identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC87DB057BFFEFFF6CAC51FA8FFDB6.text	03CC87DB057BFFEFFF6CAC51FA8FFDB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fritillaria borealis subsp. sargassi Lohmann 1896	<div><p>Fritillaria borealis sargassi Lohmann, 1896</p> <p>Fritillaria sargassi Lohmann 1896: 51–53, Pl. 8 Figs. 1, 8, 10, 12.</p> <p>Fritillaria borealis f. sargassi: Lohmann 1905: 361, Pl. 12 Fig. 12. Lohmann &amp; Bückmann 1926: 169. Tokioka 1940: 15; 1960: 355, 361–363, Fig. 1. Bückmann 1969: 8: Fig. 12b 2.</p> <p>Fritillaria borealis f. ritteri: Lohmann &amp; Bückmann 1926: 169. Tokioka 1940: 15.</p> <p>Fritillaria borealis truncata sargassi + Fritillaria borealis truncata ritteri: Lohmann 1931: 140, 141. Tokioka 1940: 16. Fritillaria borealis sargassi: Fenaux 1993: 63, 70, 84; 1998: 303, 304.</p> <p>Material examined. Eleven specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /384–394), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1–1.5 mm long, roughly eight-shaped, with the well-elongated posterior part. Mouth with the prominent upper lip. Ciliated rings of the branchial passages are circular. The endostyle is short and the digestive tract axis is oblique. Gonads asymmetrically arranged; testis Y-shaped and the spherical ovary placed on the left branch. Tail short, with a broad fin and without amphichordal cells; tail musculature broad, especially in the proximal part, ending abruptly.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: The equatorial stream to Cape Verde.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057BFFEFFF6CAC51FA8FFDB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CABB5FBB8FD6D.text	03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CABB5FBB8FD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fritillaria formica subsp. digitata Lohmann	<div><p>Fritillaria formica digitata Lohmann, in Lohmann &amp; Bückmann, 1926</p> <p>Fritillaria formica var. Langerhans Lohmann 1896: 28.</p> <p>Fritillaria formica f. digitata: Lohmann &amp; Bückmann 1926: 167.</p> <p>Fritillaria (Acrocercus) formica f. digitata: Tokioka 1960: 355.</p> <p>Fritillaria formica digitata: Fenaux 1993: 63, 70, 83; 1998: 303, 304. Aravena &amp; Palma 2002: 320, Fig. 10A.</p> <p>Material examined. Eleven specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /373–383), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1–2 mm long and strongly bent upwards in the digestive nucleus region. Mouth with upper and lower lips; the median lobe of the upper lip short and provided anteriorly with two finger-shaped bulges. Spiracles are small and circular. The ciliated spiraclular rings do not contact the mid-ventral line. Axis of the alimentary tract longitudinal. The posterior margin of the oikoplastic layer is extended to the stomach. Testis is more or less conical with circular angles in mature specimens. The distal extremity of the tail acuminate.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998). Type locality: Madeira, NE Atlantic Ocean.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CABB5FBB8FD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CA9C7FAF2FB1A.text	03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CA9C7FAF2FB1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oikopleura cophocerca (Gegenbaur 1855)	<div><p>Oikopleura cophocerca (Gegenbaur, 1855)</p> <p>Appendicularia cophocerca Gegenbaur 1855: 408, Figs. 4 –5.</p> <p>Oikopleura (Vexillaria) cophocerca: Tokioka 1960: 355, Fig. 14.</p> <p>Oikopleura cophocerca: Lohmann 1896: 66, Pl. 11 Figs. 2, 4, Pl. 12 Figs. 1b, 2, 3. Smith et al. 1901: 104, Fig. 24. Bückmann 1969: 3, Fig. 6a–c. Fenaux 1993: 56, 71, 80; 1998: 300, 302. Aravena &amp; Palma 2002: 312, 313, Fig. 4B.</p> <p>Material examined. Twelve specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /411–422), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1–1.5 mm long, moderately elongate. Mouth with a developed lower lip; oral glands large, rounded to rectangular. Left stomach lobe elongated, with a pocket-shaped caecum towards its posterior end. The rectum is horizontally oriented, and the anus is near the oral wall of the stomach. The endostyle is small and almost at an equal distance between the mouth and the anus. Gonads adjoining the gut hemispherically and protruding dorsally. Tail musculature broad, and five to eight oval subchordal cells in a line, disposed of in two groups.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Messina, Mediterranean Sea.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CA9C7FAF2FB1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CAE16FED5F8CE.text	03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CAE16FED5F8CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oikopleura fusiformis Fol 1872	<div><p>Oikopleura fusiformis Fol, 1872</p> <p>Oikopleura fusiformis Fol 1872: 473, Pl. 3 Figs. 5–8. Bückmann 1969: 5, Fig. 7a–c. Fenaux 1993: 58, 71, 79; 1998: 300, 301. Aravena &amp; Palma 2002: 314, Fig. 6A.</p> <p>Oikopleura (Coecaria) fusiformis + Oikopleura (Coecaria) fusiformis f. cornutogastra: Tokioka 1960: 354.</p> <p>Material examined. Six specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /395–400), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1–1.5 mm long, elongated and narrow. Mouth turned upwards, with a pronounced lower lip, without oral glands. A large caecum extending from the left stomach lobe, obliquely upwards and backwards. The endostyle is short and broad, placed nearer to the anus than the mouth. Rectum extending towards the anterior wall of the stomach. Gonads are placed below the caecum; the ovary quite flat; the paired testes long, covering most of the stomach. Tail musculature with narrow muscular bands, and without subchordal glands.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Straits of Messina, Mediterranean Sea.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057DFFE8FF6CAE16FED5F8CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057DFFE9FF6CACAAFF24FD8A.text	03CC87DB057DFFE9FF6CACAAFF24FD8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt 1854)	<div><p>Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt, 1854)</p> <p>Appendicularia longicauda Vogt 1854: 74, Pl. 10 Figs. 4 –6.</p> <p>Oikopleura spissa Fol 1872: 470–471, Pl. 2 Fig. 8, Pl. 3 Figs. 1–4. Lohmann 1896: 59.</p> <p>Oikopleura (Coecaria) longicauda: Tokioka 1960: 354.</p> <p>Oikopleura longicauda: Lohmann 1896: 59, Pls. 9, 10 Fig. 7. Bückmann 1969: 5, Fig. 8a–c. Fenaux 1993: 58, 71, 79; 1998: 300, 301. Aravena &amp; Palma 2002: 312, Fig. 4A.</p> <p>Material examined. Ten specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /401–410), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1–1.5 mm long, compact. Strongly developed velum extending dorsally over the trunk. Mouth with a long lower lip without oral glands. Left lobe of the stomach with a small finger-shaped postcardial caecum directed upwards. Rectum extending slightly beyond the oral wall of the stomach. Gonads adjoining the coil of the gut, and embracing it laterally in mature individuals; the ovary is placed above the testis. Tail musculature broad and the subchordal cells absent.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: off Nice, Mediterranean Sea.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057DFFE9FF6CACAAFF24FD8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CAEEEFC54F836.text	03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CAEEEFC54F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doliolum denticulatum Quoy & Gaimard 1834	<div><p>Doliolum denticulatum Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834</p> <p>Doliolum denticulatum Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834: 599, Pl. 89 Figs. 25–28. Herdman 1888: 44. Smith et al. 1901: 103, Fig. 23. Tokioka 1960: 353. Godeaux 1998: 283, Figs. 17.8b, 17.11d. Van Soest 1998: 236, Table 14.1. Gershwin et al. 2014: 9. Purushothaman et al. 2017. Adam &amp; Ishak 2018: 150, Figs. 2.1, 2.2.</p> <p>Material examined. A gonozooid and a nurse (MDAFWU 2020 /371–372), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Gonozooid: Body 3 mm long, transparent and barrel-shaped with eight muscle bands. Dextral arched intestine, alimentary canal opens at the front side of M V, anus present at M VI. Branchial septum strongly arched from M II dorsally to M V, then curving and running to M III ventrally. Endostyle is short, from M II to M IV. Neural ganglion at M III 3/4. Testis long and swollen, situated horizontally in front of M III.</p> <p>Nurse: Barrel-shaped, 2 mm long, with nine muscle bands, without visceral mass, except for a heart. Muscle-bands M II–VIII fused into a continuous sheet. Budding on the dorsoventral projection.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, western Pacific, Australian waters, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Van Soest 1998). Type locality: Ile Vanikoro, Pacific.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CAEEEFC54F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CA9E6FA9DFB5A.text	03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CA9E6FA9DFB5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oikopleura rufescens Fol 1872	<div><p>Oikopleura rufescens Fol, 1872</p> <p>Oikopleura rufescens Fol 1872: 471, Pl. 10 Fig. 3. Bückmann 1969: 3. Fenaux 1993: 57, 71, 80; 1998: 300, 302. Aravena &amp; Palma 2002: 314, Fig. 5B.</p> <p>Oikopleura (Vexillaria) rufescens: Tokioka 1960: 355.</p> <p>Material examined. Thirteen specimens (MDAFWU 2020 /423–435), St.205, January 2020.</p> <p>Description. Trunk 1.0–2.0 mm long, compact. The left stomach lobe is elliptical-shaped, without a stomach caecum. Oral glands are spherical, fairly large and similar in size. Rectum nearly vertical and anus under the anterior wall of the stomach. Endostyle is almost at the same distance between the mouth and the anus. Gonads dorsal, adjoining the coil of the gut and tapering toward the posterior end in mature individuals. Tail musculature narrow, with one spindle-shaped subchordal cell.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Fenaux et al. 1998); Australian waters (Thompson 1948). Type locality: Straits of Messina, Mediterranean Sea.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057CFFE9FF6CA9E6FA9DFB5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3.text	03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrostremma spinosum (Herdman 1888) Present	<div><p>Pyrostremma spinosum (Herdman, 1888)</p> <p>Pyrosoma spinosum Herdman 1888: 29, Pl. 2 Figs. 9–15. Smith et al. 1901: 100, Fig. 20. Neumann 1913: 380, Pl. 42 Figs. 1–3, Text-figs. 12, 13. Metcalf &amp; Hopkins 1919: 219, Pls. 19–21. Sewell 1953: 60, Figs. 18–20. Tokioka 1960: 399. Godeaux 1972: 270, 271; 1979: 118; 1987: 201, Table 2.</p> <p>Pyrosoma (Pyrostremma) spinosum: Baker 1971: 109, Pls. 1–4.</p> <p>Pyrostremma spinosum: Van Soest 1974b: 25, Figs. 1A–B, 2A, 3 –5; 1981: 607–609, Figs. 2, 3; 1998: 236, Table 14.1. Godeaux 1998: 278, Fig. 17.4. Gershwin et al. 2014: 10. Purushothaman et al. 2017.</p> <p>Material examined. A piece of ascidiozooid colony (MDAFWU 2017 /470), St.133, March 2017., a piece of ascidiozooid colony (MDAFWU 2017 /471), St.62, April 2017 (Fig. 2A–C).</p> <p>Description. Free-swimming tubular colony with a soft, semitransparent, reddish test; size up to 6.5 m long and about 0.4 m in diameter; broadening from the narrow closed (anterior) end to the wide-open (posterior) end, which provides a single whip-like process (Fig. 2A, B). The sexual individuals (blastozooids / ascidiozooids) are longer than high, with angular endostyle; arranged in thousands in neat oblique rows with their incurrent siphons to the outside of the tube, and excurrent siphons to the inside. Excurrent siphons with silt-like opening and short appendix (Fig. 2C).</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the western Pacific (Van Soest 1998); the Mediterranean Sea (Costello et al. 2001); New Zealand waters (Gordon 2009). Type locality: Atlantic Ocean.</p> <p>Remarks. In most of the cases, the P. spinosum colonies are found as fragments (Sewell 1953; Van Soest 1981). Some specimens collected from the tropical waters (Central Arabian Sea) were reported to be 80 cm in length and 16 cm in width, while the lengthiest individual was approximately 2 m (Gauns et al. 2015). But P. spinosum reported from temperate waters (New Zealand) was size over 20 m long and 1.2 m in diameter (Baker 1971). Of the only two species in the genus, Pyrostremma agassizi (Ritter &amp; Byxbee, 1905) forms smaller colonies with length and width up to only about 0.5 m and 5 cm respectively (Van Soest 1981).</p> <p>Local names: Saari Gaduwa (in Sinhalese); Welladei Soriyan (in Tamil).</p> <p>Local importance: Ecologically important, because P. spinosum is predated by Leatherback turtles (authors’ observations).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98.text	03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalia sibogae Van Soest 1973	<div><p>Thalia sibogae Van Soest, 1973</p> <p>Thalia sibogae Van Soest 1973: 204, 205, Fig. 8; 1998: 235, Table 14.1. Kim et al. 2011: 147, Fig. 5. Purushothaman et al. 2017. Ishak et al. 2018: 454, 459–465, Figs. 4a–e, 5.</p> <p>Material examined. One solitary zooid (MDAFWU 2018 /85), St.133, January 2018 (Fig. 2D–F).</p> <p>Description. Solitary zooid: Transparent body bulky rounded with a very thick, smooth test, with two long (about one third of body length), tapering processes on the posterior end (Fig. 2D–F); length without processes 7 mm. Atrial palps fairly small and bifurcate (Fig. 2F); lateral projections very small, simple and not bifurcated (Fig. 2D, F); medioventral projections are small and of unequal length, the anterior ones are the smallest (Fig. 2E). Six body muscles broad; M I narrowly interrupted dorsally, M II–IV converged mid-dorsally, M V and M VI near but do not touch dorsally; M II–V in complete rings, M VI interrupted ventrally (Fig. 2D). Totally (M I–VI) 60 muscle fibers. The nucleus (stomach + intestine) is close to the middle posterior projection (Fig. 2D–F).</p> <p>Aggregate zooid: Not collected.</p> <p>Global distribution. The Central Indo-Pacific (Van Soest 1973, 1998; van der Land 2008); Korean waters (Kim et al. 2011); the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Ishak et al. 2018). Type locality: Pulu Sanguisapio, Tawi-Tawi Island, Sulu archipelago (Siboga -Expedition St. 93, 05°N, 120°E).</p> <p>Remarks. Although Van Soest (1973) did not observe lateral projections on the type material of T. sibogae, tiny lateral projections may exist with solitary zooids of T. sibogae according to Kim et al. (2011) and Ishak et al. (2018). Therefore, the Sri Lankan specimen resembles the specimens of Kim et al. (2011) and Ishak et al. (2018). The total number of muscle fibres (M I–VI) in solitary zooids of Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775) shows a clinal variation, decreasing from higher to lower latitudes (Van Soest 1975b); and there is a possibility to be such a variation in T. sibogae, but data is not enough in the literature for comparison.</p> <p>Local name: Indi Gaduwa (in Sinhalese) [note: usually fishers use this term for tiny salps, while the Pegea -like larger salps are called ‘ Rata-indi Gadu ’ in Sinhalese and ‘ Pereechcham Katti ’ in Tamil].</p> <p>Local importance: None [but, Pegea -like larger salps regularly clog into fishing nets (authors’ observations)].</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB057FFFE4FF6CAD85FA72FD98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB0571FFE4FF6CA991FC2CF990.text	03CC87DB0571FFE4FF6CA991FC2CF990.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pegea confoederata (Forskal 1775) Van Soest 1974	<div><p>Pegea confoederata (Forskål, 1775)</p> <p>Salpa confoederata Forskål 1775: 115.</p> <p>Salpa octofora Cuvier 1804: 579, Fig. 7.</p> <p>Salpa scutigera Cuvier 1804: 577, Figs. 4, 5.</p> <p>Salpa quadrata Herdman 1888: 84, Pl. 9 Figs. 1 –8.</p> <p>Salpa dolium Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834: 575, Pl. 90 Figs. 1 –8.</p> <p>Pegea confoederata: Tokioka 1960: 396. Van Soest 1974a: 171, Fig. 15a; 1998: 235, Table 14.1. Madin &amp; Harbison 1978: 338, Fig. 3C, F. Godeaux 1998: 288, 290, Figs. 17.16d, 17.20a. Gershwin et al. 2014: 16. Kim et al. 2017: 455, Fig. 1C. Purushothaman et al. 2017. Ishak et al. 2018: 473, Table 1.</p> <p>Material examined. Nineteen aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 /479–496, 524), St.62, October to December 2017., 1 embryo and 5 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 /473–478), St.81, July and September 2017., 1 aggregate zooid (MDAFWU 2017 /472), St.133, June 2017., 8 solitary zooids and 19 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2017 /497– 523), St.170, November 2017., 2 embryos and 13 aggregate zooids (MDAFWU 2019 /120–134), St.205, December 2019 (Fig. 3A–D).</p> <p>Description. Solitary zooid: Transparent body 18–60 mm long, with the pear-shaped test, smaller posteriorly (Fig. 3D). Both anterior and posterior terminal regions are thinner than the stomach region. Anterior muscle pair (M I–II) slightly touch forming a cross; posterior pair (M III–IV) do not touch each other; 18–32 muscle fibres per single band. The nucleus (stomach + intestine) is flatly encircled by the developing stolon.</p> <p>Aggregate zooid: Transparent body 19–55 mm long, with a cylindrical-shaped, thick, smooth test (Fig. 3A, C). The posterior terminal region is very thick, extended around the nucleus; no posterior projections or protuberances. Both muscle-band pairs (M I–II and M III–IV) are short because they are interrupted before reaching the mid-lateral region, and are linking (anterior pair slightly touching and posterior pair fused) in the mid-dorsally forming two crosses; 6–20 muscle fibres per single band. Nucleus (stomach + intestine) is spherical. Embryo 5–19 mm in length (Fig. 3B).</p> <p>Global distribution. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Australian waters, the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (Van Soest 1998). Type locality: Eastern Mediterranean.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB0571FFE4FF6CA991FC2CF990	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB056BFFFEFF6CA991FA7EF922.text	03CC87DB056BFFFEFF6CA991FA7EF922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Appendicularia Lahille 1890	<div><p>Key to the Appendicularia species of Sri Lanka</p> <p>(based on Tokioka 1960; Bückmann 1969; Fenaux 1993, 1998; Aravena &amp; Palma 2002)</p> <p>1 Usually trunk flattened or spindle-shaped; endostyle curved upwards; tail orientated at the right angle to body: Family Fritillaridae............................................................................................. 11</p> <p>- Trunk oval in shape and on the same axis as tail; endostyle straight: Family Oikopleuridae........................... 2</p> <p>2 Digestive tract incompletely developed; no oral glands and subchordal cells....................... Megalocercus huxleyi</p> <p>- Digestive tract completely developed..................................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Digestive tract forms a loop broadly open to the front; oral glands and subchordal cells present......... Stegosoma magnum</p> <p>- Digestive tract compactly coiled into a nucleus.............................................................. 4</p> <p>4 Oral glands and subchordal cells present................................................................... 8</p> <p>- Oral glands and subchordal cells absent.................................................................... 5</p> <p>5 Ceacum developed upwards and backwards............................................... Oikopleura fusiformis</p> <p>- Ceacum directed either upward or backward only............................................................ 6</p> <p>6 Small ceacum directed backwards......................................................... Oikopleura gracilis</p> <p>- Finger-shaped ceacum directed upwards................................................................... 7</p> <p>7 Ceacum close to the cardial region....................................................... Oikopleura longicauda</p> <p>- Ceacum separated from the cardial region by a wide bight.................................... Oikopleura intermedia</p> <p>8 Numerous subchordal cells, arranged in two rows............................................. Oikopleura albicans</p> <p>- Subchordal cells few, arranged in a single row.............................................................. 9</p> <p>9 With small postcardial ceacum on the left stomach lobe..................................... Oikopleura cophocerca</p> <p>- Without postcardial ceacum on the left stomach lobe........................................................ 10</p> <p>10 One spindle-shaped cell................................................................ Oikopleura rufescens</p> <p>- Two spindle-shaped cells.................................................................. Oikopleura dioica</p> <p>11 Anterior ovaries......................................................................... Tectillaria fertilis</p> <p>- Posterior ovaries..................................................................................... 12</p> <p>12 Distal end of the tail acuminate......................................................................... 15</p> <p>- Distal end of the tail notched........................................................................... 13</p> <p>13 Amphichordal cells absent................................................................ Fritillaria borealis</p> <p>- Amphichordal cells present............................................................................ 14</p> <p>14 Testis trapezoidal and laterally encircled by the ovary in a string.................................. Fritillaria venusta</p> <p>- Testis Y-shaped and ovary spherical........................................................ Fritillaria pellucida</p> <p>15 Ciliated rings of the branchial passages oval and elongated...................................... Fritillaria fraudax</p> <p>- Ciliated rings of the branchial passages circular............................................................ 16</p> <p>16 Trunk oval, compressed dorsoventrally...................................................... Fritillaria gracilis</p> <p>- Trunk elongate, bent upwards in the digestive nucleus region..................................... Fritillaria formica</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB056BFFFEFF6CA991FA7EF922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
03CC87DB056BFFF8FF6CAC0DFA7FFD23.text	03CC87DB056BFFF8FF6CAC0DFA7FFD23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thaliacea Nielsen 1995	<div><p>Key to the Thaliacea species of Sri Lanka</p> <p>(based on Smith et al. 1901, Van Soest 1973, 1974a, b, 1981, 1998; Madin &amp; Harbison 1978; Godeaux 1998; Kim et al. 2011, 2017; Gershwin et al. 2014, Purushothaman et al. 2017; Adam &amp; Ishak 2018; Ishak et al. 2018)</p> <p>1 Colonial or solitary; zooids not embedded in a common, tube-shaped matrix...................................... 6</p> <p>- Colonial; zooids embedded in a common, tube-shaped matrix: Family Pyrosomatidae............................... 2</p> <p>2 Colony entirely smooth.............................................................. Pyrosomella verticillata</p> <p>- Colony with longer or shorter projections or denticulations.................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Colony with longer or shorter truncate processes comprising oral siphons......................................... 5</p> <p>- Colony with short triangular denticulations lying dorsal to the opening of the oral siphon............................ 4</p> <p>4 Test thick and opaque; ascidiozooids longer than high, with angular endostyle................... Pyrostremma spinosum</p> <p>- Test thin and transparent; ascidiozooids as high as long, with a curved endostyle................... Pyrostremma agassizi</p> <p>5 Colony small (about 20 mm); oral siphon of ascidiozooids as broad as the branchial basket.......... Pyrosoma aherniosum</p> <p>- Colony larger (about 50 mm); oral siphon much narrower than the branchial basket................. Pyrosoma atlanticum</p> <p>6 Smallish; body muscles in complete parallel rings around the body; intestine forming an arch in gonozooid and oozooid / nurse: Family Doliolidae.................................................................... Doliolum denticulatum</p> <p>- Largish; body muscles often incomplete and nearing or fusing: Family Salpidae.................................... 7</p> <p>7 Without stolon; bearing gonads, one or more eggs or embryos (blastozooid / aggregate form)........................ 24</p> <p>- With a stolon ventrally or posteriorly; gonads absent (oozooid / solitary form)..................................... 8</p> <p>8 Gut usually bent into a more or less compact loop posteriorly and not accompanying the branchial bar; luminous organs always absent............................................................................................. 11</p> <p>- Gut straight overlying the branchial bar; luminous organs present or absent; seven annular body muscles generally interrupted ventrally............................................................................................ 9</p> <p>9 Dorsal longitudinal muscles present................................................... Cyclosalpa quadriluminis</p> <p>- Dorsal longitudinal muscles absent...................................................................... 10</p> <p>10 Luminous organs absent................................................................... Cyclosalpa affinis</p> <p>- Luminous organs present............................................................... Cyclosalpa floridana</p> <p>11 Less than eight body muscles........................................................................... 19</p> <p>- Eight or more body muscles............................................................................ 12</p> <p>12 Without two posterior processes / tails.................................................................... 14</p> <p>- With two posterior processes / tails...................................................................... 13</p> <p>13 Nine to 12 body muscles, widely interrupted ventrally; test firm, with finely denticulated longitudinal ridges................................................................................................. Metcalfina hexagona</p> <p>- Sixteen to 22 body muscles, all interrupted dorsally and ventrally; test firm, thick and papillated............. Thetys vagina</p> <p>14 Eight or 9 body muscles, M I to M IV fused or closely approaching dorsally; test soft, smooth, elongated cylindrical............................................................................................... Iasis cylindrica</p> <p>- Nine or more body muscles parallel to each other, or M I to M III fused or approaching dorsally...................... 15</p> <p>15 Nine body muscles, with ventral interruptions not widening toward the posterior end............................... 17</p> <p>- Nearly parallel body muscles, with ventral interruptions widening toward the posterior end.......................... 16</p> <p>16 Nine to 18 body muscles................................................................. Ritteriella retracta</p> <p>- Nineteen to 31 body muscles................................................................ Ritteriella picteti</p> <p>17 All body muscles parallel to each other; test smooth................................................ Salpa maxima</p> <p>- Muscles I to M III fused or nearing dorsally............................................................... 18</p> <p>18 Muscles VIII and M IX parallel or converging but not fusing, test ridges longitudinal and serrated............ Salpa aspera</p> <p>- Muscles VIII and M IX strongly fused dorsally; test entirely smooth................................. Salpa fusiformis</p> <p>19 Five broad body muscles interrupted dorsally and ventrally......................................... Soestia zonaria</p> <p>- Four or five narrow body muscles, continuous dorsally...................................................... 20</p> <p>20 Five body muscles; test bearing projections................................................................ 22</p> <p>- Four body muscles firmly fused dorsally in two groups (M I–II and M III–IV); test barrel-shaped without projections..... 21</p> <p>21 Atrial musculature reduced............................................................... Pegea confoederata</p> <p>- Atrial musculature complicate............................................................... Pegea bicaudata</p> <p>22 Body globular; several projections bulging into the test, some of them beyond it............. Traustedtia multitentaculata</p> <p>- Body cylindrical, with two posterior projections............................................................ 23</p> <p>23 Atrial palps simple and straight........................................................... Thalia democratica</p> <p>- Atrial palps bifurcate....................................................................... Thalia sibogae</p> <p>24 With a compact nucleus; four or more body muscles; luminous organs always absent............................... 27</p> <p>- Without a compact nucleus; four body muscles; one pair of luminous organs may be present......................... 25</p> <p>25 Luminous organs present........................................................... Cyclosalpa quadriluminis</p> <p>- Luminous organs absent............................................................................... 26</p> <p>26 All body muscles free dorsally.............................................................. Cyclosalpa affinis</p> <p>- Muscles (M I–II and M III–IV) strongly fused dorsally, both groups nearing or touching in the mid-dorsal line............................................................................................... Cyclosalpa floridana</p> <p>27 Five or six body muscles.............................................................................. 30</p> <p>- Four body muscles................................................................................... 28</p> <p>28 Posterior projections absent.............................................................. Pegea confoederata</p> <p>- Posterior projections present........................................................................... 29</p> <p>29 Test firm and cylindrical, with two short posterior projections...................................... Pegea bicaudata</p> <p>- Test soft and globular, with three long posterior projections.............................. Traustedtia multitentaculata</p> <p>30 Six body muscles.................................................................................... 35</p> <p>- Five body muscles................................................................................... 31</p> <p>31 Two groups of body muscles continuous, fussing or touching dorsally........................................... 33</p> <p>- Body muscles parallel or approaching dorsally............................................................. 32</p> <p>32 Broad and parallel body muscles, interrupted ventrally, M I interrupted dorsally; test very firm, with a posterior projection........................................................................................... Soestia zonaria</p> <p>- Narrow and short body muscles, interrupted dorsally and ventrally; test firm, with longitudinal rows of spines.. Thetys vagina</p> <p>33 Muscles I–III and M IV–V fusing or touching dorsally; body fusiform................................ Iasis cylindrica</p> <p>- Muscles I–III and M IV–V separately dorsally, the total number of muscle fibers (M I–V) 15 to 17 (usually 16); body oval 34</p> <p>34 Test smooth........................................................................... Thalia democratica</p> <p>- Test papillated............................................................................. Thalia sibogae</p> <p>35 Body muscles asymmetrically arranged.................................................... Metcalfina hexagona</p> <p>- Body muscles symmetrically arranged into three dorsal groups, M I–II, M III–IV and M V–VI; test thick and firm; body fusiform.............................................................................................. 36</p> <p>36 Muscles I–II and M III–IV equally fused dorsally, both groups touching or approaching dorsally..................... 38</p> <p>- Muscles I and M II more strongly fused than M III–IV....................................................... 37</p> <p>37 Number of muscle fibers 60–109........................................................... Ritteriella retracta</p> <p>- Number of muscle fibers 110–169............................................................ Ritteriella picteti</p> <p>38 Both anterior and posterior projections echinated, posterior projection with a bifid appearance............... Salpa aspera</p> <p>- Test completely smooth............................................................................... 39</p> <p>39 Muscle groups I–II and M III–IV closely approaching dorsally, M IV and M V not approaching laterally...... Salpa maxima</p> <p>- Muscle groups I–IV fused dorsally, M IV and M V fused laterally................................... Salpa fusiformis</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87DB056BFFF8FF6CAC0DFA7FFD23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karunarathne, Krishan D.;Croos, M. D. S. T. De	Karunarathne, Krishan D., Croos, M. D. S. T. De (2021): Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 352-376, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2
