743 m a.s.l. on <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.82117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.3685665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.82117/lat 6.3685665)">Gunung Raya</a>, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia (06°22.114N, 99°49.270 E)” at 790 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 47.0 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 3–6 discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 25–27 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; lateral caudal tubercle row absent; subcaudals keeled; median row of weakly enlarged subcaudal scales present; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 26–29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; light colored prescapular crescent; gular and pectoral regions, abdomen, underside of hind limbs, and subcaudal region yellow in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 28). Males: dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail pale-yellow; faint, brownish markings on top of head; single, diffuse, black, postorbital stripe extending to occiput and terminating at oblong, longitudinally oriented, yellow spot on nape followed by a pair of black, paravertebral spots on neck; rhomboidially shaped, brown, transverse markings between limb insertions extending onto tail as zig-zag-shaped, caudal bands; butterfly-shaped, pale-yellow interspaces between rhomboid markings; yellow, prescapular crescent followed by semi-transversely arranged, yellow bars on flanks separated by dark makings; forelimbs bearing yellowish blotches and scattered dark markings; hind limbs bearing yellowish blotches and dark markings resembling banding pattern; gular region yellowish orange; throat beige; abdomen, ventral surface of hind limbs, and subcaudal region yellow; ventral surface of forelimbs beige; all ventral scales bearing small, black stippling. Sexual dimorphism is marked in this species. Females: darker in overall coloration with much less yellow and a more contrasted dorsal pattern; dark markings on trunk appear as paravertebral blotches and in strong contrast to the pale-yellow interspaces; tail strongly banded; ventral surfaces yellowish throughout.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis roticanai is known only from Gunung Raya on Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3). This species is expected to range more widely throughout the island.</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis roticanai is a scansorial species occurring in open habitats with small, widely scattered rocks in hill dipterocarp forest above 400 m in elevation (Fig. 28). Grismer &amp; Chan (2010) observed specimens on the underside of leaves, on tree trunks, and within cement drains. We hypothesize here that C. roticanai is a diurnal species being that the specimens we have observed at night were inactive and sleeping on tree trunks and the undersides of leaves. Others were found between rocks.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis roticanai is the sister species of C. omari sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 9453, ZRC 2.6860 – 62 (type series). Material examined since Grismer &amp; Chan (2010): Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gunung Raya LSUHC 9430–31, 9439, 10802.</p> <p>Argus group. The argus group contains four species with a somewhat anomalous distribution pattern (Fig. 3). The basal species, Cnemaspis flavigaster Chan &amp; Grismer occurs in central Peninsular Malaysia west of the Banjaran Titiwangsa mountains on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur in Kepong, Ulu Gombak, and Batu Caves, Selangor (Chan &amp; Grismer 2008) whereas the remaining three species, C. argus Dring and the sister species C. karsticola Grismer, Grismer, Wood &amp; Chan and C. perhentianensis Grismer &amp; Chan have restricted distributions in northeastern Peninsular Malaysia. Cnemaspis argus is known only from the mountainous region of Gunung Lawit (Dring 1979) and Gunung Tebu, Terengganu (Grismer et al. 2013c), C. karsticola is known from a single tower karst formation at Gunung Reng (Grismer et al. 2008b), and C. perhentianensis is endemic to two islands in the Perhentian Archipelago, Kelantan (Grismer &amp; Chan 2008).</p> <p>The argus group is the sister lineage to the affinis group of central Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 2) and is diagnosed by having a maximum SVL of 47.0– 65.2 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 6–10 infralabials; 6–10 contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; randomly arranged dorsal tubercles extending onto the lower flanks; 17–32 paravertebral tubercles; no caudal tubercles in lateral furrows; a lateral row of caudal tubercles; no tubercles encircling the tail; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; no median row of enlarged or keeled subcaudal scales; 1–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side of the base of the tail; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; and 27–35 lamellae beneath the fourth toe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF962535FF51C9ADFCAE2E95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF942532FF51CF42FB4D2DF3.text	03FA0350FF942532FF51CF42FB4D2DF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis flavigaster Chan & Grismer 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis flavigaster Chan &amp; Grismer, 2008</p> <p>Orange-bellied Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 29</p> <p>Cnemaspis affinis Boulenger 1912:39</p> <p>Cnemaspis kumpoli Dring 1979:223</p> <p>Holotype. HC 00282. Type locality: “the canopy walk trail at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), state of Selangor, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.63328&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.2397335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.63328/lat 3.2397335)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia (3°14’23.04”N, 101°37’59.80” E)” at 120 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 50.1 mm; nine or ten supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; smooth ventral scales; seven or eight contiguous pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 21–24 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral caudal row of tubercles present; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals smooth with no enlarged, median scale row; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 29–34 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; wide, black, oblique stripe in shoulder region; distinct black and white bands on tail; pectoral region, abdomen, ventral surface of hind limbs, and subcaudal region orange in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 29). Dorsal ground color brown to dark grey; sides of the head bearing yellow markings; three faint, postorbital stripes radiate from eye; three dark spots across the occiput anteriorly with another elliptical, medial spot posteriorly; paired, paravertebral spots on nape; dark, dorsolateral line extending from nape to forelimb insertion and onto brachium; paired, paravertebral, dorsal spots on body alternating with large, whitish blotches extending from shoulder to base of tail; another series of spots on flanks; flanks bear irregularly shaped, yellow blotches; dorsal surface of limbs bear irregularly shaped, dark and light markings; black and dull white bands nearly encircle tail; undersides of head and limbs mottled with fine, dark stippling; throat whitish; and chest, abdomen and underside of tail orange in males and beige in females. Coloration lightens considerably at night, highlighting the blotched dorsal pattern.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis flavigaster is known only from the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Batu Caves, Selangor (Chan &amp; Grismer 2008), and is newly reported here from Ulu Gombak, Selangor (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis flavigaster is a scansorial species restricted to granite rocks or karst (Flower 1899; Grismer &amp; Chan 2008; Fig. 29) in lowland, old secondary forest and is only occasionally seen on tree trunks or fallen logs but never on leafy vegetation (Grismer 2011a). Grismer (2011a) noted that C. flavigaster is quite wary while abroad during the day on the shaded sides of rocks and deep within small alcoves. At night however, lizards venture farther out into open areas on the rocks and are more stationary. Grismer et al. (2010c) outlined a number of examples where sympatric species of Cnemaspis seem to be partitioning their habitat by having different activity periods, body sizes, substrate preferences or varying combinations of each. Inconsistent with these observations was finding C. flavigaster at Ulu Gombak in syntopy on granite boulders with C. peninsularis sp. nov., Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov., however, is a habitat generalist and its presence on other substrates at Ulu Gombak may be enough to not preclude strong competition for resources. At Batu Caves, C. flavigaster has been observed at the entrance to Dark Cave.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis flavigaster is the basal species of the argus group (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Selangor, Kepong, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia HC 00282, 00286; ZRC 2.6708 – 11 (type series). Material examined since Chan &amp; Grismer (2008): Malaysia: Selangor, Kepong, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia LSUHC 6562, 8835–36; Ulu Gombak LSUHC 10380.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF942532FF51CF42FB4D2DF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF922530FF51CCCAFBCA2DF3.text	03FA0350FF922530FF51CCCAFBCA2DF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis argus Dring 1979	<div><p>Cnemaspis argus Dring, 1979</p> <p>Argus Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 30</p> <p>Holotype. BM 1974.4911. Type locality: “ 790 m on the east ridge of Gunung Lawit”, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 65.2 mm; eight or nine supralabials; eight or nine infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 6–10 pore-bearing precloacal scales; 26–32 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles, lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; 1–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 31–35 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; distinct black and white bands on tail (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 30). Dorsal ground color greyish yellow; interorbital region green; yellow markings on head; paired, black, paravertebral, subelliptically shaped blotches extending from nape to tail and transforming into black bands; large patches of yellow tubercles and short transverse bars on flanks; limbs bearing faded, alternating, dark and light bands; non-regenerated tail bearing black and white bands; all ventral surfaces dull-white.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis argus is known from Gunung Lawit (Dring 1979) and newly reported here from Gunung Tebu, Terengganu 10 km to the north along the same mountain range (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Dring (1979) reported Cnemaspis argus to occur at 790 m in elevation in primary forest from Gunung Lawit and Grismer (2011a) considered it an upland endemic that would probably never be seen again because the trail up to Gunung Lawit had become overgrown and lost. However, we did find additional populations from the base of Gunung Lawit at 230 m in elevation and on Gunung Tebu from 40 m in elevation at Hutan Lipur Lata Belatan up to 750 m near the peak. All lizards were seen on large granite rocks within the forest (Fig. 30). These data indicate that C. argus is not an upland endemic but a microhabitat specialist restricted to granite rocks wherever they may occur within its range. During the day, lizards remain wary and occur on the shady, vertical or inverted surfaces. They are in dark in overall coloration and difficult to approach. During the evening hours, lizards are much lighter in color and far less wary, tending to venture farther out onto the open areas of the boulders where they appear generally inactive.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis argus is most closely related to the sister species C. karsticola and C. perhentianensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Terengganu, Gunung Lawit BM 1974.4910 – 11 (type series; photographs LSUDPC 2276–78), LSUHC 8304; Gunung Tebu LSUHC 10834–35, 10858–59.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF922530FF51CCCAFBCA2DF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF912531FF51CB75FB1D2806.text	03FA0350FF912531FF51CB75FB1D2806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis karsticola Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis karsticola Grismer, Grismer, Wood &amp; Chan, 2008b</p> <p>Karst Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 31</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6765. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.74543&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.715083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.74543/lat 5.715083)">Gunung Reng</a>, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (05°42.905 N, 101°44.726 E)” at 113 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 48.1 mm; seven or eight supralabials; six or seven infralabials; ventral scales keeled; seven or eight contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 17–19 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two or three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; 27–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; subcaudal region white (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 31). Dorsal ground color yellowish brown; head and body overlain with faded, irregularly shaped, white markings; no dark, postorbital striping; three, dark, radiating, anteriorly projecting lines occur on occiput; paired, dark, paravertebral markings extend from nape to base of tail, similar markings on flanks; no transversely elongate, white markings on flanks; irregularly shaped, dark and light markings on limbs; diffuse, alternating, light markings on dorsal surface of tail; subcaudal region white, immaculate; regenerated portion of tail beige, immaculate.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis karsticola is known from only from Gunung Reng, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer et al. 2008b).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2008b) noted that Cnemaspis karsticola is a lowland saxicolous species known only from the karst outcropping of Gunung Reng, a large isolated tower karst formation reaching 200 m in height situated along the east bank of the Pergau River at its junction with Batu Melintang, Kelantan. The base of the tower is undercut and numerous cracks and indentations accentuate and define its periphery (Fig. 31). Lizards were found during the day along the periphery of the karst formation and within cracks on the shaded surfaces of large, disconnected, karst boulders that have fragmented and fallen off the core. Lizards were not found deep within the larger cave system. Specimens were seen in cracks, on shaded overhangs, and on the cave walls no more than 2 m above the ground. No lizards were seen at night indicating this is a diurnal species. The color variation in the type series indicates this species is adept at substrate matching (Grismer et al. 2008b).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis karsticola is the sister species of C. perhentianensis Grismer &amp; Chan (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Kelantan, Gunung Reng ZRC 2.6763 – 65, LSUHC 9054. Additional material examined since Grismer et al. (2008b): Malaysia: Kelantan, Gunung Reng LSUHC 9053, 9055–56.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF912531FF51CB75FB1D2806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF90254FFF51C8FCFAC92A95.text	03FA0350FF90254FFF51C8FCFAC92A95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis perhentianensis Grismer & Chan 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis perhentianensis Grismer &amp; Chan, 2008</p> <p>Perhentian Island Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 32</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6675. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.74544&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9009" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.74544/lat 5.9009)">Pulau Perhentian Besar</a>, Terengganu, West Malaysia (05°54.054 N, 102°44.726343 E)” at 40 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 47.0 mm; 8–10 supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; ventral scales smooth to keeled; 6–8 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 22–27 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no median row of enlarged subcaudals; three or four postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; 28–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; distinct black and white bands on tail (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 32). Dorsal ground color grey to brown, overlain by irregularly shaped, white markings on top of head and snout; paired, white markings on occiput; no postorbital stripes; squarish, medial, white marking on neck; distinct, irregularly shaped, paravertebral, white markings on dorsum extending from shoulder region to base of tail and alternating with transversely elongate, distinct, white markings on flanks; three small, elongate, dark blotches at base of occiput; paired, dark, poorly defined, paravertebral blotches extend from nape to anterior portion of tail alternating with light, paravertebral markings; dark blotches on flanks alternating with white, transverse markings; black and dull white bands nearly encircle tail; irregularly shaped, dark and light markings on limbs; ventral surfaces of neck, body, and limbs beige, immaculate; gular region smudged with dark stippling.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis perhentianensis is known from only from Perhentian Besar and Perhentian Kecil islands (Grismer &amp; Chan 2008; Grismer et al. 2011a) of the Perhentian Archipelago, Terengganu off the northeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. The Perhentian Archipelago is composed of 11 relatively small islands lying 21 km off the east coast of the state of Terengganu (Fig. 3). The largest of these islands, Pulau Perhentian Besar (ca. 857 hectares) is a rugged, hilly island reaching 249 m in elevation. The majority of the island is covered in primary, lowland dipterocarp forest and its granite bedrock is the source of extensive boulder outcroppings that add a significant degree of habitat and microhabitat complexity to the island’s ecosystem, which in turn, supports various saxicolous species (Grismer et al. 2011a). Grismer &amp; Chan (2008) noted that Cnemaspis perhentianensis is restricted solely to the granite outcroppings (Fig. 32). Specimens collected or observed during the day were found on the shaded surfaces of both large and small rocks and would retreat into cracks at the slightest provocation. Upon retreat, lizards would roll their tail over their back and wag the tip from side to side. At night, lizards could be found on all surfaces of the rocks at greater distances from their crevice microhabitats and appreaed inactive. No lizards were seen on tree trunks or other types of vegetation. Grismer &amp; Chan (2008) reported that the activity of C. perhentianensis may be closely tied to precipitation, noting that on multiple trips, specimens were only observed following periods of rain.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis perhentianensis is the sister species of C. karsticola (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Terengganu, Pulau Perhentian Besar ZRC 2.6675 – 79 (type series). Additional material examined since Grismer &amp; Chan (2008): Malaysia: Terengganu, Pulau Perhentian Besar LSUHC 8673, 8675–76, 8697–700, 9060, 9412.</p> <p>Affinis group. The affinis group contains 13 species that collectively range throughout central Peninsular Malaysia and is comprised of three basal lineages: Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei from northwestern Peninsular Malaysia; the sister species C. affinis and C. harimau from northwestern Peninsular Malaysia and their sister lineage that contains the remaining 10 species (Figs. 2,3). The latter lineage, for the most part, is a polytomy. However, the sister species relationship between C. mcguirei and C. grismeri associated with the Banjaran Bintang Mountains and the relationships between the diminutive, lowland karst-dwellers C. hangus sp. nov., C. selamatkanmerapoh, and C. bayuensis east of the Banjaran Titiwangsa Mountains and the small, upland granitedweller C. stongensis sp. nov. in the northern Banjaran Titiwangsa Mountains are strongly supported (Fig. 2). The sister species relationship between C. mcguirei and C. grismeri is strongly supported in the molecular analysis and further supported in the morphological analysis by them having a pair of ocelli in the shoulder region which we consider to be a derived condition in that it occurs in no other species of Cnemaspis.</p> <p>The molecular analysis indicates that Cnemaspis flavolineata from the type locality at the Gap below Fraser’s Hill, Pahang is not conspecific with C. flavolineata from Cameron Highlands (18.0% sequence divergence; Table 4), 76 km to the north and the two species may not even be closely related (Fig. 2). We also found significant differences in tuberculation separating these two populations. Smith (1922) was the first to report this species from Fraser’s Hill which he considered conspecific with C. kendallii (Gray) but later (Smith 1930) and without comment, referred to it as C. affinis. Although Nicholls (1949) was the first to recognize this population as a distinct species, his brief description did not provide a single diagnostic character separating it from either C. affinis or C. kendallii (quite frankly, he got lucky). As such we provide a redescription of this species below based on the holotype and a second specimen recently collected from the type locality and describe the Cameron Highlands population as a new species (C. temiah sp. nov.).</p> <p>The affinis group is diagnosed as having a maximum SVL of 36.5–65.0 mm; 7–13 supralabials; 7–11 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 0–10 pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 18–34 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; subcaudals keeled; no median row of enlarged subcaudal scales; 1–5 postcloacal tubercles on each side of base of tail; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; and 21–35 lamellae beneath the fourth toe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF90254FFF51C8FCFAC92A95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFEE254DFF51CB41FD2C2EF6.text	03FA0350FFEE254DFF51CB41FD2C2EF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis affinis (Stoliczka 1870)	<div><p>Cnemaspis affinis (Stoliczka, 1870)</p> <p>Penang Island Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 33</p> <p>Gymnodactylus affinis Boulenger 1885:42</p> <p>Gonatodes penangensis Flower 1896:863</p> <p>Holotype. ZSI 5964. Type locality: “ Penang Hills”, Penang Island, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia at approximately 800 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 50.8 mm; 9–13 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; five or six discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 20–28 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent; lateral caudal row present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; 28 or 29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; gular region yellow in males; single ocellus in shoulder region in males, yellow post-scapular band in males; and transverse yellow bars on flanks (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 33). Adult males: dorsal ground color grey to brown; paired white markings on occiput; dark pre- and postorbital stripes are present with latter extending onto nape; medial, white marking on nape followed by distinct, large, black shoulder patches in males usually enclosing a white to yellow ocellus anteriorly and edged posteriorly by yellow spot; irregularly shaped, paravertebral, white markings on dorsum extending to base of tail and confluent with transversely elongate, distinct, yellow markings on flank. Adult females: slightly less boldly marked; tend to lack postscapular band, more yellowish overall.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis affinis is endemic to Penang Island, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer et al. 2008b; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2008b) indicated that Cnemaspis affinis is found only in the upland regions of Penang Island in the vicinity of 720 m where it occurs on large granite boulders in disturbed forest (Fig. 33). During the day, lizards are active on the shaded surfaces of the boulders and quite wary but at night, venture farther out onto the boulder’s surface (Flower 1896). Flower (1896) reported finding a specimen beneath the bark of a large tree. We suspect, however, this was not C. affinis but the similarly appearing C. shahruli, which is a habitat generalist and known to occur on vegetation (Grismer et al. 2010c; Grismer 2011a). Gravid females carrying two eggs have been observed during July.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis affinis is the sister species of C. harimau (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Penang, Penang Island LSUHC 6758–59, 6773–74, 6787–88, ZRC 2.1098, 2.5203, 2.4858, 2.6017 – 18, ZSI 5964 (holotype). Additional material examined since Grismer &amp; Chan (2008): Malaysia: Penang, Penang Island LSUHC 10347.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFEE254DFF51CB41FD2C2EF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFEC254BFF51CEA1FEF228B6.text	03FA0350FFEC254BFF51CEA1FEF228B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis harimau Chan, Grismer, Shahrul, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Norhayati, Remegio & Greer 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis harimau Chan, Grismer, Shahrul, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Norhayati, Remegio &amp; Greer, 2010b</p> <p>Tiger Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 34</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6894. Type locality: “Sungai Badak (=Badak river), Gunung Jerai, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia (N 05°48.59’, E 100°23.53’)” at 600 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 40.7 mm; nine or 10 supralabials; nine or 10 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; four discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 18–20 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent anteriorly; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two or three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 25–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; gular region and throat yellow in males; single ocellus in shoulder region in males; yellow postscapular band variable; transverse yellow bars on flanks (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 34). Ground color of dorsum grayish-brown; top of head yellowish with an indistinct, gray speckling pattern on occiput; faint, preorbital stripe; three black lines radiate from anterior region of nape onto base of occiput; light, gray, irregularly shaped, paravertebral blotches extend from nape to base of tail; broken, dark, paravertebral, longitudinal streaks begin with paired streaks in prescapular region and alternate with paravertebral blotches posteriorly, terminating at base of tail; black shoulder patch bordered anteriorly by short, yellow band enclosing a whitish ocellus and bordered posteriorly by a longer, yellow band; shoulder patch absent in females; a series of yellow bands on flanks decreasing in length posteriorly with last band terminating just anterior to hind limb insertion; dorsal surfaces of limbs speckled with dark and yellowish markings; tail distinctly marked with diffuse, dark-gray and whitish bands; gular region and throat yellow-orange in males; ventral surfaces of limbs, remainder of body, and base of tail light gray; and subcaudal region darkly stippled.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis harimau is endemic to Gunung Jerai, Kedah in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia (Chan et al. 2010b; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Gunung Jerai is an isolated mountain reaching 1217 m in elevation on the northwest shore of Peninsular Malaysia. Chan et al. (2010b) reported finding lizards on granite rocks and at the base of trees at 600 m in elevation during the day and night in hill forest vegetation (Fig. 35). Lizards appear to be far more active during the day and are much more sedentary at night. When frightened, lizards will seek refuge in the porus matrices formed by the dry expansive soil at the base of the rocks (Grismer 2011a). We have observed lizards on isolated rocks along the edge of the main road leading to the summit of Gunung Jerai beginning at approximately 400 m in elevation.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis harimau is the sister species of C. affinis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Kedah, Gunung Jeari LSUHC 9665, 9667, 9669, ZRC 2.6894–97 (type series). Additional material examined since Chan et al. (2010): Malaysia: Kedah, Gunung Jerai LSUHC 8229, 8232–33, 9666, 9668.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFEC254BFF51CEA1FEF228B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFEA2548FF51C961FBC62B2E.text	03FA0350FFEA2548FF51C961FBC62B2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood & Grismer 2009	<div><p>Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2009</p> <p>False-McGuire Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 36</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6777. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.79988&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8619165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.79988/lat 4.8619165)">Bukit Larut</a>, Perak, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.79988&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8619165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.79988/lat 4.8619165)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia along the road from the Gunung Hijau Rest House to the Telekom Tower (04°51.715 N, 100°47.993 E)” at 1351 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 42.5 mm; nine or 10 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 1–5 continuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 23–32 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two or three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; usually no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 23–26 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; and two ocelli in the shoulder region in males; vertebral stripe variable (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 36). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail golden brown; top of head bearing small, black and yellow markings; thin, black, postorbital stripe; thin, yellow, postorbital stripes unite on nape and may continue posteriorly to form a wide, vertebral stripe that fades in pelvic region; vertebral stripe variably present, often replaced by white, paravertebral markings edged anteriorly in black; dark markings on nape anterior to yellow stripe; black shoulder patch encloses a larger, upper, posterior white ocellus and smaller, lower, anterior ocellus; single, light, postscapular spot posterior to black shoulder patches; faint, yellow, transverse markings on flanks; faint, dark and dull-yellow reticulum on limbs; tail faintly marked with light-brown and dullyellow bands; all ventral surfaces beige with weak stippling. The color pattern lightens considerably at night and many lizards appear nearly unicolor light-yellow to white.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei is known from Bukit Larut and Gunung Inas in the Banjaran Bintang Mountains, Perak, in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer et al. 2009; Laidlaw 1901; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer (2011a) noted that Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei is an upland species found in hill dipterocarp forests from at least 1,000 –1,300 meters in elevation (Fig. 37). During the day, lizards are found beneath small stones and logs on the forest floor or within rotten logs. Unlike the sympatric species C. mcguirei, C. pseudomcguirei does not occur on large granite boulders and lizards are commonly found great distances (&gt; 1 km) from boulder outcroppings. At Gunung Inas, Laidlaw (1901) reported lizards being numerous “amongst boulders on the course of a small stream” which we believe he confused with the sympatric and similarly appearing C. mcguirei. During the night, C. pseudomcguirei can be found exposed sleeping on the surfaces of leaves 0.5–1.5 m above the ground. Females carrying two eggs have been found during March and October suggesting this species breeds through the rainy season.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis pseudomcguirei is part of the basal tritomy of the affinis group (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Perak; Bukit Larut ZRC 2.6777 – 82 (type series). Material examined since Grismer et al. (2009): Malaysia: Perak, Bukit Larut LSUHC 9074, 10640, 10645.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFEA2548FF51C961FBC62B2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFE82547FF51C897FE552D3B.text	03FA0350FFE82547FF51C897FE552D3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis shahruli Grismer, Chan, Quah, Mohd, Savage, Grismer, Norhayati, Greer & Remegio 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis shahruli Grismer, Chan, Quah, Mohd, Savage, Grismer,Norhayati, Greer &amp; Remegio, 2010c</p> <p>Shahrul’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 38</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6898. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.2054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.453883" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.2054/lat 5.453883)">Telok Bahang Recreational Forest Reserve</a>, Penang (05°27.233’N, 100°12.324’E)” at 67 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 36.5 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; no precloacal pores; 19–23 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles within lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent anteriorly; lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median row; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; usually no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 21–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; light-colored vertebral stripe variably present; gular region, throat and pectoral region yellow in males; dark, central, elongate marking occurs in mental region; a single ocellus in the shoulder region in males; white, dorsal, caudal tubercles; distinct black and white caudal bands variably present (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 38). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail pale brown; top of head with dark and light diffuse markings; dark, postorbital blotches; when present, a wide, light colored, vertebral stripe extends from occiput to base of tail; offset, opposing, paravertebral, dark markings extend from nape to base of tail; large, black, square, shoulder patches enclose a whitish to yellow ocellus in adult males, absent in females and juveniles; dark shoulder patches become greatly reduced in the nighttime color phase; large, light-colored markings occur on flanks and tend to form transverse bands; forelimbs and hind limbs mottled; gular region, throat, and anterior pectoral region yellow; gular region often faintly mottled; a dark, central, elongate marking occurs in mental region; ventral surfaces of limbs and body beige with small, black stipples in each scale; subcaudal region darker; tail faintly banded; regenerated tail mottled.</p> <p>Distribution. In northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, Cnemaspis shahruli is known from Penang Island and the adjacent island of Jerejak, Penang and the mainland localities of Sungai Sedim, Kedah and Bukit Mertajam, Penang. One hundred thirteen km farther south, C. shahruli is known from Pulau Pangkor, Perak, (Grismer 2011a; Grismer et al. 2010c; Fig. 3) and it is expected to occur in the intervening mainland areas between Pulau Pangkor and Bukit Mertajam.</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis shahruli is generally a nocturnal species that is only occasionally seen during the day. It is also a habitat generalist that occurs in both riparian and non-riparian microhabitats from near sea level to approximately 500 m in elevation and can be found on both rocks and vegetation (Grismer et al. 2010c; Fig. 38). In lowland areas on Penang Island, C. shahruli occurs in riparian areas where it is usually found on granite rocks and boulders that may or may not be covered in lichen or vegetation. Lizards are occasionally found on adjacent tree trunks provided they are near large rocks. On Pulau Jerejak, C. shahruli has been found in disturbed areas on rocks and tree trunks (Grismer et al. 2010c). Lizards are occasionally found beneath logs and at the base of trees. The only specimen known from Pulau Pangkor, Perak was collected during the day along a forest trail while it was clinging upside down to the underside of a leaf approximately 0.5 m above the ground.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis shahruli may be the sister species to C. narathiwatensis (Fig. 2) although this relation is not statistically supported.</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Penang; Pulau Pinang ZRC 2.6898 – 902; Pulau Jerejak ZRC 2.6903; Sungai Sedim ZRC 2.6904. Perak: Pulau Pangkor ZRC 2.6905 (type series). Additional specimens examined since Grismer et al. (2010c): Malaysia: Penang; Pulau Pinang LSUHC 8875, 8879, 9572, 9575, 9595, 9862; Bukit Mertajam LSUHC 10375.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFE82547FF51C897FE552D3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFE62543FF51C9D7FDDC2E93.text	03FA0350FFE62543FF51C9D7FDDC2E93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis mcguirei Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis mcguirei Grismer, Grismer, Wood &amp; Chan, 2008b</p> <p>McGuire’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 39, 40</p> <p>Gonatodes affinis Laidlaw 1901:304; Boulenger 1903:148, 1912:38; Smith 1930:16</p> <p>Gonatodes kendalli Boulenger 1912:38</p> <p>Cnemaspis kendallii Das &amp; Bauer 1998:13 (in part)</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6765. Type locality: “ Bukit Larut, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia (04°51.715 N, 100°47.993)” at 1351 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 65.0 mm; 7–10 supralabials; 7–9 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 5–10 usually discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 26–32 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median subcaudal scale row; 2–5 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 27–35 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; two ocelli in the shoulder region in males; wide, white to yellow postscapular band; yellow bars on flanks; distinct black and white caudal bands posteriorly (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Figs. 39, 40). Dorsal ground color grey to brown; head and body overlain with irregularly shaped, dark blotches; light markings on top of head; dark, postorbital stripe extends onto nape and contacts dark, anteriorly projecting, median stripe; medial, white marking occurs on nape followed by distinct, large, black, shoulder patches in males enclosing one or two (usually two) yellow ocelli; shoulder patches edged posteriorly by wide, postscapular band that is yellow laterally and white dorsally; irregularly shaped, paravertebral, white markings occur on body and extend to base of tail; transversely elongate, distinct, yellow markings occur on flanks; diffuse, brown and dull white bands encircle tail; irregularly shaped, dark and light markings occur on limbs; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull beige, immaculate and darkened laterally; females less boldly marked than males. Coloration lightens considerably at night.</p> <p>Distribution. Grismer et al. (2008b) noted that Cnemaspis mcguirei ranges through Banjaran Bintang Mountains (Fig. 3) beginning at an isolated population from Gunung Bubu, Perak in the south, northward through the continuous central section of the Banjaran Bintang Mountains from Bukit Larut to Gunung Inas (Laidlaw 1901; Boulenger 1912) in the north (Fig. 3). From here the Banjaran Bintang Mountains continue northward and merge with the more extensive Banjaran Titiwangsa Mountains and these continue farther north as a series of smaller, parallel, north to south tending, somewhat isolated ranges, terminating just south of Pattani, Pattani Province, Thailand. At Namtok Sai Khao on the northeast perimeter of this range, Boulenger (1903) provided descriptions of four specimens that match the description of C. mcguirei and Grismer et al. (2008b), based on the examination of photographs (LSUDPC 4581–82) of these specimens (BM 1903.4.15.11–14), considered them to represent the northern extent of C. mcguirei. We follow that taxonomy here but note that this presents a 200 km hiatus from its northernmost distribution at Gunung Inas and that a firsthand examination of these specimens and a molecular analysis of this population may indicate they are different species.</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer (2011a) noted that Cnemaspis mcguirei occurs in rocky, hilly terrain from approximately 900–1,300 m in elevation in lowland and hill dipterocarp and lower montane forests and occurs almost exclusively on granite rocks (Fig. 40) devoid of moss or on the areas of rock where moss is not growing. Only occasionally are lizards found on logs or the mossy parts of rocks. Lizards are commonly seen during the day in heavily shaded areas at the edges of their retreats or clinging upside down to the undersides of large boulders (Fig. 40). In such microhabitats, lizards are cryptic and often noticed only by the yellow ocelli that appear as eyespots. Lizards are wary and quickly move to deeper cover at the slightest provocation, often waving their tails from side to side over their backs as they retreat. At night, C. mcguirei takes on a much lighter coloration and ventures further out onto the surface of the rocks (Fig. 39) and is easily approached. Lizards have been observed abroad at night during heavy rains resting in dry, open patches on rocks sheltered from water. Several termites were found in the gut of one lizard and females carrying two eggs were observed during March and October suggesting C. mcguirei breeds throughout the year.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis mcguirei is the sister species of Cnemaspis grismeri (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Perak, Bukit Larut ZRC 2.6765 – 69 (type series). Material examined since Grismer et al. (2008b): Malaysia: Perak, Bukit Larut ZRC 2.5663 – 64, LSUHC 8855, 8858, 9140, 9028–33, 9209, 9845; Gunung Bubu LSUHC 11013.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFE62543FF51C9D7FDDC2E93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFE22541FF51CF47FACC2DAB.text	03FA0350FFE22541FF51CF47FACC2DAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis grismeri Wood, Quah, Anuar & Muin 2013	<div><p>Cnemaspis grismeri Wood, Quah, Anuar &amp; Muin, 2013</p> <p>Grismer’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 41, 42</p> <p>Cnemaspis mcguirei Grismer 2011a:349.</p> <p>Holotype. LSUHC 10996. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.98033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.1255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.98033/lat 5.1255)">Gua Asar</a>, Bukit Kepala Gajah limestone massif, Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia (5°07.53’N, 100°58.82’E)” at 78 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 50.6 mm; eight supralabials and infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 8–10 discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 27–32 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two or three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; 25–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; two ocelli in the shoulder region in males; wide, white to yellow postscapular band; yellow bars on flanks; nearly immaculate white bands on tail (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Figs. 41,42). Dorsal ground color grey to brown; head and body overlain with irregularly shaped, small, dark and yellowish flecks giving an overall mossy appearance; cream to yellowish markings on top of head; thin, dark, postorbital stripe extending onto nape; paired, elongate, medial, yellowish markings on nape followed by small, indistinct, black shoulder patches enclosing two yellow ocelli, ocellus dorsal to forelimb insertion distinct and another anterior to forelimb insertion weak; shoulder patch edged posteriorly by wide, offset, postscapular band that is yellow laterally and white medially; irregularly shaped, offset, paravertebral, yellowish markings on dorsum extend to base of tail; distinct, transversely elongate, yellow bars on flanks; diffuse, brown and white bands encircle tail posteriorly, bands yellowish anteriorly; posterior portion of tail regenerated and uniform dark brown; irregularly shaped yellowish to dull white markings on limbs; dark and light diffuse bands encircling digits; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull beige, immaculate, darkening laterally; subcaudal region suffused with pigment, not immaculate.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis grismeri is known only from the type locality at Gua Asar, Bukit Kepala Gajah limestone massif, Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia (Wood et al. 2013; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis grismeri is a lowland species found on the inner walls of limestone caves, cave entrances, karst walls outside of caves, and outcroppings in the lowland karst forest surrounding limestone massifs at Gua Asar and Gua Kijang (Fig. 42). Wood et al. (2013) reported that C. grismeri is diurnal but only observed lizards moving about in cracks and on shadowed surfaces of karst boulders. Lizards are wary and quickly enter into retreats when approached. Their behavior is similar to that of its upland closest relative C. mcguirei that resides on granite boulders at Bukit Larut, Perak (Grismer 2011a). At night, the color of C. grismeri lightens considerably and lizards have been observed sleeping on leaves in low vegetation near the karst walls and on vines and the aerial roots of fig trees next to the limestone walls (Wood et al. 2013). Gravid females bearing two eggs have been found during July.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis grismeri is the sister species of C. mcguirei (Fig. 2) and both are closely associated with the Banjaran Bintang Mountains (Fig. 1), C. grismeri being the lowland form and C. mcguirei the upland species. A parallel phylogeographic pattern occurs in the upland Cyrtodactylus bintangtinggi Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Norhayati, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer &amp; Pauwels and C. bintangrendah Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Norhayati, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer &amp; Pauwels (Grismer et al. 2012, 2014) from the same localities.</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Perak, Lenggong LSUHC 9969–73, 10941–44, 10996 (type series).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFE22541FF51CF47FACC2DAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFE0255EFF51CE1AFF382823.text	03FA0350FFE0255EFF51CE1AFF382823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis flavolineata (Nicholls 1949)	<div><p>Cnemaspis flavolineata (Nicholls, 1949)</p> <p>Fraser’s Hill Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 43</p> <p>Gonatodes kendallii Smith 1922:268</p> <p>Gonatodes affinis Smith 1925:23; 1930:16</p> <p>Gonatodes flavolineatus Nicholls 1949:47</p> <p>Cnemaspis flavolineatus Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997:211; Leong &amp; Lim, 2003:9</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6777. Type locality: “the Gap below Fraser’s Hill, on the Pahang-Selangor boundary”, Peninsular Malaysia at approximately 800 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 39.2 mm; nine supralabials; nine infralabials; ventral scales keeled; five or six contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 23 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles linearly arranged, absent on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral caudal row present anteriorly; caudal tubercles encircle tail anteriorly; subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales; and 23 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; large, black, round spots on nape and anterior portion of body; light vertebral stripe variably present (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Redescription of species. The redescription of this species is based on a specimen (LSUHC 8079) collected from the Gap below Fraser’s Hill, Pahang and the holotype (ZRC 2.6777). Maximum SVL 38.6–39.2 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size, somewhat narrow, flattened, distinct from neck; snout short, flat in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum keeled, raised, larger than similarly shaped scales on occiput; weak, supraorbital ridges and frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large; extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave, divided dorsally by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasals and two smaller scales and laterally by first supralabials; 9 R,L raised supralabials of similar size; 9 R,L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented posterolaterally, bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by three postmentals, outer two largest; gular scales raised, keeled; throat scales larger, raised, keeled.</p> <p>Body slender; small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, intermixed with much larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less linearly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; no tubercles on flanks; 23 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral scales raised, keeled, not elongate; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals, flat, keeled; five or six precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, slender; dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm keeled, raised; ventral scales of brachium keeled, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm smooth, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs; dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales keeled, flat, imbricate, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing absent; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 23 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales raised anteriorly, weakly keeled, juxtaposed; middorsal and lateral caudal furrows; no row of enlarged, median subcaudal scales; subcaudal scales keeled; caudal tubercles encircle tail anteriorly; caudal tubercles present in lateral furrow; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern in life based on LSUHC 8079 (Fig. 43). Dorsal ground color brown to olive-brown; small, dark and light markings on top of head; faint, dark lines radiate out from eyes; elongate, paired, dark, paravertebral markings edging a wide, cream-colored vertebral stripe extending from nape to base of tail; flanks slightly lighter in color; large, white, dorsal tubercles in vertebral region extending from nape onto the tail; limbs mottled with dark and light, irregularly shaped blotches; no black shoulder patches or postscapular band; faint, dark and light brownish bands encircle tail; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull beige, immaculate; subcaudal region darker.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis flavolineata is known only from the type of the Gap below Fraser’s Hill, Pahang (Nicholls 1949; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. This species is known from only two specimens. No collection data were provided with the holotype but LSUHC 8079 was taken on 26 August 2006 at night while sleeping on the underside of a horizontal branch at the edge of a slow moving, marshy stream edged by large granite boulders in hill dipterocarp forest at 900 m in elevation (Fig. 43).</p> <p>Remarks. Although Cnemaspis flavolineata and C. temiah sp. nov. are very similar in morphology and color pattern, the molecular analysis indicates that they are not the same species or each others closest relatives (Fig. 2). Cnemaspis flavolineata can be separated from C. temiah sp. nov. by having a distinct series of large, white, transversely arranged, vertebral tubercles extending from the nape onto the tail which do not occur in C. temiah sp. nov. Additionally, the anteriormost caudal tubercles in C. flavolineata encircle the tail whereas no caudal tubercles encircle the tail in C. temiah sp. nov.</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Pahang; the Gap below Fraser’s Hill ZRC 2.6777 (holotype) and LSUHC 8079.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFE0255EFF51CE1AFF382823	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFFF255AFF51C892FB4D286B.text	03FA0350FFFF255AFF51C892FB4D286B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis temiah Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov</p> <p>Temiah Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 44</p> <p>Cnemaspis affinis Grandison 1972:80; Dring 1979:221</p> <p>Cnemaspis flavolineata Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997:211 (in part); Chan-ard et al 1999:104, Grismer 2008:30; Grismer et al. 2008c:9 (in part); Grismer 2011a:317</p> <p>Cnemaspis flavolineatus Lim et al. 2002:51</p> <p>Holotype. Adult female LSUHC 9110 collected on 11 November 2008 by L. Lee Grismer, Norhayati Ahmad, and Chan K. Onn on trail 11, Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (03°09.01 N, 106°14.03 E) at approximately 1600 m in elevation.</p> <p>Paratypes. All paratypes are from the same locality as the holotype. LSUHC 9159–60 have the same collectors and collection dates. LSUHC 9739 was collected by Chan K. Onn on 22 March 2010; LSUHC 9816–18 were collected by L. Lee Grismer, Chan K. Onn, and R. Gregory on 27 August 2010.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 46.7 mm; eight or nine supralabials; 7–9 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 5–7 continuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 22–27 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles semilinearly arranged, weakly present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scale row; three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no enlarged submetatarsal scales on first toe; 22–26 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; lightcolored, vertebral stripe variably present (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult female; SVL 38.6 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/ SVL 0.27), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.18), flattened (HD/HL 0.39), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.46), flat in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum keeled, slightly raised, larger than similarly shaped scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; weak frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.21); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave, dorsal 75% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasals and two smaller scales and laterally by first supralabials; 9R,8L raised supralabials of similar size; 9R,L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by four postmentals, outer two largest; gular scales raised, keeled; throat scales larger, raised, keeled.</p> <p>Body slender, not particularly long (AG/SVL 0.43); small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, intermixed with much larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles on flanks prominent; 26 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral scales raised, keeled, not elongate; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals, flat, keeled; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long (FL/SVL 0.15), slender; dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm keeled, raised; ventral scales of brachium keeled, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm smooth, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.20); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales keeled, flat, imbricate, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected jointed; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges wide; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing absent; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 25 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales raised anteriorly, weakly keeled, juxtaposed; middorsal and lateral caudal furrows present; no row of enlarged, median subcaudal scales; subcaudal scales keeled; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; caudal tubercles present in lateral caudal furrow; no enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 44). Dorsal ground color light brown to yellowish; head, body (including flanks), and limbs overlain with irregularly shaped, blotched, dark markings, those in the paravertebral region somewhat paired and alternating with somewhat larger, yellowish marking; tail generally immaculate; ground color of all ventral surfaces beige, weak dark stippling on throat, pectoral region, limbs and tail. There is no sexual dimorphism in color pattern and the pattern lights considerably at night.</p> <p>Variation. Paratypes LSUHC 9160 and 9816 resemble the holotype in all aspects of coloration and pattern (Fig. 44). The other paratypes show differing degrees of vertebral stipping. LSUHC 9159 and 9739 have a wide, yellow vertebral stipe extending from occiput to onto the tail. LSUHC 9817 also bears a vertebral stripe but it is interrupted just posterior to the shoulder region. LSUHC 9818 has a vertebral stripe that extends only to a point midway down the body between the limb insertions. LSUHC 9159 – 60,9739, 9816 have broken tails. LSUHC 9816 is a male with a series of seven, contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores. Morphometric variation and variation in scalation are presented in Table 9.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. is known only from the Cameron Highlands plateau, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural History. Grismer (2011a) reported Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. to be an inhabitant of hill dipterocarp forests occurring in the vicinity of 1,150 meters in elevation (Fig. 44). Unlike most Sundaic species of Cnemaspis that have a high affinity for rocky microhabitats, C. temiah sp. nov. occurs exclusively on vegetation. It is assumed this species is secretive and diurnal although it has never been observed during the day. Grismer (2011a) noted that all the lizards observed at night were sleeping on the trunks of trees or on the surfaces of leaves. Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. appears to be very localized in distribution as well. At Cameron Highlands, lizards are found regularly but only along one 200 m stretch of a certain trail. They are very rare elsewhere. Gravid females carrying two eggs have been found during March, April and October (Grismer 2011a), suggesting C. temiah sp. nov. may breed yearround.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet temiah is an invariable noun in apposition in reference to the Temiah Tribe of Orang Asli people that are also endemic to the Cameron Highland region.</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. is a member of the affinis group and was previously considered conspecific with C. flavolineata (see Grismer 2011a and references therein). The molecular analysis indicates that not only is C. temiah sp. nov. separate from C. flavolineata but may not even its closest relative (Fig. 2). Cnemaspis temiah sp. is separated from C. flavolineata by not having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail as opposed to having caudal tubercles encircling the tail anteriorly. It is further separated by lacking as opposed to having large, white, dorsal tubercles on the body and tail and having an uncorrected p- distance of 18.0% (Table 4). Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. differs from species of the affinis group as follows. From all species of the affinis group except C. bayuensis, C. flavolineata, C. hangus sp. nov., C. selamatkanmerapoh, and C. stongensis sp. nov. C. temiah sp. nov. differs by lacking an ocellus in the shoulder region. From all species of the affinis group except C. harimau it differs by having as opposed to lacking caudal tubercles that encircle the tail at least anteriorly. Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. differs from C. affinis, C. bayuensis, C. hangus sp. nov., C. selamatkanmerapoh, and C. stongensis sp. nov. and C. mcguirei by having fewer subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (22–26 versus 27–35 collectively). From C. affinis, C. bayuensis, C. grismeri, C. harimau, and C. narathiwatensis it differs by having as opposed to lacking precloacal pores. Cnemaspis temiah sp. nov. differs further from C. harimau and C. selamatkanmerapoh in having 22–27 as opposed to 18–20 and 30 paravertebral tubercles, respectively. From C. affinis and C. bayuensis it differs in having as opposed to lacking tubercles in the lateral caudal furrows. It differs from C. shahruli by not having a yellow gular region and from C. grismeri and C. mcguirei by not having nearly immaculate white caudal bands and a wide, yellow, postscapular band.</p> <p>Relationships. The sister species relationship between Cnemapspis temiah sp. nov. and C. flavolineata is not supported and the two are separated by an uncorrected p -distance of 18.0% (Fig. 2; Table 4).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFFF255AFF51C892FB4D286B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFFB255BFF51C8DAFA812E63.text	03FA0350FFFB255BFF51C8DAFA812E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis narathiwatensis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis narathiwatensis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Narathiwat Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 45</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 1436. Type locality “ Waeng District, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Exact locality, collector, and date of collection unknown”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 53.2 mm; nine or 10 supralabials; 7–11 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 3–6 discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 28–34 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present or absent on flanks; tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles present; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals keeled; no enlarged, median row of subcaudals; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; submetatarsal scales of first toe not enlarged; subtibials keeled; 24–30 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; white ocellus in shoulder region of males; light-colored vertebral stripe variably present; whitish to yellow bars on flanks; black and white caudal bands posteriorly (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 45). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail gray to brown; top of head mottled with yellow, bearing two dark, diffuse, postorbital stripes; lower postorbital stripe extending onto upper portion of forelimb; upper postorbital stripe wider, incomplete, extending onto occiput and nearly meeting opposing stripe; shoulder region dark and in males encloses a whitish ocellus composed of large tubercles; a series of light-colored bars on flanks which tend to fade posteriorly; small, dark, paired, paravertebral markings on trunk between forelimb insertion and base of tail alternating with large, round, light-colored paravertebral markings; ventrolateral tubercles on base of tail light-colored; limbs generally uniform light-brown to yellowish bearing small, randomly arranged, diffuse markings; ventral surfaces uniform beige with fine, dark stippling in each scale; throat darker; infralabials and mental light-yellow; subcaudal region bearing whitish rings.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis narathiwatensis is known only from the Thai-Malaysian border region from Hala-Bala of the district of Waeng in Narathiwat Province and from Bang Lang National Park and Bannang Sata District, Yala Province, Thailand and the Belum-Temengor region of Perak in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al (2010a) noted that lizards from Thailand were observed at night sheltering in rocky crevices between 200–500 m in elevation and suggested this may indicate this species is a diurnal, rocky, microhabitat specialist (Fig. 45). This was confirmed with findings of C. narathiwatensis in Belum-Temengor region of Peninsular Malaysia where lizards were found on granite boulders near a stream during the day but were not seen at night.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis narathiwatensis may be the sister species of C. shahruli (Fig. 2) also this relation is not statistically supported.</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Narathiwat Province, Waeng District THNHM 1338, 1436; Yala Province, Bannang Sata District, Bang Lang National Park THNHM 12435. These specimens represent the type series. Material examined since Grismer et al. (2010a): Malaysia: Perak, Belum-Temengor region LSUHC 11271–74.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFFB255BFF51C8DAFA812E63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFFA2557FF51CAD2FAE02DDE.text	03FA0350FFFA2557FF51CAD2FAE02DDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis hangus Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov.</p> <p>Bukit Hangus Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 46</p> <p>Holotype. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.22283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2690334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.22283/lat 4.2690334)">Adult</a> male (HC 00227) collected on 24 June 2008 by <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.22283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2690334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.22283/lat 4.2690334)">Chan Kin Onn</a> at 1030 hrs from Bukit Hangus, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (04°16.142’N, 102°13.370’E) at 10 m in elevation.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult female (HC 00225) has the same collection data as the holotype.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. differs from all other Southeast Asia species of Cnemaspis in having the unique combination of adult males reaching 50.5 mm SVL, adult females reaching 47.0 mm SVL; nine supralabials; eight infralabials; ventrals keeled; no precloacal pores; moderately prominent dorsal tubercles; 22–24 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles semi-randomly arranged; tuberculation weak on flanks; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; tubercles may be within lateral caudal furrows anteriorly only; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent; subcaudals keeled; no enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; two postcloacal tubercles; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; and 27–34 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe (Tables 6,7). Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. lacks the diagnostic color pattern characteristics of other species in the Peninsular clade.</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult male; SVL 50.5 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.25), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.17), flattened (HD/HL 0.42), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.48), slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum weakly keeled, slightly raised, same size as similarly shaped scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; moderate frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.22); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave, dorsal 75% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasals and one small, azygous scale and laterally by first supralabials; 9R,L raised supralabials of similar size; 8R,L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by six small postmentals of similar size; gular scales raised, weakly keeled; throat scales larger, raised, keeled.</p> <p>Body slender, elongate; small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, intermixed with larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles on flanks sparse, moderate in size; 22 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales raised, keeled, not elongate, same size throughout; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, slender; dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm keeled, raised; ventral scales of brachium smooth, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm weakly raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally, widened distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing present; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs; dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh weakly keeled; subtibial scales keeled, flat, imbricate, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally but wider distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing present; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 34 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; caudal scales flat anteriorly, weakly keeled, juxtaposed; deep middorsal and lateral furrows; no enlarged, median subcaudal scales; subcaudal scales keeled; no median row of enlarged keeled subcaudal scales; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; caudal tubercles may or may not be present in lateral furrow anteriorly; one enlarged postcloacal tubercle on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 46). Dorsal ground color dark, ashy grey; head and body overlain with irregularly shaped, indistinct darker blotchs; light yellowish, medial blotch on occiput following three smaller dark spots; rostrum bearing yellowish spots; single, faded, dark, postorbital stripe extending to base of occiput; paravertebral, faded yellowish markings on extending to base of tail alternating with faded irregularly shapred, smaller, dark markings; transversely elongate, yellowish markings on flanks alternating with darker spots; tail regenerated, unicolor gray; irregularly shaped, small, dark and light markings on limbs; dark and light diffuse bands encircling digits; ventral surfaces dark grey. There is no sexual dimorphism in color pattern and the pattern lightens considerably at night.</p> <p>Variation. The paratype (HC 0225) approaches the holotype in coloration and pattern except that its dorsal pattern is bolder, its ventral surfaces are slightly lighter, and most of its tail is original and bears a faded banding pattern. Morphometric variation and variation in scalation are presented in Table 10.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. is known only from Bukit Hangus, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural History. Lizards were seen abroad during the day on karst boulders and walls within a lowland dipterocarp forest and on boulders near the entrances of cave openings (Fig. 46). All were wary and quick to take cover in crevices and on the backsides of boulders at the slightest provocation. Multiple lizards were observed to occupy the same boulder and no lizards were seen at night indicating that C. hangus sp. nov. is diurnal. HC 0225 was a gravid female carrying two eggs indicating that reproduction takes place in June.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet hangus is an invariable noun in apposition in reference to the Malay word “ hangus ” which means to burn or scorch and refers to this species’ overall burnt appearance in the dark color pattern phase.</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. is a member of the affinis group within which it is the sister species to C. selamatkanmerapoh. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. differs from C. selamatkanmerapoh in having a larger maximum larger SVL (50.5 mm versus 43.4 mm); lacking precloacal pores as opposed to having pores; having fewer paravertebral tubercles (22–24 versus 30); and semi-randomly arranged versus linearly arranged, dorsal tubercles. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. and C. selamatkanmerapoh bear a 3.6% sequence divergence from one another as well (Table 4). It differs from C. pseudomcguirei, C. harimau, and C. shahruli by having a greater maximum SVL (50.5 mm versus 36.5–43.2) and being considerably smaller than C. mcguirei (maximum SVL 65.0 mm). It differs from all species of the affinis group except C. shahruli in lacking as opposed to having precloacal pores. From C. mcguirei, C. grismeri and C. narathiwatensis in having fewer paravertebral tubercles (22–24 versus 23–34) and from C. harimau and C. shahruli in have more precloacal pores (11–23). It can be further separated from all species of the affinis group except C. affinis, C. bayuensis and C. selamatkanmerapoh by lacking tubercles in the lateral caudal furrows. From C. grismeri and C. narathiwatensis it differs in lacking as opposed to having a row of ventrolateral caudal tubercles. Having 27–34 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe separates if from C. pseudomcguirei, C. flavolineata and C. temiah sp. nov. (23–26).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis hangus sp. nov. is the sister species of C. selamatkanmerapoh (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFFA2557FF51CAD2FAE02DDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFF62557FF51CD9BFAED29AC.text	03FA0350FFF62557FF51CD9BFAED29AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh Grismer, Wood, Mohamed, Chan, Heinz, Sumarli, Chan & Loredo 2013	<div><p>Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh Grismer, Wood, Mohamed, Chan, Heinz, Sumarli, Chan &amp; Loredo, 2013a</p> <p>Merapoh Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 47</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male (LSUHC 11016) “collected on 23 June 2013 by L. Lee Grismer at 2200 hrs at 23 m from Gua Gunting, Merapoh, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (4°42.069 N, 101°58.512 E)”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 43.4 mm SVL; 10 supralabials; nine or 10 infralabials; keeled ventrals; at least one, round precloacal pore in males; 30 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles semi-randomly arranged; tuberculation weak on flanks; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; lateral caudal tubercles not within lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent; subcaudals keeled; no enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; three postcloacal tubercles; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; and 31–33 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe (Tables 6,7). Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh sp. nov. lack diagnostic color pattern characteristics.</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 47). Dorsal ground color grey; top of head bearing small dark spots; thin, dark postorbital stripes meeting medially on occiput and turning anteriorly; rostrum and supralabial region greenish; paired, light colored, paravertebral, blotches extend from nape to base of tail where they transform into light colored caudal bands, blotches united on nape and shoulder region into a single blotch; flanks bearing dark mottling and yellowish spots; limbs darkly mottled with a faint banding pattern; overall color of venter unicolor beige with all scales bearing black stippling. There is no sexual dimorphism in color pattern and coloration lightens considerably at night.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh is known only from the type locality of Gua Gunting, Merapoh, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 2). Grismer et al. (2013a) reported finding eggs on the connected karst outcrop Gua Goyang.</p> <p>Natural History. Grismer et al. (2013a) noted that Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh is a lowland, diurnal species found only on karst substrate. Specimens were observed approximately 1 m above the ground along the perimeter of an extensive karst system surrounded by a limestone forest (Fig. 47) and lizards often position themselves adjacent to cracks into which they can escape if threatened. A gravid female carrying two eggs was collected during June.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis selamatkanmerapoh is the sister species of C. hangus sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Pahang; Mearpoh, Gua Gunting LSUHC 11015–16 (type series).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFF62557FF51CD9BFAED29AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFF62555FF51CA67FAE32BD2.text	03FA0350FFF62555FF51CA67FAE32BD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis bayuensis Grismer, Grismer, Wood & Chan 2008	<div><p>Cnemaspis bayuensis Grismer, Grismer, Wood &amp; Chan, 2008</p> <p>Kampung Bayu Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 48</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6759. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.221085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.0941668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.221085/lat 5.0941668)">Gua Bayu</a>, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (05°05.650 N, 102°13.265 E)” at 120 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 46.1 mm; nine or 10 supralabials; eight or nine infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 5–9 discontinuous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 23–30 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles not linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral caudal row present; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row nor encircling tail; all subcaudals keeled, no enlarged median scacle row; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; no submetatarsal scales on first toe; 27–32 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; whitish bars on flanks (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 48). Ground color of dorsal surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail brown; head and body overlain with irregularly shaped, dark spots; light markings on occiput; a single, thin, dark, postorbital stripe extends onto nape does not contact medially with an opposing postorbital stripe; dark, anteriorly projecting, triangular marking between opposing postorbital stripes; white, paravertebral markings on nape followed by distinct, white, alternating, paravertebral blotches extending to base of tail; transversely elongate, distinct, white bars on flanks; dark blotches often on body; diffuse brown and mottled white bands encircle tail; dark caudal banding sometimes present; irregularly shaped, dark and light markings on limbs; dark and light, diffuse bands encircle digits; gular region bears a faint, brown, reticulate pattern; ventral surfaces of body and limbs dull beige, immaculate and darkened laterally; subcaudal region suffused with dark pigment.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis bayuensis is known only from the type locality of Gua Bayu, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer et al. 2008b: Fig. 3) but is likely to be found throughout the nearby karst region.</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2008b) noted that Cnemaspis bayuensis is a saxicolous species restricted to the lowland karst outcroppings (Fig. 48) of the Gua Bayu region surrounding the village of Bayu. Lizards are diurnal and occur along the periphery of the karst formations in cracks as well as on cave walls and ceilings as high as 5 m above the ground. Lizards have not been found deep within the cave systems. This species is adept at matching the color of its substrate be it the light colored cave walls or the dark, lichen-colored isolated karst boulders scattered along the periphery of the karst towers. Females carrying two eggs have been observed during mid-June.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis bayuensis is the sister species of C. stongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Kelantan, Gua Bayu ZRC 2.6759 – 61, LSUHC 9073 (type series).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFF62555FF51CA67FAE32BD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFF32551FF51CCCAFF0C2B98.text	03FA0350FFF32551FF51CCCAFF0C2B98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis stongensis Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov.</p> <p>Gunung Stong Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 49</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male LSUHC 11089 collected on 26 June 2013 by Chan Kin Onn, L. Lee Grismer and Jacob A. Chan at 1030 hrs at 10 m from Kem Baha, Gunung Stong, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (5°20.465 N, 101°58.001 E) at 461 m elevation.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult males LSUHC 11091, 11093–94, 11100, 11139 and adult female LSUHC 11092 has the same collection data as the holotype.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. differs from all other Southeast Asia species of Cnemaspis in having the unique combination of adult males reaching 49.3 mm SVL, adult females reaching 48.4 mm SVL; 8–11 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; ventrals keeled; 5–8, continguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; moderately prominent dorsal tubercles; 26–33 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles generally randomly arranged; tubercles present on flanks; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; lateral caudal tubercles usually within lateral caudal furrows anteriorly only; ventrolateral caudal tubercles may or may not be present anteriorly only; lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly only; subcaudals keeled; no enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; two or three postcloacal tubercles; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; and 28–32 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe. These differences are summarized across all Southeast Asian species in Table 6. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. lacks diagnostic color pattern characteristics.</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult male; SVL 49.3 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.25), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.17), flattened (HD/HL 0.43), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.49), slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum keeled, raised, slightly larger than similarly shaped scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; moderate frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.23); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave, dorsal 90% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two small supranasals and two large scales between the supranasals and laterally by first supralabials; 9R,L raised supralabials of similar size; 8R, 9L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by four small postmentals of similar size; gular scales raised, keeled; throat scales same size, raised, keeled.</p> <p>Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.43); small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, with intermixed larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles on flanks sparse, moderate in size; 32 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales raised, keeled, not elongate, same size throughout; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals; eight pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores in a chevron pattern separated on the left side of the chevron by a single nonpore-bearing scale; forelimbs moderately long, slender (FL/SVL 0.18); dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm keeled, raised; ventral scales of brachium smooth, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales raised, smooth, juxtaposed; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally, widened distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wider; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth nearly equal in length; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.21); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales keeled, flat, imbricate, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales raised, smooth, juxtaposed; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally but wider distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wider; interdigital webbing absent; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 32 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; caudal scales flat anteriorly, weakly keeled, juxtaposed; middorsal and lateral furrows; no enlarged, median subcaudal scales; subcaudal scales keeled; caudal tubercles present in lateral furrow anteriorly; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 49). Dorsal ground color of head, limbs, and body grey; black, irregular striping on snout; black, transverse, azygous marking on top of head; black, postorbital stripe extending onto nape; black, medial, teardrop-shaped marking on nape; a series of seven, black, paravertebral markings extending from shoulder region to base of tail; similar black markings on flanks; dull-white, butterfly-shaped, paravertebral markings alternating with black, paravertebral markings and becoming completely separated posteriorly; dull-white, transverse bars on flanks; light-colored, caudal bands, anterior two yellowish and posterior seven white; light caudal bands alternate with black caudal bands; limbs bearing irregularly shaped, whitish bands; ventral surfaces of head, throat, pectoral, and abdominal regions, and limbs grey, gular region and abdomen slightly darker; caudal bands encircle tail but are less vivid in subcaudal region.</p> <p>Variation. The paratypes closely resemble the holotype in coloration and pattern (Fig. 49). The dorsal pattern of LSUHC 11094 and 11139 appears slightly more speckled overall and LSUHC 11100 has a faint, wide, lightcolored, vertebral stripe. Morphometric variation and variation in scalation are presented in Table 11.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality and surrounding areas on Gunung Stong, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural History. Lizards were observed to be active only at night on large granite boulders (Fig. 49) ranging in elevation from 50 m at the base of Gunung Stong at Hutan Lipur Jelawang in lowland dipterocarp forest up to the type locality of Kem Baha at 461 m in hill dipterocarp forest. The majority of specimens were found in the vicinity of water but were not necessarily restricted to these areas. Within their microhabitat, lizards were most commonly seen on the undersides or on the lower sections of boulders (Fig. 49) making escape much easier. We expect this species extends to higher elevations on Gunung Stong above Kem Baha.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet stongensis is an adjective in reference to Gunung (mountain) Stong on which the type locality of Kem Baha is located.</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. is a member of the affinis group within which it is the sister species of C. bayuensis. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. differs from C. bayuensis in having caudal tubercles anteriorly in the lateral caudal furrow as opposed to lacking them; having a lateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly as opposed to throughout the length of the tail; and lacking distinct black and white caudal bands as opposed to having them. However, these two species bear only a 2.2% sequence divergence from one another (Table 4). Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. differs from C. pseudomcguirei, C. harimau, and C. shahruli by having a greater maximum SVL (49.3 mm versus 36.5–43.2) and being considerably smaller than C. mcguirei (maximum SVL 65.0 mm). It differs from C. shahruli and C. hangus sp. nov. in having as opposed to lacking pre-cloacal pores. From C. harimau, C. shahruli, C. flavolineata, C. temiah sp. nov. and C. hangus sp. nov. it differs in having more paravertebral tubercles (26–33 versus 18–27). Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. can be further separated from all species of the affinis group except C. affinis, C. hangus sp. nov., C. selamatkanmerapoh, and C. bayuensis by generally lacking tubercles in the lateral caudal furrows. It is seaparated from C. harimau and C. temiah sp. nov. by not having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail. Having 28–32 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe separates it from C. pseudomcguirei, C. flavolineata, and C. temiah sp. nov.</p> <p>Comments. The relatively close morphological and genetic similarity between Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. and C. bayuensis is surprising in that these sister species are separated by at least 85 km of uninhabital terrane and the former is a granite boulder specialist and the latter is a karst specialist.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis stongensis sp. nov. is the sister species of C. bayuensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Additional material examined. Malaysia: Kelantan; Gunung Stong, Kem Baha LSUHC 11090, 11095, 11138.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFF32551FF51CCCAFF0C2B98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFCF256CFF51C864FBA52E01.text	03FA0350FFCF256CFF51C864FBA52E01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis limi Das & Grismer 2003	<div><p>Cnemaspis limi Das &amp; Grismer, 2003</p> <p>Lim’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 50</p> <p>Cnemaspis sp. Hendrickson 1966:56</p> <p>Cnemaspis nigridius Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997:214; Lim &amp; Lim 1999:142</p> <p>Cnemaspis cf. nigridia Chan-ard et al. 1999:104</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.5289. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.15/lat 2.8333333)">Gua Tengkuk Air</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.15/lat 2.8333333)">Gunung Kajang</a>, adult male …collected from Pulau Tioman [Pahang] (02°50’ N, 104°09’ E), West Malaysia ” at 980 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 88.2 mm; 8–12 supralabials; 7–10 infralabials; ventral scales weakly keeled; no precloacal pores; 25–35 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, weakly present on flanks, absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth bearing a median, weakly enlarged, scale row; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials weakly keeled; 29–36 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; large, black, round spots on nape and anterior portion of body; dorsal caudal tubercles white; at least posterior one-half of subcaudal region white (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 50). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs, and tail dark brown; thin yellow reticulum on top of head and body; a dark, upper, postorbital stripe extends onto nape; a dark, lower, postorbital stripe extends onto shoulder region; a medial, dark marking on nape; 5–7 dark, paravertebral spots occur on back and flanked by diffuse, dark blotches on sides; faint, dark mottling on hind limbs and more on forelimbs; diffuse, dark bands on tail; anterior two-thirds of tail encircled by large, white to cream-colored tubercles; ventral surfaces of head, lateral sections of belly, limbs, and anterior one-third of tail dull-brown, immaculate; ventral surfaces of belly beige. At night the brown ground color of the dorsum fades to white, accenting the black body spots and the yellow reticulum.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis limi is known only from Pulau Tioman, Pahang and the adjacent island of Tulai, Johor in the Seribuat Archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer 2011a,b; Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural History. According to Grismer (2011a), Cnemaspis limi is a saxicolous gecko inhabiting primary and secondary coastal vegetation in lowland and hill dipterocarp forests (Fig. 50) from sea level to the summit of Gunung Kajang at 1,026 m in elevation. Lizards are found almost exclusively on large granite boulders where, during the day, they are active on vertical, shaded surfaces, within crevices, and within the cave-like situations formed by the aggregations of boulders piled on top of one another. In the latter microhabitat, densities can be surprisingly high. Lizards usually sit facing head-down or upside down and run to the base of the rock to escape. At night, however, C. limi is less active and almost exclusively restricted to cave-like situations. This is especially true for lizards near the summit of Gunung Kajang. Bullock (1966) found the larvae of butterflies, grasshoppers, beetles, and pieces of ants in the stomachs of lizards he examined, indicating C. limi does not feed on the ground like C. peninsularis sp. nov. with which it is sympatric. Grismer (2011a) reported females carrying one or two eggs having been observed during July and September and eggs stuck to the undersides of rocks during April indicating C. limi breeds throughout the year.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis limi is a basal lineage in a tritomy composing the Southern Sunda clade (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang, Pulau Tioman ZRC 2.5289 – 90, 2.3504 – 06 (type series). Material examined since Das and Grismer (2003): Peninsular Malaysia: Johor: Pulau Tulai LSUHC 5053; Pahang, Pulau Tioman LSUHC 3801–02, 3859, 3888, 3902, 3904, 4410, 4425, 4480–82, 4485–88, 4563–64, 4596, 5424, 5441, 5510, 5515, 5518, 5521, 6203, 6206–07, 6210, 6212, 6267, 8035.</p> <p>Nigridia group. The nigridia group contains two very dissimilar species from extreme northwestern Borneo; the large, nocturnal, granite boulder-dwelling Cnemaspis nigridia and the much smaller, diurnal, karst-dwelling species C. paripari (Fig. 2). The monophyly of this group is further supported in that these are the only species in the Southern Sunda clade to have enlarged scales beneath the first metatarsals. This character state occurs in the two species of the Ca Mau clade, four of 22 species of the Northern Sunda clade and does not occur in the Pattani clade (Table 6). Therefore, we consider this character state to be derived.</p> <p>The nigridia group is diagnosed as having a maximum SVL of 50.7–75.5 mm; 10–13 supralabials; 9–11 infralabials; weakly to strongly keeled ventral scales; 2–16 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 26–43 paravertebral tubercles; randomly to occasionally weakly aligned dorsal tubercles on the body; no tubercles on flanks or in the lateral caudal furrows; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; subcaudals keeled and bearing a median row of enlarged, keeled scales; 2–4 postcloacal tubercles on either side of the base of the tail; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; subtibials keeled; submetatarsal scales of first toe enlarged; and 26–31 lamellae beneath the fourth toe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFCF256CFF51C864FBA52E01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFCC256DFF51CCCAFBB729B9.text	03FA0350FFCC256DFF51CCCAFBB729B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis nigridia (Smith 1925)	<div><p>Cnemaspis nigridia (Smith, 1925)</p> <p>Black Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 51</p> <p>Heteronota Kendallii Gray, 1845:174 (in part)</p> <p>Gonatodes affinis Shelford, 1901:49</p> <p>Gonatodes nigridius Smith, 1925:22</p> <p>Cnemaspis nigridius Brongersma, 1934:165; Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997:214; Cox, van Dijk, Nabhitabhata &amp; Thirakhupt, 1998:90; Auliya 2006:180</p> <p>Cnemaspis cf. nigridia Chan-ard, Grossmann, Gumprecht &amp; Schulz, 1999:104</p> <p>Holotype. BM 1946.8.22.90. Type locality: “Mt. Gadin” = <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.839165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.686" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.839165/lat 1.686)">Gunung Gading</a>, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01°41.16 N, 109°50.35 E) at approximately 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 75.5 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; 9–11 infralabials; ventral scales weakly to moderately keeled; 10–16 contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; 39–43 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles semi-linear to randomly arranged, absent from flanks and lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals keeled but bearing an enlarged median row of smooth scales; 2–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; submetatarsal scales of first toe enlarged; subtibials keeled; 26–29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; a pair of large, round, black spots in shoulder region; yellow to white bars on flanks; wide, black and dull-yellow caudal bands (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 51). Dorsal coloration of head, body and tail dark brown overlain with large, oval, black spots on anterior portion of body and nape; cream- colored, vertebral markings on nape and dorsum; thin, semi-transversely oriented, yellow bands on body and flanks; limbs bearing wide, dark and yellowish alternating faint bands; yellow caudal bands containing dark pigmentation; all ventral surfaces dark-gray.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis nigridia is known from the type locality of Gunung Gading as well as Gunung Pueh, Gunung Beremput, and the Bau Limestone Area (Smith 1925; Naming &amp; Das 2004; Das 2006), Sarawak, East Malaysia (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural History. We have observed Cnemaspis nigridia only at night on the surfaces of large granite boulders in the vicinity of streams within old lowland secondary forest in forest (Fig. 51). Surveys during the day resulted in finding only C. kendallii in these areas. In all the locations from which this species has been reported except the Bau Limestone Area (which may be erroneous, see below) it is restricted to granite boulders.</p> <p>Remarks. Naming &amp; Das (2004) report Cnemaspis nigridia as occurring on karst formations in the Bau Limestone Area. However, it is not clear if specimens were actually examined as there is no character support for their identification or voucher specimens listed. Only the habitat generalists C. kendallii and C. peninsularis sp. nov. and C. flavigaster occur on both karst and granite and we suspect the Bau population may not be C. nigridia but the karst-adapted C. paripari which occurs in that region (Grismer &amp; Chan 2009).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis nigridia is the sister species of C. paripari from northwestern Borneo (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. East Malaysia: Sarawak, Gunung Gading LSUHC 9167–70.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFCC256DFF51CCCAFBB729B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFCC2568FF51CA70FD582F4B.text	03FA0350FFCC2568FF51CA70FD582F4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis paripari Grismer & Chan 2009	<div><p>Cnemaspis paripari Grismer &amp; Chan, 2009</p> <p>Fairy Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 52, 53</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6812. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.1194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3811166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.1194/lat 1.3811166)">Gua Pari-pari</a>, Bau District, Sarawak, [East] Malaysia (01°22.867 N, 110°07.164 E)” at approximately 30 m inelevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 50.7 mm; 12 or 13 supralabials; 10 or 11 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; 2–6, discontinuous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; 26–31 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent on flanks and from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles absent; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals keeled but bearing an enlarged median row of smooth scales; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; submetatarsal scales of first toe enlarged; subtibials keeled; 26–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; head, limbs, and regenerated tail yellow in males; posterior one-half of original tail white in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Figs. 52, 53). Males: dorsal ground color of body yellowish brown; limbs yellow; head (especially snout) bright yellow bearing small, irregularly shaped, brownish, occipital flecks and a faint, brownish, postorbital stripe; ground color of nape and shoulder region gray bearing paravertebral, irregularly shaped, black blotches; incomplete, transverse, yellow bands between forelimb and hind limb insertions; smaller, scattered, dark spots between bands; limbs generally immaculate; anterior one-half of tail gray bearing faint, dark bands; posterior one-half of tail immaculate, white; all ventral surfaces gray except for posterior half of tail which is white and beige; regenerated tail bright yellow. Females: adult females have an overall brown ground color, lack a yellow head and a yellow or white tail; yellow banding on body faint; dark blotching pattern on nape; tail brown at base, gradually turning to gray posteriorly; weakly banded.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis paripari is known only from the karst formations that extend approximately 4.2 km from Gua Angin to Gua Pari-pari within the Bau Limestone Area, Sarawak, Malaysia (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural History. According to Grismer and Chan (2009), Cnemaspis paripari is a diurnal, lowland, saxicolous species that appears to be restricted to the karst outcroppings extending from Gua Angin to Gua Paripari that are surrounded by lowland dipterocarp forest (Fig. 53). They reported seeing several specimens around and slightly within the openings of caves where light could still penetrate as well as on rocks along the periphery of the outcroppings. No specimens were observed deep within the caves. Most lizards were observed on vertical surfaces in shaded areas and would retreat into nearby cracks at the slightest provocation. Males would often curl their tail up over their back and wave the bright yellow (regenerated) or white (original) posterior section from side to side.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis paripari and its sister species of C. nigridia from the nigridia species group (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Material examined. East Malaysia: Sarawak, Gua Pari-pari ZRC 2.6812; Gua Angin LSUHC 9185, ZRC 2.6813 – 14 (type series).</p> <p>Kendallii group. The kendallii group is a well-supported lineage containing a morphologically diverse group of endemic, insular species from the Seribuat (Cnemaspis baueri and C. pemanggilensis) and Natuna (C. mumpuniae sp. nov. and C. sundainsula sp. nov.) archipelagos along with C. bidongensis from Pulau Bidong from Peninsular Malaysia; C. peninsularis sp. nov. from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, and C. kendallii from East Malaysia and Indonesia (Figs. 2, 4). As noted above, the monophyly of this group is further supported in that these seven species lack precloacal pores (Fig. 5). The relationships within the kendallii group clearly indicates that C. kendallii is polyphyletic, being that it has at least six separate, independent origins (Fig. 2 and see below): C. kendallii from Borneo; C. kendallii from Peninsular Malaysia (= C. peninsularis sp. nov.), and C. kendallii from the Natuna Archipelago, Indonesia (Gonatodes kendallii fide De Rooij [1915] = C. mumpuniae sp. nov. and Gonatodes kendallii fide Günther [1895] = C. sundainsula sp. nov.). The precise phylogenetic placement of C. kendallii (Gonatodes kendallii fide Smedley [1928] = C. sundagekko sp. nov.) from Pulau Siantan of the Anambas Archipelago, Indonesia is not yet known but will likely add an additional independent origin (see below). The polyphyletic nature of C. kendallii was first noted by Grismer et al. (2008b) and Grismer (2011a:334). Leong et al. (2003) indicated that populations on a number of Indonesian Islands were also likely to be different species. In their revision of C. kendallii, Das &amp; Bauer (1998) considered the population from the upland region of Bukit Larut in Peninsular Malaysia, all Peninsular Malaysian and Seribuat Archipelago populations, and the Natuna Besar and Anambas Island populations to compose C. kendallii which in fact is a composite of six species (Grismer et al. 2008b and herein), some of which occur in different clades. The phylogeny also indicates that the Peninsular Malaysian and Seribuat Archipelago populations (i.e. C. peninsularis sp. nov.) and the Natuna Besar Island populations are not closely related to Bornean C. kendallii, which which is the provenance of the holotype (Gray 1845). Additionally, examination of the population from Pulau Siantan from the Anambas Archipelago reveals that it too is not conspecific with Bornean C. kendallii but likely related to a clade containing C. baueri, C. pemanggilensis, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. being that it has the derived character state of caudal tubercles encircling the tail. Therefore, C. kendallii sensu lato is reclassified and the new species are described below.</p> <p>In the molecular analysis, Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. is the basal species in a well-supported monophyletic group comprised of it and C. pemanggilensis, C. kendallii sensu stricto, C. baueri, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. The monophyly of these latter species is supported in that they are the only species of Cnemaspis that have caudal tubercles encircling the tail and the monophyly of C. baueri, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. is supported in that they are the only Cnemaspis in which the posterior portion of the original tail is black.</p> <p>The kendallii group is diagnosed by having a maximum SVL 58.1–84.5 mm; 9–13 supralabials; 7–12 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; 0–6, contiguous, round, pore-bearing, no precloacal pores; body tuberculation moderate; 17–37 paravertebral tubercles; caudal tubercles not restricted to a single paravertebral row; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; 1–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; and 25–38 subdigital fourth toe lamellae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFCC2568FF51CA70FD582F4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFC92564FF51CF3AFD0B2953.text	03FA0350FFC92564FF51CF3AFD0B2953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis sundainsula Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov.</p> <p>Sunda Island Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 54</p> <p>Gonatodes kendallii Günther 1895:500; De Rooij 1915:26 (in part)</p> <p>Cnemaspis cf. nigridia Leong, Grismer &amp; Mumpuni 2003:170</p> <p>Cnemaspis kendallii Das &amp; Bauer 1998:13</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male MZB. Lace. 9438 collected by Awal Riyanto on 24 October 2011 from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.3523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9568057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.3523/lat 3.9568057)">Mount Ranai</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.3523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9568057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.3523/lat 3.9568057)">Bunguran Timur district</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.3523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9568057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.3523/lat 3.9568057)">Natuna Regency</a>, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran (Great Natuna) Island, Indonesia (03 o 57’24.5”N, 108 o 21’08.3”E) at 345 m above sea level.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult male paratypes MZB. Lace 9436–37 and adult female paratypes MZB. Lace 9439–40 have the same data as the holotype except that MZB. Lace 9440 was collected on 25 October 2011; adult maleTNHC 64276, adult female TNHC 62277 and adult male MZB. Lace. 4621 were collected on 3 April 2003 by B. J. Evans, Mohd. Iqbal Setiadi and Gandhi Probowo from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.355316&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.95635" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.355316/lat 3.95635)">Mount Ranai</a>, Bunguran Timur District, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03°57.381’ N, 108°21.319’ E); adult female USNM28139 was collected on 2 July1900 by W. L. Abbott from Bunguran (=Pulau Natuna Besar), Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia (03°57.381’ N, 108°21.319’ E); adult males MZB. Lace 10156 and 10159 were collected on 26 August 2013 and 27 August 2013, respectively by Awal Riyanto and Zamri at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.29784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9754446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.29784/lat 3.9754446)">Ceruk Forest Conserve</a> , <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.29784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9754446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.29784/lat 3.9754446)">Selemam Village</a>, Bungaran Timur Laut District, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03 o 58’31.6” N, 108 o 17’52.2” E) at 51 m above sea level; and adult males MZB. Lace 10160–61 were collected on 28 August 2013 by Awal Riyanto and Zamri at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.31833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9843612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.31833/lat 3.9843612)">Gunung Air Hiu Recreation Area</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.31833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9843612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.31833/lat 3.9843612)">Ceruk Village</a>, Bungaran Timur Laut District, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03 o 59’03.7” N, 108 o 19’06.0”E) at 117 m above sea level.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined. Adult males MZB.Lace 10157–58 collected on 26 August 2013 and 27 August 2013, respectively by Awal Riyanto and Zamri at Ceruk Forest Conserve, Selemam Village, Bungaran Timur Laut District, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia; subadult males MZB.Lace 9439–40 and MZB.Lace 10162 were collected on 28 August 2013 by Awal Riyanto and Zamri at Gunung Air Hiu Recreation Area, Ceruk Village, Bungaran Timur Laut District, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 84.5 mm; 8–11 supralabials; 7–10 infralabials; ventral scales keeled; no precloacal pores; 26–37 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles linearly arranged, preent on flanks but absent in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; subcaudals smooth but bearing an enlarged median row of smooth scales occasionally posteriorly; 2–4 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; submetatarsal scales of first toe weakly enlarged to enlarged; subtibials keeled; 25–29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; small, light-colored round sponts on flanks; gukar region, throat, and lateral sections of abdomen orange; anterior subcaudal region yellow, posterior region white (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult male, SVL 84.1 mm; head robust, oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.23), not narrow (HW/SVL 0.15), flattened (HD/HL 0.41), distinct from neck; snout moderate (ES/HL 0.42), slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially; scales of rostrum keeled, raised, larger than scales on occiput; distinct, supraorbital ridges; no frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis rounded; eye large (ED/HL 0.22); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave dorsally, posterior 90% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two large supranasals and external nares, laterally by first supralabials; 9R,L raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 8R,L infralabials, decreasing in size posteriorly; nostrils round, oriented dorsoposteriorly; mental large, triangular, flat, bordered posteriorly by six postmentals, first two on either side largest; gular and throat scales granular, keeled, raised; pectoral scales slightly larger.</p> <p>Body robust (AG/SVL 0.43); small, granular, rugose, dorsal scales generally equal in size throughout body, intermixed with larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less linearly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles on flanks; 32 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales small, granular, keeled, same size throughout; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, robust (FL/SVL 0.19); dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm raised, keeled; ventral scales of brachium keeled, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm keeled, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales, juxtaposed, raised, broadly keeled; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth longer than fifth; hind limbs robust, slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.24); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; weakly enlarged to enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched, wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing weak to absent; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 28 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed; deep middorsal and lateral caudal furrows; subcaudal scales smooth; median row of enlarged subcaudal scales posteriorly; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; tubercles absent from lateral furrows; three enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Coloration in life (Fig. 54). Dorsal ground color of head, body and limbs yellowish brown; paired, yellowish, lineate markings on rostrum; irregularly shaped yellowish markings on top of head; thin, black, upper postorbital stripe extending to occiput; thin, black, lower postorbital stripe extending onto flank; thin, yellowish, postorbital stripe highlighting row of tubercles on latter surface of occiput; transverse, beige marking on nape followed by one square and two rectangular medial beige markings on body alternating with small, elongate, thin, black vertebral markings; light rectangular markings on body grade into diffuse, light caudal bands alternating with darker brown bands; caudal bands do not encircle tail; diffuse light blotches on flanks; tubercles on flanks white; dark, diffuse, rectangular markings on back and flanks alternate with light markings; gular region and throat yellow-orange; lateral margins of abbomen and lower flanks yellow-orange; anterior one-half of subcaudal region yellow, posterior one-half white; ventral surfaces of pectoral region and limbs beige.</p> <p>Variation (Fig. 54). All paratypes closely resemble the holotype in coloration and pattern although TNHC 64276–77 and MZB.Lace 4621 are not nearly as boldly marked. The color pattern of MZB.Lace 10156 is much bolder than that of the holotype in that the dark and light dorsal markings stand in distinct contrast to one another. The dark dorsal markings of MZB.Lace 10161 are elongate as opposed to being more square to roundish as in the other specimens. TNHC 64277 lacks a tail and the tail of TNHC 64276 is regenerated and composed of small, dark, roundish, juxtaposed scales that are weakly keeled on the dorsal surface whereas the subcaudals are smooth beige, and slightly larger. USNM 28139 is badly faded and only a general color pattern that matches that of the holotype is visible. Hatchlings tend to have yellow undersides. Meristic differences are listed in Table 12.</p> <p>Comparisons. Within the Southern Sunda clade, Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. is differentiated from the species of the nigridia group (C. nigridia and C. paripari) by having a greater maximum SVL (84.5 mm versus 50.7–75.5 mm); lacking as opposed to having precloacal pores; having tubercles on the flanks as opposed to lacking them; having smooth as opposed to keeled subcaudals; generally lacking as opposed to having a median row of enlarged, subcaudal scales; and lacking as opposed to having weakly enlarged, metatarsal scales beneath the first toe. From the species of the kendallii group (C. baueri, C. pemanggilensis, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov.) of which it is a member, it can be differentiated by having a much greater maximum SVL (84.5 mm versus 58.1–76.0 mm), having smooth as opposed to keeled subcaudal scales, and not having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail. From C. limi, C. sundainsula sp. nov. is separated by having linearly as opposed to randomly arranged dorsal tubercles, and having a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles. Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. can be differentiated from C. sundagekko sp. nov, by having a much larger maximum SVL (84.5 mm versus 68.0 mm), a greater number of paravertebral tubercles (26–37 versus 20–25), smooth as opposed to keeled subcaudals, caudal tubercles that do not encircle the tail, and fewer subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (26–31 versus 33–38).</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. is known only from Bunguran Island (= Pulau Natuna Besar/ Great Natuna) of the Natuna Archipelago, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia (Fig. 4) but is likely to occur on nearby islands in the archipelago.</p> <p>Natural History. Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. inhabits primary and secondary forests along the base of Mount Ranai from at least 51–345 m above sea level (De Rooij 1915; Günther 1895). It is not certain if this species extends up to the summit but if granite boulders are present we suspect it does. Lizards occur almost exclusively on large granite boulders (Fig. 54) and are only rarely found on tree trunks. This species is abundant and active during the day while in its dark color phase (Fig. 54) and often in male-female pairs. While active during the day, lizards remain wary and will not venture too far out onto the exposed boulder surfaces but rather remain near cracks or narrow spaces between adjacent boulders were escape is possible. Lizards are commonly seen upside down suspended from the undersides of boulders with their limbs outstretched displaying their birght-orange lower flanks, throat, and abdomens (Fig. 54). Before escaping into cover lizards, roll their tails up over their backs and display the immaculate, white posterior subcaudal region (Fig. 54). In dark crevices and boulder spaces, often the subcaudal region is all that can be seen. At night, lizards venture farther out onto the exposed boulder surface and sequester themselves in a shallow depression or crease or along the edge of a small ridge where they are generally inactive. During this period, lizards are in their light color phase (Fig. 54) and are much more approachable. We have observed gravid females carrying two eggs, hatchings, and juvenlies during April.</p> <p>Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. occurs syntopically with C. mumpuniae sp. nov. and Cyrtodactylus hikidai Riyanto when the latter two species occur on granite boulders. The ecological pattern of temporal partitioning on islands seen between C. sundainsula sp. nov. and Cyrtodactylus hikidai is similar to that between C. psychedelica on Hon Khoai Island, Vietnam which is diurnal and found syntopically with the nocturnal Cyrtodactylus sp. nov. 1 (Grismer et al. 2010b); C. boulengerii on Con Son Island in the Con Dao Archipelago, Vietnam which is diurnal and syntopic with the larger Cyrtodactylus condorensis (Smith); and the large, diurnal, granite boulder-dwelling C. limi from Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia which is syntopic with the larger nocturnal Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis Das &amp; Lim. Additionally, C. sundainsula sp. nov. and C. mumpuniae sp. nov. partition their habitat by SVL, elevation, and general microhabitat preference where C. sundainsula sp. nov. is a large, rock-dweller and C. mumpuniae is the smaller, habitat generalist. A parallel system exists on Pulau Tioman, Malaysia with the smaller, habitat generalist C. peninsularis sp. nov. and the larger, rock-dwelling C. limi (Grismer 2011a).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet sundainsula is derived from the word Sunda which originally referred to a Hindu Kingdom in western Java existing from 669–1579. Sunda is now commonly used as an adjective associated with particular geographic features in the western regions of Southeast Asia associated with the South China Sea and its fringing continental areas. The Latin insula (singular) means island and sundainsula is an invariable noun in apposition in reference to this species being endemic to an island on the submerged Sunda Plains.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis sundainsula sp. nov. is part of the kendallii group within the Southern Sunda clade and is basal to a group containing C. pemanggilensis, C. kendallii sensu stricto, C. baueri, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFC92564FF51CF3AFD0B2953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFC52560FF51C907FBD22FFB.text	03FA0350FFC52560FF51C907FBD22FFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis kendallii (Gray 1845)	<div><p>Cnemaspis kendallii (Gray, 1845)</p> <p>Kendall’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 55, 56</p> <p>Heteronota kendallii Gray, 1845:174 (in part)</p> <p>Gonatodes kendalli (in part) Boulenger, 1885:63; Shelford, 1901:48</p> <p>Gonatodes affinis Shelford, 1901:49</p> <p>Gonatodes kendallii de Rooij, 1915:25 (in part)</p> <p>Lectotype. BM XXII.92 (designated by Dring 1979:223). Type locality: “Borneo”</p> <p>(02°34.44 N, 104°19.53 E) at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 58.4 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; eight or nine infralabials; keeled ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 18–26 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles semi-linearly arranged, weak to present on flanks, tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral and lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles encircle tail; subcaudals keeled with no enlarged median row; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 25–33 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; distinct black and white caudal bands on posterior portion of tail; subcaudal region immaculate white (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Figs. 55, 56). Coloration differs greatly depending on the time of the day. Diurnal coloration: dorsal ground color of the head, body, and limbs grey to dark brown; dark and yellow markings on top of head; thin, dark, diffuse, postorbital stripe extends onto nape; medial, black marking on nape followed by black, vertebral spots extending from shoulder region to base of tail and flanked laterally by additional row of spots on each side on anterior portion of body; dorsum and upper portions of limbs bearing whitish to yellowish spots, those in vertebral region largest; black and white caudal bands in males and females, bands encircling tail in females; subcaudal region nearly immaculate white in males in both original and regenerated tails; dorsal pattern of regenerated tail beige with dark flecking; ventral surfaces of head and neck dull-beige; pectoral region, abdomen and ventral surfaces of limbs beige, usually immaculate. Nocturnal coloration: ground color of dorsal surface of head and body nearly white to light yellow, highlighting dark markings on head and spotting on dorsum; ground color of limbs and tail yellowish.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis kendallii ranges throughout northwestern Borneo in Sarawak, East Malaysia (Das &amp; Bauer 1998) and western Kalimantan, Indonesia. It ranges northward to Pulau Serasan of the Southern Natuna Islands and onto Pulau Buona of the Tambelan Islands, Pulau Pedjantan [sic.] (=Pejantan), and Pulau Karimata (Umilaela et al. 2009) to the south (Fig. 4). Das and Bauer (1998) erroneously reported this species from “Pulo [sic] Lingga” based on specimen USNM 28145. However, Pulau Lingga is an island south of Pulau Bintan, Indonesia that lies just south of Singapore on the western edge of the South China Sea. The original hand written collection label on USNM 28145 reads “Pulau Lingung [=Pulau Lagong] near Natuna Besar” which is a small island off the southern tip of Pulau Natuna Besar (Fig. 4). USNM 28145 is recognized here as C. mumpuniae sp. nov.</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis kendallii is a habitat generalist that ranges throughout primary, secondary, and old secondary forests. Lizards are generally diurnal and can be found on the shaded surfaces of large granite boulders, limestone formations, tree roots, and tree trunks (Fig. 56). Upon retreat, males often roll their tail over their back displaying its white, immaculate underside (Fig. 56) while waving the tip back and forth. At Gunung Gading, we observed lizards during the day on the same granite boulders wherein we observed the much larger C. nigridia at night, indicating these species may be partitioning their microhabitat by means of body size and activity period as has been suggested for other sympatric pairs of Cnemaspis (Grismer et al. 2010b). At night, C. kendallii is often found abroad sleeping on tree trunks and other vegetation and in open areas on the faces of granite boulders.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis kendallii is the sister species of C. pemanggilensis (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. We examined two specimens from the Tambelan Archipelago, Indonesia collected in 1899: one from Pulau Benua (=Buona) and another from Pulau Pejantan (USNM 26573 and 26555, respectively). Both were very faded and in poor shape overall. More importantly, both lacked tails meaning that eight of some of the most important diagnostic character states used to delimit species boundaries between Cnemaspis were unavailable for examination. The combination of the remaining character states such as no precloacal pores, keeled ventrals and subtibials, SVLs of 51.5 and 55.7 mm coupled with their locality off the west coast of Borneo would place them in C. kendallii as was reported by Das and Bauer (1998). However, being that this archipelago has been separated from Borneo for nearly as long as the Anambas and Natuna archipelagos (which collectively harbor at least three species of endemic Cnemaspis) and their specific identity is not possible, we recognize these populations as C. cf. kendallii. Plans are in preparation to collect additional specimens.</p> <p>Material examined. East Malaysia: Sarawak, Gunung Gading LSUHC 9171–73, 9176, USNM 76633; Santubong LSUHC 9178–81. Indonesia: Riau Province, Natuna Archipelago, Pulau Serasan TNHC 64278; Tambelan Archipelago, Pulau Buona USNM 26573; Pulau Pejantan USNM 26555.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFC52560FF51C907FBD22FFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFC12561FF51CFAAFF112DF3.text	03FA0350FFC12561FF51CFAAFF112DF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis pemanggilensis Grismer, Grismer & Das 2006	<div><p>Cnemaspis pemanggilensis Grismer &amp; Das, 2006</p> <p>Pemanggil Island Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 57</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.6043. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.3255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.574" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.3255/lat 2.574)">Batu Buau</a>, a small rocky hill behind <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.3255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.574" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.3255/lat 2.574)">Kampung Buau</a> on the west side of Pulau Pemanggil, Johor, West Malaysia ” (02°34.44 N, 104°19.53 E) at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 76.0 mm; 10–13 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 30–37 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, weak to absent on flanks, absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles present anteriorly; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles encircle tail; subcaudals keeled, bearing an enlarged median row of keeled scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral or subtibial scales; distal submetatarsal scales of fourth toe enlarged; subtibials keeled; 27–34 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; small, yellow spots on flanks (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 57). Ground color of head, body, limbs, and tail grey; dark, bifurcating, medial stripe on snout; single, dark, preorbital stripe; three dark, postorbital stripes with dorsalmost extending onto nape and forming a tripartite band; middle stripe extends onto nape forming a second tripartite band posterior to and larger than the first; ventralmost stripe extends onto upper portions of forelimb insertions; dark, transversely arranged spots extend from nape to base of tail; distinctive, yellowish spots occur on flanks invading lateral portions of abdominal region; weak, banding pattern on limbs; dark, diffuse banding on anterior portion of tail; ventral surfaces beige bearing dark and light spots. During the day, the dorsal ground color is nearly solid black with virtually no discernable pattern. At night, the dorsal ground color changes to light grey which greatly accentuates a prominent series of dark, transverse, body bands and head stripes.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis pemanggilensis is known only from the island of Pemanggil (Grismer &amp; Das 2006; Grismer et al. 2006; Grismer 2011b; Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. The habitat on Pulau Pemanggil is severely degraded and has no discernable primary forest (Youmans et al. 2002). Nonetheless, the cave-like systems formed by the piling up of large, granite boulders (Fig. 57) on top of one another maintain the microhabitats and refugia necessary to support a dense population of Cnemaspis pemanggilensis (Grismer &amp; Das 2006). According to Grismer (2011a), lizards are found in nearly every cave system at all elevations from sea level to 250 meters. During the day, lizards remain inside the caves on all vertical and inverted surfaces where they are extremely wary and rapidly move into deep crevices and cracks at the slightest provocation. At night, however, lizards will venture out along the cave openings and on large boulders immediately outside the caves and become much more approachable.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis pemanggilensis is the sister species to C. kendallii (Figs. 2,5).</p> <p>Material examined. West Malaysia: Johor, Pulau Pemanggil ZRC 2.6043 – 51 (type series). Material examined since Grismer &amp; Das (2006): West Malaysia: Johor, Pulau Pemanggil LSUHC 4458, 4460, 4464, 4476, 4495, 8011–16.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFC12561FF51CFAAFF112DF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFC0257EFF51CB77FC48289B.text	03FA0350FFC0257EFF51CB77FC48289B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis baueri Das & Grismer 2003	<div><p>Cnemaspis baueri Das &amp; Grismer, 2003</p> <p>Bauer’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 58</p> <p>Holotype. ZRC 2.5291. Type locality: “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.502716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.45845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.502716/lat 2.45845)">Kampung Berhala</a> (2°27.507 N, 104°30.163 E), Pulau Aur, Johor, West Malaysia ” at 50 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 67.4 mm; 11–13 supralabials; 8–12 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 18–27 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent to weakly present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral and lateral caudal rows of tubercles present; caudal tubercles encircle tail; subcaudals keeled; a median row of enlarged, keeled subcaudals present; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 26–32 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; uniform brown dorsal ground color; thin, yellow reticulum on occiput and nape; large, black, round spots on nape and anterior portion of body; thin, yellow, caudal bands anteriorly; posterior portion of original tail black in males; anterior caudal tubercles white (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 58). Ground color of dorsal surface of head, body, and limbs dark-brown to olive; thin, yellow reticulum on the top of head; dark, postorbital stripe extends onto nape; medial, dark marking on nape; black, shoulder patches absent; 5–7 dark, vertebral blotches flanked in shoulder region by elongate, dark blotches followed by dark spots extending onto midsection of body; limbs and body faintly mottled with slightly lighter coloration; posterior two-thirds of tail black; anterior one-third encircled by large, cream-colored tubercles; regenerated tail unicolor brown; ventral surfaces of head, body, limbs, and anterior one-third of tail dull beige, immaculate; sexual dimorphism absent.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis baueri is known only from Pulau Aur, Johor and the nearby rocky island of Dayang (Grismer 2011a; Fig. 4). Das (2010) erroneously reports this species as being endemic to Pulau Tulai, Johor.</p> <p>Natural History. Grismer (2011a) reported that Cnemaspis baueri is a saxicolous gecko common on rocky outcroppings in primary and secondary, lowland, coastal forests where it is found almost exclusively on the vertical surfaces of large granite boulders, within deep crevices, and within cave-like microhabitats formed by the aggregation of large boulders (Fig. 58). During the day, the activity of C. baueri is restricted to the shaded surfaces of large boulders under the forest canopy or within the cave-like environments wherein lizards can be found in surprisingly high densities. At night, lizards venture farther out into the open onto all surfaces of the rocks but are far less active. Das &amp; Grismer (2003) estimated finding 200– 250 egg scars on the underside of a large boulder in a communal laying site. Females carrying two eggs have been observed during July (Grismer 2011a).</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis baueri is the sister species of a monophyletic group containing C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 5).</p> <p>Material examined. West Malaysia: Johor, Pulau Aur ZRC 2.5291 – 99 (type series). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.5095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5093" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.5095/lat 2.5093)">Material</a> examined since Das and Grismer (2003): <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.5095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5093" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.5095/lat 2.5093)">West</a> Malaysia: Johor, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.5095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5093" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.5095/lat 2.5093)">Pulau Aur</a> LSUHC 3921–24, 4700–01, 4717–23, 4725, 4727, 4729, 4744, 4808, 7272–74, 7301–03, 7319, ZRC 2.5093, 2.5095 –96.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFC0257EFF51CB77FC48289B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFDF257AFF51C94AFD302BF8.text	03FA0350FFDF257AFF51C94AFD302BF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis mumpuniae Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov.</p> <p>Mumpuni Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 59</p> <p>Cnemaspis kendallii Das &amp; Bauer 1998:12 (in part)</p> <p>Cnemaspis cf. kendalli Leong, Grismer &amp; Mumpuni 2003:170</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male MZB. Lace 10167 collected by Awal Riyanto and Zamri on 31 August 2013 from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.15506&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6752224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.15506/lat 3.6752224)">Sekunyam Forest Reserve</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.15506&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6752224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.15506/lat 3.6752224)">Mekarjaya Village</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.15506&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6752224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.15506/lat 3.6752224)">Bunguran Barat district</a>, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03°40’30.8”N; 108°09’18.2”E) at 80 m above sea level.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult male MZB. Lace 10166 bears the same data as the holotype. Adult male MZB. Lace 10163 collected by Awal Riyanto and Zamri on 3 September 2013 respectively from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.299805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8582778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.299805/lat 3.8582778)">Harapan Jaya Village</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.299805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8582778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.299805/lat 3.8582778)">Bunguran Tengah District</a>, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03°51’29.8”N; 108°17’59.3”E) at 46 m above sea level, adult maleMZB. Lace. 9441collected by some collectors of holotype 24 October 2011, from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.3523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9568057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.3523/lat 3.9568057)">Mount Ranai</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.3523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9568057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.3523/lat 3.9568057)">Bunguran Timur District</a>, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03 o 57’24.5”N, 108 o 21’08.3”E) at 345 m above sea level. Adult male MZB. Lace 10169 and adult female MZB. Lace 10168 collected by Awal Riyanto and Zamri on 1 September 2013 from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.13894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6680279" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.13894/lat 3.6680279)">Teluk Lampa Forest</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.13894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6680279" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.13894/lat 3.6680279)">Pulau Tiga District</a>, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03°40’04.9” N; 108°08’20.2” E) at 10 m above sea level.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined. Adult female MZB. Lace 10155 collected by Awal Riyanto and Zamri on 25August 2013 from a fragmented forest area at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.2222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9435556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.2222/lat 3.9435556)">Bedung Village</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.2222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9435556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.2222/lat 3.9435556)">Bunguran Tengah District</a>, Natuna Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Bunguran Island, Indonesia (03°56’36.8” N; 108°13’19.9” E) at 41 m above sea level. Adult females MZB.Lace 10164–65 have the same data as the holotype.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. differs from all other species of Cnemaspis in having a maximum SVL reaching 56.6 mm SVL; 10 or 11 supralabials; 8–11 infralabials; keeled ventrals; no precloacal pores; moderate dorsal tuberculation; 18–24 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles semi-linearly arranged; weak tuberculation on flanks; caudal tubercles encircling tail; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral and lateral row of caudal tubercles present; subcaudals keeled; single, median row of enlarged subcaudals; one or two postcloacal tubercles on either side of base of tail; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials usually keeled; 29–35 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; thin, white, nuchal loop; dorsal ground color brick-red; small, light, round spots on flanks; regenerated tail yellow; posterior portion of original tail black in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult male SVL 51.6 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.26), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.17), flattened (HD/HL 0.41), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.50), concave in lateral profile; postnasal region weakly constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum weaklykeeled, slightly raised, slightly larger than similarly shaped scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; weak frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis not very discernable; eye large (ED/HL 0.23); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave dorsally, dorsal 90% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two large supranasals, an equally sized azygous scale, and external nares; boredered laterally by first supralabials; 10R,L raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 8R,L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, concave medially, bordered posteriorly by two large, rectangular, lateral postmentals of similar size and one smaller azygous scale; gular scales raised, smooth; throat scales larger, raised, weakly keeled. Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.43); small, keeled, dorsal scales generally equal in size throughout body, intermixed with larger, multicarinate tubercles in semi-linearly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles moderate in size; tuberculation weak on lower flanks, 18 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales raised, keeled, not elongate, same size throughout; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, slender (FL/SVL 0.21); dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm raised, keeled; ventral scales of brachium smooth, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm weakly keeled, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing present; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth longer than fifth; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.23); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally but wider distally throughout digit; interdigital webbing present; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 32 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales flat anteriorly, keeled, juxtaposed; weak middorsal and deep lateral caudal furrows; subcaudal scales keeled; median row of enlarged, keeled subcaudal scales; caudal tubercles encircle tail; tubercles absent from lateral furrows; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 59). Dorsal ground color brick-red; medial, whitish spot on rostrum, canthus rostralis bearing whitish line; thin, white nuchal loop extending from posterior margin of one orbit to the other; thin, white postorbital line below nuchal loop extending obliquely to corner of mouth; paired whitish markings on occiput; small, white, linearly arranged spots on side of neck and nape; large, faint, dark, linearly arranged blotches on anterior portion of body and nape; flanks bearing small, round, white spots thatextend onto lateral margins of abdomen; five whitish bands consisting of a row of three, transversely aligned blotches occur between limb insertions and extend onto anterior one-half of tail transforming into light, caudal bands that alternate with dark bands, posterior one-half of tail black; dorsal surfaces of limbs mottled with white; ventral surface of gular, pectoral, abdominal, and anterior subcaudal region beige; throat and limbs darker; posterior one-half of subcaudal region black; all other ventral surfaces suffused with black stippling in scales.</p> <p>Variation (Fig. 59). The type series shows a modest array of color pattern variation. MZB.Lace 10168 closely resembles the holotype in overall coloration whereas the dorsal ground color in MZB.Lace 10166 and 10168 is lighter and the overall blotching lighter, giving them a less contrasted and spotted appearance. MZB.Lace 10168 is a female and lacks the black posterior caudal region. The posterior one-half of the tail in MZB.Lace 10169 is regenerated and unicolor tan. MZB.Lace 10163 is very faded overall but most likely matches MZB.Lace 9441 and MZB.Lace 10168 in general coloration. The flanks of all specimens of the type series are not as boldly marked as in the holotype. Meristic and mensural variation is listed in Table 13.</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. is a member of the Southern Sunda clade which includes C. limi, C. nigridia, C. paripari, C. kendallii, C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, C. baueri, C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. Within this clade, it is part of an unresolved polytomy that includes C. kendallii, C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, C. baueri, C. bidongensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov. of the kendallii group (Fig. 2). Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. is easily separated from C. limi by being much smaller (maximum SVL 56.6 mm versus 88.2 mm); having fewer paravertebral tubercles (18–24 versus 25–35); having keeled versus smooth subcaudal scales; the presence versus the absence of a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail versus not having tubercles encircling the tail; and lacking versus having white caudal tubercles. From C. paripari, C. mumpuniae sp. nov. lacks precloacal pores as opposed to having them; has fewer paravertebral tubercles (18–24 versus 26–31); has as opposed to lacks tubercles on the flanks; has as opposedto lacks a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; has caudal tubercles that encircle the tail versus not having tubercles encircling the tail; lacks as opposed to having an enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; and males lack as opposed to having a yellow head, limbs, and back and the posterior one-half of the original tail being white. Within the kendallii group, C. mumpuniae sp. nov. is distinguished from C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, and C. baueri by being much smaller (maximum SVL 56.6 mm versus 67.4–84.5 mm) and from C. sundainsula sp. nov. it is further separated by having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail rather than not having such tubercles. Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. is further separated from C. pemanggilensis by having fewer paravertebral tubercles (18–24 versus 30–37) and lacking as opposed to having an enlarged, median row of keeled subcaudal scales. From C. baueri, C. mumpuniae sp. nov is further differentiated by lacking an enlarged, median row of keeled subcaudal scales and not having a uniform brown dorsal color pattern bearing large, elongate black blotches on the nape and shoulder region. Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. is differentiated from C. kendallii sensu stricto in that the posterior two-thirds of the original tail in adult male C. mumpuniae sp. nov. is black dorsally and ventrally and in adult male C. kendallii the tail is banded dorsally throughout its length and the subcaudal region is essentially immaculate white. The regenerated tail in adult male C. mumpuniae sp. nov. is yellow and immaculate dorsally and ventrally whereas that of C. kendallii sensu stricto is straw-colored with small black flecks dorsally and the subcaudal region is immaculate white. Additionally, C. kendallii sensu stricto has a row of nearly contiguous tubercles on the lateral margins of the occipital region bordering the nape which are nearly always absent in C. mumpuniae sp. nov. Within the kendallii group, C. mumpuniae sp. nov. is most closely related to the sister species C. bidongensis and C. peninsularis sp. nov. (Fig. 2). It differs from them in having a brick-red ground color and a thin, white, nuchal loop. It is differentiated further from C. peninsularis sp. nov. having as opposed to lacking an enlarged, median, subcaudal scale row.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis mumpuniae sp. nov. is endemic to the northern group of islands of the Natuna Archipelago, Riau Province, Indonesia. It is known to occur on the islands of Natuan Besar and Lagong but is likely present on many of the other islands as well (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural History. Cnemapsis mumpuniae sp. nov. is a diurnal, habitat generalist found in disturbed and undisturbed forests and is widespread throughout Pulau Natuna Besar from sea level to 345 m along the base of Mount Ranai. Lizards occur on both granite boulders and vegetation and are quite adept at substrate matching (Fig. 59). During the day on granite boulders, their ground color is dark-red. On lighter substrates, such as tree trunks in rubber plantations, the ground color can be grayish. At night, when inactive, lizards are nearly white. This species is quite agile and wary during the day, jumping from rock to rock or from trees to rocks to seek shelter in dark crevices and rock spaces. While fleeing, lizards usually elevate the black posterior portion of their tail up over their back and wave it from side to side. At night lizards are quite approachable and can be seen sleeping on the open surfaces of boulders and tree trunks. We observed one lizard sleeping on a leaf at least 5 m above the forest floor. Hatchlings were observed during April.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet recognizes Mrs. Mumpuni, one of the senior herpetologist at the MZB and honors her many contributions over the years to Indonesian herpetology.</p> <p>Relationships. Within the kendallii group, C. mumpuniae sp. nov. is most closely related to the sister species C. bidongensis and C. peninsularis sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFDF257AFF51C94AFD302BF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFDA2575FF51CCCAFDB92F66.text	03FA0350FFDA2575FF51CCCAFDB92F66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis peninsularis Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov.</p> <p>Peninsular Rock Gecko</p> <p>Figs. 60, 61</p> <p>Gonatodes kendalli Flower 1896:833 (in part), 1899:627 (in part); Ridley, 1899:193; Boulenger 1912:38 (in part); Sworder 1925:63; Smith 1930:16 (in part); Nicholls 1949:48</p> <p>Gonatodes kendallii Smith 1925:23 (in part)</p> <p>Cnemaspis kendalli Henrickson, 1966:55; Bullock 1966:94; Dring, 1979:220; Denzer &amp; Manthey, 1991:313; Lim &amp; Lim, 1992:122</p> <p>Cnemaspis kendallii Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997:212 (in part); Das &amp; Bauer 1998:12 (in part); Grandison, 1972:80; Werner &amp; Chou, 2002:185; Das &amp; Grismer, 2003:549; Grismer &amp; Das 2006:5 (in part); Grismer, Youmans, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2006:112; Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007:486 (in part); Baker &amp; Lim, 2008:78; Chan &amp; Grismer 2008:55 (in part); Grismer 2008:30; Grismer &amp; Chan 2008:5 (in part); Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda &amp; Sumontha 2008a:57 (in part); Grismer, Grismer, Wood &amp; Chan 2008b:24 (in part); Grismer &amp; Chan 2009:30 (in part); Grismer, Norhayati, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood, &amp; Grismer 2009:59 (in part); J. Grismer, Grismer &amp; Thou 2010:30 (in part); Grismer, 2010:59 (in part); Grismer &amp; Chan 2010:61 (in part); Grismer, Chan, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Norhayati, Greer, Remegio 2010c:64 (in part); Grismer, Ngo &amp; Grismer 2010b:57 (in part); Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya 2010a:12 (in part); Grismer 2011a:330 (in part), 2011b:112 (in part); Wood, Quah, Shahrul, &amp; Muin 2013:546 (in part); Grismer, Wood, Amirrundin, Sumarli, Vazquez, Chan, Ismail, Nance, Muhammad, Mohamad, Syed, Kuss, Murdoch &amp; Cobos 2014:449.</p> <p>Holotype. Adult female LSUHC 8965 collected on 7 June 2008 by L. L. Grismer, P. L. Wood, Jr., J. L. Grismer and Chan K. O. at 1030 hrs from the base of Gunung Ledang Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (02°20.25’ N, 102°37.11’ E) at 100 m in elevation.</p> <p>Paratypes. Adult male LSUHC 8966 has the same data as the holotype. Adult male LSUHC 4756 collected on 23 July 2002 by J. L. Grismer at the waterfall on Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (02°18.013’ N, 104°06.261 E) at 210 m in elevation. Adult male LSUHC 5731 collected on 30 August 2003 by T. A. Youmans on Pulau Babi Besar, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (02°26.166 N, 103°58.466 E) at 55 m in elevation. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Adult</a> male LSUHC 6213 collected on 30 June 2004 by L. Lee Grismer on the <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Tekek-Juara Trail</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Pulau Tioman</a>, Pahang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia (02°48.433 N, 104°9.525 E) at 260 m in elevation. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Adult</a> female LSUHC 8210 and adult male LSUHC 8126 collected on 4 September 2006 by L. L. Grismer at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Selai</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Lubuk Tapah</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Endau-Rompin</a>, Johor, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia (02°25.129’ N, 103°15.409’ E) at 102 m in elevation. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Adult</a> male LSUHC 9376 collected on 8 September 2009 by Chan, K. O. and L. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Lee Grismer on Pulau Tenggol</a>, Terengganu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia (04°48.111 N, 103°40.478’ E) at 83 m in elevation. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Adult</a> males (LSUHC 10710–11) collected on 24 June 2008 by <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Chan Kin Onn</a> at 1030 hrs from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Bukit Hangus</a>, Pahang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Peninsular</a> Malaysia (04°16.142’ N, 102°13.370’ E) at 10 m in elevation. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8235&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8235/lat 1.8066666)">Adult</a> male LSUHC 10454 collected on 2 June 2011 by Evan S. H. Quah from the Nee Soon Swamp, Singapore (01°48.40 N, 103°49.41 E) at 20 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 60.0 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; 7–10 infralabials; keeled ventrals; no precloacal pores; moderately prominent dorsal tubercles; 17–25 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles generally randomly arranged; tubercles absent to weak on flanks; caudal tubercles encircling tail; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral and lateral rows of caudal tubercles present; subcaudals keeled; no single, median row of enlarged, subcaudal scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on either side of base of tail; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 27–33 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; regenerated tail yellow in males; posterior portion of original tail in males black (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Gravid female; SVL 55.2 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/ SVL 0.27), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.16), flattened (HD/HL 0.37), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.47), slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum weakly keeled, slightly raised, same size as similarly shaped scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; very weak frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis not very discernable; eye large (ED/HL 0.19); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave dorsally, dorsal 75% divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two large supranasals and external nares, and laterally by first supralabials; 10R,L raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 8R,9L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, concave medially, bordered posteriorly by two large, rectangular, lateral postmentals of similar size and one smaller azygous scale; gular scales raised, smooth; throat scales larger, raised, weakly keeled.</p> <p>Body slender, elongate (AG/SVL 0.48); small, keeled, dorsal scales generally equal in size throughout body, intermixed with larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles absent from lower flanks, moderate in size; 22 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales raised, keeled, not elongate, same size throughout; abdominal scales slightly larger than dorsals; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, slender (FL/SVL 0.19); dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm raised, keeled; ventral scales of brachium smooth, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm weakly keeled, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth longer than fifth; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.22); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally but wider distally throughout digit; interdigital webbing absent to weak; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 31 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales flat anteriorly, keeled, juxtaposed; deep middorsal and lateral caudal furrows; subcaudal scales keeled; no median row of enlarged keeled subcaudal scales; caudal tubercles encircle tail; tubercles absent from lateral furrows.</p> <p>Color pattern in life. Dorsal ground color yellowish; head and body overlain with irregularly shaped pattern of interconnected brownish markings highlighting white to yellowish irregularly shaped blotches; small, black, elongate medial marking on nape followed by similarly colored, paired, elongate, paravertebral markings extending to midway down body; similar vertebral markings extend from midbody to base of tail transforming into poorly defined, diffuse, dark caudal bands; limbs bearing a faint, brownish banding pattern becoming more evident distally; digits banded; ventral ground color beige; faint, darker reticulum on belly; posterior subcaudal region dark.</p> <p>Variation. The type series shows a modest array of color pattern variation that is not necessarily related to substrate matching although this species does tend to show differences in overall hue with respect to substrate (see Geographic variation below). LSUHC 5731 and 6253 match the holotype in general coloration and pattern although both lack the larger dark markings and appear less mottled overall. Both differ from the holotype in having a dark belly with distinct white spots as do LSUHC 10454 and 10710–11. The other specimens show a modest degree of belly mottling. LSUHC 10710–11 have a much darker color pattern that highlights the overlying lighter markings as well as a distinct, thin, whitish, nuchal loop. A distinct nuchal loop also occurs in LSUHC 4756, 8210, 8966, and 10454. LSUHC 9376 has a faded nearly unicolor dorsal pattern bearing only faint dark and light spots and LSUHC 8126 has a unicolor regenerated tail. Sexual dimorphism in caudal coloration is discussed below (see Comparisons). Meristic and mensural variation is listed in Table 14 and various color patterns can be seen in Figures 60 and 61 and in Grismer (2011a).</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. ranges as far north as Bukit Hangus, Pahang on the peninsula and to Pulau Tenggol off the east coast, and southward to Singapore (Grismer 2011a: Fig. 4). In the Seribuat Archipelago, Grismer et al. (2006) reported C. peninsularis sp. nov. from the islands of Aceh, Babi Besar, Babi Hujung, Ibol, Sembilang, Seribuat, Sibu, Sibu Tenggah, Tinggi, Tioman, and Tulai (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural History. According to Grismer (2011a) and references therein, Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. is a scansorial, diurnal gecko found on logs, tree trunks, low vegetation, and rocks (Figs. 60, 61). It is a common inhabitant of both primary and secondary, lowland and hill, dipterocarp forests and to a lesser extent peatswamps and ranges up to approximately 500 m in elevation. During the day, C. peninsularis sp. nov. is active on trees and rocks beneath closed canopy forests and does not restrict its movements to dark, shaded surfaces as is commonly seen in many other species of Cnemaspis. On Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Grismer (2011a) noted that lizards may bask in sun spots on the trunks of trees. Werner and Chou (2002) indicated C. peninsularis sp. nov. is a sit and wait predator that usually perches head down on tree trunks waiting to ambush prey. When threatened, males often curl their tail over their back to display the yellow underside (Fig. 61). This display is usually exaggerated by slowly moving the tail from side to side and performed just prior to fleeing to take refuge within a rock crack or beneath exfoliating bark. At night, the ground color of C. peninsularis sp. nov. becomes nearly white and somewhat transparent, highlighting the dark dorsal spots on the body and the black tail in the males (Figs. 60, 61). During this time, lizards are commonly seen sleeping on tree trunks, leaves, rocks, and clinging to the underside of leaves as high as 10 m above the ground. Grismer (2011a) reported gravid females on several islands in the Seribuat Archipelago from March through August; during June at Gunung Ledang, Johor; and at Endau-Rompin, Johor during September. In Singapore, gravid females have been observed during August and pairs of eggs stuck to rocks and cement structures have been found during November and December (Werner &amp; Chou 2002). Hatchlings and gravid females in Singapore have been observed during December (Werner &amp; Chou 2002). These data suggest C. peninsularis sp. nov. breeds year round. Bullock (1966) reported finding ants, beetles, earthworms, millipedes, and soil in the stomachs of lizards from Pulau Tioman indicating that foraging takes place on the ground.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet peninsularis is an adjective in reference to the distribution of this species being restricted to Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore and their adjacent islands.</p> <p>Geographic variation. Geographic variation in Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. does not show geographically related trends as seen in some other species of lizards from Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer 2011a) but there is some noteworthy localized variation in some populations. Lizards from Pulau Tioman, Pahang generally have a more boldly marked abdomen than lizards from populations of Peninsular Malaysia. This is especially true in adult males. In extreme cases, the bellies of some males may be dark brown with white spots and that pattern may extend onto the undersides of the hind limbs. The dorsal pattern of lizards from Pulau Ibol, Johor is nearly unicolor brown. A similar pattern occurs in lizards from Sungai Lembing, Pahang except that lizards from here maintain the large, black, elongate dorsal blotches and appear superficially similar to C. baueri of Pulau Aur, Johor.</p> <p>Comparisons. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. is a member of the Southern Sunda clade which includes C. limi, C. nigridia, C. paripari, C. kendallii, C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, C. baueri, C. mumpuniae sp. nov. and C. bidongensis. Within this clade, it is part of an unresolved polytomy that composes C. kendallii, C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. bidongensis, C. peninsularis sp. nov., and C. baueri of the kendallii group (Fig. 2). Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. is easily separated from C. limi by being much smaller (maximum SVL 55.2 mm versus 88.2 mm); having fewer paravertebral tubercles (17–25 versus 25–35); having keeled versus smooth subcaudal scales; the presence versus the absence of a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail versus not having tubercles that encircle the tail; and lacking versus having white caudal tubercles. From C. paripari, C. peninsularis sp. nov. lacks precloacal pores as opposed to having them; has fewer paravertebral tubercles (17–25 versus 26–31); has as opposed to lacks tubercles on the flanks; has versus lacks a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; has caudal tubercles that encircle the tail versus not having tubercles encircling the tail; lacks versus has an enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; and males lack as opposed to having a yellow head, limbs, and back and the posterior one-half of the original tail being white. Within the kendallii group, C. peninsularis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from C. sundainsula sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, and C. baueri by being much smaller (maximum SVL 55.2 mm versus 67.4–84.5 mm) and from C. sundainsula sp. nov. it is further separated by having keeled versus smooth ventral scales, and caudal tubercles that encircle the tail rather than not having such tubercles. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. is further separated from C. pemanggilensis by having fewer paravertebral tubercles (17–25 versus 30–37) and lacking as opposed to having an enlarged, median row of keeled subcaudal scales. From C. baueri, C. peninsularis sp. nov is further differentiated by lacking an enlarged, median row of keeled subcaudal scales and not having a uniform brown dorsal color pattern bearing large, elongate black blotches on the nape and in the shoulder region. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. can not be differentiated from C. kendallii (with which it was previously considered conspecific) on the basis of scale counts. However, these species do differ notably in that the abdomen of C. peninsularis sp. nov. is mottled with a diffuse, dark reticulum enclosing lighter spots whereas in C. kendallii the abdomen is beige and generally immaculate; the posterior two-thirds of the original tail in adult male C. peninsularis sp. nov. is black dorsally and ventrally and in adult male C. kendallii the tail is banded dorsally throughout its length and the subcaudal region is essentially immaculate white. The regenerated tail in adult male C. peninsularis sp. nov. is yellow and immaculate dorsally and ventrally whereas that of C. kendallii is straw colored with small black flecks dorsally and the subcaudal region is white and immaculate. Additionally, C. kendallii has a row of nearly contiguous tubercles on the lateral margings of the occipital region bordering the nape which are nearly always absent in C. peninsularis sp. nov. Another row of tubercles generally absent in C. peninsularis sp. nov. occurs immediately anterior to the shoulder region in C. kendallii. All these tubercles are usually accentuated by being white. Within the kendalli group, C. peninsularis sp. nov. is most closely related to C. bidongensis and C. mumpuniae sp. nov. (Fig. 2). It differs from C. mumpuniae in lacking a brick-red ground color and a thin, white, nuchal loop. It is differentiated further from C. bidongensis sp. nov. by lacking as opposed to having an enlarged, median, subcaudal scale row.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. forms a polytomy with C. bidongensis from Pulau Bidong, Peninsular Malaysia and C. mumpuniae sp. nov. from Pulau Natuna Besar, Indonesia (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. is the most widely distributed species withn a genus that is composed primarily of microhabitat specialist with highly circumscribed distributions (Figs. 3, 4). One of the reasons for its relatively wide distribution is that it is a habitat generalist active both day and night on all rocky and vegetative substrates. To encompass the phylogeographic structure within C. peninsularis sp. nov., we sampled 32 specimens from throughout the extent of its distribution from Singapore in the south to Bukit Hangus, Pahang, and Pulau Tenggol, Terengganu in the north (Fig. 62) as well as from seven of the 11 islands on which it is known to occur in the Seribuat Archipelago (Fig. 62). An ND2 phylogeny shows that C. peninsularis sp. nov. is composed of three well-supported, major lineages (Fig. 62). The basal lineage is represented by a northern population from Sungai Lembing, Pahang and its sister lineage is composed of a southern population from Pulau Seribuat, Johor of the Seribuat Archipelago and its sister lineage containing the remaining populations that generally encompasses the entire range of C. peninsularis sp. nov. (Fig. 62). The overall phylogeographic structure within the latter widespread population is polytomous with little concordance between geographic distribution and phylogenetic substructuring (Fig. 62). We consider this lack of geographic clustering to be evidence of gene flow within this widely distributed, habitat generalist (see Grismer et al. [2012] and Johnson et al. [2012] for other gekkonid examples with similar phylogeographic structure from Peninsular Malaysia). Additionally, the phylogeny indicates that the presence of C. peninsularis sp. nov. in the Seribuat Archipelago may be due to sequential vicariant events associated with episodic changes is sea levels or independent dispersal events. The first event established the Pulau Seribuat population followed by the establishment of a population on Pulau Tulai. The widespread clade of insular populations in the Seribuat Archipelago may have resulted from the most recent vicariant event and being that the peninsular, Gunung Berlumut population is deeply embedded within this island clade, suggests an upstream recolonization of Peninsular Malaysia may have occurred (Fig. 62). These hypotheses and others are currently being tested with fine-scaled geographic sampling and re-analysis (Wood &amp; Grismer in prep.).</p> <p>The uncorrected pairwise genetic distances among the three major lineages of Cnemaspis peninsularis sp. nov. ranges from 1.1%–9.9% whereas that within the most widespread lineage (i.e. the lineage that does not include Sungai Lembing and Pulau Seribuat; Fig. 62) ranges from 1.1%–6.7% (Table 5). The distances between the Sungai Lembing and Pulau Seribuat populations to each other and all other C. peninsularis sp. nov. are commensurate with that between other species of gekkonids (see Grismer et al. 2013b) and their specific status will also be evaluated (Wood &amp; Grismer in prep.).</p> <p>Additional material examined. Peninsular Malaysia: Johor: Bunker Trail ZRC 2.5602; Endau-Rompin LSUHC 7691, 8122, 8126, 8191, 8210; Gunung Ledang ZRC 2.5437–38, LSUHC 8965–67; Pulau Babi Besar LSUHC 5731–34; Pulau Babi Hujung LSUHC 5749–52; Pulau Ibol LSUHC 6380–83; Pulau Sembilang LSUHC 5244; Pulau Seribuat LSUHC 5184–87, 5198, 5211; Pulau Tinggi LSUHC 4707, 4756–57, 4765–67; Pulau Tulai LSUHC 3894, 5056–58. Pahang: Bukit Ringgit DWNP 2231; Gemas ZRC 2.1105–06; Jerantut ZRC 2.1101; Kuala Gandah DWNP 475–76; Lakum Forest Reserve DWNP 2278–79; Pulau Tioman DWNP 1833, LSUHC 3773–75, 3797, 3811, 3820, 3841, 3878–88, 4566, 4570, 4615, 4658–59, 4666; 5436, 5445–46, 5454, 5462, 5477, 5482, 6213–18, 6224, 8036; Sungai Lembing LSUHC 4954, 4958. Negeri Sembilan: Gallah Forest Reserve DWNP 2281. Selangor: Sungai Lalang DWNP 169; Ulu Gombak DWNP 1828. Singapore: ZRC 2.107–08, 2.3014, 2.3520, 2.3544, 2.4992, 2.5644, 2.5891.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFDA2575FF51CCCAFDB92F66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFD42572FF51CFDBFBDD2F03.text	03FA0350FFD42572FF51CFDBFBDD2F03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis bidongensis Grismer, Wood, Amirrudin, Sumarli, Vazquez, Ismail, Nance, Muhammad, Mohamad, Syed, Kuss, Murdoch & Cobos 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis bidongensis Grismer, Wood, Amirrudin, Sumarli, Vazquez, Ismail, Nance, Muhammad, Mohamad, Syed, Kuss, Murdoch &amp; Cobos, 2014</p> <p>Pulau Bidong Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 63</p> <p>Holotype. Adult female (LSUHC 11455) collected on 26 August 2013 by Jacob A. Chan at 2200 hrs at 34 m from Pulau Bidong, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia (5°37.201 N 103°03.244 E) at 49 m in elevation.</p> <p>Paratype. Adult males (LSUHC 11447, 11452–54) and adult female LSUHC 11451 bear the same data as the holotype except they were collected between 1800 and 2400 hrs.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 58.1 mm; nine or 10 supralabials; 7–9 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 21–26 paravertebral tubercles; no tubercles on flanks; caudal tubercles encircling tail; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; subcaudals keeled; a median row of enlarged, keeled subcaudals; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 26–30 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; large, round, black blotches on nape and anterior portion of body; distinct black and white caudal bands in females (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 63). Females: dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail brown; a series of diffuse, yellowish lines on rostrum extend posteriorly onto frontal region; dorsal pattern on occiput consisting of a series of dull white spots surrounding a dark brown, tear-drop shaped, vertebral marking; three diffuse, dark brown, postorbital stripes radiate from eyes; dorsal pattern of neck and body consists of a vertebral series of six dull-white blotches extending to base of tail paralleled by similar blotches on flanks; a series of seven diffuse dark brown blotches extend from side of neck along flanks to base of tail on each side of body; intervening area between all body blotches consists of a network of dark and light mottling that extends onto the limbs; nine white caudal bands infused with faint black speckling encircle tail; interband areas bear black mottling; ventral surfaces of head body and limbs beige to dull yellow with weak black stippling in each scale; anterior gular region yellow; subcaudal region bearing white, irregularly shaped bands; small, dark, elongate blotch on mental and medial postmental. Males: overall yellowish to dull-orange dorsal pattern on the head, body and tail and lack the dull-white blotching seen in females yet retain the darker blotching pattern. The caudal pattern is banded but the light bands are not white as in the females and the dark bands are dark brown as opposed to black. The ventral pattern of males is similar to that of females except that the lateral margins of the abdomen tend to near dark network enclosing small, lighter spots. Also, subcaudal banding is faint.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis bidongensis is presumed to be endemic to Pulau Bidong, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer et al. 2014; Fig. 4) being that it has not been found in any other archipelago or any other island in the Bidong Archipleago (Vazquez et al. 2014.).</p> <p>Natural History. Grismer et al. (2014) noted that Cnemaspis bidongensis occurs in secondary, coastal forest and is widespread throughout the island. During the Vietnamese refugee period from May 1975 to October 1991, the island’s primary forest was severely degraded by cutting. During this time, as many as 250,000 people fleeing the communist take over of southern Vietnam spent time on Pulau Bidong and in June 1979 it was considered the most heavily populated place on earth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidong_ Island). Although this had a catastrophic effect on the native forest, C. bidongensis was able to survive because it is not a microhabitat specialist as are many other species of Cnemaspis (Grismer &amp; Ngo 2007; Grismer &amp; Chan 2009; Grismer et al. 2010a,b; 2013a; Grismer 2011a; Wood et al. 2013). During the course of our fieldwork, lizards were observed day and night on both granite rocks and vegetation (Fig. 63). Lizards were wary, swift, agile and would seek shelter at the slightest provocation. During the day, lizards would often jump from rocks to nearby trees and escape by ascending 3–5 meters up the trunk—a behavior not observed in any other species of Cnemaspis. Lizards would also avoid capture by retreating into rock cracks. During the evening, lizards were commonly seen on rocks, branches, and leaves where they appeared to be sleeping. When aroused, many would drop to the forest floor from as high as 1.5 meters and escape into the leaf litter—a behavior also uncharacteristic of Cnemaspis. Hatchlings and juveniles were not observed and the presence of gravid females carrying two eggs suggests that July is the beginning of the reproductive season.</p> <p>Relationships. Cnemaspis bidongensis froms a polytomy with C. peninsularis sp. nov. from Peninsular Malaysia and C. mumpuniae sp. nov. from Pulau Natuna Besar, Indonesia (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFD42572FF51CFDBFBDD2F03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFD22570FF51CE1BFEFD2823.text	03FA0350FFD22570FF51CE1BFEFD2823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis laoensis Grismer 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis laoensis Grismer, 2010</p> <p>Lao Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 64</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 12433. Type locality: “ Dong Phu Vieng National Protected Area, Savannakhet, Laos ”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 40.9 mm; nine supralabials; seven infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 22 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral or lateral caudal row of tubercles; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals smooth, bearing a slightly enlarged median row; two or three postcloacal tubercles; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; and 29 subdigital fourth toe lamellae (Table 6). Cnemaspis laoensis lacks the diagnostic color characteristics of other Southern Indochina clade species.</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig 64). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail pale brown; rostrum and top of head bearing diffuse, faint, brown markings; postorbital stripes absent; light-colored, subelliptical, paired, paravertebral markings extending from nape to base of tail, continuing onto tail as wide, diffuse, light-colored, caudal bands separated by thinner, dark-brown bands; dark-brown markings within interspaces between light markings; large, light-colored markings on flanks; forelimbs and hind limbs mottled; all ventral surfaces beige bearing small, black stipples in each scale.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis laoensis is known only from the type locality at Dong Phu Vieng, Savannakhet, along the Laotian portion of the Ho Chi Minh Trail (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Natural History. Nothing is known of the natural history of Cnemaspis laoensis. However, Grismer (2010) hypothesized that on the basis of having smooth ventral and subcaudal caudal scales, this species is a likely karstdweller. All other karst dwelling, microhabitat specialists share this combination of characters although its prominent dorsal tuberculation would suggest otherwise. Additionally, there are numerous outcroppings of karst tower formations in the general area of the type locality.</p> <p>Relationships. The distribution or Cnemaspis laoensis in southern Laos (Fig. 1) would suggest that it could potentially belong in the Ca Mau clade, the caudanivea group of the Southern Indochina clade of southern Vietnam or the chanthaburiensis group of southern Thailand and southwestern Cambodia of the Southern Indochina clade. The fact that this species has a small SVL (40.9 mm); dense, prominent, dorsal tuberculation; lacks enlarged femoral, subtibial and submetatarsal scales; has a dorsolateral row of caudal tubercles; and tubercles in the lateral caudal furrow would likely preclude it from being a member of the Ca Mau clade (Table 6). Its dense arrangement of prominent dorsal tubercles; lack of a ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; and lack of a dark, mid-gular stripe would likely preclude it from being a member of the caudanivea group (Table 6). It differs from members of the chanthaburiensis group only in lacking a lateral row of caudal tubercles and thus its inclusion in this group would be the most likely (Table 6). However, given that C.laoensis is separated from the nearest member of the chanthaburiensis group in Khao Ang Ru Ni, Chachoengsao Province in southeastern Thailand by approximately 600 km, two mountain ranges, and the Tonle Sap Basin would indicate that it will likely prove to be in its own species group within the Southern Indochina clade. For now, we tentatively place it in the chanthaburiensis group.</p> <p>Material examined. Laos: Savannakhet, Dong Phu Vieng National Protected Area THNHM 12433 (holotype).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFD22570FF51CE1BFEFD2823	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FFD12571FF51C8B4FCAD2BD1.text	03FA0350FFD12571FF51C8B4FCAD2BD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Spotted-neck Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 65</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 2001. Type locality: “ Thap Sakae District, Prachuap Khirikhan Province, Thailand ” at approximately 70 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 49.6 mm; eight supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; smooth ventral scales; no precloacal pores; 24–27 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles semi-linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral caudal row of tubercles present anteriorly; lateral caudal row of tubercles present; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals smooth, bearing an enlarged median scale row; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials smooth; 29–31 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; white ocelli on brachia and side of neck in males; throat and subcaudal region orange in males (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 65). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail light brown; top of head bearing large, diffuse, light and dark-colored markings giving it a mottled appearance; postorbital stripes absent; large, whitish markings on side of head forming a reticulum that extends ventrally onto throat; three, radiating, elongate blotches on occiput bordering the anterior margin of a large, white spot; lower sides of neck black, enclosing a large, white ocellus; black neck patch edged posteriorly by white antebrachial and brachial markings; lightly colored, paravertebral, butterfly-shaped markings between forelimb insertions and base of tail; markings continue onto tail to form light-colored bands; patches of enlarged tubercles on flanks white; other tubercles on body dark or light-colored; limbs generally uniform brown bearing elbow and knee patches; all ventral surfaces uniform beige with fine, dark stippling in some scales. Sexual dimorphism is distinct. Adult males have a brownish-green head with a yellow neck that accentuates the black, neck patch bearing the whitish ocelli. The body and limbs are grayish green and the body bears a series of alternating dark and light, paravertebral blotches. The ground color of the tail is deep-yellow and overlain with lighter, yellow bands. Adult females have a greyish dorsal ground color overall that is overlain by a prominent series of light and dark blotches on the head and a large, lightcolored, central nape blotch. Alternating dark and light, paravertebral blotches occur on the body and transform into a lighter banding pattern on the tail. The limbs are somewhat banded distally and spotted proximally. The tubercular patches on the flanks are smaller in females than in males.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis is known only from the type locality of the district of Thap Sakae, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand (Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Specimens have only been observed at night on granite boulders in lowland forest (Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 65).</p> <p>Relationships. The distribution of Cnemaspis punctatonuchalis in Peninsular Thailand would align it with members of the siamensis group (Fig. 3). Like the northern sister species of this group C. huaseesom and C. siamensis, C. punctatonuchalis occurs north of the Isthmus of Kra and lacks the light colored, prescapular crescent that diagnoses the monophyletic group composed of C. chanardi, C. omari sp. nov., and C. roticanai that occurs south of the Isthmus of Kra, suggesting it may be more closely related to the northern species (Table 6).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Prachuap Khirikhan Province, Thap Sakae District THNHM 1899, 2001; Thap Sakae District, Hauy Yang ZMKU Rep-000314 (type series).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FFD12571FF51C8B4FCAD2BD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF2F258FFF51CCCAFEFB2E3E.text	03FA0350FF2F258FFF51CCCAFEFB2E3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis vandeventeri Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis vandeventeri Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Vandeventer’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 66</p> <p>Gonatodes siamensis Smith, 1925:22 ?</p> <p>Cnemaspis siamensis Smith, 1935:72; Taylor, 1963:743</p> <p>Cnemaspis siamensis (?) Pauwels et al., 2000:129</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 8261. Type locality “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.583336/lat 9.433333)">Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary</a> (9°26.0N, 98° 35.0E), Kapur District, Ranong Province; Thailand ” at approximately 11 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 44.7 mm; eight or nine supralabials; 7–9 infralabials; keeled ventral scales; four pore-bearing precloacal scales with round pores; 25–29 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent from flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals keeled, bearing a weakly keeled, enlarged median scale row; 1–3 postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 24–28 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; yellowish, prescapular crescent; gular region, throat, pectoral region, underside of limbs, belly, and subcaudal region orange (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 66). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail brown; top of head bearing small, faint, brown markings and postorbital stripes; series of small, light-colored, vertebral blotches extend from nape to level of hind limb insertions; yellowish, prescapular crescent followed by a series of irregularly shaped, lightcolored blotches on flanks; limbs faintly mottled with diffuse, dark markings; all ventral surfaces cream-colored, immaculate except for small, individual stipples in each scale.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis vandeventeri is restricted to the west side of the Tenasserim Mountains and the contiguous Phuket Mountains along the west coast of southern Peninsular Thailand (Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 3). It ranges from the Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary in the north, southward approximately 58 km to Khlong Had Sompen, Ranong and onto Phuket Island. Pauwels et al. (2000) collected two specimens (MNHN 1999.7707–08) from Phang-Nga Wildlife Breeding Station, Phang-Nga located west of the Phuket Mountains that they referred to as C. siamensis which could have also been C. vandeventeri. Unfortunately, the specimens could not be located (P. David, in lit. 2009). Cnemaspis vandeventeri may extend farther north along the western flanks of the Tenasserim Mountains into Myanmar.</p> <p>Natural history. Cnemaspis vandeventeri has been observed on or within vegetation at night in lowland vegetation as well as on granite rocks suggesting it is a habitat generalist (Fig. 66).</p> <p>Relationships. The distribution of Cnemaspis vandeventeri in Peninsular Thailand would align it with members of the siamensis group (Fig. 3). Unlike the northern sister species of this group C. huaseesom and C. siamensis, C. vandeventeri is restricted to the northwestern edge of the Isthmus of Kra and has the yelowish, prescapular crescent that diagnoses the monophyletic lineage composed of C. chanardi, C. omari sp. nov., and C. roticanai that occurs south of the Isthmus Kra, suggesting it may be more closely related to these species (Table 6).</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Ranong Province, Kapur District, Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary THNHM 8260–1; Muang District, Ranong Province, Khlong Had Sompen, CUMZ-R- 2009,6,24–11. These represent the type series.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF2F258FFF51CCCAFEFB2E3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF2E258CFF51CAC0FC49296E.text	03FA0350FF2E258CFF51CAC0FC49296E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels & Kunya 2010	<div><p>Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels &amp; Kunya, 2010</p> <p>Kamolnorranath’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 67</p> <p>Cnemaspis siamensis Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda, &amp; Sumontha, 2008a:54</p> <p>Holotype. THNHM 15908. Type locality “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.530334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.948" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.530334/lat 8.948)">Petchphanomwat Waterfall</a>, in Tai Rom Yen National Park, Ban Nasan District, Surat Thani Province (8°56.88’N 99°31.82’E)”, Thailand at 5 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 37.8 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; smooth to weakly keeled ventral scales; six or seven contiguous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with elongate pores; 19–24 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles semi-linearly arranged, present on flanks; tubercles present in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles absent; lateral row of caudal tubercles; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals keeled, bearing a median row of weakly enlarged scales; one or two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials may or may not be keeled; 24–28 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; light-colored prescapular crescent variably present (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern in life (Fig. 67). Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs and tail brown to pale-yellow; rostrum bearing dark and light irregular markings; occiput darker than top of head; postorbital stripping faint to prominent; light vertebral blotch on nape followed by 4–6, lightly colored, butterfly-shaped, vertebral blotches on body which may fade immediately anterior to level of groin; white markings weakly edged in darker coloration; no light-colored bars on flanks; light-colored prescapular crescent variably present; limbs bearing dark and lightcolored mottling faintly resembling a banding pattern; ventral surfaces uniformly beige with faint, black stippling in all scales; distinct dark and light color phases.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi is known only from the type locality at Petchphanomwat Waterfall, in Tai Rom Yen National Park, Kanchanadid District, Surat Thani Province and Tham Khao Sonk hill, Thachana District, Surat Thani Province, Thailand (9°34’N 99°10’E), approximately 110 km to the north (Grismer et al. 2010a; Fig. 3).</p> <p>Natural history. Grismer et al. (2010a) noted that Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi expresses a wide range of substrate utilization. Lizards have been found on karst, beneath rocks, and on vegetation and buildings during evening hours in lowland forests (Fig. 67).</p> <p>Remarks. Grismer et al. (2010a) noted that the relatively wide separation (~ 110 km) between the Petchphanomwat Waterfall and Tham Khao Sonk suggests there are probably undiscovered, geographically intervening populations of Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi in the appropriate habitat separating these two localities. Unlike other species of Cnemaspis, C. kamolnorranathi shows intrapopulational variation in the degree of keeling of the ventral and subtibial scales suggesting C. kamolnorranathi may be composed of more than one species.</p> <p>Relationships. The distribution of Cnemaspis kamolnorranathi in Peninsular Thailand would align it with members of the siamensis group (Fig. 3). Unlike the northern sister species of this group C. huaseesom and C. siamensis, C. kamolnorranathi is restricted to the Isthmus of Kra but has a variably present light-colored, prescapular crescent that diagnoses a monophyletic group composed of C. chanardi, C. omari sp. nov., and C. roticanai that occurs south of the Isthmus Kra (Table 6). This would suggest C. kamolnorranathi may be more closely related to southern species.</p> <p>Material examined. Thailand: Surat Thani Province, Ban Nasan District, Tai Rom Yen National Park, Petchphanomwat Waterfall THNHM 15908, PSUZC-RT 2010.52, KZM 006; Thachana District, Tham Khao Sonk hill CUMZ-R 2009,6,24-3. These specimens represent the type series.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF2E258CFF51CAC0FC49296E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF2D258DFF51C924FB492BE8.text	03FA0350FF2D258DFF51C924FB492BE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis dringi Das & Bauer 1998	<div><p>Cnemaspis dringi Das &amp; Bauer, 1998</p> <p>Dring’s Rock Gecko</p> <p>Fig. 68</p> <p>Holotype. FMNH 148588. Type locality “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.48333/lat 3.3333333)">Labang Camp</a> (03° 20'N; 113°29'E), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.48333/lat 3.3333333)">Bintulu District</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.48333/lat 3.3333333)">Fourth Division</a>, Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo ” at approximately 30 m in elevation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Maximum SVL 46.4 mm; 11 supralabials; nine infralabials; keeled ventral scales; five or six discontinuous, pore-bearing, precloacal scales with round pores; 25–27 paravertebral tubercles; body tubercles randomly arranged, absent from flanks; tubercles absent from lateral caudal furrows; no ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles; lateral row of caudal tubercles present; caudal tubercles do not encircle tail; subcaudals keeled; enlarged median row of subcaudals present; two postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base; no enlarged femoral, subtibial or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 32–35 subdigital fourth toe lamellae; distinct, whitish spots on a dark flank (Tables 6,7).</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 68). Dorsal ground color pale brown overlain with a vertebral series of irregularly shaped, light-colored markings flanked by a linear, dark, paravertebral series of markings extending from nape to beyond base of tail; two dark-brown, postorbital stripes extending to ear opening; upper surface of limbs bearing dark bands; ventral surfaces pale-brown with scattered clusters of off-white scales, manifesting a very weakly mottled appearance; flanks dark-brown bearing distinct, whitish spots of varying size.</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis dringi is known only from Labang Camp, Bintulu District, Fourth Division and Sungai Segaham, Belaga District, Seventh Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Das &amp; Bauer 1998; Fig. 4).</p> <p>Natural history. According to Das and Bauer (1998), the only known aspect of this species’ natural history is that the paratype from Sungai Segaham was taken from a log.</p> <p>Relationships. The distribution of Cnemaspis dringi in East Malaysia would suggest it belongs within the Southern Sunda clade (Fig. 4). Having precloacal pores like all species of the nigridia group of East Malaysia differentiates C. dringi from all species in the kendallii group as well as C. limi. Like all species of the nigridia group, C. dringi lacks tubercles encircling the tail, which further separates it from the kendallii group. These data (Tables 6,7) would suggest that C. dringi is most closely related to the East Malaysian nigridia group.</p> <p>Material examined. Malaysia: Sarawak, Fourth Division, Bintulu District, Labang Camp FMNH 148588; seventh Division, Belaga District FMNH 221478. These specimens represent the type series.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF2D258DFF51C924FB492BE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
03FA0350FF2A2586FF51CCCAFD192CA6.text	03FA0350FF2A2586FF51CCCAFD192CA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemaspis sundagekko Grismer & Wood & Anuar & Riyanto & Ahmad & Muin & Sumontha & Grismer & Onn & Quah & Pauwels 2014	<div><p>Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov.</p> <p>Anambas Rock gecko</p> <p>Fig. 69</p> <p>Gonatodes kendalli Smedley 1928:76</p> <p>Cnemaspis cf. kendallii Leong, Grismer &amp; Mumpuni 2003:168</p> <p>Holotype. Adult male USNM 26549 collected during September of 1899 by W. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.23383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.1501667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.23383/lat 3.1501667)">Abbott</a> on Pulau Siantan, Anambas Archipelago, Riau Province, Indonesia (03°09.01 N, 106°14.03 E). Elevation unkown but less than 400 m, the maximum height of the island.</p> <p>Paratypes. All paratypes are from Pulau Siantan. Adult males USNM 26547–48 bear the same data as the holotype. Adult males ZRC 2.1109 – 10 and adult female ZRC 2.1111 were collected on 5 September 1925 by F. N. Chasen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. differs from all other Southeast Asia species of Cnemaspis in having the unique combination of adult males reaching 65.6 mm SVL, adult females reaching 68.0 mm SVL; 11–13 supralabials; 8–11 infralabials; keeled ventrals; no precloacal pores; moderate to prominent dorsal tubercles; 20–25 paravertebral tubercles; dorsal body tubercles generally randomly arranged; tubercles absent to weak on flanks; caudal tubercles encircle tail; no tubercles in lateral caudal furrows; ventrolateral and lateral rows of caudal tubercles present; subcaudals keeled; a sinlge, median row of enlarged, keeled subcaudals posteriorly; two or three postcloacal tubercles on either side of base of tail; no enlarged femoral, subtibial, or submetatarsal scales; subtibials keeled; 31–38 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; large, dark, round spots on nape and anterior portion of body; dorsal caudal tubercles white. These characters are scored across all species in Tables 6 and 7.</p> <p>Description of holotype. Male; SVL 55.2 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (HL/SVL 0.27), somewhat narrow (HW/SVL 0.17), flattened (HD/HL 0.37), distinct from neck; snout short (ES/HL 0.50), slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum smooth, raised, larger than scales on occiput; low, supraorbital ridges; no frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis not very discernable; eye large (ED/HL 0.19); extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral concave dorsally, nearly completely divided by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by two large supranasals and external nares, and laterally by first supralabials; 13R,11L raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 10R,9L infralabials, decreasing in size slightly posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, flat, bordered posteriorly by two large, rectangular, lateral postmentals of similar size and one smaller azygous scale; gular scales raised, weakly keeled; throat scales larger, raised, keeled.</p> <p>Body moderate in stature (AG/SVL 0.41); small, keeled, dorsal scales generally equal in size throughout body, intermixed with larger, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail, moderate in size; tubercles absent from lower flanks; 25 paravertebral tubercles; pectoral and abdominal scales raised, keeled, not elongate, same size throughout; abdominal scales same size as dorsals; no precloacal pores; forelimbs moderately long, slender (FL/SVL 0.20); dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm raised, keeled; ventral scales of brachium keeled, raised, juxtaposed; ventral scales of forearm weakly keeled, raised, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing absent; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth longer than fifth; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs (TBL/SVL 0.22); dorsal scales of thigh keeled, slightly raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh keeled; subtibial scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed, with no enlarged anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected joint; claws recurved; subdigital lamellae unnotched; lamellae wide throughout digit; interdigital webbing absent to weak; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth being slightly longer than fifth; 31 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; dorsal caudal scales flat anteriorly, keeled, juxtaposed; deep middorsal and lateral caudal furrows; subcaudal scales keeled; median row of enlarged, keeled, subcaudal scales posteriorly; caudal tubercles encircle tail; tubercles absent from lateral furrows; two enlarged, postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenal swellings at base of tail.</p> <p>Color pattern (Fig. 69). The type material was collected between 1899 and 1925 and is currently devoid of pattern save for some very faint markings. Smedley (1928) provides a brief color description taken from notes made in the field by Mr. F. N. Chasen in 1925 as follows: “Greyish-green above, blotched with brown; brighter green before eyes. Light rings on tail greyish-white; dark rings greenish brown. Below whitish. Distinct large brown spots on head and shoulders. Chiefly dark brown above; large oval spots on neck, nape and shoulders and no green anywhere.” From these descriptions and what can be discerned from the type material, Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. has a series of medium-sized dark dorsal blotches alternating with similarly sized lighter blotches. The large, keeled, spinose caudal tubercles are accentuated by being white.</p> <p>Variation. No useful color pattern variation can be gleamed from the faded condition of the type material. Meristic and mensural variation is listed in Table 15.</p> <p>......continued on the next page</p> <p>Distribution. Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of Pulau Siantan of the Anambas Archipelago, Riau Province, Indonesia (Fig. 4). We expect that it occurs on other nearby islands such as Pulau Matak as well. Mr. F. N. Chasen made collections on Pulau Jimaja to the west and did not report this species.</p> <p>Natural History. Nothing has been reported on the natural history of this species. Being that it is the only species of Cnemaspis thus far known from the Anambas Archipelago we suspect it is a habitat generalist.</p> <p>Comparisons. Within the Southern Seribuat clade, Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. is differentiated from the species of the nigridia group (C. dringi, C. nigridia and C. paripari) by lacking as opposed to having precloacal pores; having fewer paravertebral tubercles (20–25 versus 265–43 collectively); having a single, enlarged, median row of keeled, subcaudal scales in the posterior portion of the tail as opposed to having smooth subcaudals throughout; having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail as opposed to lacking them; and having a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 26–35 collectively). From the other species of the kendallii group (C. baueri, C. bidongensis, C. kendallii, C. mumpuniae sp. nov., C. pemanggilensis, and C. peninsularis sp. nov.), C. sundagekko sp. nov. differs from C. pemanggilensis by having a much smaller maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 76.0 mm); fewer paravertebral tubercles (20–25 versus 30–37); a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 27–34); and white caudal tubercles. From C. mumpuniae sp. nov. it differs in having a larger maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 60.9 mm) and a greater number of lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 29–34). From C. baueri, C. sundagekko sp. nov. can be separated on the basis of having a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 26–32) and a dorsal pattern lacking large black markings as opposed to having such markings. Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. can be differentiated from C. bidongensis by having a larger maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 58.1 mm); a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 26–30); and the presence of white caudal tubercles. Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. can be differentiated from C. peninsularis sp. nov. by having a larger maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 60.0 mm); a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the first toe (33–38 versus 27–33); and posterior one-half of the tail in males being weakly banded as opposed to solid black. Lastly, from C. limi, C. sundagekko sp. nov. is separated by having a much smaller maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 88.2 mm); fewer paravertebral tubercles (20–25 versus 25–35); a row of ventrolateral caudal tubercles; keeled as opposed to smooth subcaudal scales; and caudal tubercles that do not encircle the tail. Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. can be differentiated from C. sundainsula sp. nov. by having a much smaller maximum SVL (68.0 mm versus 84.5 mm); 11–13 versus 9–11 supralabials; fewer paravertebral tubercles (20–25 versus 26–37); keeled as opposed to smooth subcaudals; caudal tubercles that encircle the tail; and a greater number of subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (33–38 versus 26–31).</p> <p>Relationships. Based on distribution, we hypothesize that Cnemaspis sundagekko sp. nov. is part of the Southern Sunda clade and within that clade, it aligns itself with the kendallii group by lacking precloacal pores and having caudal tubercles that encircle the tail (Table 6).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA0350FF2A2586FF51CCCAFD192CA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Grismer, Lee;Wood, Perry L.;Anuar, Shahrul;Riyanto, Awal;Ahmad, Norhayati;Muin, Mohd A.;Sumontha, Montri;Grismer, Jesse L.;Onn, Chan Kin;Quah, Evan S. H.;Pauwels, Olivier S. A.	Grismer, Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Riyanto, Awal, Ahmad, Norhayati, Muin, Mohd A., Sumontha, Montri, Grismer, Jesse L., Onn, Chan Kin, Quah, Evan S. H., Pauwels, Olivier S. A. (2014): Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Zootaxa 3880 (1): 1-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1
