taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CC87DB057BFFEFFF6CAC51FA8FFDB6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Eleven specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 384 – 394), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057BFFEFFF6CAC51FA8FFDB6.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1 – 1.5 mm long, roughly eight-shaped, with the well-elongated posterior part. Mouth with the prominent upper lip. Ciliated rings of the branchial passages are circular. The endostyle is short and the digestive tract axis is oblique. Gonads asymmetrically arranged; testis Y-shaped and the spherical ovary placed on the left branch. Tail short, with a broad fin and without amphichordal cells; tail musculature broad, especially in the proximal part, ending abruptly. Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: The equatorial stream to Cape Verde.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CABB5FBB8FD6D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Eleven specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 373 – 383), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CABB5FBB8FD6D.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1 – 2 mm long and strongly bent upwards in the digestive nucleus region. Mouth with upper and lower lips; the median lobe of the upper lip short and provided anteriorly with two finger-shaped bulges. Spiracles are small and circular. The ciliated spiraclular rings do not contact the mid-ventral line. Axis of the alimentary tract longitudinal. The posterior margin of the oikoplastic layer is extended to the stomach. Testis is more or less conical with circular angles in mature specimens. The distal extremity of the tail acuminate. Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998). Type locality: Madeira, NE Atlantic Ocean.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CA9C7FAF2FB1A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Twelve specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 411 – 422), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CA9C7FAF2FB1A.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1 – 1.5 mm long, moderately elongate. Mouth with a developed lower lip; oral glands large, rounded to rectangular. Left stomach lobe elongated, with a pocket-shaped caecum towards its posterior end. The rectum is horizontally oriented, and the anus is near the oral wall of the stomach. The endostyle is small and almost at an equal distance between the mouth and the anus. Gonads adjoining the gut hemispherically and protruding dorsally. Tail musculature broad, and five to eight oval subchordal cells in a line, disposed of in two groups. Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Messina, Mediterranean Sea.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CAE16FED5F8CE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Six specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 395 – 400), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CAE16FED5F8CE.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1 – 1.5 mm long, elongated and narrow. Mouth turned upwards, with a pronounced lower lip, without oral glands. A large caecum extending from the left stomach lobe, obliquely upwards and backwards. The endostyle is short and broad, placed nearer to the anus than the mouth. Rectum extending towards the anterior wall of the stomach. Gonads are placed below the caecum; the ovary quite flat; the paired testes long, covering most of the stomach. Tail musculature with narrow muscular bands, and without subchordal glands. Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Straits of Messina, Mediterranean Sea.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE9FF6CACAAFF24FD8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ten specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 401 – 410), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE9FF6CACAAFF24FD8A.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1 – 1.5 mm long, compact. Strongly developed velum extending dorsally over the trunk. Mouth with a long lower lip without oral glands. Left lobe of the stomach with a small finger-shaped postcardial caecum directed upwards. Rectum extending slightly beyond the oral wall of the stomach. Gonads adjoining the coil of the gut, and embracing it laterally in mature individuals; the ovary is placed above the testis. Tail musculature broad and the subchordal cells absent. Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: off Nice, Mediterranean Sea.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CAEEEFC54F836.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. A gonozooid and a nurse (MDAFWU 2020 / 371 – 372), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CAEEEFC54F836.taxon	description	Description. Gonozooid: Body 3 mm long, transparent and barrel-shaped with eight muscle bands. Dextral arched intestine, alimentary canal opens at the front side of M V, anus present at M VI. Branchial septum strongly arched from M II dorsally to M V, then curving and running to M III ventrally. Endostyle is short, from M II to M IV. Neural ganglion at M III 3 / 4. Testis long and swollen, situated horizontally in front of M III. Nurse: Barrel-shaped, 2 mm long, with nine muscle bands, without visceral mass, except for a heart. Muscle-bands M II – VIII fused into a continuous sheet. Budding on the dorsoventral projection. Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, western Pacific, Australian waters, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Van Soest 1998). Type locality: Ile Vanikoro, Pacific.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CA9E6FA9DFB5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Thirteen specimens (MDAFWU 2020 / 423 – 435), St. 205, January 2020.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CA9E6FA9DFB5A.taxon	description	Description. Trunk 1.0 – 2.0 mm long, compact. The left stomach lobe is elliptical-shaped, without a stomach caecum. Oral glands are spherical, fairly large and similar in size. Rectum nearly vertical and anus under the anterior wall of the stomach. Endostyle is almost at the same distance between the mouth and the anus. Gonads dorsal, adjoining the coil of the gut and tapering toward the posterior end in mature individuals. Tail musculature narrow, with one spindle-shaped subchordal cell. Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Straits of Messina, Mediterranean Sea.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. A piece of ascidiozooid colony (MDAFWU 2017 / 470), St. 133, March 2017., a piece of ascidiozooid colony (MDAFWU 2017 / 471), St. 62, April 2017 (Fig. 2 A – C).	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3.taxon	description	Description. Free-swimming tubular colony with a soft, semitransparent, reddish test; size up to 6.5 m long and about 0.4 m in diameter; broadening from the narrow closed (anterior) end to the wide-open (posterior) end, which provides a single whip-like process (Fig. 2 A, B). The sexual individuals (blastozooids / ascidiozooids) are longer than high, with angular endostyle; arranged in thousands in neat oblique rows with their incurrent siphons to the outside of the tube, and excurrent siphons to the inside. Excurrent siphons with silt-like opening and short appendix (Fig. 2 C). Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the western Pacific (Van Soest 1998); the Mediterranean Sea (Costello et al. 2001); New Zealand waters (Gordon 2009). Type locality: Atlantic Ocean.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In most of the cases, the P. spinosum colonies are found as fragments (Sewell 1953; Van Soest 1981). Some specimens collected from the tropical waters (Central Arabian Sea) were reported to be 80 cm in length and 16 cm in width, while the lengthiest individual was approximately 2 m (Gauns et al. 2015). But P. spinosum reported from temperate waters (New Zealand) was size over 20 m long and 1.2 m in diameter (Baker 1971). Of the only two species in the genus, Pyrostremma agassizi (Ritter & Byxbee, 1905) forms smaller colonies with length and width up to only about 0.5 m and 5 cm respectively (Van Soest 1981). Local names: Saari Gaduwa (in Sinhalese); Welladei Soriyan (in Tamil). Local importance: Ecologically important, because P. spinosum is predated by Leatherback turtles (authors’ observations).	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. One solitary zooid (MDAFWU 2018 / 85), St. 133, January 2018 (Fig. 2 D – F).	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98.taxon	description	Description. Solitary zooid: Transparent body bulky rounded with a very thick, smooth test, with two long (about one third of body length), tapering processes on the posterior end (Fig. 2 D – F); length without processes 7 mm. Atrial palps fairly small and bifurcate (Fig. 2 F); lateral projections very small, simple and not bifurcated (Fig. 2 D, F); medioventral projections are small and of unequal length, the anterior ones are the smallest (Fig. 2 E). Six body muscles broad; M I narrowly interrupted dorsally, M II – IV converged mid-dorsally, M V and M VI near but do not touch dorsally; M II – V in complete rings, M VI interrupted ventrally (Fig. 2 D). Totally (M I – VI) 60 muscle fibers. The nucleus (stomach + intestine) is close to the middle posterior projection (Fig. 2 D – F). Aggregate zooid: Not collected. Global distribution. The Central Indo-Pacific (Van Soest 1973, 1998; van der Land 2008); Korean waters (Kim et al. 2011); the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Ishak et al. 2018). Type locality: Pulu Sanguisapio, Tawi-Tawi Island, Sulu archipelago (Siboga - Expedition St. 93, 05 ° N, 120 ° E).	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although Van Soest (1973) did not observe lateral projections on the type material of T. sibogae, tiny lateral projections may exist with solitary zooids of T. sibogae according to Kim et al. (2011) and Ishak et al. (2018). Therefore, the Sri Lankan specimen resembles the specimens of Kim et al. (2011) and Ishak et al. (2018). The total number of muscle fibres (M I – VI) in solitary zooids of Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775) shows a clinal variation, decreasing from higher to lower latitudes (Van Soest 1975 b); and there is a possibility to be such a variation in T. sibogae, but data is not enough in the literature for comparison. Local name: Indi Gaduwa (in Sinhalese) [note: usually fishers use this term for tiny salps, while the Pegea - like larger salps are called ‘ Rata-indi Gadu ’ in Sinhalese and ‘ Pereechcham Katti ’ in Tamil]. Local importance: None [but, Pegea - like larger salps regularly clog into fishing nets (authors’ observations)].	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB0571FFE4FF6CA991FC2CF990.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Nineteen aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 / 479 – 496, 524), St. 62, October to December 2017., 1 embryo and 5 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 / 473 – 478), St. 81, July and September 2017., 1 aggregate zooid (MDAFWU 2017 / 472), St. 133, June 2017., 8 solitary zooids and 19 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 / 497 – 523), St. 170, November 2017., 2 embryos and 13 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2019 / 120 – 134), St. 205, December 2019 (Fig. 3 A – D).	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB0571FFE4FF6CA991FC2CF990.taxon	description	Description. Solitary zooid: Transparent body 18 – 60 mm long, with the pear-shaped test, smaller posteriorly (Fig. 3 D). Both anterior and posterior terminal regions are thinner than the stomach region. Anterior muscle pair (M I – II) slightly touch forming a cross; posterior pair (M III – IV) do not touch each other; 18 – 32 muscle fibres per single band. The nucleus (stomach + intestine) is flatly encircled by the developing stolon. Aggregate zooid: Transparent body 19 – 55 mm long, with a cylindrical-shaped, thick, smooth test (Fig. 3 A, C). The posterior terminal region is very thick, extended around the nucleus; no posterior projections or protuberances. Both muscle-band pairs (M I – II and M III – IV) are short because they are interrupted before reaching the mid-lateral region, and are linking (anterior pair slightly touching and posterior pair fused) in the mid-dorsally forming two crosses; 6 – 20 muscle fibres per single band. Nucleus (stomach + intestine) is spherical. Embryo 5 – 19 mm in length (Fig. 3 B). Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Australian waters, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Van Soest 1998). Type locality: Eastern Mediterranean.	en	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
