identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E387FAFFEDFF91427712DBFA2AFC9B.text	03E387FAFFEDFF91427712DBFA2AFC9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharanthus G. Don	<div><p>Identification key to the Malagasy species of Catharanthus</p> <p>1. Plants prostrate, stems spreading with pseudo-dichotomous branching, forming a rosette; flowers typically present at each node, always solitary. (Restricted to the sub-arid south).................. C. scitulus (Pichon) Pichon</p> <p>1a. Plants more or less erect, stems ascending, poorlybranched, never appearing pseudo-dichotomous; flowers generally localised at the extremities of the branches, solitary or in pairs. (Widely distributed, but generally absent from the sub-arid south)........................ 2</p> <p>2. Stems clearly angular, square or hexangular in section.. 3</p> <p>2a. Stems cylindrical sometimes with four shallow longitudinal ridges, round or elliptic in section................. 5</p> <p>3. Leaves subsessile; stems square in section; corolla with a white to yellow eye and fuchsia pink to mauve-pink lobes. (Unknown from the Makay Massif)............... 4</p> <p>3a. Leaves with petioles ca. 2 mm long; stems hexangular in section; corolla with a magenta eye and white (or faintly pink-tinted) lobes. (Endemic to the Makay Massif).. C. makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson &amp; Razakamal.</p> <p>4. Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves oval, more or less amplexicaule at the base. (Common in the southern part of the Central Plateau and extending to the Isalo Massif and with scattered localities in the south-west)................................ C. ovalis Markgr.</p> <p>4a. Stems and leaves pubescent; leaves lanceolate, cuneiform at the base (throughout the northern areas of Madagascar, extending down the east coast at least as far asFarafangana)....... C. trichophyllus (Baker) Pichon</p> <p>5. Plants relatively large at maturity, at least 30 cm (sometimes reaching 100 cm) high; leaves mostly more than 30 mm long; inflorescence mostly 2-flowered; follicles always erect.................................. 6</p> <p>5a. Plants relatively small at maturity, rarely more than 30 cm high; leaves generally less than 30 mm long; inflorescence 1-flowered; follicles erect or pendulous............. 7</p> <p>6. Leaves ovate, generally more than 10 mm wide, apex obtuse and mucronate, margins flat; corolla typically pink with a magenta eye or white with a yellow eye (in C. roseus var. albus G. Don). (Naturally limited to the south-eastern Madagascar, but cultivated and naturalized in Madagascar, as well as throughout the tropics).. C. roseus (L.) G. Don</p> <p>6a. Leaves lanceolate, less than 9 mm wide, apex acute, margins generally revolute; corolla pink with a yellow eye, lobes white at the very base. (Upland areas in the South-east from Andringitra to the Mandrare Bassin)................................ C. longifolius (Pichon) Pichon</p> <p>7. Foliage relatively dense, the leaves longer than the internodes; follicles becoming pendulous due to the elongation of the pedicels after anthesis. (Mainly in and around the Itremo Massif, but with scattered sub-populations from the Tampoketsa west of Antananarivo, and on the inselbergs around Ambalavao)......... C. coriaceus Markgr.</p> <p>7a. Foliage relatively sparse, the leaves generally shorter than the internodes; follicles always erect, pedicels hardly elongating after anthesis. (Common around Antananarivo and south towards Fianarantsoa)...................................... C. lanceus (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387FAFFEDFF91427712DBFA2AFC9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Allorge, Lucile;Phillipson, Peter B.;Razakamalala, Richardson	Allorge, Lucile, Phillipson, Peter B., Razakamalala, Richardson (2015): Catharanthus makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson & Razakamal. (Apocynaceae), a new species from Madagascar. Candollea 70 (1): 61-66, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v701a7
03E387FAFFEDFF9641071035FC80FA8E.text	03E387FAFFEDFF9641071035FC80FA8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharanthus G. Don	<div><p>Clé d’identification des espèces malgaches de Catharanthus</p> <p>1. Plantes prostrées, tiges étalées avec ramification pseudodichotome, formant une rosette; fleurs typiquement présentes à chaque noeud, toujours solitaires. (Limitées au Sud sub-aride)............ C. scitulus (Pichon) Pichon</p> <p>1a. Plantes plus au moins dressées, tiges ascendantes, avec peu des ramifications, jamais avec un aspect pseudo-dichotome; fleurs généralement localisées dans les extrémités des branches, solitaires ou par paires. (Répandu, mais généralement absent du Sud sub-aride)................... 2</p> <p>2. Tiges nettement angulaires, à section soit carrée soit hexangulaire.................................. 3</p> <p>2a. Tiges cylindriques avec parfois quatre petites crêtes, à section soit ronde soit elliptique................... 5</p> <p>3. Feuilles subsessiles; tiges à section carrée; corolle à pourtour de la gorge blanche à jaune et lobes nettement rose fuchsia à rose mauve. (Inconnu du massif du Makay)............................................ 4</p> <p>3a. Feuilles ayant un pétiole d’environ 2 mm de longs; tiges à section hexangulaire; corolle à pourtour de la gorge magenta et lobes blancs (à peine teintés de rose). (Endémique du massif du Makay).................................... C. makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson &amp; Razakamal.</p> <p>4. Tiges et feuilles glabres; feuilles ovales, plus ou moins amplexicaules à la base. (Fréquent dans la partie sud-est du plateau central, et s’étendant au massif de l’Isalo et avec quelques localités dans le sud-ouest).. C. ovalis Markgr.</p> <p>4a. Tiges et feuilles pubescentes; feuilles lancéolées, cunéiformes à la base. (Répandu dans le nord de Madagascar, s’étendant vers le sud de la côte est jusqu’à Farafangana).................... C. trichophyllus (Baker) Pichon</p> <p>5. Plantes relativement grandes à maturité, de plus de 30 cm de haut, pouvant atteindre 100 cm; feuilles, pour la plupart, supérieures à 30 mm de long; inflorescence avec presque toujours 2 fleurs; follicules toujours dressés.......... 6</p> <p>5a. Plantes relativement petites à maturité, rarement plus hautes que 30 cm; feuilles généralement de moins de 30 mm de long; inflorescence souvent à une seule fleur; follicules dressés ou pendants..................... 7</p> <p>6. Feuilles ovées, généralement supérieures à 10 mm de large, apex obtus et mucroné, marges plates; corolle typiquement rose à pourtour de la gorge magenta ou blanche à pourtour de la gorge jaune (chez C. roseus var. albus G. Don). (Originaire du sud-est de Madagascar, mais cultivée et naturalisée ailleurs dans l’île, et partout dans les tropiques).................... C. roseus (L.) G. Don</p> <p>6a. Feuilles lancéolées, inférieures à 9 mm de large, apex aigu, marges généralement révolutées; corolle rose à pourtour de la gorge jaune, extrême base des lobes blancs. (Hautes terres du sud-est de Madagascar, entre le massif d’Andringitra et le bassin du Mandrare)... C. longifolius (Pichon) Pichon</p> <p>7. Feuillage relativement dense, les feuilles plus longues que les entre-noeuds; follicules à terme pendants à cause des pédicelles qui s’allongent après l’anthèse. (Principalement au massif de l’Itremo et avec quelques sous-populations du Tampoketsa à l’ouest d’Antananarivo et sur les inselbergs autour d’Ambalavao)............ C. coriaceus Markgr.</p> <p>7a. Feuillage relativement épars, les feuilles généralement plus courtes que les entre-noeuds; follicules toujours dressés, les pédicelles ne s’allongeant que peu après l’anthèse. (Fréquent autour d’Antananarivo et au sud jusqu’à Fianarantsoa)...... C. lanceus (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387FAFFEDFF9641071035FC80FA8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Allorge, Lucile;Phillipson, Peter B.;Razakamalala, Richardson	Allorge, Lucile, Phillipson, Peter B., Razakamalala, Richardson (2015): Catharanthus makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson & Razakamal. (Apocynaceae), a new species from Madagascar. Candollea 70 (1): 61-66, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v701a7
03E387FAFFEAFF97429E162EFF22FB60.text	03E387FAFFEAFF97429E162EFF22FB60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catharanthus makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson & Razakamal. 2015	<div><p>Catharanthus makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson &amp; Razakamal., spec. nova (Fig. 2 A-D).</p> <p>Typus: MADAGASCAR. Prov. de Toliara: Atsimo-Andrefana Region, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.18139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.341667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.18139/lat -21.341667)">Forêt d’Anosilamy</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.18139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.341667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.18139/lat -21.341667)">Fokontany Beronono</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.18139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.341667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.18139/lat -21.341667)">Commune Beronono</a>, 21°20’30”S 45°10’53”E, 448 m, 13.I.2010, Razakamalala, Rakotovao &amp; Andriantiana 5155 (holo-: MO [MO-2282216]!; iso-: P, TAN!).</p> <p>Differs from all other species by its hexangular stems, stems and leaves with a distinctive puberulent indument, and flowers with its long filiform recurved sepals and corolla with white lobes and a deep magenta eye.</p> <p>Perennial herb to 50-60 cm tall, with sparse white latex. Stems hexagonal-costulate, the ridges most pronounced towards the base, puberulent at least when young, pustulate at the base; internodes ca 3 cm long at the base of the stem, and 2 cm long above. Leaves opposite; petiole 2 mm long; limb narrowly elliptic, 3.2-3.8 × 1.2-1.5 cm, mucronate, sub-coriaceous, puberulent; veins pale yellow when fresh (drying brown-green), secondary veins 6-8 sub-opposite pairs, clearly visible on the abaxial and adaxial sides, forming an angle of 30-35 to the midrib; mucro 1 mm long. Inflorescence pseudo-axillary, present in the axil of one leaf of a leaf-pair, usually comprising two flowers lacking a common peduncle and developing sequentially, occasionally reduced to a solitary flower. Flowers erect, shortly pedicellate; pedicels 1-2 mm long; calyx with curved filiform sepals, 5-6 mm long; corolla tube very slender, 2.8 to 3 cm long, 0.8 mm diameter, somewhat swollen in the throat 2-3 mm below the mouth, magenta; corolla propeller-like, lobes highly assymetrical, 2 × 1 cm, white shading abruptly to magenta at the base. Fruit comprising two erect follicles, 20 mm × 2 mm, containing 3-4 brown seeds.</p> <p>Geographic distribution and habitat. – Catharanthus makayensis is only known from two collections made within the Makay Massif, an area of sandstone situated to the north of the Mangoky River and to the south-east of the city of Morondava. The plants were observed growing in sandy ground on riverbanks, and moist areas among rocks, at elevations of 400-600 m. The Makay region has been only very poorly explored, but recently the first serious attempts to conduct biological inventory have been made in the massif, thanks to the efforts of the NGO “Naturevolution” (http://www.naturevolution.org) and the production of a film in 2011 (“Makay, les aventuriers du monde perdu”) by GEDEON PROGRAMMES (2015) and a book (WENDENBAUM, 2011) about this work.</p> <p>Conservation status. – Catharanthus makayensis is currently known from only two localities approximately 20 km apart in the Makay Massif, an area that has been only very poorly explored. Our observations in the field suggest that it is not common in the massif, although further exploration in suitable habitats would almost certainly reveal additional localities for the species. The area is remote from habitation and is currently subject to little impact from grazing or other human-induced impacts. Nevertheless the Makay Massif lacks legal protection, and proposed mining projects in the area may impact the species in the future. It is impossible to reliably estimate the Extent of Occurrence of the species on the basis of the data currently available, but based on the two known locations an estimated Area of Occupancy of ca. 8 km 2 can be calculated for the species. With no immediate threats to the survival of the two known sub-populations of C. makayensis, and until more information on the distribution of the species becomes available it is best assessed as “Vulnerable” [VU D2] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).</p> <p>Phenology. – Catharanthus makayensis has been observed in flower and in fruit in August, November and January.</p> <p>Note. – Catharanthus makayensis differs from all other species by its stems which are distinctly hexagonal in crosssection, a characteristic which is most easily observed in fresh material. Other species of Catharanthus are either quadrangular-winged in C. ovalis and C. trichophyllus, or cylindrical (sometimes with shallow longitudinal ridges) in all the other species. The new species can also be distinguished from other species of the genus by certain characters of the flowers, notably by its 5-6 mm long filiform sepals which are clearly much narrower and longer than for all the other species, with the only exception of C. coriaceus, but the latter species is highly distinct with its pendulous fruits, as opposed to the erect fruits of C. makayensis and all other species. Together with C. roseus, C. makayensis is the only species to have a magenta eye, rather than white to pale yellow in all the other species, however, the corolla lobes and the flower bud of C. makayensis are pure white (or possibly slightly pale pink tinted) (Fig. 2A, D) and C. roseus typically has pink lobes (Fig. 2E). Certain forms of C. roseus have a predominantly white corolla, but this is coupled with a white or pale yellow eye as far as is known in wild populations (C. roseus var. albus). Horticultural forms of C. roseus are available with a diversity of colours, including some that closely resemble C. makayensis. Two other species of Catharanthus have been collected just to the south and/or north of the Makay Massif: C. ovalis Markgr. and C. scitulus (Pichon) Pichon, but they have not yet been recorded within the massif itself.</p> <p>Paratypi. – MADAGASCAR. Prov. de Toliara: Atsimo-Andrefana Region. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.31861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.215557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.31861/lat -21.215557)">Makay Massif</a>. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.31861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.215557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.31861/lat -21.215557)">Along a tributary of Menampandaha River</a>, 21°12’56”S 45°19’07”E, 480 m, 22.XI.2010, Phillipson, Andriantiana &amp; Rakotovao 6174 (TAN).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387FAFFEAFF97429E162EFF22FB60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Allorge, Lucile;Phillipson, Peter B.;Razakamalala, Richardson	Allorge, Lucile, Phillipson, Peter B., Razakamalala, Richardson (2015): Catharanthus makayensis L. Allorge, Phillipson & Razakamal. (Apocynaceae), a new species from Madagascar. Candollea 70 (1): 61-66, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v701a7
