identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA8783FFC8FF99B5B9FD58FAFFF8B5.text	03FA8783FFC8FF99B5B9FD58FAFFF8B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes Latreille 1804	<div><p>Key to the species of Sphecodes of the Himalayas</p> <p>Males are unknown in S. almoransis, S. binghami, S. bluethgeni sp. nov., S. iridipennis, S. perplexus, S. setiger, S. tantalus, and females are unknown in S. dissimilandus, S. invidus, S. shillongensis.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>1. Costal margin of hind wing with 7–14 hamuli. Base of gonocoxite dorsally without impression. Usually larger species: total body length 6.0–14.0 mm.................................................................... 2</p> <p>– Costal margin of hind wing with 5–6 hamuli. Base of gonocoxite dorsally with or without impression. Usually smaller species: total body length 5.0– 7.5 mm................................................................. 14</p> <p>2. Gena flat. Preoccipital lateral carina well-developed....................................................................... 3</p> <p>– Gena swollen. Preoccipital carina not developed............................................................................. 8</p> <p>3. Fore wing with two cubital cells. Tyloids weakly developed, narrowly semicircular across at most ¼ of the basal flagellar surfaces (Fig. 2H). Body length 7.0– 8.5 mm.......... S. turneri Cockerell, 1916</p> <p>– Fore wing with three cubital cells..................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>4. Tyloids covering entire ventral flagellar surface (Fig. 2G). Body length 7.0– 8.5 mm.......................................................................................................................................... S. kershawi Perkins, 1921</p> <p>– Ventral flagellar surface with medial glabrous spot or tyloids narrowly semicircular across basal flagellar surface................................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>5. T1 with marginal zone impunctate. Body length 7.0– 8.5 mm...................... S. laticeps Meyer, 1920</p> <p>– T1 with marginal zone distinctly punctate (at least on a basal half)................................................. 6</p> <p>6. Wings with strong brownish darkening. Tyloids weakly developed, covering at most basal ¼ of ventral flagellar surface and narrowly linear across lateral surface (Fig. 2D). Large species: total body length more 12.0 mm................................................................ S. sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>– Wings hyaline, without darkening. Tyloids well developed, covering entire lateral flagellar surface and peripheral part of ventral surface (with medial glabrous spot, variable in size). Smaller species: total body length 7.0– 8.5 mm........................................................................................................... 7</p> <p>7. Vertex more elevated, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view. Ocello-ocular area with confluent punctures (areolatepunctate). Metasomal terga coarser punctate (15–25 μm). Body length 7.5–8.5 mm......................................................................................................................................... S. invidus (Cameron, 1897)</p> <p>– Vertex less elevated, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca 1.5 lateral ocellar diameter as seen in frontal view. Ocello-ocular area with small shiny interspaces between punctures (at most a half puncture diameter). Metasomal terga finer punctate (10–20 μm). Body length 7.0 mm.............................................................................. S. dissimilandus (Cameron, 1897)</p> <p>8. Head rounded, approximately as long as wide. Hind wing with basal vein strongly curved, the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 90°. T1 finely and sparsely (sometimes indistinctly) punctate. Gonostylus dorsally with small rectangular process directed to penis valve (Fig. 3B). Body length 7.0– 10 mm................................................................................ S. monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)</p> <p>– Head transverse, wider than long. Hind wing with basal vein weakly curved, the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins 70–80°. T1 coarsely and densely punctate. Gonostylus of another shape................................................................................................................................................................9</p> <p>9. Mesoscutum densely punctate, with confluent punctures (areolate-punctate)............................... 10</p> <p>– Mesoscutum sparser punctate, medially with punctures separated by at least a puncture diameter............................................................................................................................................................11</p> <p>10. Head more transverse, 1.25–1.3 times as wide as long. Gonostylus longer, apically elongated into rounded process with long setae (Fig. 3E). Body length 9.0–12.0 mm........................................................................................................................................................... S. albilabris (Fabricius, 1793)</p> <p>– Head less transverse, ca 1.2 times as wide as long. Gonostylus short, not enlarged apically (Fig. 3A). Body length 9.5–12 mm.......................................................................... S. fumipennis Smith, 1853</p> <p>11. Vertex long, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus approximately three lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids usually well developed, covering at least entire lateral flagellar surface (with medial glabrous spot, variable in size, on ventral surface).............. 12</p> <p>– Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids weakly developed, covering basal 1/7–⅓ of ventral flagellar surface............................................................................................................................................. 13</p> <p>12. F3 long, ca 2 times as long as wide (Fig. 2E). Gonostylus elongate, with long apical process (Fig. 3I), apically less emarginated as seen in lateral view. Body length 7.0–14.0 mm...................................................................................................................................................... S. gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>– F3 short, 1.1–1.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 2F). Gonostylus without apical process (Fig. 3H), apically more emarginate as seen in lateral view. Body length 6.0–8.0 mm...................................................................................................................................................... S. rufiventris (Panzer, 1798)</p> <p>13. Tyloids less developed, covering basal 1/7–1/5 of ventral flagellar surface (Fig. 2C). Body length 7.0–12.0 mm.............................................................................................. S. alternatus Smith, 1853</p> <p>– Tyloids more developed, covering basal 1/5–⅓ of ventral flagellar surface. Body length 10.0 mm................................................................................................................ S. lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>14. T1 densely punctate. Gonostylus large, rectangular and weakly S -curved on inner margin (Fig. 3F). Body length 5.0– 7.5 mm................................................................... S. intermedius Blüthgen, 1923</p> <p>– T1 impunctate or with a few punctures. Gonostylus of another shape........................................... 15</p> <p>15. Tyloids well developed, on flagellomeres (at least from F3 onward) covering entire ventral surface......................................................................................................................................................... 16</p> <p>– Tyloids weakly developed, covering at most basal ¼ of ventral surface of last flagellomeres...... 17</p> <p>16. F2 with tyloids covering entire ventral surface (Fig. 2B). Hypoepimeral area entirely reticulaterugose. Base of gonocoxite dorsally without impression, gonostylus leaf-shaped. Body length 5.0– 5.5 mm............................................................................................... S. cameronii (Bingham, 1897)</p> <p>– F2 glabrous, without tyloids (Fig. 2A). Hypoepimeral area medially smooth. Base of gonocoxite dorsally with impression, gonostylus trapezoidal (Fig. 3D). Body length 4.5–6.0 mm................................................................................................................................ S. hakkariensis Warncke, 1992</p> <p>17. Vertex with longitudinal carina (Fig. 4B). Lateral preoccipital carina present (Fig. 4A). Gonostylus with large rectangular membranous part (Fig. 3C). Body length 7.0– 7.5 mm....................................................................................................................................................... S. montanus Smith, 1879</p> <p>– Vertex without longitudinal carina. Lateral preoccipital carina absent. Gonostylus smaller, of another shape............................................................................................................................................... 18</p> <p>18. Antennae shorter, with flagellomeres (from F3 onward) ca 1.1–1.2 times as long as wide. Gonostylus with triangular membranous part (Fig. 3G). Body length 5.0– 5.5 mm............................................................................................................................................................ S. simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>– Antennae longer, with flagellomeres (from F3 onward) ca 1.3 times as long as wide. Gonostylus without membranous part. Body length 5.0 mm............................. S. shillongensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>Females</p> <p>1. Costal margin of hind wing with 7–14 hamuli. Usually larger species: total body length 6.5– 15.0 mm............................................................................................................................................ 2</p> <p>– Costal margin of hind wing with 5–6 hamuli. Usually smaller species: total body length 4.0– 8.5 mm............................................................................................................................................ 13</p> <p>2. Gena flat. Preoccipital lateral carina well-developed....................................................................... 3</p> <p>– Gena swollen. Preoccipital carina not developed............................................................................. 7</p> <p>3. Fore wing with two cubital cells. Body length 8.0–9.0 mm..................... S. turneri Cockerell, 1916</p> <p>– Fore wing with three cubital cells..................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>4. Large species: total body length 12.0–14.0 mm. Costal margin of hind wing with 11–15 hamuli................................................................................................................ S. sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>– Smaller species: total body length 7.0–9.0 mm. Costal margin of hind wing with 6–9 hamuli....... 5</p> <p>5. Head strongly transverse (Fig. 5B), ca 1.3 times as wide as long. T1 impunctate. Body length 7.0– 8.0 mm........................................................................................................... S. laticeps Meyer, 1920</p> <p>– Head less transverse (Fig. 5D), ca 1.2 times as wide as long. T1 distinctly and densely punctate.. 6</p> <p>6. Mesoscutum with coarse and confluent punctures, but medially with interspaces 0.5–1 puncture diameter. Costal margin of hind wing with 8–9 hamuli. Pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 8.0–9.0 mm....................................................................... S. binghami Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>– Mesoscutum mostly areolate-punctate. Costal margin of hind wing with 6–7 hamuli. Pygidial plate 0.7 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 7.5–8.0 mm................ S. kershawi Perkins, 1921</p> <p>7. Mesoscutum densely punctate, with punctures separated by less than a puncture diameter (Fig. 4C)........................................................................................................................................................... 8</p> <p>– Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, medially with some punctures separated by at least two puncture diameters (Fig. 4F)............................................................................................................................ 9</p> <p>8. Paraocular areas with dense plumose pubescence, obscuring integument. Mesepisternum reticulaterugose (Fig. 4E). T1 densely punctate, with punctures separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters. Body length 9.0–15.0 mm............................................................................ S. albilabris (Fabricius, 1793)</p> <p>– Paraocular areas with relatively dense plumose pubescence, not obscuring integument. Mesepisternum areolate (Fig. 4D). T1 sparsely punctate, with punctures separated by 2–6 puncture diameters. Body length 9.5–12.0 mm....................................................................... S. fumipennis Smith, 1853</p> <p>9. Terga with marginal zones almost impunctate, on T1 only with a few tiny punctures. Body length 7.5–10.0 mm........................................................................................ S. lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>– Terga with marginal zones distinctly punctate at least on T1 and T2............................................. 10</p> <p>10. Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Propodeum laterally reticulate-rugose. T3 with marginal zone distinctly punctate. Body length 8.0–11.0 mm.......................................... S. alternatus Smith, 1853</p> <p>– Vertex longer, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus equal to 2.5–3.0 lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Propodeum laterally strigate or reticulate-rugose. T3 with marginal zone impunctate or punctate.............................................................................................11</p> <p>11. Head rounded-rectangular on upper margin, square-shaped as seen in frontal view (Fig. 5C); vertex sparsely punctate, punctures mostly separated by more than а puncture diameter. Hind wing with basal vein strongly curved, the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 90º. T1 indistinctly punctate, with a few fine punctures. Pygidial plate 0.9–1.0 times as wide metabasitarsus. Body length 7.0–10.0 mm............................................................................. S. monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)</p> <p>– Head uniformly rounded on upper margin, oval as seen in frontal view; vertex densely punctate, punctures mostly separated by less than a puncture diameter. Hind wing with basal vein weakly curved, the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 70–80°. T1 distinctly punctate, with fine and coarser punctures. Pygidial plate 0.5–0.6 times as wide as metabasitarsus...................... 12</p> <p>12. Mesepisternum strigate or strigate-rugose at least ventrally, sides of propodeum strigate. T3 with marginal zone coarsely punctate. Body length 6.5–8.5 mm.................. S. rufiventris (Panzer, 1798)</p> <p>– Mesepisternum reticulate-rugose, sides of propodeum strigate or reticulate-rugose. T3 with marginal zone impunctate. Body length 7.0–15.0 mm........................................... S. gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>13. Mandible simple (without an inner tooth)...................................................................................... 14</p> <p>– Mandible bi-dentate........................................................................................................................ 15</p> <p>14. Paraocular and supraclypeal areas with moderately dense pubescence, not obscuring integument. F1 and F2 as long as wide. Mesoscutum with punctures separated by at most a puncture diameter. Metasomal terga (except almost impunctate T1) coarser punctate (10–15 μm). Pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 5.5 mm...................................................... S. setiger Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>– Paraocular and supraclypeal areas with dense pubescence, obscuring integument (Fig. 5A). F1 and F2 0.6–0.7 times as long as wide. Mesoscutum finely and irregularly punctate with punctures separated by 1–5 puncture diameters. Metasomal terga finely punctate (3–10 μm). Pygidial plate 1.4–1.5 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 5.0– 5.5 mm............................................................................................................................................................... S. cameronii (Bingham, 1897)</p> <p>15. Vertex with longitudinal carina. Lateral preoccipital carina present, but weakly developed. Pygidial plate wider, 1.1–1.2 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 7.0– 7.5 mm................................................................................................................................................... S. montanus Smith, 1879</p> <p>– Vertex without longitudinal carina. Lateral preoccipital absent. Pygidial plate narrower, at most as wide as metabasitarsus.................................................................................................................... 16</p> <p>16. Pronotum rounded between the dorsal and lateral surfaces. Body length 7.0– 7.5 mm (Fig. 6)................................................................................................................................... S. bluethgeni sp. nov.</p> <p>– Pronotum between dorsal and lateral surfaces with sharp angle.................................................... 17</p> <p>17. T1 distinctly punctate. Pygidial plate narrow, 0.4 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 6.5–8.5 mm........................................................................................ S. intermedius Blüthgen, 1923</p> <p>– T1 impunctate or with sparse tiny punctures. Pygidial plate wider, at least 0.7 times as wide as metabasitarsus................................................................................................................................. 18</p> <p>18. Head strongly transverse, ca 1.3 times as wide as long. Metasomal terga entirely red.................. 19</p> <p>– Head less transverse, ca 1.2 times as wide as long. T4 and T5 at least partially brownish or black........................................................................................................................................................... 21</p> <p>19. Smaller species: total body length 4.0 mm. Legs entirely black............................................................................................................................................................. S. almoransis Gupta &amp; Saini, 2018</p> <p>– Larger species: total body length 6.5–8.0 mm. Legs entirely red or at least tarsi red or yellow.... 20</p> <p>20. Mesoscutum denser punctate, with punctures separated by 1–2 puncture diameters. Pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 6.5 mm............................................. S. perplexus Nurse, 1903</p> <p>– Mesoscutum sparser punctate, with punctures separated by 2–5 puncture diameters. Pygidial plate 0.8 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 8.0 mm........................... S. tantalus Nurse, 1903</p> <p>21. Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, with punctures separated by 2–6 puncture diameters (Fig. 4F). Hypoepimeral area medially smooth. Body length 4.5–5.0 mm...... S. hakkariensis Warncke, 1992</p> <p>– Mesoscutum denser punctate, with punctures separated by 1–4 puncture diameters. Hypoepimeral area entirely rugose......................................................................................................................... 22</p> <p>22. Head less transverse, 1.1 times as wide as long. Legs entirely red. Body length 4.5 mm.................................................................................................................................... S. iridipennis Smith, 1879</p> <p>– Head more transverse, 1.2 times as wide as long. At least femora black or brownish. Body length 5.0– 6.5 mm.......................................................................................... S. simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFC8FF99B5B9FD58FAFFF8B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFC0FF9EB731FDE9FC7AF994.text	03FA8783FFC0FF9EB731FDE9FC7AF994.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes albilabris (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Sphecodes albilabris (Fabricius, 1793)</p> <p>Figs 3E, 4E</p> <p>Nomada albilabris Fabricius, 1793: 349, ♀, ♂ (type locality: Germany).</p> <p>Dichroa fuscipennis Germar, 1819: 18, ♀ (type locality: Germany).</p> <p>Sphecodes latreillei Wesmael, 1835: 285, ♀, ♂ (type locality: Belgium).</p> <p>Sphecodes nigripes Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841: 542, ♀, ♂ (type locality: France).</p> <p>Sphecodes rugosus Smith, 1848: 2209, ♂ (type locality: England).</p> <p>Sphecodes nodicornis Gistel, 1857: 554, ♀, ♂ (type locality: Germany).</p> <p>Sphecodes fuscipennis var. basalis Dalla Torre, 1877 (nom. praeocc., nec Sichel 1865): 185, ♀ (type locality: Italy).</p> <p>Sabulicola cirsii Verhoeff, 1890: 329, ♂ (type locality: Germany).</p> <p>Sphecodes grandis Meyer, 1922: 173, ♂ (type locality: Northeast India).</p> <p>Sphecodes rufipennis Cockerell, 1931a: 348, ♂ (type locality: Morocco).</p> <p>Sphecodes atrescens Cockerell, 1931a: 350, ♂ (type locality: Morocco).</p> <p>Sphecodes albilabris – Astafurova &amp; Proshchalykin 2017b: 251.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2018a: 5).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♂; Himachal Pradesh, Tabo; 2800 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 2001; V. Major leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♀; Mustang Distr., Purano Marpha; 3200 m a.s.l.; 9–11 May 1995; Iglesias leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan Province), India (* Himachal Pradesh), * Nepal; North Africa, Europe (north to Finland and Sweden), Russia (east to Primorsky Terr.), Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Iran, North and North East China, India (Uttar Pradesh).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFC0FF9EB731FDE9FC7AF994	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFC0FF9FB73BF980FD29FE64.text	03FA8783FFC0FF9FB73BF980FD29FE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes binghami Bluthgen 1924	<div><p>Sphecodes binghami Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>Sphecodes binghami Blüthgen, 1924: 497, ♀.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 37).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype MYANMAR • ♀; Pegu Hills; Mar. 1889; Bingham leg.; NHMUK 010576231. Other material</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.5/lat 28.333334)">Kali-Gandaki-Kola</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.5/lat 28.333334)">Tatopani</a>, 50 km SW of Pokhara; 28°20′ N, 83°30′ E; 1100–1200 m a.s.l.; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: * Nepal; Myanmar, Malaysia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFC0FF9FB73BF980FD29FE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFC1FF9DB761FDF3FE92FA75.text	03FA8783FFC1FF9DB761FDF3FE92FA75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes bluethgeni	<div><p>Sphecodes bluethgeni sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E7F25913-AF79-4CC7-8E33-B6470F31813F</p> <p>Figs 6, 7 A–D</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Like members of the Palaearctic hyalinatus species group (see Astafurova &amp; Proshchalykin 2017a) the new species has a pronotum rounded between the dorsal and lateral surfaces, but it clearly differs by the presence of a sharp carina between the lateral and vertical surfaces of the propodeum (Fig. 7D). From S. engeli Astafurova &amp; Proshchalykin, 2020, another Oriental species of this group, the new species differs by the shape of the head with а rounded vertex as seen in frontal view (vs the head with a straight upper margin in S. engeli).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>This species is dedicated to famous German entomologist Paul Blüthgen (1880–1967), in recognition of his significant contributions to the study of bees and wasps.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype BHUTAN • ♀; Paro Prov., Chiley La; 3000–3500 m a.s.l.; 10–13 Jul. 1990; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS / OLBL.</p> <p>Paratype BHUTAN • 1 ♀; Thimpu Distr., Taba; 2600 m a.s.l.; 14–17 Jul. 1988; C. Holzschuh leg.; ZISP.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female (Fig. 6, holotype)</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 7.0– 7.5 mm; forewing length (without tegula) 5.8–6.0 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Black (Fig. 7A); transverse, ca 1.25 times as wide as long; preoccipital carina absent; vertex weakly elevated, distance from top of head to upper margin of a lateral ocellus approximately a lateral ocellar diameter as seen in frontal view and ca 2.5 diameters as seen in dorsal view; mandible bi-dentate; labrum semi-oval, 0.5 times as long as basal width; F1 0.7 times as long as wide; F2 0.8–0.9 times as long as wide; F3 0.9–1.0 times as long as wide; gena wide, 1.1 times as wide as eye; supraclypeal area weakly bulging; clypeus with punctures separated by at most a half puncture diameter; frons, paraocular and supraclypeal areas with confluent punctures (20–25 μm); ocello-ocular area with punctures separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters (Fig. 7A), vertex behind ocelli shiny with sparse punctures; gena shiny, with dense setal pores; face (below antennal sockets) and gena with sparse and thin setae.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Mesosoma (including legs) black (Fig. 7B); wings with weak brownish darkening, veins and stigma brown; hind wing with angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 90°, costal margin with six hamuli; pronotum rounded between dorsal and lateral surfaces; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with punctures (25–30 μm) separated by 0.5–4 puncture diameters; metafemur enlarged in proximal half, maximum width 0.4 times its length; hypoepimeral area, mesepisternum and lateral parts of propodeum reticulate-rugose; propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) with coarse winding wrinkles and large shiny, finely granulate interspaces (Fig. 7B, D).</p> <p>METASOMA. T1 almost impunctate, with a few fine punctures along marginal zone (Fig. 7C); remaining terga basally with sparse and fine punctures (5–10 μm); marginal zones impunctate; pygidial plate dull, pointed apically, narrow, 0.8–0.9 times as wide as metabasitarsus; T1–T3 red; sterna tessellate, with tiny shallow setal pores (sparse on S2 and denser on S3–S5).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Bhutan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFC1FF9DB761FDF3FE92FA75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFC3FF82B735F9E3FE78FD48.text	03FA8783FFC3FF82B735F9E3FE78FD48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes cameronii (Bingham 1897)	<div><p>Sphecodes cameronii (Bingham, 1897)</p> <p>Figs 2B, 5A</p> <p>Halictus decorus Cameron, 1897: 94, ♀ (nom. praeocc., nec Halictus decorus Walker, 1871).</p> <p>Halictus cameronii Bingham, 1897: 432, replacement name for H. decorus Cameron, 1897 (nec H. decorus Walker, 1871).</p> <p>Sphecodes armeniacus Warncke, 1992: 19, ♀, ♂. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Sphecodes decorus – Cameron 1897: 94. — Gupta 2013: 60.</p> <p>Sphecodes cameronii – Cockerell 1921: 360. — Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2018a: 9, as S. armeniacus Warncke, 1992).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♀, syntype of Halictus decorus Cameron, 1897; “Mussouri [Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India] // Sphecodes // 999. // Halictus decorus Cameron, Type // Type Hyme 1956, Halictus decorus Cameron, 1897, Paralectotype [actually without this status], ♂, Hope Ent Coll.”; OUMNH • 2 ♂♂; N. India, Pali; 5 Mar. 1997; K.M. Guichard leg.; NHMUK 013380471, NHMUK 013380451.</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♀; Rapti Tal, Monahari Khola, Belwa; 350 m a.s.l.; 10 May 1967; Dierl-Forster-Schacht leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>TURKEY • 1 ♀, holotype of Sphecodes armeniacus; Kars, Tuzluca; OLBL / PCMS.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: * Nepal, India (Uttarakhand); Turkey, South Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, India (Pali), Sri Lanka (Inoka et al. 2005).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFC3FF82B735F9E3FE78FD48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFDCFF80B71FFCD4FDB2FEEF.text	03FA8783FFDCFF80B71FFCD4FDB2FEEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes dissimilandus (Cameron 1897)	<div><p>Sphecodes dissimilandus (Cameron, 1897)</p> <p>Fig. 8 A–D</p> <p>Halictus dissimilandus Cameron, 1897: 95, ♀ [♂].</p> <p>Sphecodes dissimulandus – Blüthgen 1927: 90 (incorrect spelling).</p> <p>Sphecodes dissimilandus – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The male of this species is similar to S. invidus owing to a similar shape of antennal tyloids (well developed, covering entire lateral flagellar surface and a part of ventral one), sculpture and coloration of the body, including hyaline wings, the areolate mesoscutum, the densely punctate T1 on the disc and the marginal zone. The species clearly differs from S. invidus by the weaker elevated vertex as seen in frontal view, with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca 1.5 lateral ocellar diameter (vs 2 in S. invidus) and the finer punctate metasoma (10–20 μm vs 15–25 μm).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • ♂; “Mussouri 74[Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India], Rothney [leg.]”; “ Sphecodes // 998. // Halictus dissimilandus Cameron, Type // Type Hyme 1957, Halictus dissimilandus Cameron, 1897, Holotype, ♂, Hope Ent Coll.”; OUMNH.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline, without darkening; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 80°, costal margin with seven hamuli. Lateral preoccipital carina present.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Total body length 7 mm. Head transverse, ca 1.2 times as wide as long (Fig. 8D); vertex elevated with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca 1.5 lateral ocellar diameter as seen in frontal view and ca 2 as seen in dorsal view (Fig. 8A); antennae attain mesoscutellum, flagellomeres (from F2 onward) 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide, tyloids well developed, covering entire lateral flagellar surface and most part (from F4 onward) of ventral one (with small medial glabrous spot); ocello-ocular area close to areolate, with dense punctures separated by at most a half puncture diameter; face with dense plumose pubescence, below antennal sockets obscuring integument. Mesoscutum areolate- punctate (30–50 μm), mesoscutellum with interspaces equal to at most 2 puncture diameters (Fig. 8A); propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) shorter than mesoscutellum, roughly rugose; mesepisternum coarsely reticulate-rugose; legs red. Metasomal terga finely punctate (10–20 μm / 1–4), T1 marginal zone punctured basally, T2–T5 marginal zones impunctate; metasoma entirely red (Fig. 8B).</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Uttarakhand).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFDCFF80B71FFCD4FDB2FEEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFDEFF80B743FE6AFC73FC7E.text	03FA8783FFDEFF80B743FE6AFC73FC7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes fumipennis Smith, Bluthgen 1853	<div><p>Sphecodes fumipennis Smith, 1853</p> <p>Figs 3A, 4 C–D</p> <p>Sphecodes fumipennis Smith, 1853: 36, ♀ (holotype: ♀, N. India, coll. J.S. Baly; London, NHMUK; not examined).</p> <p>Sphecodes fumipennis – Blüthgen 1924: 489; 1927: 55. — Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 55).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Sikkim; Binghan leg. [Sph. fumipennis Smith, Blüthgen det.]; ZMHB.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Sikkim); Myanmar, Laos, China (Sichuan, Yunnan).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFDEFF80B743FE6AFC73FC7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFDEFF81B743FBE5FAFFFC2E.text	03FA8783FFDEFF81B743FBE5FAFFFC2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Figs 2E, 3I</p> <p>Sphex gibba Linnaeus, 1758: 571, ♀ (type locality: Sweden). Apis glabra Füessly, 1775: 51, ♀ (type locality: Switzerland). Andrena ferruginea Olivier, 1789: 139, nom. nov. for Nomada gibba Fabricius, 1775 (nom. praeocc.,</p> <p>nec Linnaeus, 1758). Apis gibbosa Christ, 1791: 177, nom. nov. for Nomada gibba Fabricius, 1775 (nom. praeocc., nec</p> <p>Linnaeus, 1758). Melitta sphecoides Kirby, 1802: 46, ♀ (type locality: England). Melitta picea Kirby, 1802: 48, ♂ (type locality: England). Andrena austriaca Fabricius, 1804: 325, ♀ (type locality: Denmark) (nom. praeocc., nec Panzer, 1798). Dichroa analis Illiger, 1806: 48, nomen novum for Nomada gibba Fabricius, 1775 (nom. praeocc., nec</p> <p>Linnaeus, 1758). Sphecodes apicatus Smith, 1853: 36, ♀ (syntypes: ♀, India, Simla; NHMUK). Synonymized by</p> <p>Blüthgen 1927: 27. Sphecodes nigripennis Morawitz, 1876: 257, ♀ (type locality: Kazakhstan). Sphecodes indicus Bingham, 1898: 123, pl. a, fig. 10, ♂. Syn. nov. Sphecodes sutor Nurse, 1903: 538, ♀ (syntypes: ♀♀, India, Jammu and Kashmir; NHMUK).</p> <p>Synonymized by Blüthgen 1927: 27. Sphecodes gibbus var. rufispinosus Meyer, 1920: 113, ♀ (type locality: Spain). Sphecodes gibbus var. turkestanicus Meyer, 1920: 113, ♀, ♂ (type locality: Uzbekistan, “Golodnaja</p> <p>Steppe”; China: Jarkand, Xinjiang). Sphecodes castilianus Blüthgen, 1924: 473, ♀ (type locality: Portugal). Sphecodes lustrans Cockerell, 1931b: 411, ♂ (type locality: Morocco). Sphecodes angarensis Cockerell, 1937: 3–4, ♀ (type locality: Russia, Irkutsk Prov.). Sphecodes pergibbus Blüthgen, 1938: 50, ♀, ♂ (type locality: Cyprus).</p> <p>Sphecodes indicus – Saini &amp; Rathor 2012: 162. — Rajkumar &amp; Dey 2016: 1841.</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2018a: 17).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♂, holotype of Sphecodes indicus Bingham, 1898; “Type // Simla, 5. 97. // Sphecodes indicus (Bingh) // B.M.Type HYM 17a560”; NHMUK 013380329 • 1 ♀; Simla; May 1898; C.G. Nurse leg.; NHMUK 013380335.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh); North Africa, Europe (north to 63° latitude), Russia (east to Yakutia), Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Iran, Mongolia, China (Xinjiang).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The record of S. indicus from Mussoorie (Uttarakhand, India) by Saini &amp; Rathor (2012: 162) is doubtful.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFDEFF81B743FBE5FAFFFC2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFDFFF87B747FC35FDB6FB04.text	03FA8783FFDFFF87B747FC35FDB6FB04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes invidus (Cameron 1897)	<div><p>Sphecodes invidus (Cameron, 1897)</p> <p>Halictus invidus Cameron, 1897: 96, ♀ [♂].</p> <p>Sphecodes nigrobasalis Meyer, 1922: 172, ♂. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Sphecodes invidus – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The male of this species is similar to that of S. dissimilandus (refer to Diagnosis for S. dissimilandus, above).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Syntype INDIA • 1 ♂; “1000. // Mussoorie [Uttarakhand, India], Rothney [leg.] // Halictus invidus Cameron, Type // Type Hyme 1958, Halictus invidus Cameron, 1897, Holotype, ♂, Hope Ent Coll.”; OUMNH.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♂, holotype of S. nigrobasalis Meyer, 1922; “Assam [India], Shillong 6.03., coll. Bingham // Sphec. nigrobasalis n. scec., Dr. R. Meyer det., Type!”; ZMHB (Figs 9, 10 A–D).</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline, with weak yellowish darkening; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 80°, costal margin with eight or nine hamuli. Lateral preoccipital carina present.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Total body length 7.5–8.5 mm. Head transverse, ca 1.2 times as wide as long; vertex well elevated with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus approximately two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view and ca 3 as seen in dorsal view; antennae attain mesoscutellum, flagellomeres (from F2 onward) 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide, tyloids well developed, covering entire lateral flagellar surface and peripheral part of ventral one (with medial glabrous spot); ocello-ocular area areolate; face with dense plumose pubescence, below antennal sockets obscuring integument. Mesoscutum areolate-punctate (30–50 μm), mesoscutellum areolate with a few interspaces of at most a puncture diameter; propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) shorter than mesoscutellum, roughly reticulate-rugose; mesepisternum coarsely reticulate-rugose; legs red-brown. Metasomal terga densely punctate (15–25 μm / 0.5–3), T1 marginal zone punctured barely finer than on disc, impunctate along posterior margin; T2–T5 marginal zones impunctate; T1 red apically, T2–T3 mostly red.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>India (Uttarakhand, Meghalaya).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFDFFF87B747FC35FDB6FB04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD9FF85B74EFB13FD94FB91.text	03FA8783FFD9FF85B74EFB13FD94FB91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes iridipennis Smith 1879	<div><p>Sphecodes iridipennis Smith, 1879</p> <p>Fig. 11 A–E</p> <p>Sphecodes iridipennis Smith, 1879: 27–28, ♀.</p> <p>Sphecodes iridipennis – Gupta 2013: 60.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is close to the S. simlaensis owing to a similar structure, sculpture of the body and the fact that the females morphologically are difficult to distinguish, but S. iridipennis has a slightly less transverse head (1.1 times as wide as long vs 1.2) and entirely red legs (at least femora black or brownish in S. simlaensis).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • 1 ♀; “Type // N Ind [Northern India] // B.M.TYPE HYM.17a550”; NHMUK 013380317.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings with weak yellowish or brownish darkening; hind wing with basal vein strongly curved with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 90°, costal margin with five hamuli. Preoccipital carina absent.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Total body length 4.5 mm (Fig. 11A). Head weakly transverse, at most 1.1 times as wide as long (Fig. 11B); vertex not elevated as seen in frontal view; F1 and F2 transverse, 0.5–0.6 times as long as wide, F3 0.8 times as long as wide; clypeus with punctures separated by 1–3 puncture diameters; ocello-ocular area with fine punctures separated by 1–3 puncture diameters; face and gena with sparse pubescence. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with punctures (15–20 μm) separated by 1–4 puncture diameters (Fig. 11D); hypoepimeral area coarsely reticulate; metafemur weakly enlarged in proximal half, maximum width 0.35 times its length; legs red. Propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) with coarse longitudinal wrinkles and shiny interspaces. Metasomal terga scarcely punctate, T1 impunctate, remaining terga basally with sparse fine setal pores (Fig. 11E); marginal zones impunctate; terga red to red-brownish apically, pygidial plate 0.7 times as wide as metabasitarsus.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: Uttarakhand, Northern India. The record of the species from Himachal Pradesh (India) by Saini &amp; Rathor (2012: 162) is doubtful.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Since we could not clearly differentiate between females of S. iridipennis and S. simlaensis, except by their relative head length and coloration, more specimens should be studied (including the male finding) to make a decision on their synonymy.</p> <p>The specimens recorded as S. iridipennis from Chapra (India) by Rajkumar &amp; Dey (2016: 1847, pl. 3) belong to another species. Unlike the holotype this specimen, re-described as S. iridipennis, has more transverse head (1.3 times as wide as long) and possibly belongs to the undescribed female of S. chaprensis Blüthgen, 1927.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD9FF85B74EFB13FD94FB91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFDBFF85B748FB8FFB8AF832.text	03FA8783FFDBFF85B748FB8FFB8AF832.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes kershawi Perkins 1921	<div><p>Sphecodes kershawi Perkins, 1921</p> <p>Figs 2G, 5D</p> <p>Sphecodes kershawi Perkins, 1921: 9, ♂.</p> <p>Sphecodes javanensis Blüthgen, 1927: 69–70, ♂. Synonymized by Astafurova et al. 2020b: 62.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 63–64).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Syntypes CHINA • 1 ♂, syntype; China, Macao, J.C. Kershaw leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, syntype; same collection data as for preceding; ZMHB.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♀; Uttarakhand, Uttarkashi; 30°73′ N, 78°45′ E; 1235 m a.s.l.; 25 Apr.–2 May 2012; K. Tomkovich leg.; ZMMU.</p> <p>INDONESIA • 1 ♂, holotype of Sphecodes javanensis Blüthgen, 1927; Java, Buitenzorg; Aug. 1920; NHMW.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (* Uttarakhand); China (Macao), Myanmar, Malaysia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFDBFF85B748FB8FFB8AF832	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD4FF88B73EFEEDFD6AFCAC.text	03FA8783FFD4FF88B73EFEEDFD6AFCAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes lasimensis Bluthgen 1927	<div><p>Sphecodes lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>Figs 12, 13 A–C</p> <p>Sphecodes lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927: 40, fig. 6a–e, ♀, ♂ (syntypes: ♀, ♂, N India: Simla, 7000 ft, Annandale leg. 16./5/1909; Simla Hills, 9000 ft, Annandale u. Kemp leg. 18–21./5.1916;?The Indian Museum, Calcutta; not examined).</p> <p>Sphecodes lasimensis – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The female is closest to that of S. gibbus by the shape of the head and sculpture of the body, but differs from this species by the less elevated vertex with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus approximately two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view (vs ca 3), the sparser punctate metasoma with almost impunctate marginal zones on T1 and T2 (distinctly punctate in S. gibbus) and on average smaller body length 7.5–10 mm (vs 7–15 mm). We have not studied the male, but according to the description of Blüthgen (1927) it is similar to that of the Palaearctic S. alternatus Smith, 1853 and S. reticulatus Thomson, 1870 owing to similar sculpture, shapes of antennal tyloid area and gonostylus (tyloids of S. lasimensis are more developed and semicircular across basal 1/5–⅓ of ventral flagellar surface vs 1/7–1/ 5 in S. alternatus and S. reticulatus).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>NEPAL • 2 ♀♀; Kali-Gandaki-Kola, Tatopani, 50 km SW of Pokhara; 1100–1400 m a.s.l.; 12–15 May 1984; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings with brownish darkening; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 70°, costal margin with eight, nine or ten hamuli.</p> <p>Female Total body length 7.5–10 mm (Fig. 12). Head transverse, ca 1.25 times as wide as long (Fig. 13A); vertex elevated with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus approximately two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view; labrum trapezoidal, 0.7 times as long as basal width; ocello-ocular area and vertex irregularly punctate with punctures separated by 0.5–4 puncture diameters;</p> <p>paraocular area with dense adpressed white pubescence, but not obscuring integument, gena with sparser pubescence. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum sparsely punctate (30–50 μm / 1–7); propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) and mesepisternum reticulate-rugose (Fig. 13B). Metasomal terga sparsely punctate, on discs with shallow tiny punctures separated by a few diameters (Fig. 13C); T1 marginal zone indistinctly punctate with a few tiny punctures; T2–T4 marginal zone smooth and impunctate; pygidial plate 0.5 times as wide as metabasitarsus; T1–T4 red, T5 partially brownish.</p> <p>Male (according to Blüthgen 1927)</p> <p>Head weakly transverse, ca 1.15 times as wide as long; vertex elevated with distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus approximately two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view. Tyloids (from F4 onward) weakly developed, semicircular across basal 1/5–⅓ of ventral surface of flagellomeres.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Himachal Pradesh), * Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD4FF88B73EFEEDFD6AFCAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD6FF88B75FFCAAFC34F9B2.text	03FA8783FFD6FF88B75FFCAAFC34F9B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes laticeps Meyer 1920	<div><p>Sphecodes laticeps Meyer, 1920</p> <p>Fig. 5B</p> <p>Sphecodes laticeps Meyer, 1920: 121, ♀, ♂. Sphecodes candidius Meyer, 1925: 10, ♀. Synonymized by Blüthgen 1927: 85. Sphecodes biroi mariae Cockerell, 1930: 162, ♂ (holotype: ♂, Thailand, “ Siam, Nam, Jan. 8, 1928</p> <p>(Cockerell)”; USNM, http://n 2t.net/ark:/65665/3e3daca86-a75f-458d-b994-6723b995dccd). Syno-</p> <p>nymized by Astafurova et al. 2020b: 65.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 65–67).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♂; Bagmati; 1600–2000 m a.s.l.; 26 Aug. 1975; Takagi-S. leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>TAIWAN • 1 ♂, lectotype (designated by Astafurova et al. 2020b: 64); Formosa [Taiwan], Takao; ZMHB • ♀, holotype of Sphecodes candidius Meyer, 1925; “ Lake Candidius 25./9/– 10./10/ 1907 ”; HNHM.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: * Nepal; China (Yunnan, Taiwan), Thailand, Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD6FF88B75FFCAAFC34F9B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD6FF89B733F9A8FEFAFB48.text	03FA8783FFD6FF89B733F9A8FEFAFB48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby 1802)	<div><p>Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)</p> <p>Figs 3B, 5C</p> <p>Melitta monilicornis Kirby, 1802: 47, ♂ (type locality: England).</p> <p>Sphecodes maculatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841: 545, ♂ (type locality: France).</p> <p>Sphecodes subquadratus Smith, 1845: 1014, ♀, ♂ (type locality: England).</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus var. ephippium subvar. rufipes Sichel, 1865: 428, ♀, ♂. Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Article 45.5 of Code).</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus var. ephippium subvar. dubius Sichel, 1865: 419, ♂. Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Article 45.5 of Code).</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus var. ephippium subvar. incertus Sichel, 1865: 420, ♂. Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Article 45.5 of Code).</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus var. ephippium subvar. nigrescens Sichel, 1865: 427, ♂. Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Article 45.5 of Code).</p> <p>Sphecodes gibbus var. ephippium subvar. testaceipes Sichel, 1865: 428, ♂. Unavailable name (ICZN 1999, Article 45.5 of Code).</p> <p>Sphecodes ruficrus Dalla Torre, 1896: 9 (nom. praeocc., nec Erichson, 1835), replacement name for Sphecodes rufipes Sichel, 1865.</p> <p>Sphecodes hanuman Nurse, 1903: 538, ♀ (syntypes: ♀♀, India, Jammu and Kashmir, 5–6000 ft, 5.01; NHMUK; not examined). Synonymized by Blüthgen 1927: 39.</p> <p>Sphecodes caucasicus Meyer, 1920: 124, ♂ (type locality: Georgia).</p> <p>Sphecodes cephalotes Meyer, 1920: 129, ♀ (type locality: Turkey).</p> <p>Sphecodes smyrnensis Meyer, 1920: 116, ♂ (type locality: Turkey).</p> <p>Sphecodes monilicornis quadratus Meyer, 1920: 129, ♂, ♀ (type locality: Spain).</p> <p>Sphecodes monilicornis var. nigerrima Blüthgen, 1927: 41, ♂ (syntypes: 3 ♂♂, Pakistan: Quetta; India: Sringar (Jammu and Kashmir);?ZMHB; not examined). Synonymized by Warncke 1992: 22.</p> <p>Sphecodes quadratus cephalotiformis Pittoni, 1950: 62, ♂, ♀ (type locality: Cyprus).</p> <p>Sphecodes monilicornis berberus Warncke, 1992: 22, ♂, ♀ (type locality: Morocco).</p> <p>Sphecodes monilicornis – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2018a: 24).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♀; Godavari, Napal Valley; 26 Mar. 1968; T. Matsumura leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Jammu and Kashmir), * Nepal; North Africa, Europe (north to 64°), Turkey, Caucasus, Jordan, Syria, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Russia (east to Far East), Mongolia, China (Heilongjiang).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD6FF89B733F9A8FEFAFB48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD7FF8EB74BFAD7FEA0FD7B.text	03FA8783FFD7FF8EB74BFAD7FEA0FD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes montanus Smith 1879	<div><p>Sphecodes montanus Smith, 1879</p> <p>Figs 3C, 4 A–B</p> <p>Sphecodes montanus Smith, 1879: 27, ♀, ♂.</p> <p>Sphecodes montanus – Gupta 2013: 60. — Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 68–70).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Syntype INDIA • 1 ♀; “ Type // N.Ind // Masuri [Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India] 7000 feet // Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1932-360 // Sphecodes montanus Smith, Type ♂ et ♀ // B.M.Type HYM.17a549”; NHMUK 013380316.</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♀; Jumla Distr.; 12–14000 ft a.s.l.; May–Jun. 1961; J. Burmet leg.; NHMUK 013380477 • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Godavari, Napal Valley; 26 Mar. 1968; T. Matsumuta leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; Gosainkund; 18 Feb. 1968; 8000 ft a.s.l.; T. Kawamichi leg.; PCMS • 2 ♀♀; Koshi Basantapur; 2300 m a.s.l.; 30 May–2 Jul. 1985; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; Rasuwa Distr., Langtang NP, Dhunche-Bharkhu-Syabru; 2000–2800 m a.s.l.; 6–13 May 1996; P. Cechovski leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; Terhatum Distr., Tamur Valley, Basantpur; 2400 m a.s.l.; 29–30.V.1996; P. Cechovski leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; NE Kathmandu, Nagar Kot; 1800–2000 m a.s.l.; 26 Jun. 1980; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>INDIA • 2 ♀♀; Uttarakhand, Uttarkashi; 30°73′ N, 78°45′ E; 1235 m a.s.l.; 1 May–25 Jun. 2012; K. Tomkovich leg.; ZMMU.</p> <p>BHUTAN • 1 ♀; Timphu; 10 Mar. 1985; D.E. Padgham leg.; NHMUK 013380472.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Uttarakhand), * Nepal, * Bhutan; India (Rajasthan), Laos, China (Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD7FF8EB74BFAD7FEA0FD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD0FF8CB754FCE6FD14FACD.text	03FA8783FFD0FF8CB754FCE6FD14FACD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes perplexus Nurse 1903	<div><p>Sphecodes perplexus Nurse, 1903</p> <p>Figs 14, 15 A–D</p> <p>Sphecodes perplexus Nurse, 1903: 540, ♀.</p> <p>Sphecodes perplexus – Saini &amp; Rathor 2012: 163. — Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The female of this species is similar to that of S. tantalus Nurse, 1903 owing to a similar structure, sculpture and coloration of the body, but it differs from this species by having a more densely punctate mesoscutum, with the punctures separated by 1–2 puncture diameters (vs 2–5), and the pygidial plate as wide as the metabasitarsus (vs 0.8). Both these species are close to S. crassus Thomson, 1870 by the strongly enlarged metafemur, but it differs by the entirely red metasoma.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Syntypes INDIA • 1 ♀; “syntype: &lt;red circle&gt;”, “Kashmir 5–6000 ft. 5.01”, “ Col. C. G. Nurse Collection, 1920- 72”, “ Sphecodes perplexus Nurse ”, “B.M. TYPE HYM. 17.a.586”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Kashmir 5–6000 ft. 5.01”, “ Sphecodes perplexus Friese det.”, “ Coll. Friese ”, “Typus”; ZMHB (label photo Fig. 14).</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline, without darkening; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 80°, costal margin with five hamuli.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Total body length 6.5 mm (Fig. 14). Head (Fig. 15A) strongly transverse, ca 1.3 times as wide as long; vertex weakly elevated as seen in frontal view (distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus at most a lateral ocellar diameter), but wide as seen in dorsal view (approximately three ocellar diameters); F1 and F2 strongly transverse, ca 0.6 times as long as wide, F3 weakly transverse, 0.8 times as long as wide; labrum semi-oval, 0.6 times as long as wide; clypeus and ocello-ocular area with dense punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameter; paraocular and supracypeal areas with dense plumose pubescence, but not obscuring integument. Mesoscutum (Fig. 15 C–D) with sparse punctures (20–25μm) separated by one or two puncture diameters; hypoepimeral area reticulate; metafemur strongly enlarged in proximal half, maximum width 0.5 times its length; tibia and tarsi red-yellowish. Metasomal T1 impunctate (Fig. 15B), T2 on an anterior half with fine and relatively dense punctures; marginal zones impunctate; pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus; T1–T5 red.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Jammu and Kashmir).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD0FF8CB754FCE6FD14FACD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFD2FFB2B754FA48FD55FCE3.text	03FA8783FFD2FFB2B754FA48FD55FCE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes setiger Bluthgen 1924	<div><p>Sphecodes setiger Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>Fig. 16 A–D</p> <p>Sphecodes setiger Blüthgen, 1924: 511–512, ♀.</p> <p>Sphecodes setiger – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is similar to small Palaearctic species with simple mandibles which lack the inner tooth (i.e., Sphecodes decorus (Cameron, 1897), S. longuloides Blüthgen, 1923, S. hirtellus Blüthgen, 1923, S. longulus Hagens, 1882, S. puncticeps Thomson, 1870, S. turanicus Astafurova &amp; Proshchalykin, 2017 and S. trjapitzini Astafurova &amp; Proshchalykin, 2018). Among these species S. setiger is closest to S. puncticeps, but differs from this species by having square (as long as wide) F1 and F2 (vs 0.6– 0.7 times as long as wide).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • ♀; “Type // Simla [India], Nurse 9. 98 // Col. C.G. Nurse Collection. 1920-72 // Sph. setiger, ♀, Type P. Blüthgen det. // B.M.Type HYM.17a562”; NHMUK 013380328.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline, without darkening; hind wing with basal vein strongly curved with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins almost 90°, costal margin with five hamuli.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Total body length 5.5 mm. Head strongly transverse, 1.25 times as wide as long (Fig. 16A); vertex not elevated; F1–F3 square, as long as wide (Fig. 16B); clypeus with punctures separated by at most a puncture diameter; ocello-ocular area with dense punctures separated by at most a half puncture diameter; paraocular and supraclypeal areas with relatively dense plumose pubescence, but not obscuring integument. Mesoscutum with punctures (15–30 μm) separated by at most a puncture diameter; hypoepimeral area coarsely reticulate; legs red-brownish. Metasomal T1 impunctate, except a few punctures (5 μm) along marginal zone; anterior half of T2–T4 discs distinctly punctate (10– 15 μm / 2–5), sparser on posterior half; T1–T3 red (Fig. 16C); pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Himachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Since we could not clearly differentiate between females of S. setiger and S. puncticeps, except by relative flagellar length, more specimens from the type locality including the male are needed to be studied to make a decision on their synonymy.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFD2FFB2B754FA48FD55FCE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFECFFB0B72DFC79FDA3FE0A.text	03FA8783FFECFFB0B72DFC79FDA3FE0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes shillongensis Bluthgen 1927	<div><p>Sphecodes shillongensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>Fig. 17 A–D</p> <p>Sphecodes shillongensis Blüthgen, 1927: 95, fig. 29a–b.</p> <p>Sphecodes shillongensis – Saini &amp; Rathor 2012: 163. — Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is similar to S. chaprensis and S. simlaensis, sharing similar shape and sculpture of the body, including weakly developed antennal tyloids, a densely punctate mesoscutum and scarcely punctate metasomal terga, but differs from these species by having longer antennae with flagellomeres (from F3 onward) ca 1.3 times as long as wide (vs 1.1–1.2) and the shape of the gonostylus without a membranous part.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • ♂; “Type // Shillong, 4.03 // Assam, R. Turner. 1905-125. // Sphecodes shillongensis n.sp., ♂, P. Blüthgen det. // B.M.Type HYM.17a.563”; NHMUK 013380326.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins almost 90°, costal margin with five hamuli. Preoccipital carina absent.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Total body length 5.0 mm. Head transverse, ca 1.15 times as wide as long (Fig. 17A); vertex not elevated as seen in frontal view; antennae attaining posterior margin of mesoscutellum, F1 0.75 times as long as wide, remaining flagellomeres ca 1.3 times as long as wide; tyloids weakly developed, covering at most basal 1/5–¼ of ventral surface of last flagellomeres (Fig. 17A); ocello-ocular area with dense punctures (10–15 μm) separated by at most a half puncture diameter; face with dense plumose white pubescence, obscuring integument below antennal sockets. Gena with sparser pubescence. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum finely punctate, sparser medially (15–20 μm / 0.5–3), becoming denser peripherally; mesepisternum and hypoepimeral area rugose; propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) shining, with coarse longitudinal wrinkles; remaining surfaces of propodeum reticulate-rugose (Fig. 17C); legs red. Metasoma red; terga scarcely punctate (Fig. 17D); T1 almost impunctate, with a few microscopic punctures (3–5 μm); remaining terga basally with tiny setal pores; marginal zones impunctate; gonocoxite dorsally with impression; gonostylus small, without a membranous part.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Meghalaya).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFECFFB0B72DFC79FDA3FE0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFEEFFB0B736FE16FB55FB0D.text	03FA8783FFEEFFB0B736FE16FB55FB0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes sikkimensis Bluthgen 1927	<div><p>Sphecodes sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927</p> <p>Fig. 18 A–E</p> <p>Sphecodes sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927: 54, fig. 12a, ♀.</p> <p>Sphecodes sikkimensis – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 78) and refer to the diagnosis of Sphecodes uttaricus sp. nov. below.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here) INDIA • 1 ♀; “Sikhim [India], 6.97., Rungit Tal, 1000′, Coll. Bingham // Sphec. fumippenis Dr. Meyer det. // Sphec. sikkimensis n.sp. P. Blüthgen det.”; ZMHB.</p> <p>Paralectotypes INDIA • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for lectotype (same labels); ZMBH.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Sikkim); Myanmar, Laos, China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian, Guandong).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFEEFFB0B736FE16FB55FB0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFEEFFB6B73EFB09FE64FD82.text	03FA8783FFEEFFB6B73EFB09FE64FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes simlaensis Bluthgen 1924	<div><p>Sphecodes simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924</p> <p>Fig. 3G</p> <p>Sphecodes simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924: 514–515, ♀ (syntypes: 2 ♀♀, India, Simla, Nurse leg., VIII. and IX. 98; were not found in NHMUK).</p> <p>Sphecodes simlaellus Blüthgen, 1927: 46–48, fig. 8, ♂. Synonymized by Astafurova et al. 2020b: 79.</p> <p>Sphecodes simlaensis – Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map.</p> <p>Diagnosis and descriptive notes</p> <p>See Astafurova et al. (2020b: 79–81).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>INDIA • 2 ♂♂, lectotype and paralectotype of S. simlaellus, designated by Astafurova et al. (2020b: 79); “Simla [India, Himachal Pradesh], 8.[18]98, Col. C.G. Nurse Collection. 1920-72”; NHMUK • 6 ♀♀; Kasmir [Jammu and Kashmir]; Jul. 1901; Nurse leg.; ZMHB •; 6 ♀♀; Uttarakhand, Uttarkashi; 30°73′ N, 78°45′ E; 1235 m a.s.l.; 1–2 May 2012; K. Tomkovich leg.; ZMMU.</p> <p>NEPAL • 1 ♂; Gulbu Bhanjang; 9 Jun. 1968; T. Matsumura leg.; PCMS • 1 ♂; Namche Bazar; 8 Jul. 1968; T. Matsumura leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; Nangitanti; 1 May 1968; T. Matsumura leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.53333/lat 27.566668)">Everest Reg.</a>, Jambesi; 27°34′ N, 86°32′ E; 19 Mar. 2010; A. Reschikov leg.; ZISP • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.933334/lat 27.95)">Bagam</a>, Sindhupal Chok, Sarmatang; 27°57′ N, 85°56′ E; 2500 m a.s.l.; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS • 2 ♀♀; Rasuwa Distr.,</p> <p>Langtang NP, Dhunche-Bharkhu-Syabru; 2000–2800 m a.s.l.; 6–13 May 1996; P. Cechovski leg.; PCMS • 1 ♀; Koshi Gorza; 2100 m a.s.l.; 5 Jun. 1985; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>BHUTAN • 3 ♀♀; Paro Prov., Chiley-La; 3000–3500 m a.s.l.; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS • 1 ♂; Thimphu Distr., Taba; 2600 m a.s.l.; C. Holzschuh leg.; PCMS.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, * Uttarakhand), * Nepal, * Bhutan; Laos, China (Sichuan, Yunnan).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFEEFFB6B73EFB09FE64FD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFE8FFB4B75EFD99FAFFFCE5.text	03FA8783FFE8FFB4B75EFD99FAFFFCE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes tantalus Nurse 1903	<div><p>Sphecodes tantalus Nurse, 1903</p> <p>Figs 19, 20 A–D</p> <p>Sphecodes tantalus Nurse, 1903: 539, ♀.</p> <p>Sphecodes tantalus – Dar et al. 2018: 531. — Dar &amp; Wani 2018: 1432.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The female of this species is similar to that of S. perplexus (refer to Diagnosis of S. perplexus above).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Syntypes INDIA • 1 ♀; “(syntype), &lt;red circle&gt;”, “ Kashmir [Jammu and Kashmir] 5–6000 ft. 5.01”, “ Col. C. G. Nurse Collection, 1920-72”, “ Sphecodes tantanus Nurse ”, “♀, Type”, “B.M. TYPE HYM. 17.a.585”; NHMUK 013380356 • 1 ♀; “ Kashmir 5–6000 ft. 5.01”; ZMHB.</p> <p>Descriptive notes</p> <p>Wings hyaline, without brownish darkening; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 80°, costal margin with six hamuli.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Total body length 8 mm (Fig. 19). Head strongly transverse, ca 1.3 times as wide as long (Fig. 20A); vertex weakly elevated as seen in frontal view (distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus at most a lateral ocellar diameter), but wide as seen in dorsal view (approximately three ocellar diameters); F1 and F2 strongly transverse, 0.6–0.7 times as long as wide, F3 almost square; labrum semi-oval, 0.6 times as long as wide; clypeus and ocello-ocular area with dense punctures separated by at most a half puncture diameter; paraocular and supracypeal areas with relatively dense, but thin plumose pubescence, not obscuring integument. Mesoscutum with sparse punctures (20–25μ m) separated by 2–5 puncture diameters (Fig. 20C); hypoepimeral area reticulate; metafemur strongly enlarged in proximal half, maximum width 0.4 times its length; legs red. Metasomal T1 impunctate, T2–T4 with a few fine setal pores, marginal zones impunctate; pygidial plate dull, 0.8 times as wide as metabasitarsus; T1–T5 red (Fig. 20B).</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Himalayas: India (Jammu and Kashmir); India (Rajasthan according to Ascher &amp; Pickering 2020: map).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFE8FFB4B75EFD99FAFFFCE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
03FA8783FFEAFFBAB774FC2FFDB8F888.text	03FA8783FFEAFFBAB774FC2FFDB8F888.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphecodes uttaricus	<div><p>Sphecodes uttaricus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A059C88D-0961-420A-9C97-FC19D1D2248D</p> <p>Figs 21, 22 A–E</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is closest to S. sikkimensis and S. formosanus Cockerell, 1911 by a combination of large body size (more than 9 mm), costal margin with at least nine hamuli and the presence of a lateral</p> <p>preocipital carina. The new species differs from S. sikkimensis by having fewer hamuli (9–10 vs 12–15) and a smaller body size (10.5 mm vs 12–15 mm) and from S. formosanus it differs by having sparse and mixed punctation of T1 with coarse (15–25 μm / 0.5–3) and microscopical punctures (5 μm) (vs dense and coarse punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameter).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet is named after the Indian state Uttar Pradesh, the type locality of this species.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype INDIA • ♀; Uttar Pradesh bor., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.416664/lat 30.45)">Karnaprayag env.</a>; [30°27′ N, 79°25′ E]; 770 m a.s.l.; 19–21 Jul. 1994; M. Valenta leg.; PCMS / OLBL.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female (holotype, Fig. 21)</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 10.5 mm.</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 22 B–C). Black; transverse, ca 1.25 times as wide as long; lateral preoccipital carina present, well-developed; vertex elevated, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus ca 1.5 ocellar diameter as seen in frontal view and ca two diameters as seen in dorsal view; mandibles bi-dentate; F1 0.5 times as long as wide; F2 0.7 times as long as wide; F3 1.1 times as long as wide; supraclypeal area bulging; frons and paraocular area mostly with confluent punctures; ocello-ocular area densely punctate with confluent punctures and punctures separated by at most a half puncture diameter (30–50 μm); clypeus sparser punctate with shiny, smooth interspaces equal to at most a puncture diameter; paraocular area and gena with dense plumose setae, obscuring integument.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Mesosoma (including legs) black; wings with strong brownish darkening and metallic violet luster; stigma and veins dark brown; hind wing with the angle between basal (M) and cubital (Cu) veins ca 70°, costal margin with nine hamuli; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (Fig. 22A) densely and coarsely punctate (50–100 μm), with confluent punctures peripherally and medially with punctures separated by at most a puncture diameter; hypoepimeral area and mesepisternum coarsely reticulaterugose; propodeal triangle (metapostnotum) roughly reticulate-rugose (sculpture forming 2–3 rows of large deep cells).</p> <p>METASOMA. Metasomal T1 on disc with coarse punctures (15–25 μm) separated by 0.5–3 puncture diameters and laterally with numerous tiny punctures (ca 5 μm) between them, marginal zone sparsely and finely punctate, impunctate along posterior margin (Fig. 22E); remainder of terga similarly punctate, but denser and with impunctate marginal zones (Fig. 22D); pygidial plate dull, as wide as metabasitarsus; T1–T4 red; sterna finely tessellate to smooth with coarse shallow setal pores.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Only known from the holotype.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA8783FFEAFFBAB774FC2FFDB8F888	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astafurova, Yulia;Proshchalykin, Maxim	Astafurova, Yulia, Proshchalykin, Maxim (2020): New and little-known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 74-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1195
