identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C787E7C31DFF94FF419BAB5A8F4315.text	03C787E7C31DFF94FF419BAB5A8F4315.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopoglossus bicolor (Werner 1916)	<div><p>Alopoglossus bicolor (Werner, 1916)</p> <p>Distribution: Endemic to Colombia, along the upper Magdalena River Valley and the adjacent Cordillera Oriental, including its eastern foothill in the Meta department (Harris 1994; Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Similar species: Alopoglossus bicolor can be easily distinguished from all other sympatric and similar species of the genus due to the lack of prefrontal scales (present in A. atriventris, A. avilapiresae, A. brevifrontalis, and A. buckleyi). For a more detailed description see Harris (1994).</p> <p>Remarks: Harris (1994) suggested that specimens from Portachuelo in the department of Meta may correspond to a hybrid population between " Ptychoglossus bicolor " (= A. bicolor) and " Ptychoglossus nicefori " (= A. brevifrontalis), which he called “ Ptychoglossus cf. bicolor ”. However, based on the morphological characters provided by Harris (1994), the specimen we examined from Portachuelo is in agreement with A. bicolor.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31DFF94FF419BAB5A8F4315	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C312FF9BFF4199EB5D67475E.text	03C787E7C312FF9BFF4199EB5D67475E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercosaura argulus Peters 1862	<div><p>Cercosaura argulus Peters, 1862</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed in the Amazonia, including Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia there are some populations reported along the trans-Andean region in the Cordillera Central and Oriental, the Magdalena River Valley, the Amazonia region and the south Orinoquia (Fig. 4C, see Remarks).</p> <p>Similar species: Cercosaura argulus is distinguished from its congeners in having 12–15 longitudinal rows of enlarged hexagonal dorsal scales forming transversal lines, and a divided frontonasal (dorsal hexagonal scales arranged in transverse and oblique series in C. hypnoides, eight longitudinal rows in the C. ocellata group, and a single frontonasal in the C. ocellata group and C. hypnoides); and scales on flanks moderately smaller than dorsals, 27–35 scales around midbody, absence of preanal pores, and four ventral scales separated by the femoral pores (scales on flanks distinctly smaller than dorsals, 31–45 scales around midbody, preanal pores normally present, and two ventral scales separated by the femoral pores in C. oshaughnessyi). See Ávila-Pires (1995), Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral (2017), and Sturaro et al. (2018) for a detailed description.</p> <p>Remarks: Cercosaura argulus and C. oshaughnessyi are currently considered two different evolutionary lineages (Ávila-Pires 1995; Torres-Carvajal et al. 2015; Sturaro et al. 2017; Moravec et al. 2018), however, none of these studies have included samples from the trans-Andean region of Colombia where its type locality (near “Santafé de Bogotá ”). is located (Peters 1863). Based on the specimens we examined, we noticed the morphological characters provided by Ávila-Pires (1995) to differentiate between species are relatively well-conserved, with few individuals presenting three ventral scales between femoral pores, a previous condition non-described in the literature. Despite this, the presence of preanal pores and the relative size of the flank scales help to separate both groups in those cases. All the cis-Andean specimens we examined (n=17) agreed with C. oshaughnessyi, while the trans-Andean ones used for comparisons (n=8) with C. argulus, showing an allopatric distribution, however, their distribution in Colombia remains to be clarified. Given that we cannot corroborate the taxonomy used for the literature specimens, we present them together in the distribution map.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C312FF9BFF4199EB5D67475E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C31CFF95FF419A765A3943A4.text	03C787E7C31CFF95FF419A765A3943A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopoglossus buckleyi (O'Shaughnessy 1881)	<div><p>Alopoglossus buckleyi (O’Shaughnessy, 1881)</p> <p>Distribution: Western Amazonia in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia along the southern Amazonian region, in the departments of Putumayo, Caquetá, Vaupés and Amazonas (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Similar species: Alopoglossus buckleyi can be differentiated from other similar species due to the lack of occipital scales (present in A. bicolor and A. brevifrontalis); in having small granular scales on the sides of the neck, similar in shape to those near the tympanic aperture (non-granular, keeled and imbricated resembling those in the dorse in A. avilapiresae and A. carinicaudatus); and for possessing smooth ventral scales (strongly or weakly keeled in A. atriventris). For a more detailed description see Ribeiro-Júnior et al. (2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31CFF95FF419A765A3943A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C313FF9AFF419EA85DFD46C8.text	03C787E7C313FF9AFF419EA85DFD46C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bachia heteropa subsp. lineata (Boulenger 1903)	<div><p>Bachia heteropa lineata (Boulenger, 1903)</p> <p>Distribution: Probably along the east face of the Cordillera de Los Andes and adjacent foothill in west Venezuela, southward Colombia. In Colombia there is a record from the northern Orinoquia in the Arauca department (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Similar species: This species can be differentiated from the Bachia flavescens species group in having hexagonal to lanceolate dorsal scales (quadrangular in B. flavescens group), and from those species in the B. bresslaui group by the presence of smooth dorsal scales (keeled in B. bresslaui species). Within the B. heteropa group it can be diagnosed in having two digits on the hindlimbs (normally four in B. alleni and B. trinitatis, and three in B. h. heteropa); for possessing interparietal scale (absent in B. guianensis and B. remota); and in having seven rows of gular scales (five in B. h. marcelae). For a detailed description and additional information see Dixon (1973) and Murphy et al. (2019).</p> <p>Remarks: Here we are treating it as subspecies since we consider its erection to a specific level is not-conclusive (see Discussion section). Some phylogenies have suggested groups within Bachia are non-monophyletic (Galis et al. 2010; Kohlsdorf et al. 2010), but here we are using them for practical identification purposes. Furthermore, this specimen corresponds to the first report of the subspecies for Colombia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C313FF9AFF419EA85DFD46C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C312FF9BFF419BAB5ED14315.text	03C787E7C312FF9BFF419BAB5ED14315.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bachia pyburni Kizirian & McDiarmid 1998	<div><p>Bachia pyburni Kizirian &amp; McDiarmid, 1998</p> <p>Distribution: Northwestern Amazonia in Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior et al. 2016). In Colombia in the eastern Amazonia, in the departments of Guaviare and Vaupés (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Similar species: Bachia pyburni belongs to the B. bresslaui group, being differentiable from B. flavescens in having hexagonal to lanceolate dorsal scales (quadrangular in B. flavescens). It can also be separated from the B. heteropa group in having keeled dorsals (smooth in B. heteropa species). This species also differs from its congenerics by the presence of lanceolated scales on the venter (quadrangular in B. flavescens, B. guianensis and B. heteropa). For a more detailed description see Kizirian &amp; McDiarmid (1998).</p> <p>Remarks: The type locality of this species is “Yapima, Vaupes, Colombia ” [ca. 1° 3' 0.0108'' N, 69° 28' 0.0084'' W].</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C312FF9BFF419BAB5ED14315	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C31DFF95FF419D4E5C8641F4.text	03C787E7C31DFF95FF419D4E5C8641F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopoglossus brevifrontalis (Boulenger 1912)	<div><p>Alopoglossus brevifrontalis (Boulenger, 1912)</p> <p>Distribution: Widespread in the Amazonia of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp;Amaral 2017). In Colombia it is distributed throughout most of the Orinoquia and Amazonia regions (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Similar species: This species is differentiated from all the other sympatric and similar species of Alopoglossus in the cis-Andean region due to the presence of occipital scales (absent in A. atriventris, A. avilapiresae, and A. buckleyi); and for the presence of prefrontal scales (absent in A. bicolor). In addition, Alopoglossus brevifrontalis may be confused with Arthrosaura reticulata given their external morphological resemblance. However, Al. brevifrontalis can be easily distinguished in having four supraocular scales (three in Ar. reticulata); three pairs of chinshields (four in Ar. reticulata); and mostly squared ventral scales in the medial rows (rectangular in Ar. reticulata). For a more detailed description see Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> <p>Remarks: Ptychoglossus nicefori was considered as a junior synonym of “ Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis ” (= A. brevifrontalis) by Peloso &amp; Ávila-Pires (2010), since they considered that the morphological differences between them were not enough to be different species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31DFF95FF419D4E5C8641F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C310FF99FF419BAB5CC143A5.text	03C787E7C310FF99FF419BAB5CC143A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potamites ecpleopus (Cope 1875)	<div><p>Potamites ecpleopus (Cope, 1875)</p> <p>Distribution: Distributed in the Amazonia of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia in the south portion of the Amazonia region, including the departments of Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés, Amazonas, and the eastern foothills of Huila and Cauca (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>Similar species: This species may be confused with Gelanesaurus spp. and Neusticurus medemi, being differentiated from these two in having six longitudinal rows of tubercles on the dorsum (four rows of keeled enlarged scales forming longitudinal ridges in Gelanesaurus, and small and irregular scales non-forming ridges in N. medemi). See Ávila-Pires (1995) for a more detailed description.</p> <p>Remarks: Currently, Potamites ecpleopus represents a non-monophyletic clade (Torres-Carvajal et al. 2016; Moravec et al. 2018). Among the variations we observed, we found some specimens with frontonasal scale single (n=10) and others with frontonasal divided (n=7). We also found variation in the presence (n=10) and absence (n=7) of a diamond-shaped azygous scale between prefrontals and frontonasals. Although there are no evident geographical patterns, we observe that most specimens with divided frontonasal have the diamond-shaped scale (70%), while when single, most of them lacked this scale (71%).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C310FF99FF419BAB5CC143A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C314FF9DFF41991E5B0545AD.text	03C787E7C314FF9DFF41991E5B0545AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnophthalmus leucomystax Vanzolini & Carvalho 1991	<div><p>Gymnophthalmus leucomystax Vanzolini &amp; Carvalho, 1991</p> <p>Distribution: Disjunct distribution, including north of Amazonia of Brazil and adjacent Guyana, and the east Orinoco River basin in Colombia (Recoder et al. 2018; Medina-Rangel et al., 2019). In Colombia there are records from Arauca, Casanare and Guaviare departments (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Similar species: Gymnophthalmus leucomystax is mainly distinguished from its congeners of the region based on coloration pattern, which consists of a white upper lip (black in G. cryptus); white or cream belly (dark in G. cryptus, and dark with white reticulations in G. speciosus group); vivid dorsolateral stripe that extends from the supraocular region to the base of the tail (inconspicuous stripe that fades away towards the midbody in G. cryptus and G. speciosus group, continuously extending beyond the base of the tail in G. marconaterai); and grey tail (bluish in G. cryptus, salmon-pink in G. marconaterai, and reddish in G. speciosus group). Furthermore, G. leucomystax may also be differentiated in having a temporal formula 3+2+2, with the occipital scale in contact only with the superior temporal of the third row (temporal formula 3+2+1, with the occipital scale in contact with the temporals of both the third and second rows in G. cryptus and G. marconaterai). For a more detailed description see Vanzolini &amp; Carvalho (1991).</p> <p>Remarks: Gymnophthalmus leucomystax was recently reported for the first time in Colombia, in San José del Guaviare, Guaviare (Medina-Rangel et al. 2019). Here, we include three additional locations for this species and extend its current distribution ca. 525 km NE to the previous northernmost known record in Colombia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C314FF9DFF41991E5B0545AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C312FF98FF419D9F5AEB41F5.text	03C787E7C312FF98FF419D9F5AEB41F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercosaura hypnoides Doan & Lamar 2012	<div><p>Cercosaura hypnoides Doan &amp; Lamar, 2012</p> <p>Distribution: This species is endemic to Colombia, currently known from the Andean slopes in the department of Meta, municipality of Acacías (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>Similar species: Cercosaura hypnoides can be distinguished from all other Cercosaura species in the cis-Andean region in having hexagonal dorsal scales arranged in transverse and oblique series (hexagonal in transverse rows in C. argulus and C. oshaughnessyi, and quadrangular in the C. ocellata group). C. hypnoides may be easily confused with any red-tailed Gymnophthalmus by its color pattern, however, it is easily differentiable in possessing dorsal and ventral scales non-cycloid and pentadactyl hands (dorsal and ventral scales cycloid and hands with four digits in Gymnophthalmus). Moreover, it can be distinguished from members of the Cercosaura ocellata group in having a divided nasal scale and black belly with diffused cream blotches (undivided nasal and white or cream belly in C. ocellata group). See Doan &amp; Lamar (2012) and Sturaro et al. (2018) for a detailed description.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C312FF98FF419D9F5AEB41F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C311FF98FF419A775C414219.text	03C787E7C311FF98FF419A775C414219.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercosaura oshaughnessyi (Boulenger 1885)	<div><p>Cercosaura oshaughnessyi (Boulenger, 1885)</p> <p>Distribution: Western Amazonia in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia it is mainly distributed within the Amazonia region, with some records in southern Orinoquia (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>Similar species: Cercosaura oshaughnessyi is distinguished from its congeners in having 11–17 longitudinal rows of enlarged hexagonal dorsal scales forming transversal lines, and a divided frontonasal (dorsal hexagonal scales arranged in transverse and oblique series in C. hypnoides, eight longitudinal rows in the C. ocellata group, and a single frontonasal in the C. ocellata group and C. hypnoides); and scales on flanks distinctly smaller than dorsals, 31–45 scales around midbody, presence of preanal pores, and two ventral scales separated by the femoral pores (scales on flanks moderately smaller than dorsals, 27–35 scales around midbody, absence of preanal pores, and four ventral scales separated by the femoral pores in C. argulus). See Ávila-Pires (1995), Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral (2017), and Sturaro et al. (2018) for a detailed description.</p> <p>Remarks: See C. argulus remarks.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C311FF98FF419A775C414219	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C311FF98FF419D675A344641.text	03C787E7C311FF98FF419D675A344641.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neusticurus medemi Dixon & Lamar 1981	<div><p>Neusticurus medemi Dixon &amp; Lamar, 1981</p> <p>Distribution: In the Amazonian region of Colombia and Venezuela. In Colombia in the eastern of Caquetá department, Guaviare, Vaupés and likely Guainía (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>Similar species: This species may be confused with Gelanesaurus spp. and Potamites ecpleopus for their external resemblance, being distinguishable in having small irregular scales not forming ridges (enlarged or tubercular dorsal scales forming longitudinal ridges in Gelanesaurus spp. and P. ecpleopus).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C311FF98FF419D675A344641	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C315FF9CFF419A765D914389.text	03C787E7C315FF9CFF419A765D914389.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxopholis snethlageae (Avila-Pires 1995)	<div><p>Loxopholis snethlageae (Ávila-Pires, 1995)</p> <p>Distribution: Western Amazonia of Brazil, north Peru and southern Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia it is known only from the Amazonas department (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Loxopholis snethlageae differs from its congenerics by the presence of a large fourth pair of chin-shields (reduced in L. hexalepis and L. percarinatum); sharply keeled ventral scales (smooth or weakly keeled in L. caparensis, smooth in L. hexalepis); hexagonal to quadrangular or lanceolate dorsal scales, and third supraocular larger than the second (rhomboid dorsal scales and second supraocular subequal or largest than third in L. parietalis). For a more detailed description see Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C315FF9CFF419A765D914389	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C310FF9EFF419C7F5F8C40A1.text	03C787E7C310FF9EFF419C7F5F8C40A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arthrosaura reticulata (O'Shaughnessy 1881)	<div><p>Arthrosaura reticulata (O’Shaughnessy, 1881)</p> <p>Distribution: Widespread along the Amazonia in Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia in the south and eastern Amazonia region, including Putumayo, Caquetá, Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía departments (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Arthrosaura. reticulata can be misidentified with sympatric cis-Andean species from the genera Loxopholis and Alopoglossus. However, it is easily distinguished from the former as the posterior margin of the interparietal and parietals scales form a straight line (posterior margin of interparietal and parietals rounded in Loxopholis). In addition, it differs from species of Alopoglossus by the presence of occipital scales (absent in Al. atriventris, Al. avilapiresae, and Al. buckleyi); prefrontal scales present (absent in Al. bicolor); four pairs of chinshields, three supraocular scales, and sharply keeled dorsals (three pairs of chin-shields, four supraoculars, and weakly keeled dorsals in Al. brevifrontalis). For a more detailed description see Hoogmoed &amp; Ávila-Pires (1992) and Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C310FF9EFF419C7F5F8C40A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C316FF9FFF419F975C704722.text	03C787E7C316FF9FFF419F975C704722.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxopholis parietalis (Cope 1886)	<div><p>Loxopholis parietalis (Cope, 1886)</p> <p>Distribution: Known from the Amazonian foothills at the northeastern Andes of Peru, eastern Ecuador, the mountain range of Mérida, the Amazonia in Venezuela, and in southeastern Colombia (Ávila-Pires 1995; Rivas et al. 2012). In Colombia, this species is distributed in the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental and the Amazonian region (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Loxopholis parietalis differs from other cis-Andean congenerics by the presence of a large fourth pair of chin-shields (reduced in L. hexalepis and L. percarinatum); keeled ventral scales (smooth or weakly keeled in L. caparensis, smooth in L. hexalepis); rhomboid dorsals (hexagonal to rectangular with straight lateral margins in L. snethlageae); and a large frenocular scale (small frenocular scale in L. snethlageae). For a more detailed description see Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C316FF9FFF419F975C704722	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C316FF9CFF419D435F1641F5.text	03C787E7C316FF9CFF419D435F1641F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxopholis percarinatum (Muller 1923)	<div><p>Loxopholis percarinatum (Müller, 1923)</p> <p>Distribution: In the Amazonia of Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, and Guyana (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia there are records from Guaviare, Caquetá and Vaupés departments (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Loxopholis percarinatum is different from other sympatric and similar species of the genus in Colombia in having an upper dark stripe on the flanks 1–3 scales wide (flanks completely covered by a wide dark band in L. parietalis and L. snethlageae); sharply keeled ventral scales (smooth or weakly keeled in L. caparensis, smooth in L. hexalepis); fourth pair of chin-shield reduced (not reduced in L. parietalis and L. snethlageae); and second and third supraocular subequal and larger than the others (third supraocular larger than the second in L. snethlageae). For a more detailed description see Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> <p>Remarks: In this work, we extend the known distribution of L. percarinatum in Colombia to the municipality of Acacias, Meta department, ca. 175 km NW from its most northern previous record in San José del Guaviare, Guaviare.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C316FF9CFF419D435F1641F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C315FF9CFF41987E5B0C4721.text	03C787E7C315FF9CFF41987E5B0C4721.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnophthalmus cryptus Hoogmoed 1992	<div><p>Gymnophthalmus cryptus Hoogmoed et al., 1992</p> <p>Distribution: Southwestern Venezuela in the Guayana region (Recoder et al. 2018) and adjacent Colombia. In Colombia, it is known only from the east Orinoco River basin in the Vichada department (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Similar species: Gymnophthalmus cryptus can be distinguished from other sympatric species of the genus in Colombia in possessing 15 scales around midbody, rarely 14 (13 in G. leucomystax, and G. marconaterai; usually 13, but rarely 15 in G. speciosus group); 3+2+1, temporal formula with the occipital scale in contact with the temporals of both the third and second rows (3+2+2, with the occipital scale in contact only with the superior temporal of the third row in G. leucomystax); four or fewer inconspicuous femoral pores on each side in adult males (usually conspicuous with plugs in G. leucomystax and G. speciosus group). Furthermore, its color patterns also differentiate this species as it consists of a blue tail when intact (grey in G. leucomystax, salmon-pink in G. marconaterai, and reddish in G. speciosus group); incomplete dorsolateral stripe, extending only to almost the midbody (stripe extending from the supraocular region to the base of the tail in G. leucomystax, and from the supraocular region to beyond of the base of the tail in G. marconaterai); darkened belly (white in G. leucomystax and G. marconaterai); and dark upper lip (white in G. leucomystax and G. marconaterai, cream with dark spots or dark brown in G. speciosus group). For a more detailed description see Hoogmoed et al. (1992).</p> <p>Remarks: One of the characteristics to differentiate G. cryptus from similar species of the genus is the presence of four inconspicuous femoral pores on each side in adult males. However, we consider that this character may not be easily distinguished since inconspicuousness may be a relative trait to distinguish species. The male revised in this study (IAvH-R 5390) agrees with the morphological diagnosis of the species, except the bluish coloration in the tail that we believe may be lost for the preservative. This is the first report of this species for Colombia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C315FF9CFF41987E5B0C4721	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C317FF9EFF419AC25B454219.text	03C787E7C317FF9EFF419AC25B454219.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxopholis caparensis (Esqueda 2005)	<div><p>Loxopholis caparensis (Esqueda, 2005)</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from the Venezuelan and Colombian plains, in the Orinoco River basin (Esqueda 2005; Sánchez-Pacheco et al. 2016). In Colombia from the Arauca department in the northernmost Orinoquia (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Currently, Loxopholis caparensis seems to have an allopatric distribution from other cis-Andean species of the genus. However, it can be differentiated from all the other eastern species of Loxopholis in Colombia in having smooth or weakly keeled ventral scales (keeled in L. parietalis, L. percarinatum, and L. snethlageae); and rhomboid dorsal scales (hexagonal in L. hexalepis). For a more detailed description see Esqueda (2005).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C317FF9EFF419AC25B454219	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C316FF9FFF419BAB5ABC4331.text	03C787E7C316FF9FFF419BAB5ABC4331.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxopholis hexalepis (Ayala & Harris 1982)	<div><p>Loxopholis hexalepis (Ayala &amp; Harris, 1982)</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from the Venezuelan and Colombian plains, in the Orinoco River basin (Molina et al. 2002). In Colombia from the Vichada department in the northeast Orinoquia (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Similar species: Although Loxopholis hexalepis seems to be allopatric from other cis-Andean species in Colombia, it can be distinguished from these in having hexagonal dorsal scales (rhomboid in L. caparensis, L. parietalis, and L. percarinatum; hexagonal to quadranglar or lanceolate in L. snethlageae); smooth ventral scales (keeled in L. parietalis, L. percarinatum, and L. snethlageae); fourth pair of chin-shields reduced (not reduced in L. parietalis and L. snethlageae); and 32–36 scales around midbody (27–30 in L. caparensis, 23–27 in L. parietalis, 24–27 in L. percarinatum, and 24–26 in L. snethlageae). For a more detailed description see Molina et al. (2002).</p> <p>Remarks: In the species redescription, Molina et al. (2002) stated (in error) that the dorsal scales of this species are pentagonal, but their illustrations and the original description indicate they are hexagonal.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C316FF9FFF419BAB5ABC4331	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C314FF9DFF419FCE5AD54699.text	03C787E7C314FF9DFF419FCE5AD54699.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnophthalmus marconaterai Garcia-Perez & Schargel 2017	<div><p>Gymnophthalmus marconaterai García-Pérez &amp; Schargel, 2017</p> <p>Distribution: Western Venezuela in the Llanos region (García-Pérez &amp; Schargel 2017) and adjacent Colombia. For Colombia it is known from a single specimen from northeastern Orinoquia, department of Vichada (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Similar species: The color pattern of Gymnophthalmus marconaterai greatly differs from that of other sympatric congenerics in having a complete and well defined dorsolateral stripe that extends from the postorbital region to beyond of the base of the tail (inconspicuous and fading away towards the midbody in G. cryptus and G. speciosus group, extending to the base of the tail in G. leucomystax); a white lateral stripe, similar in width to the dorsolateral stripe, that extends from the ear opening to the tail (when present, the lateral stripe is not well defined and fades before the groin in G. cryptus, G. leucomystax, and G. speciosus group); white venter (dark in G. cryptus, dark with white reticulations in G. speciosus group); ventral surfaces of palms and soles white (dark or with dark mottling in G. cryptus and G. speciosus group); and pink-salmon colored tail (blue in G. cryptus, grey in G. leucomystax, and reddish in G. speciosus group). Moreover, it differs in having 13 scales around midbody (15, rarely 14, in G. cryptus); and 3+2+1, temporal formula with the occipital scale in contact with the temporals of both the third and second rows (3+2+2, with the occipital scale in contact only with the superior temporal of the third row in G. leucomystax). For a more detailed description see García-Pérez &amp; Schargel (2017) and Recoder et al. (2018).</p> <p>Remarks: Gymnophthalmus marconaterai was previously known only from the Llanos of Apure in Venezuela (García-Pérez &amp; Schargel 2017). In this work, we report it for the first time in Colombia in the municipality of Puerto Carreño, department of Vichada, which is ca. 92 km S of the type locality of the species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C314FF9DFF419FCE5AD54699	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C31CFF95FF41985A5B33443C.text	03C787E7C31CFF95FF41985A5B33443C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bachia flavescens (Bonnaterre 1789)	<div><p>Bachia gr. flavescens</p> <p>Distribution: Widespread in the Amazonian region of Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname and Guyana (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia there are some records in the eastern Amazonia region, in the departments of Guaviare and Vaupés (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Similar species: Bachia flavescens may be differentiated from other cis-Andean species of the B. heteropa group (B. alleni, B. guianensis, B. heteropa, B. pallidiceps, B. trinitatis) and B. bresslaui group (B. bresslaui, B. cacerensis, B. panoplia, B. psamophila, B. pyburni, and B. scolecoides) in having quadrangular dorsal scales (hexagonal to lanceolate in B. bresslaui and B. heteropa groups). See Dixon (1973), Ávila-Pires (1995), and Ribeiro-Júnior et al. (2016) for a detailed description and comparisons.</p> <p>Remarks: Bachia flavescens has been suggested as a species complex given its broad morphological variation (Kizirian &amp; McDiarmid 1998; Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). Previously, Dixon (1973) suggested that the individuals from Colombia belonging to the B. flavescens group may correspond to an undescribed species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31CFF95FF41985A5B33443C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C315FF9DFF419D425F9040DD.text	03C787E7C315FF9DFF419D425F9040DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnophthalmus speciosus (Hallowell 1861) Merrem 1820	<div><p>Gymnophthalmus gr. speciosus</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed from southern México, across Central America, and northwestern South America in Colombia and north Venezuela. In Colombia either in the trans- and cis-Andean region (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Similar species: Unfortunately, the morphological characters discussed in the literature are not completely conclusive to differentiate individuals of the cis-Andean Gymnophthalmus speciosus group from other sympatric congenerics. However, according to different bibliographical sources, G. speciosus group may differ in having a reddish tail (blue in G. cryptus, grey in G. leucomystax, and salmon-pink in G. marconaterai); upper lip cream with dark spots or dark brown (white in G. leucomystax and G. marconaterai); cream belly with dark spots (dark in G. cryptus, white in G. leucomystax and G. marconaterai); inconspicuous dorsolateral stripe that fades away towards the midbody (vivid dorsolateral stripe that extends from the supraocular region to the base of the tail in G. leucomystax, and extends towards the posterior region of the tail in G. marconaterai); and in normally possessing 13, rarely 15, scales around midbody (15, rarely 14, in G. cryptus). For more detailed descriptions see Hernández-Ruz (2006), Recoder et al. (2018) and Señaris et al. (2018).</p> <p>Remarks: Deeper phylogenetic and morphological analyses are needed to properly elucidate the evolutionary relationships within the genus and its possible hidden diversity. The type locality of Gymnophthalmus speciosus is in Nicaragua, and it is possible that Middle American and eastern South American populations belong to different entities, but currently there are no known diagnostic characters to separate them (Vanzolini &amp; Carvalho 1991; Recoder et al. 2018).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C315FF9DFF419D425F9040DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C30BFF83FF419DEC5CAD40A1.text	03C787E7C30BFF83FF419DEC5CAD40A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tretioscincus oriximinensis Avila-Pires 1995	<div><p>Tretioscincus oriximinensis Ávila-Pires, 1995</p> <p>Distribution: A disjunct distribution in the Amazonia of Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia this species is known from the eastern Amazon River basin, in the department of Vaupés (Fig. 4E).</p> <p>Similar species: Tretioscincus oriximinensis can be misidentified with other skink-like species from the Scincidae family or gymnophthalmids such as Gymnophthalmus and Iphisa elegans. However, it is easily distinguished from the scincids in having distinct shield-like scales in the mental region that greatly differ from scales in the gular region (mental cycloid similar in shape to the gular scales in Scincidae). Moreover, it may be distinguished by the presence of distinct movable lower eyelid, and pentadactyl hands with the first finger reduced (lower eyelid absent and just four digits on hands in Gymnophthalmus); 16 longitudinal rows of scales around midbody, and three pairs of chin-shields (12 longitudinal rows of scales around midbody, and two pairs of chin-shields being the first extremely larger in Iphisa elegans). Although T. oriximinensis is not sympatric with T. bifasciatus (another common trans-Andean species in Colombia), it can be easily distinguished in having completely smooth dorsal scales, or weakly keeled only in the posterior part of the body (strongly keeled dorsal scales along the body in T. bifasciatus). For a more detailed description see Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C30BFF83FF419DEC5CAD40A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C30AFF81FF41997A5B8F46A6.text	03C787E7C30AFF81FF41997A5B8F46A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iphisa elegans Gray 1851	<div><p>Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed in the Amazonia, including Brazil, Guianas, northern Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia along the Amazonia.</p> <p>Similar species: Iphisa elegans is easily distinguishable from all other species of gymnophthalmids, alopoglossids and members of skink-like species of the Scincidae family in having two enlarged longitudinal rows of scales on the dorsum and two on the ventral region (no other species present this particular arrangement of enlarged scales in the dorsal or ventral region); and two pairs of chin-shields, the first greatly enlarged (mental cycloid similar in shape to the gular scales in Scincidae). For a more detailed description see Dixon (1974) and Ávila-Pires (1995).</p> <p>Remarks: It is also important to mention that I. elegans may correspond to a species complex (Nunes et al. 2012).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Previous authors have widely documented the diversity of alopoglossids and gymnophthalmids in the eastern regions of northwestern South America (Rivas et al. 2012; Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017; Torres-Carvajal et al. 2021), however, data from Colombia are normally scarce or absent. This study represents a major attempt in filling the knowledge gaps on the cis-Andean lizards of Colombia, by adding additional pieces to the microteiids puzzle. As well, it is a clear example of the usefulness of biological collections and data curatorship. Of the 29 taxa we reported in the cis-Andean region of Colombia, 26 were found within a single museum, highlighting the importance of the local institutions when conducting comprehensive research in biodiversity. Unfortunately, these local institutions are often invisible for external researchers, in part due to the absence of georeferencing for the older specimens, resulting in a substantial reduction of the taxonomic and geographic representativeness of samples. Our georeferencing work does not only enhance the usability of these records, but also evidences which regions have a better sampling effort (Andean foothills and the southern Amazonas), and which others have been less explored.</p> <p>Among our data and considering the currently known distribution of the species, we noticed some of them seem to be restricted to certain geographic units. For example, Bachia guianensis, B. heteropa lineata, Cercosaura hypnoides, Gymnophthalmus cryptus, G. marconaterai, Loxopholis caparensis, and L. hexalepis seem to be restricted to the Orinoco basin and/or its foothill. In addition, Alopoglossus avilapiresae, A. buckleyi, B. flavescens group, B. pyburni, Gelanesaurus sp., Iphisa elegans, L. snethlageae, Potamites ecpleopus, and Tretioscincus oriximinensis have been reported only within the Amazon basin and/or its foothill. Meanwhile, the remaining species (A. atriventris, A. brevifrontalis, C. oshaughnessyi, Neusticurus medemi, Arthrosaura reticulata, L. parietalis, L. percarinatum, G. speciosus group, and G. leucomystax) have a wider distribution that includes both regions. The Orinoquian region in Colombia is a mosaic of grasslands, natural savannas, and humid forests, whereas the Amazonian region is mainly characterized by large extensions of humid tropical rainforest, thus the differences in the environmental conditions between these regions may be driving diversification within microteiids, as has been suggested for other lizards (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017; Sheu et al. 2020). However, with our data it is not possible to address if there are historical processes shaping the distribution of the taxa we reported. Even though we fill enormous distribution gaps, the regions where this study is focused are still largely subsampled and specific phylogeographic studies are needed in order to elucidate the biogeographical history of the microteiids in such areas.</p> <p>Although the aim of this study is not taxonomic, we cannot omit to comment about some taxonomic difficulties we noticed during the process of identification. Neither taxonomy nor the ways to carry out taxonomy are static, but they are particularly challenging when there are large geographic and sampling gaps, as in the case of the cis-Andean region of Colombia. For this reason, we presented this review not only as a list of species, but instead as a comprehensive tool and source of information spotlighting the potential for future research, as well as its constraints. In the remarks we presented brief comments we considered valuable for understanding the groups, and following we will discuss some fundamental issues that require more specific explanation.</p> <p>For instance, Murphy et al. (2019) elevated both Bachia h. lineata and Bachia h. marcelae to species level, based only on morphological traits from literature without further examination. However, several of these characters overlap among the B. heteropa group, and the diagnosis provided in their study contains inconsistencies making it difficult to interpret. For example, some of the traits they present in Table 2 for “ heteropa ”, “ lineata ” and “ marcelae ” are not consistent with the data they presented in the text diagnosis (e.g., supraocular scales, digits on hindlimbs, and dorsal transversal rows). Furthermore, the unique specimen they examined for B. heteropa (UMMZ 55880) has two digits and not three as they said. Given the above, we consider there is non-conclusive evidence to consider the observed variation in heteropa group as interspecific, and therefore treated B. h. lineata as a subspecies. Further and deeper integrative analyses are required to elucidate the evolutionary relationships within some groups of this genus (as B. heteropa and B. flavescens), as well as the redefinition of the taxonomic characters that could support diagnoses.</p> <p>In addition, the continental species of Gymnophthalmus are one of the most problematic cis-Andean species within the Gymnophthalmidae family. This genus possibly harbors cryptic diversity, and their diagnostic traits are not always well-defined, scale counts highly overlap, or are to some extent subject of interpretation. Furthermore, coloration patterns have been one of the main diagnostics traits used to differentiate species within the genus, and although in some cases such as in G. leucomystax and G. marconaterai this is unique, in other species like those in the speciosus group it is less informative. Another problem with coloration as a diagnostic character is when it is described only for in-life specimens or vice versa, since it may be lost or degenerated in preservative. Finally, we found it is particularly difficult to identify specimens within the G. speciosus group because it has historically been considered a complex of species with few or no diagnostic morphological characters (Vanzolini &amp; Carvalho 1991; García-Pérez &amp; Schargel 2017; Recoder et al. 2018).</p> <p>The species we reported here constitutes about 40% of the diversity of gymnophthalmids currently known for Colombia, and 24% for the alopoglossids. Only two of the reported species herein are endemic (Alopoglossus bicolor and Cercosaura hypnoides), and none is in some IUCN threat category, however, 10 species have not been evaluated or have data deficient. This study allowed us to identify future research opportunities, either for groups that we did not find but will likely be present (e.g., Cercosaura occellata group), and others in which their taxonomy and systematics are complex or not well resolved (e.g., Bachia, Cercosaura, Gymnophthalmus, Loxopholis, and Potamites).</p> <p>Identification key</p> <p>1. Reduced limbs; worm-like body; and no ear-opening......................................................... 2</p> <p>- Well-developed limbs; lizard-like body; ear opening present................................................... 7</p> <p>2. Quadrangular dorsal scales............................................................ Bachia gr. flavescens</p> <p>- Hexagonal to lanceolate dorsal scales..................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Keeled dorsal scales...................................................................... Bachia pyburni</p> <p>- Smooth dorsal scales.................................................................................. 4</p> <p>4. Interparietal scale absent................................................................ Bachia guianensis</p> <p>- Interparietal scale present.............................................................................. 5</p> <p>5. Three digits on the hindlimbs...................................................... Bachia heteropa heteropa</p> <p>- Two digits on the hindlimbs............................................................................ 6</p> <p>6. Gulars in six or seven rows.......................................................... Bachia heteropa lineata</p> <p>- Gulars in five rows.............................................................. Bachia heteropa marcelae</p> <p>7. With only four fingers; non-movable eyelids............................................................... 8</p> <p>- With five fingers; with movable eyelids.................................................................. 11</p> <p>8. Scales around midbody 15, rarely 14; intact bluish tail.................................. Gymnophthalmus cryptus</p> <p>- Scales around midbody 13, rarely 15; intact tail greyish, reddish to pink, or darkened............................... 9</p> <p>9. Inconspicuous dorsolateral stripe that fades away towards the midbody; upper lip cream with dark spots or dark brown; cream belly with dark spots; reddish tail............................................... Gymnophthalmus gr. speciosus</p> <p>- Vivid dorsolateral stripe that extends from the supraocular region to at least the base of the tail; white upper lip; white or cream belly; greyish or salmon-pink tail....................................................................... 10</p> <p>10. Vivid dorsolateral stripe that extends from the supraocular region to the base of the tail; lateral stripe fades before the groin; greyish tail................................................................. Gymnophthalmus leucomystax</p> <p>- Well defined dorsolateral stripe that extends from the postorbital region to beyond of the base of the tail; white lateral stripe, similar in width to the dorsolateral stripe, that extends from the ear opening to the tail; salmon-pink tail.......................................................................................... Gymnophthalmus marconaterai</p> <p>11. First finger very reduced and clawless; ventral scales cycloid arranged in more than two longitudinal rows............................................................................................ Tretioscincus oriximinensis</p> <p>- First finger well-developed with claw or partially reduced and clawless, with non-cycloid ventral scales; or first finger partially reduced, clawless, with ventral scales cycloid arranged in two longitudinal rows.................................. 12</p> <p>12. With two longitudinal enlarged rows of scales (wider) on the dorsal region, and two on the ventral; with the first pair of chinshield greatly enlarged...................................................................... Iphisa elegans</p> <p>- With more than two longitudinal rows of scales on the dorsal and ventral region; the first pair of chin-shields not greatly enlarged............................................................................................. 13</p> <p>13. Parietal and interparietal scales similar in length, forming a straight line on the posterior edge....................... 14</p> <p>- Parietals shorter than interparietal scale, forming a curved line on the posterior edge............................... 19</p> <p>14. Tongue covered with scale-like papillae................................................. Arthrosaura reticulata</p> <p>- Tongue covered with transversal plicae (folds)............................................................. 15</p> <p>15. Occipital scales present............................................................................... 16</p> <p>- Occipital scales absent................................................................................ 17</p> <p>16. Prefrontals scale present......................................................... Alopoglossus brevifrontalis</p> <p>- Prefrontal scale absent................................................................ Alopoglossus bicolor</p> <p>17. Non-granular, keeled and imbricated scales on the flanks of the neck, different in shape to those near the tympanic aperture............................................................................... Alopoglossus avilapiresae</p> <p>- Small granular scales on the flanks of the neck, similar in shape to those near the tympanic aperture.................. 18</p> <p>18. Smooth ventral scales............................................................... Alopoglossus buckleyi</p> <p>- Distinctly keeled to weakly keeled ventral scales......................................... Alopoglossus atriventris</p> <p>19. All dorsals are small and irregular, similar to those on the sides................................ Neusticurus medemi</p> <p>- Dorsal scales large and relatively symmetric, or large and intermixed with small irregular scales, normally differing in size to those on sides (except in Loxopholis).................................................................... 20</p> <p>20. Heterogeneous dorsal scales, some enlarged, keeled or tuberculate forming longitudinal ridges...................... 21</p> <p>- Homogeneous dorsal scales, keeled or not but not forming longitudinal ridges.................................... 23</p> <p>21. Dorsal scales on sides heterogeneous, tubercled and intermixed with small irregular scales........... Potamites ecpleopus</p> <p>- Dorsal scales on sides homogeneous and smooth........................................................... 22</p> <p>22. Scales around midbody 45–56; 18–21 lamellae under IV toe; 22–25 femoral pores in males; males and females non different in coloration in the gular region....................................................... Gelanesaurus cochranae</p> <p>- Scales around midbody 37–48; 15–18 lamellae under IV toe; 19–21 femoral pores in males; males with a white conspicuous patch in the gular region.......................................................... Gelanesaurus flavogularis</p> <p>23. Dorsal scales different in shape to those on sides, being the dorsals keeled and the flanks smooth; dorsal surface of the forearm smooth............................................................................................ 24</p> <p>- Dorsal scales similar to those on sides, both keeled; dorsal surface of the forearm keeled........................... 27</p> <p>24. Quadrangular dorsal scales.......................................................... Cercosaura gr. ocellata</p> <p>- Hexagonal dorsal scales.............................................................................. 25</p> <p>25. Single frontonasal scale; hexagonal dorsal scales arranged in transverse and oblique series......... Cercosaura hypnoides Divided frontonasal scale; hexagonal dorsal scales arranged only in transverse series.............................. 26</p> <p>26. Scales on flanks moderately smaller than dorsals; 27-35 scales around midbody; and absence of preanal pores............................................................................................... Cercosaura argulus</p> <p>- Scales on flanks distinctly smaller than dorsals; 31-45 scales around midbody; and presence of preanal pores.......................................................................................... Cercosaura oshaughnessyi</p> <p>27. Smooth or weakly keeled ventral scales.................................................................. 28</p> <p>- Distinctively keeled ventral scales...................................................................... 29</p> <p>28. Rhomboid dorsal scales.............................................................. Loxopholis caparensis</p> <p>- Hexagonal dorsal scales.............................................................. Loxopholis hexalepis</p> <p>29. Reduced fourth pair of chin-shields..................................................................... 30</p> <p>- Non-reduced fourth pair of chin-shields.................................................................. 31</p> <p>30. Third supraocular larger than the second; flanks completely covered by a wide dark band................ Loxopholis sp.</p> <p>- Second and third supraocular subequal and larger than the others; upper dark stripe on the flanks of 1–3 scales wide, bordered by a lighter color................................................................. Loxopholis percarinatum</p> <p>31. Large frenocular scale; third supraocular subequal or smaller than the second.................... Loxopholis parietalis</p> <p>- Small frenocular scale; third supraocular enlarged........................................ Loxopholis snethlageae</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C30AFF81FF41997A5B8F46A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C31CFF95FF419EBE5C474625.text	03C787E7C31CFF95FF419EBE5C474625.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bachia guianensis Hoogmoed & Dixon 1977	<div><p>Bachia guianensis Hoogmoed &amp; Dixon, 1977</p> <p>Distribution: In the Orinoquia region of Venezuela and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior et al. 2016). In Colombia in the departments of Meta, Guaviare, Viachada and Guainía (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Similar species: Bachia guianensis is within the B. heteropa species group, being differentiable from the B. flavescens species group in having hexagonal to lanceolate dorsal scales (quadrangular in B. flavescens group). It can also be separated from the B. bresslaui group in having dorsals smooth (keeled in the species of the B. bresslaui group). Within the B. heteropa group it can be separated from the other species, except B. remota, by the absence of interparietal scale (present in B. alleni, B. heteropa, B. pallidiceps, and B. trinitatis). Moreover, B. guianensis can be easily distinguished from B. remota in having three supraciliary scales and by possessing prefrontal scales (two supraciliars and absence of prefrontals in B. remota). For a more detailed description see Hoogmoed &amp; Dixon (1977) and Ribeiro-Júnior et al. (2016).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31CFF95FF419EBE5C474625	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
03C787E7C31EFF97FF419F965D7146D1.text	03C787E7C31EFF97FF419F965D7146D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman 1973	<div><p>Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman, 1973</p> <p>Distribution: Western Amazon in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior &amp; Amaral 2017). In Colombia there are records for the Amazon foothills in Putumayo and Meta departments, and southward to Leticia in Amazonas (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Similar species: Alopoglossus atriventris is easily distinguished from other similar and sympatric species of the genus by lacking occipital scales (present in A. bicolor and A. brevifrontalis); small granular scales on the sides of the neck (keeled, imbricated and similar in shape to dorsals in A. avilapiresae); and in having distinctly or weakly keeled ventral scales (smooth in A. buckleyi). For a more detailed description see Ribeiro-Júnior et al. (2020).</p> <p>Remarks: It has been suggested that this species has sexual dimorphism in the coloration as males are characterized by having black chin, throat and belly, whereas females are cream (Duellman 1973). In this study we extend the known distribution of Alopoglossus atriventris to the municipality of La Macarena, Meta which is ca. 266 km NE to the previous northernmost known record in Colombia.</p> <p>Alopoglossus avilapiresae Ribeiro-Júnior et al., 2020</p> <p>Distribution: Western Amazon in Brazil, Peru, and southern Colombia (Ribeiro-Júnior et al. 2020). The only known records for Colombia are from Leticia municipality in the Amazonas department (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Similar species: Alopoglossus avilapiresae differs from other similar species by lacking occipital scales (present in A. bicolor and A. brevifrontalis); in having non-granular, keeled and imbricated scales on the flanks of the neck, different in shape to those near the tympanic aperture (small granular scales in A. atriventris and A. buckleyi). For a more detailed description see Ribeiro-Júnior et al. (2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C787E7C31EFF97FF419F965D7146D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Diago-Toro, María F.;García-Cobos, Daniela;Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D.;Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D.	Diago-Toro, María F., García-Cobos, Daniela, Brigante-Luna, Giovanni D., Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D. (2021): Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.3
