taxonID	type	description	language	source
143F87B3FFCCFF8AFD859932F85BFA8F.taxon	vernacular_names	(MONGOOSES)	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCCFF8AFD859932F85BFA8F.taxon	diagnosis	• Smallsized mammals with relatively uniform morphology characterized by a long face and body, short legs, small rounded ears, and long, tapering bushy tails. • 34 - 151 cm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCCFF8AFD859932F85BFA8F.taxon	distribution	• Old World tropics throughout Asia and Africa, also Middle East and southern Europe. • Found in habitats ranging from open areas, such as deserts, savannah, and grasslands, to closed forest, over a wide elevation range, from lowlands to montane areas. • 15 genera, 34 species, at least 84 extant taxa. • 2 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	materials_examined	Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	discussion	Ten subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and distribution. A. p. paludinosus Cuvier, 1829 — S South Africa. A. p. macrodon JA. Allen, 1924 — Central African Republic through Congo republics to Rwanda and Burundi. A. p. mutis Thomas, 1902 — Ethiopia. A. p. mordax Thomas, 1912 — S Tanzania. A. p. pluto Temminck, 1853 — Senegal to Nigeria. A. p. robustus Gray, 1865 — Chad and Sudan. A. p. rubellus Thomas & Wroughton, 1908 — Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. A. p. rubescens Hollister, 1912 — N Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. A. p. spadiceus Cabrera, 1921 — Cameroon to Gabon. A. p. transvaalensis Roberts, 1933 — N South Africa to Angola and Zambia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 51: 4 cm (males), 48 - 7 cm (females), tail 31 - 41 cm (males), 33 - 40 cm (females), hindfoot 11 - 11. 5 cm (males), 10.7 - 11. 8 cm (females), ear 3.4 - 5 cm (males), 3.2 - 3. 7 cm (females); weight 2.9 - 4 kg (males), 2: 4 — 4 - 1 kg (females). Females are slightly smaller than males. The pelage is shaggy, grizzled dark reddish-brown to black, with white, red, or russet annulations on the guard hairs. The guard hairs are 3.2 - 5 cm long, longest at the rump; the underfur is 1.5 - 2. 5 cm long. Relatively broad head, small eyes with horizontal pupils, and broad, round ears. Hair long and thick in front of ears, protecting inner ear from water, but short around the mouth. A slit down the black rhinarium divides upper lip. Relatively long body with short legs. Tail approximately 66 % of head-body length. The five-toes on each foot are unwebbed, enabling toes to spread. Feet have soft, naked pads and short, curved, non-retractible claws. Longest foreclaw about 11 mm. Hindfoot claws shorter and less curved. Plantar surfaces naked. There are two to three pairs of mammae. Convex baculum in male (c. 18 mm in adults). Cheek glands present. Broad skull: zygomatic breadth less than 50 % condylobasal length. Supraoccipital crest is flange-like and meets well-developed sagittal crest (up to 4 mm high) to form T-shape. Brain case pear-shaped. Marked post-orbital constriction. Eye sockets small relative to skull length (20 % of condylobasal length). Relatively short rostrum. Broad lowerjaw. Posterior ear bullae more prominent than anterior. Dental formula: 1 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 - 4 / 3 - 4, M 2 / 2 = 36 - 40. Upper jaw incisors larger than lower, outer incisors larger than inner for both jaws. Carnassials adapted to crushing rather than slicing. Heavy canines, upper possess blade-like processes on front and back, lower curved. Sharp canines and stout premolars and carnassials adapted to crushing shellfish.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coincident with riparian habitats, such as swampy and streambed areas. In Dzanga-Sangha forest, Central African Republic, restricted to swamp forest adjacent to streams. Also occurs in estuarine and marine habitats, as well as freshwater areas. Ranges farther from watercourses during dry periods. Found from sea level up to 2500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Opportunistic, with diet dependent upon prey availability. Marsh Mongooses are sympatric with Spotted-necked and African Clawless otters and there is some overlap in diet, but this species is less dependent upon aquatic prey. Prey composition differs between areas. In South Africa, the most frequent food types eaten varied across seven regions, but overall the frequency of prey types (as percentage composition in scats) was: Crustacea (23 %), Insecta (17 %), Mammalia (13 %), Amphibia (9 %), Mollusca (8 %), and Aves (8 %). In Zimbabwe, food types (as percentage of stomach contents) were: Amphibia (29 %), Crustacea (24 %), Mammalia (24 %), Insecta (19 %), and Pisces (5 %). In the Central African Republic, the most abundant prey types (as frequency of occurrence in scats) from a rainforest study were: Coleoptera (86 %), Amphibia (82 %), Orthoptera (74 %), and Crustacea (67 %). Marsh Mongooses forage alongside or in shallow water. They are excellent swimmers, but do not swim readily. They reach into cracks, mud, and rocks with their forelimbs to search for prey, and stand up and use their forelimbs to throw hard-shelled prey items, e. g. crabs or mussels, downwards against rocks. Some prey, e. g. crabs, snakes, and large rodents, are seized in the jaws and flicked sideways prior to being given a killing bite. Small crabs are eaten whole; larger crabs are turned upside down, the foreclaws are bitten off, the meat eaten, and the carapace discarded. Upturned carapaces on riversides indicate the presence of Atilax (otters normally crunch up the crab carapace). Marsh Mongooses are extremely dexterous compared to other herpestids. They occasionally prey on poultry.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Crepuscular and nocturnal. Two studies, both in Natal (South Africa), produced conflicting results: one found them to forage mostly in the early morning and late afternoon, whereas the other (using telemetry) found them to be nocturnal. A telemetry study in Central African Republic found males to be crepuscular. Day beds are located on relatively high areas surrounded by deep mud or water.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, although occasionally two are seen together. Home range sizes are generally linear in shape, due to fidelity to watercourses. One radio-collared adult male in the Central African Republic travelled up and down a stream around 5 km in length; its home range was estimated at 54 ha. In South Africa, the home range of a male was 131 ha and that of a female was 204 ha. The Central African Republic study showed that the male could spend up to seven days without visiting the edges ofhis territory, and documented a mean traveling speed of 21 - 4 m / s. Marsh Mongooses defaecate in latrines in exposed, open areas alongside streams. They may be territorial, communicating with conspecifics through sound, scent marking (with urine and anal and cheek glands), and with behavioral displays. Scats and anal gland secretions may be used in individual discrimination among adults; the response to marks made by the same and the opposite sex differ. May eject strong-smelling anal fluid when stressed. A variety of vocalizations have been noted, including bark-growl threats, excitement bleats, and moan / bleat vocalizations (which may fulfill a contact role).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In southern Africa, breeding is seasonal and occurs in the summer. Mating takes place from as early as August through to February. There is no evidence of a breeding season in West Africa. In captivity, estrus lasts approximately nine days, gestation is 69 - 80 days, litter size is two to three (mean ofsix litters: 2 - 5), and birth weight ranges from 78 - 125 g. Sex ratio at birth is unbiased. The young are born blind and softly furred (black). The eyes open at 9 - 14 days, and the young are weaned at 30 - 60 days. Two females in the wild carried one and two fetuses. Longevity in captivity is just over 19 years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF88FF0A9AE6F6C0F907.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Pesticides have been found in scats, but not at dangerous concentrations. Widespread and relatively common and therefore unlikely to become threatened in the near future. However, continued destruction and conversion of swamplands to arable land is a concern. Also commonly occurs as bushmeat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cameroon River, West Africa ”, Cameroon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	discussion	Has been previously placed in Herpestes and in Xenogale, but recent molecular studies have shown that it is more closely related to the Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) than to Herpestes spp., and is here placed in the genus Xenogale. Three subspecies have been described: naso, almodovari, and microdon, but a morphometric study has shown that none can be distinguished on the basis of cranial or external features. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, PR Congo, and DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 43 - 60. 9 cm (males), 40 - 58 cm (females), tail 32 — 42 - 5 cm (males), 32 - 42. 5 cm (females), hindfoot 9 - 6 — 11 - 2 cm (males), 8: - 5 - 11. 3 cm (females), ear 2.5 - 4 cm (males), 3.3 - 8 cm (females); weight 1 - 9 — 4 - 5 kg (males), 2.3 - 4 kg (females). A large dark-colored mongoose, with a long muzzle and nose. The long, rough dorsal pelage is brownish-black, speckled with yellow or orange; the hairs have dark and light rings, giving a grizzled aspect, but the overall appearance of the body color is black. The dorsal hairs are 50 - 60 mm long; the underfur is grayish-brown to orange-brown. The ventral pelage is sparser and paler. The head is grayish and more grizzled than the body; the muzzle is long with a black rhinarium. The eyes have a very dark brown iris, and the ears are round, broad, and low set. The tail is tapered and has long black hairs. The foreand hindlimbs are deep brown to black. The feet have five digits, long claws, and are partly webbed; the soles are hairy up to the pads. The skull is long and fairly narrow; the egg-shaped braincase terminates posteriorly in a broad, flange-like supra-occipital crest. In mature specimens there is a distinct sagittal crest. The rostrum is relatively longer and broader than that of the Egyptian Mongoose, and the inter-orbital breadth is relatively wider in the Long-nosed Mongoose. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. There is a posterior-lingual cusp on P ,, a long talonid on M, and a large M? and M,.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in forests near swamps, streams, and streambeds. A radio-tracking study in the Central African Republic showed that this species spent most ofits time in upland mixed-species forest; stream habitat was very important and they generally avoided stands of open understorey “ molapa ” forest (Gilbertiodendron dewevrer). Recorded up to 640 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The diet is mainly arthropods and small mammals. In the Central African Republic, the frequency of occurrence of food items in 346 scats was: beetles (72 %), orthopterans (68 %), mammals (52 %, including 23 % rodents, 19 % shrews, 6 % ungulates, 5 % porcupines, 0 - 9 % pangolins, 0 - 6 % primates, 0 - 3 % bats, and 0 - 3 % Hyraxes), termites (41 %), ants (20 %), millipedes (17 %), fruits (8 %), frogs and toads (8 %), snakes (8 %), birds (7 %), butterflies and moths (5 %), lizards and skinks (4 %), spiders, scorpions and larvae (4 %), bees and wasps (2 %), crustaceans (0 - 6 %), and fish (0: 3 %). Mammal prey greater than 5 kg was rarely taken; Blue Duikers (Philantomba monticola) were the most common large prey found in scats. Fluctuations in rodent availability had no effect on the occurrence of shrews in the diet. Among eight coexisting carnivores in the Central African Republic, Long-nosed Mongooses had the second highest niche breadth. In Nigeria, two stomachs contained a centipede, a snail, and some remains offruits and berries. Long-nosed Mongooses are said to carry snails to a particular spot and to break them by throwing them backwards with the forepaws against a tree or a rock.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal. In the Central African Republic, radio-collared individuals were active 74 % of the time during the day (06: 00 - 18: 00 h) and active 17 % of the time at night (18: 00 - 06: 00 h). Movement peaks occurred at midday (12: 00 h), with smaller peaks at 08: 00 h and 15: 00 h. The location of nocturnal resting sites varied from day to day. One specimen was found within a hollow log. There is no evidence of latrineuse; however, scats are occasionally found in the same spot where one had been found previously.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial and solitary, but sometimes observed in pairs. In the Central African Republic, the home ranges of two adult males were 0 - 93 and 0 - 12 km? and 0 - 71 km? for a sub-adult male. The home range for an adult female was 1 km? and 0 - 24 km? for a sub-adult female. A male followed over 24 hours travelled 2324 m and covered 71 % ofits home range during this period. Another male moved 4605 m, but visited only 29 % ofits home range.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A litter of three has been reported. A twoto three-month-old juvenile was found in mid-March in Nigeria, and one juvenile West African specimen was collected at the end of May. The young reach adultsize at around seven months of age and permanent dentition is attained at one year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCEFF89FA1F9CB1FC7CF739.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. May be threatened by forest loss and fragmentation. This species is hunted for food in Cameroon and Nigeria and may be rare in the Niger Delta. In the Central African Republic, it appeared to be the most abundant carnivore species in the Dzanga-Sangha forest reserve. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	materials_examined	central Nepal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	discussion	Some authors considered the Small Indian Mongoose and the Javan Mongoose (H. javanicus) conspecific under the name H. javanicus or H. auropunctatus. Recent molecular studies suggest that they should be treated as separate species. Five subspecies have been recognized in H. auropunctatus, but the taxonomy needs clarification as some populations (notably from southern China) have not been confirmed as belonging to this species or to H. javanicus. Included here is H. palustris, which has been considered either a separate species or a synonym of H. auropunctatus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Asia from Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; also Bangladesh, Myanmar and S China (including Hainan I). Introduced to Antigua, Barbados, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou, Croatia, Cuba, Fiji, French Guiana, Goat Island, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Hawaii, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Japan, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (Tanzania), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui, Mauritius, Molokai, Nevis, Oahu, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. John, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Tortola, Trinidad, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in the Dominican Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong since the 1980 s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly Ambon).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 25 - 37 cm, tail 19.2 - 29 cm; weight 305 - 662 g. There is sexual dimorphism, males being larger than females (particularly in introduced populations), for example on St Croix Island (Caribbean): Head-body 22 - 2 — - 44 - 6 cm (males), 21.4 - 38. 5 cm (females). The smallest of the Asian mongooses, with a slender body and short legs. The coat color varies from buff to rufous or dark yellowishgray; the hairs have white and dark rings, giving a grizzled appearance. The muzzle is pointed, the rhinarium is blackish, the eyes are small with a brown iris, and the ears are short. The tail is muscular at the base and tapers throughoutits length. There are five digits on each foot, with long, sharp, non-retractile claws. The soles are naked. There is an anal pouch in which the ducts of the anal glands open laterally to the anus. The anal glands have a diameter of about 5 mm and a mean weight of 10 mg / 100 g of body weight. The secretion from these glands contains volatile fatty acids, with some differences between males and females. There are three pairs of teats. A claw-shaped baculum is present in the male and ranges in size from 5 - 15 mm. The skull is elongated and narrow, with a long brain case. The post-orbital bar encloses the orbit. The sagittal crest is weak, but the lambdoidal crest is developed. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is slightly inflated and projects no more than the anterior chamber. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 (3) = 40 - 42 (the presence of a third lower molar is rare). The canines are long and slightly recurved. The first premolars are small, and the other cheek teeth are well-developed and trenchant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forest, scrub, and open habitats. Also found close to human habitations. On Mauritius, a radio-tracking study found that this species favored woodland and scrub regions over other habitat types, and preferred riverine and dense forest at larger spatial scales.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Omnivorous. Most of the dietary information comes from introduced populations, but it is reported to eat rodents, snakes, insects, centipedes, and scorpionsin its native range. The diet appears to vary according to the season and the locality. Two specimen stomachs collected in the Rajasthan desert, India, contained remains of insects (Helicopric bucephalus, Anthic sexguttata, Blap orientalus, Onthophagus longicornis, and Grylus sagillatus) and a scorpion. In 56 stomachs from Puerto Rico, 315 food items were recorded, with the following frequency of occurrence: insects (56 %), reptiles (17 %), myriapods (12 %), arachnids (8 %), mammals (3 %), crustaceans (1 %), asteroids (starfish) (1 %), amphibians (1 %), and plants (11 %). On St. Croix Island, 36 stomachs contained insects (83 %), toads (14 %), mice Mus musculus (14 %), rats Rattus rattus (14 %), crabs (11 %), birds (3 %), poultry (3 %), lizards Anolis (0 - 5 %), fruit (11 %), and other plant material (6 %). On Viti Levu, Fiji, an analysis of 4404 scats showed that the diet varied with the habitat: crabs were the main food in mangrove forests, rats in cane-fields, and cockroaches in urban areas. In Hawaii, a preponderance of cockroaches in the diet was reported. In the Caribbean, the Small Indian Mongoose was observed eating toads (including the parotid glands, which are normally noxious to predators), and the eggs and young of the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). In Mauritius, 458 stomachs contained 46 % rodents and shrews, 20 % Tail-less Tenrecs (Tenrec eucaudatus), 20 % invertebrates, 18 % refuse, carrion and plants, 15 % reptiles and amphibians, and 6 % birds; there were seasonal changes in the diet, with more insects eaten during the wet season, and more reptiles taken during the dry season. During the winter on Korcula Island, Croatia, 184 food items were identified in 126 scats: the frequency of occurrence was 66 % plants (mostly the fruits ofjuniper Juniperus oxycedrus and strawberry tree Arbutus unedo), 38 % mammals (mainly wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus and rats Rattus sp.), 23 % arthropods (mainly Coleoptera and a few Orthoptera), 14 % birds (mostly passerines), and 1 % reptiles. Compared to introduced populations in tropical areas, individuals on Korcula Island ate more fruits and less insects and reptiles. The killing method is efficient; the canines are driven into the brain and vertebral column of rodents, birds, and snakes. Centipedes and scorpions are bitten and repeatedly tossed before being consumed. Two individuals were reported working together to hunt crabs (Metapograpsus messor) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; one turned over a stone, allowing the other to attack the crab. Individuals are reluctant to enter water more than a few centimetres deep.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal activity is reported from observations in India and Pakistan, and in regions where it has been introduced. In the Caribbean, most activity was between 10: 00 h and 16: 00 h, although they were seldom active on rainy days. Rest sites in Mauritius are mostly in fallen trees and holes in tree root systems. In India, they are reported to use burrows that they dig themselves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Information mainly comes from introduced populations. While this species tends to be solitary, individuals frequently have been seen close to each other in introduced areas. Home ranges on St. Croix were 2 - 2 ha for females and 4 - 2 ha for males; home ranges overlapped both within and between sexes, but the overlap of core areas was minimal. On Oahu Island, Hawaii, the mean home range was 1 - 4 ha for seven females and 19 - 2 ha for five males (during the breeding season); the mean intra-sexual overlap of home ranges was 84 % for males and 37 % for females, with a large overlap between male and female ranges. Each male moved from den to den on successive nights and on some occasions two or three males shared a sleeping den. Females also moved den sites, except when they produced pups (they showed den fidelity during the 20 to 22 days after parturition). It appeared that males formed social coalitions, at least during the breeding season. The high population density in this introduced population suggested an abundance of resources, which may favor social behavior. Other studies report home range sizes of 22 to 39 ha in the Fiji Islands and 25 to 100 ha on Hawaii. On Puerto Rico, the home ranges of twenty mongooses were 3 - 2 to 19 - 4 ha. On Mauritius, the home ranges of 14 individuals were 25 ha to 110 ha, with considerable overlap between individuals. On two islands in Hawaii, both males and females showed natal dispersal in the fall, and males also dispersed during the breeding season. Population densities vary from less than ten to several hundred animals per km? The Small Indian Mongoose scent-marks using the secretions from its anal glands by wiping objects with its anal pouch. Males and females scent-mark their home range and are able to distinguish the scent marks of other individuals. This species has a large vocal repertoire of twelve distinct calls, which is unusually rich for an asocial species. The vocalizations are extremely varied and include weep, squawk, honk, ruck-a-ruck, pant, spit, bark, chuck, scream, and growl. Small Indian Mongooses can scratch and dig vigorously and have considerable manipulative dexterity. Gaits include walk, trot and gallop. They can climb, but are rarely observed far above the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding data comes mainly from captive animals. Ovulation is induced by copulation. The estrous cycle is about three weeks, with estrus lasting three to four days. Gestation is approximately 49 days. The mean litter size is two and ranges from one to five. There are two to three litters a year. The timing of reproduction may be related to day length, as most pregnancies seem to occur prior to the summersolstice. In Mauritius, breeding is timed to avoid the driest times of the year. The beginning of estrus in captive females is revealed by restlessness and increased scent marking. Several males may attend a female, and they commonly scream, bark, and chase each other. Both sexes are polygamous and may copulate several times a day in the absence of estrus, and more frequently during estrus. Females in the late stage of pregnancy show antagonism toward males. Births occur at night, shortly after sunset. Nesting material is not used. Birth weight is about 21 g. Newborns are covered with light gray hairs, which are sparse on the abdomen. The incisors and the eruptive cones of the canines are visible, and the claws are well-developed. The eyes are closed and will open between 17 and 20 days. Mewling vocalizations are emitted when the young are disturbed. At two weeks, the incisors are fully in place and the canines have erupted. At 22 weeks, all the permanent teeth are in place. Two-thirds of the adult body massis attained at four months and sexual maturity is reached at one year. The first excursion out of the den occurs at about four weeks and the young follow the mother on hunting trips at six weeks. Spermatogenesis in the male begins when the weight reaches 400 g; the baculum reaches adult size and mass at five months or when the weight reaches 500 g.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Listed on CITES Appendix III in India. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Vulnerable in China. The Small Indian Mongoose is considered unthreatened in its native range as it occurs in many different types of habitats. However, these mongooses are often captured and sold as pets, and there is some commercial trade in China, India, and Nepal, which may constitute a threat in some parts ofits native range. This species has been introduced to several tropical oceanic islands for rodent control in plantations or to control vipers. Unfortunately, introduced populations have also preyed on the endemic fauna on some islands and may have caused the extinction of several species of birds, mammals, and reptiles. They eat the eggs and young of some endangered sea turtles and have also been identified as the vector of different diseases, notably rabies and leptospirosis. There have been mainly unsuccessful attempts to eliminate this species on several islands where they have been introduced.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	materials_examined	Malacca, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	discussion	Hose’s Mongoose H. hose: from Borneo is known only from one specimen (an adult female) collected from Sarawak in 1893. This was treated as a separate species on the basis of a less rounded coronoid process of the lower mandible, but has also been considered an aberrant specimen of the Short-tailed Mongoose, and is here considered as a synonym of H. brachyurus. The Collared Mongoose (H. semitorquatus) has also been considered a subspecies of H. brachyurus, but is now generally accepted as a valid species. Several subspecies of the Short-tailed Mongoose have been proposed, but a taxonomic revision is needed. The subspecies javanensis was described from a menagerie specimen labelled from Java, but there are no other records from this island. Four subspecies are recognized here.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. b. brachyurus Gray, 1837 — S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. H. b. palawanusJ. A. Allen, 1910 — the Philippines (Palawan & Calamian Is). H. b. rajah Thomas, 1921 — Borneo. H. b. sumatrius Thomas, 1921 — Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 35 - 49 cm (males), 36.8 - 46 cm (females), tail 19.3 - 24. 5 cm (males), 17.2 - 25 cm (females), hindfoot 7.5 - 9. 6 cm (males), 7.9 - 9. 3 cm (females), ear 2.3 - 2 cm (males), 2.8 - 3. 2 cm (females); weight 1 - 3 kg (males), 1.2 - 2.5 kg (females). The general coat color is dark brown, finely marked with orange or yellow speckling. The head is paler and more olive-brown, the forelegs and lower half of the hindlegs are dark brown, the cheeks and throat rusty yellowish-brown, and the chest and belly are brown. Thetail is short, usually less than 55 % of the head-body length, and tapers from the base to the tip. The eyes are reddish-brown with a horizontal, oval pupil; the ears are small, and the nose is large and reddish-orange. There are five digits on the foreand hindfeet, although the first digits are much smaller than the rest. The claws are long. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is less flat than in the Javan Mongoose and extends to well below the occipital condyle. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The cuspids are sharp and the carnassial shear is well-developed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and disturbed forest; often found close to rivers and small streams. Occasionally recorded in plantations adjacent to forest. Found at low elevations on Peninsular Malaysia, but has been recorded up to 1280 m on Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Reported to feed on small vertebrates, invertebrates, eggs, fruits, and roots. The stomach content of one individual from north Borneo included fragments of insects (scarab beetle, orthopterans), spider, crab, and a reptile egg. Another Bornean specimen, collected from the banks of a stream, was found to be full of cockroaches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary. Terrestrial, but has been reported as having limited climbing ability.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8EFF16911EF704F9AA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Threats to this species are unknown, but this species may be eaten in some parts of Sarawak. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of possible threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	materials_examined	Madras, East Indies	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized, but a taxonomic revision is needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. e. edwardsii Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818 — SE India and Sri Lanka. H. e. carnaticus Wroughton, 1921 — SW India (Karnatka). H. e. moerens Wroughton, 1915 — Bangladesh, Bhutan, C & NE India, and Nepal. H. e. montanus Bechthold, 1936 — Saudi Arabia to NW India. H. e. pallens Ryley, 1914 — W India (Gujarat). A few old museum specimens are reported from Peninsular Malaysia, whereit is said to have been introduced, butit has not been recorded there since the beginning of the 20 " century.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 35 - 5 — 45 cm, tail 32 - 45 cm, hindfoot 7 - 9 cm, ear 2 - 2 cm; mean weight 1 - 4 kg. Males are heavier and larger than females. A small mongoose, with a slender body, short legs, pointed muzzle, and short ears. The coat color is tawny or yellowish-gray; light and dark rings on the body hairs give the coat a grizzled appearance. A reddish coloration, particularly on the extremities (muzzle, feet, and tail), is variable, but is more frequent in the northern part of its range. The underparts are covered with short orange-brown hairs. The upperparts of the feet and limbs are reddish-brown. The tail is tipped with white or yellowish-red, never black. The hairs at the base of the tail are long, reaching up to 55 mm. Thetail length is 90 to 100 % of the Head-body. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not much inflated. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry secondary forests, thorn forests, disturbed areas, plantations, and near human settlements. Recorded up to 2100 m. Frequents open, shrubby areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The diet is said to include rats, mice, snakes, lizards, frogs, insects, scorpions, centipedes, birds’ eggs, fruits, and roots. Has been seen feeding on carrion. The remains of grey francolins (Francolinus pondicerianus), rodents, and desert monitor (Varanus griseus) were found in a specimen stomach from Rajasthan, India. Another stomach contained termites and scorpions.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mainly diurnal, although may be active during dusk. Rests under rocks, bushes, and in holes at the base of trees or in the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mainly solitary, but mating pairs and females with young have often been seen. A male radio-tracked for three months in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India, had an overall home range of 15 - 5 ha. Adopts a defensive posture when attacked by rolling into a ball, it places its head between its legs and underits bushy tail, and erects the long hairs on its back, thereby shielding its body with the parts that have the longest hairs (on the tail and the sacral and lumbar regions of the back). In captive individuals, vocal communications started at daybreak and reached a maximum by dusk; no vocalizations were heard at night. Juveniles were the most vocal, subordinates moderately, and dominants the least, which suggested that vocalizations played a role in social ranking.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Two to three litters may be produced in a year. Gestation is 56 - 68 days. Births may occur in May-June and October-December; in central India litters were seen during June and July. Litter size is two to four. The young are helpless and blind at birth, but develop rapidly. They remain with the mother for up to six monthsif she does not mate again. A female was reported to mate for the first time at nine months old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC8FF8FFA139D49FABFFC1B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Often captured and sold as pets. Some tribes from northern India capture these mongooses for their skins, which they sell in local markets in Nepal. Also in demand for the wildlife trade: the meatis eaten by several tribes and the hair is used for making shaving brushes, paint brushes, and good luck charms. This species is captured by the Jogi tribes in Pakistan, who stage fights with cobras. Field surveys, ecological studies, and monitoring of threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	materials_examined	India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	discussion	Some authors previously considered the Indian Brown Mongoose conspecific with the Short-tailed Mongoose (H. brachyurus). Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. f. fuscus Waterhouse, 1838 — SW India (Western Ghats). H. f. phillips Thomas, 1924 — Sri Lanka (Central Province). H. f. rubidior Pocock, 1937 — Sri Lanka (Western Province). H. f. siccatus Thomas, 1924 — N Sri Lanka (Northern Province).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 33 - 48 cm, tail 19.8 - 33. 6 cm, hindfoot 6 - 5 — 8 - 7 cm; weight c. 2 - 7 kg. A large, heavily built mongoose. The coat color is blackish-brown, speckled with yellow or tawny, and the feet are almost black. The tail is bushy and conical, about 60 - 70 % the length of the head and body. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is less flat than in the Javan Mongoose and extends to well below the occipital condyle. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense forest and adjacent areas. On Sri Lanka, found in lowland forest, central hill country, and the dry zone. In south-west India, also occurs in tea and coffee plantations at elevations from 900 to 1400 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal, based on a few camera-trap photographs and sightings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial. Appears to be solitary.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Said to breed in burrows beneath rocks and tree roots, and to have three to four young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8FFF5C9F19FB3DF5FF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable in The IUCN Red List. Specific threats to this species are not known, but habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation could have major impacts on populations. It seems to be rare to uncommon; in India it is found in Virajpet in south Kodagu and Ooty in the Nilgiri Hills, Tiger Shola in the Palni Hills, High Wavy Mountains in Madurai, Kalakkad-Mundanthurai in the Agasthyamalai range, Valparai plateau in the Anaimalai Hills, and Peeramedu in Kerala. Field surveys, ecological studies, habitat protection, and monitoring of threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	materials_examined	Egypt.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	discussion	Up to ten subspecies are recognized, but a taxonomic revision is needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iberian Peninsula, N Africa, and the Middle East in S Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel; in Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal and Gambia to E Africa in Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya and then S to Gabon, Angola, N Namibia, N Botswana, N Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa. Occurrence in Europe (Portugal and Spain) likely due to introduction from North Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 55.7 - 61 cm (males), 50 - 58 cm (females), tail 44.7 - 61 cm (males), 43.5 - 56. 3 cm (females), hindfoot 9.5 - 11. 5 cm (males), 8: 9 - 11. 4 cm (females), ear 2.5 - 3. 8 cm (males), 3.4 - 2 cm (females); weight 2: 6.4 - 1 kg (males), 2: 2.4 - 1 kg (females). Grizzled gray body, with darker head, and black on the lower limbs. Coarse guard hairs up to 80 mm on rump, tapering to 40 mm toward tail tip, but tail tip hairs up to 13 cm. Shorter hair on underparts. Hairs annulated with five to six black and white alternating bands and white tip. Soft underfur of variable color, but generally gray at fore and red to yellow toward flank. Long-bodied, with relatively short legs. Long head with pointed muzzle and short rostrum. Long tail (longer than head-body) ends in long black-tassled tip. Short, rounded ears, partially covered by hair. Five digits, with shortfirst digit situated behind plantar pad. Claws long (up to 15 mm) and curved. Scent glandslie either side of the anus, opening into a pouch, and are surrounded by two rows of sebaceous glands. Females normally possess three pairs of mammae (sometimes two pairs). Long, narrow skull with zygomatic arch breadth less than half skull length. Ovoid, elongate brain case. Well-developed supraoccipital crest, rising to 7 mm. Sagittal crest not well-developed. Anterior chambers of ear bullae larger than posterior. Zygomatic arches strong. Long postorbital processes. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. Outer upper incisors are larger than inner; less obvious in lower jaw. Lower canines more recurved than upper. Carnassials have high cusps suggesting crushing rather than slicing action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Flat, grassy, open riparian areas, alongside rivers, dams, lakes, and swamps. A study in South Africa found this species to preferentially occupy open habitat and avoid forest. In Spain, individuals appear to prefer vegetative to open habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. A study of scats in Spain suggested opportunistic predation, with Egyptian Mongooses consuming the most abundant prey available in each area and season. Percentage of food types from 105 scats collected in south Western Cape (South Africa): unidentified rodents (17 %), Coleoptera (12 %), green grass (12 %), Orthoptera (10 - 56 %), Rhabdomys pumilio (rodent, 5 - 5 %), Otomys irroratus (rodent, 5: 5 %), dry grass (4 - 5 %), seed (4 - 5 %), unidentified bird (4: 2 %), unidentified snake (3 - 7 %), terrestrial Gastropod (2: 4 %), Bitis arietans (snake, 2: 1 %), bird egg (1 - 3 %), fish (1 %), Bathyergus suillus (rodent, 1 %), unidentified shrews (1 %), Praomys verrauxi (rodent, 0 - 8 %), felid (0 - 5 %), unidentified lizard (0 - 5 %), Mabuya species (0 - 5 %), scorpion (0 - 5 %), solifugid (0 - 5 %), Cryptomys hottentotus (rodent, 0 - 3 %), Myosorex varwus (0: 3 %), Chrysochloris asiatica (0 - 3 %), Procavia capensis (0 - 3 %), crab (0 - 3 %), spider (0 -: 3 %), millipede (0 - 3 %), and freshwater Gastropod (0 - 3 %). Percentage occurrence of food types from 19 stomachs collected in Zimbabwe: Muridae (63 %), Aves (37 %), Amphibia (16 %), Reptilia (16 %), and Insecta (16 %). European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) form the staple prey in Spain, with lizards, insects (including beetles), birds (Anas platyrhynchos), rats (Rattus rattus) and tortoises (Testudo graeca) also recorded. Apparently resistant to snake venom (neurotoxins). Powerful digger. The name “ Ichneumon ” is thought to be derived from the Greek word for “ tracker ” in relation to their ability to find and dig out crocodile eggs. Adults kill small prey with a bite to the head, and large prey with a bite to the neck, eating from the head. Hunts alone, although in Spain, two or three individuals were observed simultaneously excavating rabbit breeding dens. Occasional food sharing of rabbit prey was also observed in Spain.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mainly diurnal (in South Africa and Spain), but some nocturnal activity recorded in South Africa, and a group studied in Israel was crepuscular (this may have been induced by vulnerability to dogs). A study of a Spanish population showed the activity budget to comprise 70 % resting, 21 % foraging, 6 % eating, and 3 % walking.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, although occasionally seen in pairs and larger groups (up to five in Spain, including pups). Larger groups thought to be polygynous, made up of one male and several females (up to three in Israel), with their pups. In Israel, individuals with access to a garbage dump formed territorial social groups, with four groups found occupying a total range of 3 km ®. In South Africa, home ranges varied from 0 - 30 to 0 - 45 km? ®. In Spain, mean home range was 3 - 1 km? and density reached 2 individuals / km * (density negatively correlated with the presence of Iberian Lynx). The home range of a radio-collared male was elongated in shape, following the border of a marsh. Female home ranges overlapped substantially, but core areas were almost exclusive. Male home ranges showed minimal overlap, but tended to overlap numerous females’ home ranges (one male overlapped four female ranges, another five females). Home range size was correlated with body mass, negatively in females and positively in males. In Spain, male daily home range size averaged 2 - 3 times that of females, but there was no difference in male and female multi-day home range size. An adult male travelled from 0 - 6 to 6 - 4 km per day. Latrines are used by all family members, and tend to be found near resting sites in preferred habitats. Individuals anal-mark stones along trails by squatting or anal dragging. The anal gland secretion is composed of complex long-chain carboxylic acids. Sex-specific components differentiate male and female secretions. Seven distinct vocalizations have been described: a deep, sharp growling alarm call that elicits fleeing in other individuals; a short, repeated contact call given by individuals during foraging; a growl associated with defence of food, territory or mate; a bark or spit given during mating or fighting; and a short, sharp, vigorous pain call. The pain call is the only vocalization made by solitary individuals. Underground dens (dug by European Rabbits or European Badgers), thickets and tree hollows, are used as nocturnal and day rest sites in Spain.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Sexual maturity is reached at over one year of age. During the breeding season, males increase frequency of contact with females. Mating occurs over two months in the spring. Females usually have only one litter per year but will produce a second litter if the first is lost or if the rodent population is high. Gestation lasts approximately 60 days. Litter size averages 2 - 7 in Spain and 3 - 3 (range = 1 - 4) in captivity, in Israel. The female reared the pups alone in Spain, but in Israel, group members shared babysitting. The pups’ eyes open at approximately 21 days. Weaning occurs between four to eight weeks. Pups are mobile at four weeks, first emerge around six weeks, and show first hunting behavior at ten weeks. In Israel, pups suckled from any breeding female in the group. Adults provision pups until they are a year old, when the young may disperse. In Spain, annual adult survival rate varied between 0 - 13 and 0 - 60. In Israel, only 3 % of individuals survived to two years, with hunting and road kills accounting for 69 % of mortality. The oldest known individual in captivity lived to over 20 years. Predators in Spain include the Iberian Lynx; domestic dogs kill mongooses in Israel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC9FF8CFF5191BCFB55FCC0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Wide distribution suggests this speciesis unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future. However dependence upon riparian habitats leaves them vulnerable to drainage and ground water extraction. Subject to predator control in Portugal, where it has recently increased its distribution northwards, and increased in local population densities (as in Spain). The Egyptian Mongoose’s behavioral ecology is relatively well known from Spain, but is understudied in its native Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	materials_examined	Java.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	discussion	Some authors considered the Javan Mongoose and the Small Indian Mongoose (H. auropunctatus) conspecific. Recent molecular studies suggest that they should be treated as separate species. Three subspecies have been recognized in H. javanicus, but the taxonomy still needs clarification as some populations (notably from southern China) have not been confirmed as belonging to this species or to H. auropunctatus. Information on the Small Indian Mongoose has often been published under the name H. javanicus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mainland SE Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. The Javan Mongoose or the Small Indian Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong (since the 1980 s), and to have been introduced to some Indonesian islands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 — 41 - 5 cm, tail 21 - 31. 5 cm, hindfoot 6 - 7 cm, ear 1 - 8 — 3 - 1 cm; weight 0.5 - 1 kg. A small mongoose, with a slender body and short legs. The coat color varies from buff to dark brown; the hairs have dark brown and white rings giving a grizzled appearance. The head is reddish and the legs are the same color as the body orslightly darker. The muzzle is pointed, the rhinarium is blackish, and the eyes and ears are small. The tail is muscular at the base and tapers throughout its length. There are five digits on each foot, with long, sharp non-retractile claws. The soles are naked. There is an anal pouch; the ducts of the anal glands open laterally to the anus. There are three pairs of teats. The skull is elongated and narrow, with a long brain case. The post-orbital bar encloses the orbit. The sagittal crest is weak, but the lambdoidal crest is developed. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is slightly inflated and projects no more than the anterior chamber. Dental formula: I 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The canines are long and slightly recurved. Thefirst premolars are small and the other cheek teeth are weakly developed and trenchant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry dipterocarp forest, grassland, open areas, and secondary vegetation. Has been observed in scrubby areas, lowland forests, and mixed deciduous forests in Laos, and was seen in Java entering a paddy field on the edge of a swamp forest. Trapped and camera-trapped in open grassland in Khao Yai National Park (Thailand). Several field observations were close to water.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The diet is said to include rats, birds, reptiles, frogs, crabs, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Current evidence suggests that this species is diurnal: one sighting and camera-trap picture were recorded in Thailand during the daytime and it has been observed during the day in Laos and Java.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Appears to be solitary, although a pair was seen running through a field in Thailand.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Said to breed throughout the year and to produce litters of two to four.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF0498B3FE21F3A6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Protected in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand and listed as Vulnerable in the Chinese Red List. Hunted or snare trapped and sold for meat in markets in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessment of threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	materials_examined	Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	discussion	The Collared Mongoose has sometimes been considered a subspecies of the Shorttailed Mongoose (H. brachyurus), but is now generally accepted as a valid species. Two subspecies were recognized: one on Borneo and one on Sumatra, but a taxonomic revision and a verification of specimen records are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo. Said to occur on Sumatra, but this is based only on two old museum specimens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 45. 5 cm, tail 25.8 - 30. 3 cm, hindfoot 8.2 - 9. 3 cm; weight c. 3 - 4 kg. The coat color is reddish-brown, with fine yellow markings on the back. The lower parts of the legs are blackish-brown. The underside of the head and neck are yellowish; there is a whitish stripe on the side of the neck, from the ear to the shoulder; the color above the stripe is dark and is lighter below. Dorsal hairs are short (10 - 20 mm). The tail is yellowish and is more than 60 % of the head and body length. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is less flat than in the Javan Mongoose and extends to well below the occipital condyle. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4. M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary rainforest, disturbed forest, and plantations. On Borneo, recorded from lowland areas up to 1200 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be manly diurnal, based on recent camera-trapping data.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial. Appears to be solitary.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFF059755F9C3FA98.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient in The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known about this species. Field studies and assessments of possible threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	materials_examined	Bombay (7), India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. s. smithii Gray, 1837 — India. H. s. zeylanius Thomas, 1921 — Sri Lanka.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 39 - 47 cm, tail 35.1 - 47 cm, hindfoot 8.8 - 6 cm; weight c. 2: 7 kg. The coat color is brown, with a rufous tinge on the underparts. On Sri Lan-Ka, the tail length varies from 75 to 90 % of the head and body, whereas it is 90 to 110 % of the head and body in India. The tip of the tail is black. The feet are darker than the body and are webbed up to the last joint. The soles of the hindfeet are naked. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry forests, dry thorn areas, disturbed forests, and open areas. Recorded up to 2200 m. On Sri Lanka, it appears to be confined mostly to the lowland forests of the dry and intermediate zones.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Has been seen feeding on birds (including doves, partridges, and quails), reptiles (rat snake), and the Long-tailed Climbing Mouse (Vandeleuria oleracea).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be mainly diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial, but sometimes hunts, feeds, and rests in trees. Solitary, but has occasionally been seen in pairs and sometimes in groups of four or five animals. Out of 78 sightings in Rhuna National Park (Sri Lanka), 92 % were solitary individuals and 8 % were pairs (adult males and females).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8CFA0E9E9BF8DCF549.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. This species is hunted and snared. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation may have an impact on populations. Very little is known aboutthis species and field studies and assessments of possible threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	materials_examined	Nepal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized, but a taxonomic revision is needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. u. wrva Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal through Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia. H. u. annamensis Bechthold, 1936 — Vietnam. H. u. formosanus Bechthold, 1936 — Taiwart. H. u. sinensis Bechthold, 1936 — S China (and Hainan I).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 44 - 55. 8 cm, tail 26.5 - 34 cm, hindfoot 9 - 10. 9 cm, ear 2: 9.3 - 5 cm; weight 3 - 4 kg. A fairly large mongoose, with long guard hairs (dorsal hairs are 40 - 50 mm long) and a white neck stripe. The coat color varies from gray to blackish-brown, with individual hairs ringed black and white. The chin is white, the throatis grayish, the chest is dark brown, and the belly is a lighter brown. The top of the head is pale grayish-brown, finely speckled with white. The muzzle is pale yellowish; the nose is flesh-colored with a deep vertical groove. The ears are short, broad, and rounded, and are covered with very short grayish hairs. The color ofthe iris varies from egg-yellow to deep brown. There is a white stripe that starts at the corner of the mouth and runs along the neck to the shoulder; the stripe is about 9 - 10 cm long and 8 mm wide at the base. The limbs are brown to black. The feet have shallow interdigital webs and strong claws; the naked sole on the hindfoot only extends about two-thirds the distance to the heel. The tail is bushy and tapering, and averages 63 % the length of the head and body; it is the same color as the body, but becomes progressively ocherous (sometimes reddish) towards the tip. The anal glands on each side of the anus are about the size of a cherry and produce an aqueous fetid secretion (which can be squirted out with great force). There are three pairs of teats. The skull is large and heavy, but with relatively small crests. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is less flat than in the Javan Mongoose and extends to well below the occipital condyle. Mature individuals have a complete occipital bony orbit, although this may be incomplete in immature mongooses. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The lower first premolar is inconspicuous and may be lacking in immatures; the last lower molar is small, but complex.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen and deciduous forest, scrubby areas, and plantations. Also reported to inhabit wetlands, forest streams, and small marshes inside forests. Often found near pools and streams. Recorded up to 2000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. In northern Taiwan, the percentage occurrence of food items in scats was: 96 % insects, 74 % crustaceans, 656 % amphibians, 48 % reptiles, 18 % earthworms, 17 % gastropods, 14 % chilopods, and less than 10 % mammals, plants, birds, fish, and arachnids. In terms of overall volume, crustaceans (29 %) and insects (28 %) were the highest, followed by amphibians (16 %) and reptiles (14 %). The diet appeared to vary with changes in the availability of food in different habitats and seasons; Crab-eating Mongooses ate more insects in summer and autumn, more crustaceans in winter, and more reptiles in late spring and early summer. In south-eastern China, the percentage occurrence of food items in scats was: 65 % rodents, 48 % beetles, 45 % snakes, 44 % crabs, 10 % clams, 8 % birds, 8 % grass, and 7 % cherokee rose fruit. A few other mammals, amphibians, frogs, fish, locusts, snails, centipedes, and fruits were found at low occurrence (less than 6 %). Crab-eating Mongooses hunt along the banks of streams, feeling under stones, and in rock crevices, and scratch, dig and sniff at the ground. They are supposed to be good divers and swimmers and do not hesitate to enter water. Crabs and molluscs are taken with the forepaws and either lifted and smashed on a rock or thrown between the hindlimbs to a hard surface behind.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal according to recent evidence (radio-tracking, camera-trapping, and sightings), whereas previously it had been said to be nocturnal. Between 10: 00 h and 18: 00 h, a radio-collared female had a mean activity level of 56 %. Rests in holes in the ground and in rock crevices. In south-eastern China, daybeds were underground dens (within a foothill region, adjacent to farmland).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Terrestrial and solitary, but has been seen in groups of up to four individuals. The home range of a radio-collared female in south-eastern China was at least 100 ha (located only seven times).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The large testicle size of males caught in March — early April suggests that this is one possible breeding period. Gestation is 50 to 63 days andlitter size is two to four.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCAFF8DFA01902AFC77F503.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Very little is known about the ecology, population status and threats to this species, and more field surveys and ecological studies are needed. In Taiwan, people hunt this mongoose for meat and villagers across Laos trap it when they can. Coats made of pelts are widely sold at Chinese markets and live animals have been seen for sale as pets in a market in Cambodia. Pelts and meat of Crab-eating Mongooses are also sold along the Yunnan — - Vietnam border.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	materials_examined	Travancore, South India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. v. vitticollis Bennett, 1835 — SW India and Sri Lanka. H. v. inornatus Pocock, 1941 — W India (Karnatka).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Mean measurements for Sri Lanka: head-body 48 - 9 cm (males), 46 - 4 cm (females), tail 32 - 5 cm (males), 30 - 4 cm (females); weight up to 3 - 1 kg (males), up to 1 - 7 kg (females). Mean measurements for India: head-body 52: 9 cm (males), 47 - 4 cm (females), tail 31 - 5 cm (males), 29 - 7 cm (females); weight up to 3 - 4 kg (males), up to 2: 7 kg (females). A large mongoose, with long guard hairs and a neck stripe. The head is iron-gray to purplish-brown, finely speckled with yellow, darkest on the forehead and paler on the sides. The front part of the body is reddish-yellow, grizzled with brown; the rear part is orange-red and lightly grizzled. A black band runs from behind the ears along the sides of the neck to the shoulders. The ears are rounded and covered with short, fine, reddish-brown hairs. The chin and throat are the same color as the cheeks, but are less grizzled. The undersurface of the neck and chest are brownish-yellow and the belly is orange-yellow, but is not abruptly defined from the color of the chest. The underfur is sparse and pale yellow-brown. The dorsal hairs are 50 - 60 mm long. The hairs on the sides are greater than 60 mm long; they are banded with black and gray, and end in long orange-red tips. The general color of the tail is orange-red except for the 9 cm-long black tip; the hairs at the base of the tail are about 8 cm long, but decrease in length towards the tip. The forelegs, front of the hindlegs, and tarsus are dark purplish-brown. There are five toes on the foreand hindfeet. The skull is large, has a flattened and expanded frontal region, a narrow long muzzle, powerful teeth, and an auditory bulla with a pronounced projection of the posterior chamber. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen and deciduous forest. Seen in swampy clearings and along watercourses, and also in plantations and open scrub. In Sri Lanka, its distribution may encompass lowland dry forest; it is rarely sighted in disturbed areas or close to human settlements. Recorded up to 2133 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The dietis reported to include small mammals, birds, birds’ eggs, reptiles, insects, and roots. It has also been suggested that crabs, frogs, and fish may be part of the diet, due to its habit of hunting by the banks of rivers and frequenting swamps and flooded rice fields. This species has been observed scavenging on Sambar (Rusa unicolor) and Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis), and seen foraging in soft, damp soil and swamps.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be mainly diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Usually solitary, but also seen in pairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litter size may be two or three. On Sri Lanka, a female was observed in May suckling three young on a dry patch of earth, under an overhanging mass of rocks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFCBFF8DFA2F9A09F694F505.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. This species is hunted for meat and for its fur, but the chief threat may be habitat loss. In India, it is rare in the northern part of its range, and most abundant in southern Kerala, the Nilghiri and Palni plateaus, the High Wavy Mountains, and in the Anamalai Hills. In Sri Lanka, is fairly common in the higher hills of the Central Highlands, but seems to be declining. The species is not uncommon in the low-country along the banks of the Menik Ganga (Sri Lanka’s Dry Zone), and is present, but not common, in the Kalutara District (Western Province). May be particularly vulnerable due to its restricted distribution. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	materials_examined	type locality “ Cape ” (South Africa).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	discussion	The wide color variation has resulted in the description of up to twelve subspecies, which are now mostly considered invalid. Three subspecies are recognized here.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. penicillata Cuvier, 1829 — South Africa, and Lesotho. C. p. bradfieldi Roberts, 1924 — S Angola, N Botswana, Namibia, and W Zimbabwe. C. p. coombsii Roberts, 1929 — S Botswana and Northern Transvaal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 26.5 - 46 cm, tail 15 - 29. 2 cm, hindfoot 6.1 - 7. 8 cm, ear 2: 4.3 - 9 cm; weight 715 - 900 g. Males and females are similar in size. A tawny to grayishyellow colored mongoose, with a long bushy tail. The tail coloris similar to the dorsal pelage. The ears are relatively large and project above the line of the head; their anterior margins are pallid, with a tuft of pale hairs partially covering the ear opening. Body size and pelage color are highly variable geographically. Southern specimens are largerssized, with a dark tawny (reddish-brown) dorsal pelage; the ventral pelage, legs, chin, and throat are pale buffy cream; the tail ends in a pure to dirty-white tail-tip. Northern specimens are distinctly smaller, with a grizzled dorsal pelage; the ventral pelage, legs, chin, and throat, are pure creamy-white; the tail is without a white tip. There are five digits on the forefeet, four on the hindfeet. The sole of the hindfoot is more hairy; the forefoot palm is naked to the wrist. Cheek glands are present and used for marking of objects. There are three pairs of mammae. The skull is pear-shaped with a post-orbital bar complete in adults. The rostrum is short and broad, the zygomatic arches are weak, and the supra-occipital crest little more than a slight ridge. Dental formula: C 3 / 3,11 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40; the upper and lower P, are sometimes absent (especially the latter).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in semi-arid, open habitats, from sparse bushland to grasslands and semi-deserts. Avoids dense bushes, woodlands, deserts, and mountains. Requires the presence of soft or sandy soils for digging dens, although it often occupies existing dens of South African Ground Squirrels (Xerus inauris) or Meerkats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Predominantly insectivorous, preferring Isoptera (termites: Hodotermes, Trinervitermes, Microhodotermes), Coleoptera (beetle larvae and adults), and Orthoptera (locusts and grasshoppers). However, Yellow Mongooses are opportunistic feeders and will also hunt rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arachnids (scorpions and spiders). The diet varies both geographically and seasonally. In Botswana, the percentage occurrence of prey items in 54 stomachs was: 92 % insects, 15 % small mammals (murids), 13 % scorpions, 11 % reptiles, 4 % Myriapoda, 2 % birds, and 2 % amphibians. In the former Transvaal (South Africa), the percentage occurrence of prey items in 76 stomachs was: 87 % invertebrates (mostly termites and locusts) and 28 % vertebrates (including mammals, birds, and amphibians). In the Western Cape (South Africa), the percentage occurrence in 332 scats was: 90 % insects (mostly Isoptera), 40 % rodents (including Bush Vlei Rat Otomys unisulcatus, Four-striped Grass Mouse Rhabdomys pumilio, Pygmy Mouse Mus minutoides), 12 % birds, and 13 % reptiles; the occurrence of rodents varied during the year according to the fluctuating population densities of rodents. In the Karoo (South Africa), 86 scats contained: 100 % insects (mostly Coleoptera and Orthoptera), 10 % birds, and 3 % rodents. In the Free State (South Africa), the percentage occurrence in 156 stomachs was 74 % Isoptera; 48 % Orthoptera, 42 % Coleoptera, 22 % Lepidoptera; vertebrates and other invertebrate groups occurred at much lower percentages. In central South Africa, the analysis of 95 stomachs found rodents to have a higher occurrence than insects. Yellow Mongooses are also known to feed occasionally on fruits and carrion (such as Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and South African Spring Hare Pedetes capensis). They may also eat hens and their eggs, but anecdotal reports of preying on newborn lambs are considered false. Yellow Mongooses usually forage individually, but they have been seen in pairs or in small groups. Foraging typically occurs during the early morning and late afternoon. On the west coast of South Africa, a radio-tracking study indicated that 37 % of the time was spent foraging. In the Eastern Cape, they have been observed feeding throughout the day, except during the hottest days of the summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mainly diurnal. During the night they rest in dens, which they enter around sunset and exit shortly after sunrise. Yellow Mongooses occasionally rest around midday for variable periods of time. They can become active at night, especially in cases of exceptional food availability (e. g. termites swarming).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Yellow Mongooses are solitary foragers, but spend nights in communal dens and cooperate in raising their young. Mean group size varies from 1 - 13, but is usually three or four. The group typically comprises a dominant male, with separate hierarchies for the subordinate females and males. Juveniles are the lowest ranking. To assess dominancestatus, two individuals approach one another and sniff each other’s facial glands. The dominant individual rises higher on its feet while biting the subordinate’s neck. The subordinate lies on its side and may emit a high-pitched scream. A dominant individual marks a subordinate by straddling it from above and using the anal glands in a standing position. In one colony, the dominant male marked colony members on a daily basis. In another colony, the dominant male was not involved in dominance interactions, but high-ranking subordinates deferred to the dominant males, and in turn dominated lower ranking members. In South Africa (West Coast National Park), the mean home range of three males was 1 km? (range = 0 - 7 to 1 - 2), and 0 - 3 km? for four females (range = 0 - 1 - 0 - 5). Overlap among males was substantial and individual home ranges overlapped those of several females, while the ranges of females in different burrows showed almost no overlap. Males and females move similar distances per hour (mean = 292 m / h and 228 m / h, respectively); males move an average ofjust over 3 km per day. Yellow Mongooses are partly nomadic, and may rotate the use of several burrow systems on different nights, within a much larger territory. Defecation takes place in latrines close to burrows or along a group territory. The anal glands are used in scent marking home ranges and allomarking between colony members. The dominant pair and juvenile females concentrate their markings mainly around the burrow. Objects may also be marked by means of the cheek gland, often preceded by wiping the entire side of the body on the ground or side-swiping. All members of the group help mark, although most marking is done by younger, subordinate individuals. Five vocalizations have been recognized: a high-pitched scream (uttered during fighting); a low growl (when an individual was disturbed at a food source); an even lower growl (when approached in a live trap); a short barking sound (alarm call); and a soft purring uttered during copulation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no reproductive suppression in a colony so that more than one female can breed simultaneously. Mating starts in earlyJuly. When females are in estrus, males purr, “ caw ”, and scream, while following the females around and attempting to mount. Estrus females will allow copulation over a two-day period, after which males are vocally rebuffed with bites to the head and neck. Two observed copulations lasted 37 and 45 minutes. During copulation, the male purrs, while the female bites or licks the male’s ears and neck. Gestation is 60 - 62 days. Birth season is probably from August to January (until March in Botswana). Litter size is one to five, most commonly two; some females may have two litters per year. The young are born in nesting chambers in the burrows. Adult “ helpers ” (some of the previous year’s offspring that remain in the natal group) provision young at their dens for the first four weeks, carrying back large prey items (rodents, bats, reptiles, and large arachnoids). The young first accompany adults on foraging expeditions at about eight weeks of age. Lactation lastssix to eight weeks, and young are nutritionally independent at 16 - 18 weeks of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF80FF009AABF777F754.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. A carrier of rabies throughout South Africa, which has led to extermination campaigns (usually through the use of burrow gassing). Also persecuted in the past because it was believed to be a predator of newborn lambs. Its wide distribution, high densities (6 - 7 individuals per 100 ha have been recorded in suitable areas), catholic diet, and tolerance to human-induced changes to habitat, are all positive factors for the long-term conservation of this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	materials_examined	“ Benguella ”, Namibia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	discussion	Formerly classified as a subspecies of the Common Slender Mongoose (G. sanguinea) or of the Cape Gray Mongoose (G. pulwverulenta). Three subspecies of uncertain status (annulata, nigrata, and shortridger) have been described. Pending revision, all should are considered here as synonyms of G. flavescens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 33.5 - 35. 5 cm (males), 31 - 33 cm (females), tail 32.5 - 36. 2 cm (males), 34 - 34. 5 cm (females), hindfoot 6.9 - 7. 2 cm (males), 6.4 - 6. 6 cm females, ear 2: 7.2 - 8 cm (males), 2.4 - 2. 5 cm (females); weight similar to that of the Common Slender Mongoose. A small mongoose, with a long slender body and long tail (equal to body length). Variable body and tail color, generally either reddish (from chestnut to yellow; shortridgei) or dark brown to black (nigrata). Skull length 63 - 68 mm (males larger than females). Skull larger than the Common Slender Mongoose and smaller than the Cape Gray Mongoose.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Appears to select arid areas, with limited bushy cover, but avoids true deserts (such as the Namib and surrounding areas). The black form (nigrata) seems to strongly select scattered granite boulders, avoiding areas in between.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Preys on a variety of small rodents, birds, reptiles, and insects. Also feeds on sarcophagous arthropods in and around carrion, and fleshy seeds when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Normally seen singly, sometimes in groups of two or three. Up to five observed within 30 m of a kudu carcass. Intraspecific fights can occur close to an abundant resource such as carrion. In the Erongo Mountains (Namibia), the home range of a radio-tracked male was 145 ha.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC6FF81FA0C911CFEF3FBD8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. No significant threats are known and occurs in a number of protected areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Abyssinia ”, exact locality unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	discussion	The Somalian Slender Mongoose has been classified as a subspecies of the Common Slender Mongoose (G. sanguinea), and only recently has been recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ethiopia, Somalia, and NE Kenya.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 25.4 - 29 cm (males), tail 22 - 27. 3 cm (males), hindfoot 5.5 - 6 cm (males), ear 2.5 - 2. 8 cm (males); weight similar to that of the Common Slender Mongoose. A small mongoose, with a long slender body and long tail (85 - 90 % of body length). Variable hair color, from dark brown to pale gray, sometimes reddish. No black tail tip (in contrast with the Common Slender Mongoose). Skull length 53 - 61 mm (males larger than females); smaller than most Slender Mongooses. Auditory bullae relatively large. Dental formuala: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 38.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Appears to select dry areas. Found up to 600 m in Ethiopia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Apparently diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF599FDBFD29F6CE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Assumed to be fairly common, but this is a very poorly known species and is in need of further studies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	materials_examined	type locality “ Cape ”, exact locality unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	discussion	The Cape Gray Mongoose has been placed in the genus Galerella o Herpestes by different authors. Traditionally, six subspecies were recognized: ruddi, nigrata, shortridger, basutica, annulata, and the nominate form, although skull morphological analyses failed to reveal any quantitative distinctiveness. G. nigrata, annulata, and shortridgei are now regarded as synonyms of G. flavescens. Three subspecies are recognized here.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. p. pulverulenta Wagner, 1839 — Namibia, South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape & Free State). G. p. basutica Roberts, 1936 — E Lesotho to South Africa (W KwaZulu-Natal). G. p. rudd: Thomas, 1903 — South Africa (extreme NW portion of the species range).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 34 - 42 cm (males), 33 - 35. 5 cm (females), tail 20.5 - 34 cm (both sexes), hindfoot 5: 9.7 - 5 cm (males), 5.2 - 7. 5 cm (females), ear 1.5 - 3. 6 cm (both sexes); weight 680 - 1250 g (males), 491 - 900 g (females). A small mongoose, with short legs and a long, bushy tail (c. 90 % of head and body length). The body and tail are grizzled gray (from light gray to dark brownish-gray); the underparts are less grizzled. The muzzle and legs are darker. The head is pointed. The ears are slightly darker, small, close to the head, and partly covered by a band of longer hairs. The rhinarium is small, with a central depression that continues downwards and divides the haired section of the upperlip. The tip ofthe tail is sometimes inconspicuously shaded brown (the hair on thetail is short: less than 20 mm). Individual guard hairs are black or gray, with four to six white to yellowish bands. There are five digits on each foot, with the first one reduced. The heel pad is not haired and the claws are not very long. Females have three pairs of mammae. Skull length usually more than 67 mm (males) and less than 63 mm (females), with ovoid braincase and short rostrum. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 38. The outer incisors are slightly larger than the inner ones. The lower canines are distinctly curved. In the upperjaw, the first molar is small, and the second molaris very small.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in a wide range of habitats, in forested as well as non-forested areas, but generally avoids open spaces. Occurs mainly in Karoo and Karroid bushveld, and sclerophyllous bush, and is often associated with refuge areas such as dense bushes and rocky outcrops, but avoids open fields with short vegetation. More common in dry than in wet areas (especially areas with a warm temperate climate), butis absent from the driest parts of the region (Kalahari thornveld; rainfall below 20 cm). Sometimes found close to human settlements. Recorded from sea level (around the Western Cape) to 1900 m (KwaZulu-Natal).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. An opportunistic predator, its diet includes a wide range of prey from termites and grasshoppers to snakes and rodents. Nevertheless, the staple foods are generally small mammals or insects. In the West Coast National Park (Western Cape), murids predominated in the diet (90 %), with insects (5 %) forming a secondary food resource. Vlei rats and Foursstriped Grass Mouse appear to be favored murid prey. It has been recorded feeding on larger mammals such as Scrub Hares (Lepus saxatilis) and Cape Porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis), and has even been known to attack and kill Cape Grysbok (Raphiceros melanotis) lambs by tearing at the nose and mouth. However, because it scavenges, it is uncertain to what extent large prey in the diet is the result of active predation. They have been observed to associate with small raptors (African marsh harrier Circus ranivorus) while foraging. Usually moves from bush to bush, inspecting potential foraging sites like holes and rodent nests. It seems to rely mainly on sight and smell for food searching. It scratches the soil in search of invertebrates, but is not an avid digger. Insects caught on the ground are held down with the front feet and then taken directly in the mouth. Larger prey are stalked, the killing bite delivered to the head. Small mammals are chewed in the side of the mouth. Insects are thoroughly masticated. Larger and tougher prey is held firmly on the ground with the front feet and torn apart. Cape Gray Mongooses can break eggs by throwing them against a vertical surface.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Predominantly diurnal; activity is more common at sunset and sunrise, but is reduced in bad weather and at high temperatures. Occasionally rests for variable lengths of time around midday.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Normally seen singly, but groups of up to five have been recorded (more often in summer and early autumn, after parturition). Of 163 sightings, 151 were of single animals, seven were of pairs, and five were of groups of three. Groups typically consist of one or two adults and juveniles. Males may show some sociality, with stable pairs composed of a large and a small individual. In the West Coast National Park (Western Cape), home range sizes of three males were 55 - 92 ha; a female had the smallest range (30 - 6 ha); another female, ajuvenile, ranged more widely (359 ha), possibly dispersing. Home ranges overlapped widely, both within and between sexes. In the Vrolijkheid Nature Conservation Station (Little Karoo region, South Africa) the mean home range size of four animals was between 5 - 36 ha, and there appeared to be considerable overlap in home ranges. While foraging, individuals usually move 50 - 100 m every 15 minutes, and travel on average, 4 km during the course of a day’s foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Seasonal breeders, probably at the end of winter (August to December). Lactating females have been found in August, and in November to February. Litter size is one to three. Rock crevices, farm outbuildings, fodder stores, and woodpiles are used for rearing young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF81FF2792AEF84AF4BC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. No significant conservation threats are known. Human development is unlikely to have an impact, as they seem to adapt easily to living close to houses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kordofan ”, Sudan, exact locality unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	discussion	Variously placed in the genus Galerella or Herpestes. A large and variable number of subspecies (over forty) have been described, mostly on the basis of unreliable characters (mostly pelage color and size). Of these, the Somalian Slender Mongoose (G. ochracea) is now considered a valid species. The others are not considered valid here, but this may be changed by further studies, including genetic analyses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed, ranges from the sub-Saharan belt, from Senegal to the Red Sea Coast in Sudan, and S to South Africa, also occurs on Zanzibar I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 32 - 34 cm (males), 27 - 33 cm (females), tail 19.4 - 31 cm (males), 21.2 - 29 cm (females), hindfoot 4.5 - 7 cm (males), 4.4 - 6 cm (females), ear 1.4 - 2. 8 cm (males), 1.5 - 2. 5 cm (females); weight 363 - 789 g (males), 277 - 565 g (females). Males are larger than females. A small and slender mongoose, with short legs and a long body and tail. The pelage color is very varied, from almost black to bright red, but most frequently grizzled brown-grayish. The tip of the tail is darker or black. The grizzled appearance derives from individual hairs being annulated, with very light bands alternating with dark ones. These bands are narrower on the head (where the hair is shorter) than on the body and tail. The ventral surface is lighter and less grizzled. The face is pointed, and the ears are small and close to the head. The rhinarium is small, and usually pinkish-brown to light brown, with a depression that continues in a slit that divides the hair on the upper lip. The iris of the eye is bright orange. Each foot has five digits, with the first one reduced; the heel pad is not haired, and a narrow web connects the digits. There are two to three pairs of mammae. Skull length 60 - 70 mm (males), 59 - 68 mm (females), with ovoid braincase and a short and broad rostrum. Dental formula 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 38. Upper canines almost straight, lower distinctively curved. The first upper premolars are very small and sometimes absent.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in a variety of habitats, mostly arid and sub-arid areas, but is absent from true deserts (Sahara and Namib). Usually absent from forests, but may occur in forest fringes and penetrate into forests along roads. Sometimes found close to villages. When in sympatry with closely related species (the Somalian Slender Mongoose and the Angolan Slender Mongoose), it seems to select bushier, less arid habitat. Ranges from sea level up to the Ethiopian Plateau (2700 m).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet includes a wide variety of small mammals and invertebrates. Insects (grasshoppers, termites, beetles, and ants) are found very frequently in stomachs and feces, but vertebrates are often more important as a percentage of total biomass consumed. Verebrate prey includes reptiles (e. g. agamas, skinks, and snakes) and rodents of various genera (e. g. Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pelomys). Wild fruits are consumed. Carrion is eaten, along with associated sarcophagous insects. Possibly owing to the climbing ability of this species, wild birds are also occasionally consumed. In a sample of 60 stomachs from Botswana and Zimbabwe, the percentage occurrence of prey items was: 73 % insects, 27 % lizards (including southern tree agama Acanthocercus atricollis and the variable skink Trachylepis varia), and 25 % murids (including the East African Pelomys (Pelomys fallax). Based on observations of captive mongooses, eggs seem a preferred food item and are broken open by smashing them against a hard surface. Common Slender Mongooses are implicated in killing domestic birds. The diet seems to follow seasonal variation in availability; insects are more frequently consumed during wet and warm periods, than in dry and cold ones, when more small mammals are eaten. While hunting, Common Slender Mongooses move around continuously. They have been observed chasing and pouncing on rodents, and flushing grasshoppers and catching them in flight.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mainly diurnal, with a peak in activity before sunset.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range, and Social organization. Although normally seen singly, males show some tendency to associate; two males may occupy the same territory, and stable, larger coalitions (up to four individuals) may defend a territory from other males. Home ranges are 50 - 100 ha for males and 25 ha for females; however, these are based on visual observations and are likely to be underestimates. Female home ranges (and possibly also male ranges) seem exclusive. A better climber than most mongooses. Dens (either self-dug or usurped from other animals) may be used for shelter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Seasonal breeders; births seem to be concentrated in the wet season (October — - November and February-April in East Africa, October to March in eastern South Africa). Females may have two litters per year. Gestation probably lasts 60 - 70 days. Litter size is two to four. Dens are used for breeding and are changed frequently. Weaning occurs at around eight weeks. Juveniles disperse before six months of age. Dispersal may be male-biased. Young attain adult size and sexual maturity by the time they are one year old. Survival rate is 0 - 63 for young and 0 - 8 for adults. The oldest individuals found in the wild were eight years old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC7FF86FA2E9078FE93F417.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. No significant threats known. Very widespread and common (densities of up to six individuals / km? have been recorded).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	materials_examined	southern Africa and Senegal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are listed here, but their validity is questionable.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. I. a. albicauda Cuvier, 1829 — Senegal to E Sudan, Eritrea, and N Somalia; also Arabian Peninsula. I. a. dialeucos Hollister, 1916 — N Kenya, S Somalia, and S Ethiopia. I. a. grandis Thomas, 1890 — S Angola, Zambia, S Tanzania to South Africa. I. a. ibeana Thomas, 1904 — DR Congo to C Kenya. I. a. loandae Thomas, 1904 — N Angola and S DR Congo. I. a. loempo Temminck, 1853 — W Africa (Guinea).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 47 - 69 cm, tail 34.6 - 47 cm (males), 39.2 - 48. 5 cm (females), hindfoot 13 - 14. 7 cm (males), 13 - 14. 8 cm (females), ear 4.2 - 5 cm (males), 3.7 - 5 cm (females); weight 2: 9.5 - 2 kg (males), 3.1 - 5 kg (females). No obvious sexual dimorphism. This is probably the heaviest mongoose; Zimbabwe individuals substantially heavier than those in Tanzania. Slender, long-legged, and tall. Variable pelage, but generally dark with coarse, sometimes silvery body fur; grayish head and black legs. On the dorsum, coarse, black-tipped guard hairs extend beyond the thick, woolly, pale undercoat. The guard hairs are short on the head (10 mm) and increase in length to 90 mm toward the rump. Some of these hairs are black, but most have a broad black tip and two silvery bands separated by a black band. The underfur is substantially shorter and off-white. Thetip ofthe tail is white. The guard hairs on the tail are shorter towards the tip. Near the rump, they are white-tipped with a broad black ring; close to the tip, they become pure white. The tail is black-tipped in West African populations. The ventral pelage is pale brown. The tip of the muzzle is dusky brown and the cheeks are whitish. The upper lip is divided by a groove from nose to mouth; the lip is deeper than in most mongooses, extending as far as the blackish rhinarium. The ears are large and squarish. The skeleton is more dog-like than that of other herpestids, reflecting this mongoose’s more cursorial lifestyle and digitigrade locomotion. Foreand hindfeet have five toes. The forefeet have long (13 mm), strong, curved claws; the claws are shorter and less curved on hindfeet. The hallux and pollex are reduced and set back from the plantar pad. The forelimbs are naked to the wrist. The hindlimbs have hair from behind the first digit to the heel. Conspicuous anal scent pouches are used in marking. There are two to three pairs of abdominal mammae. The frontal region of the skull is expanded and more elevated than the parietal region. Postorbital processes well-developed. Sagittal and lambdoidal crests well-developed. Braincase broadest at zygomatic arch. Front chambers of ear bullae small relative to hindchambers. Condylobasal 10.9 - 11. 9 cm. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. Heavy dentition. Lower canines recurved, upper canines slightly recurved. Lower molars have high cusps, especially at front of teeth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in a wide range of habitats, principally grassland, woodland, and farmland, but not in swamps, tropical rainforest, desert, or above 4000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Predominantly insectivorous, feeding on surface invertebrates. However, White-tailed Mongooses are opportunistic and occasionally take small vertebrates, berries and fruits. They feed mainly on termites and ants in the dry season, and dung beetles in the rainy season. When foraging, they use a rapid zig-zag trot with occasional brief stops. In suburban settings, they raid garbage cans. Examination of 65 stomachs collected in Zimbabwe contained the following diet components: 86 % Insecta, 31 % Amphibia, 18 % Muridae, 15 % Reptilia, 6 % Oligochaeta, 6 % fruit, 5 % Aves, 1 - 5 % Myriapoda, 1 - 5 % Scorpiones, 1: 5 % Solifugae, and 1 - 5 % Soricidae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Nocturnal, particularly active during first third of the night, with more frequent activity on darker nights. White-tailed Mongooses use daytime resting sites in termite mounds, rocks, or buildings, changing sites from day to day. Their ability to dig dens is apparently limited. Their habit of foraging on roads at night makes them vulnerable to injury or death.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mainly solitary (79 - 91 % of records; the remainder are male-female pairs). In Ethiopia, the mean male home range was 3 - 17 km * (range = 1 - 11 - 4 - 27); one female home range was 2 - 61 km?. In Tanzania, the mean male home range was 0 - 97 km * (range = 0 - 80 - 1 - 23), mean female home range was 0 - 64 km ® (range = 0 - 39 - 1 - 18), and density was up to 4 individuals / km? * Home ranges in Kenya were reported to be up to 8 km *. Walking pace was recorded at 4 - 2 km / h. Males did not share ranges with other males, but their ranges overlapped substantially with those of females. Some female ranges were exclusive, but others were apparently shared with other females. In Ethiopia, male-male overlap was less than 3 %, whereas male-female overlap was 35 - 81 %. In high-density populations, there appears to be male-biased dispersal; females remain on the maternal home range, but forage independently. This leads to the formation of female clusters or clans. Individuals cover approximately a quarter of the entire home range each night. Females sometimes share day-rest sites with juveniles or other females. Rest site availability may limit population size. There islittle social interaction. Interactions between individuals are generally tolerant, with little attention paid; occasional aggression is directed at members of a neighboring clan. White-tailed Mongooses are quite vocal for a solitary species. They mutter while digging for insects, and if threatened, may growl, grunt, or bark. Thetail is apparently used in visual signalling: a threatened individual will erect its fur and tail as well as vocalize. Individuals scent-mark with anal gland secretions, urine, and dung. They deposit scats at den and central middens (one or two perterritory), which may be used by several adults. Urination is usually accompanied by an arching of the tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Copulations occur during consortships that last for several hours. Litter size averages 1 - 4 (rarely three or four). Females rear young alone. The young apparently share the maternal home range for at least four months post-weaning. Longevity up to ten years in captivity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC0FF87FF0B97A2FDB2FDDA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red List. Their wide geographical distribution, relatively wide habitat utilization, and ability to forage in human garbage, suggest it is a robust species. Distribution and population densities are likely limited by suitable den site availability.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	materials_examined	Essex Vale, Matabeleland, near Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. s. selousi de Winton, 1896 — W Mozambique, NE South Africa (Limpopo & Mpumalanga Provinces), and Zimbabwe. P. s. bechuanae Roberts, 1932 — E Botswana. P. s. ngamiensis Roberts, 1932 — Angola, Zambia, Malawi, N Namibia, and N Botswana. P. s. sengaani Roberts, 1931 — S Mozambique and South Africa (NE KwaZulu-Natal).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 39 - 47 cm, tail 28 - 43. 5 cm, hindfoot 10.3 - 12. 4 cm, ear 3.9 - 5 cm; weight 1.4 - 2. 2 kg. A small mongoose with a grizzled gray coat, black feet, and a white-tipped tail. The upperparts are grayish to tawny-gray; the coat is grizzled, with white rings on the guard hairs. The underparts are also gray to tawny-gray, but paler than the upperparts. The underfuris thick; the hairs are dark at the base and buffy to buffy-gray at the tip. The soft guard hairs are short on the head (15 mm) and increase in length toward the rump (40 mm); on the tail they are shorter at the base (50 mm) and are longer toward the tip (up to 10 cm). The tail is white for a short section towards the tip and is about 40 % of the total body length. The muzzle is pointed, with a small rhinarium that has a small medium depression in front; the groove continues downwards to divide the upper lip. The ears are large and are partially covered in front by long hairs. The upperparts of the limbs are black or dark brown. There are four digits on each foot. The claws on the forefeet are slightly curved and about 8 - 10 mm long; on the hindfeet they are straight. The soles of the feet are hairy. There are three pairs ofteats (although a specimen with two pairs has been reported). The skull is elongated; the braincase is ovoid and narrows slightly to the inter-orbital constriction. The post-orbital bar is complete and the rostrum is short and broad. The supra-occipital crests are well-developed and are up to 5 - 6 mm in height. The sagittal crest is present, but not well-developed. The zygomatic width is half the length of the skull. The auditory bullae are large; the two chambers are of equal size. The coronoid process of the lowerjaw is not very high. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The upper canines are short, rounded and slightly recurved; the lower are strongly recurved. The first premolars are small and not always present. The cusps of the upper carnassials are well-developed. The cusps on the trigonid of the lower carnassial are high.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savannah grassland and woodland; absent from forest, desert, and semidesert. Found in Acacia scrub and woodland (with a sandy substrate), open habitats (on cultivated land or where bush clearing has taken place), and on floodplains and grasslands (with short grass and scanty cover). Not dependent on the availability of water and is known from areas with a mean annual rainfall of 400 to 1000 mm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The dietis reported to include insects, mice, reptiles, amphibians, and eggs. The analysis of 51 stomach contents from Botswana and Zimbabwe showed that insects had the highest percentage occurrence, including 43 % Orthoptera (mainly grasshoppers and crickets), 43 % Isoptera (termites, including Hodotermes mossambicus and Macrotermes falciger), 37 % Coleoptera adults (dung beetles Scarabaeidae, ground beetles Carabidae, weevils Curculionidae, water beetles Dysticidae, and click beetles Elateridae), 27 % Coleoptera larvae (including ground beetles Tenebrionidae, dung beetles Scarabaeidae, and click beetles Elateridae), 10 % Lepidoptera (Pieridae butterflies, Noctuidae moths, caterpillars of hawk moths Sphingidae, lace wings Neuroptera, and Formicidae). Other food items were: 22 % hunting spiders (Solifugidae, notably Solpuga monteiroi), 18 % scorpions (Opisthophthalmus wahlbergi and Parabuthus granulatus), 8 % Aranea, and 8 % Myriapods (Scolopendra morsitans). Among the vertebrates eaten were: 16 % Muridae (Common African Fat Mouse Steatomys pratensis and the Climbing Mouse Dendromus sp.), 14 % reptiles (the Cape gecko Pachydactylus capensis, the spiny agama Agama hispida, Wahlberg's snake-eyed skink Panaspis wahlbergi, the ornate sandveld lizard Nucras taeniolata, the striped skink Mabuya striata, the shield-nose snake Aspidelaps scutatus, Peters’ thread snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons, the Cape wolf snake Lycophidion capense, and Bibron’s burrowing asp Atractaspis bibronii), 8 % amphibians (toads Bufo sp., Delalande’s burrowing frog Tomopterna delalandii, and Bocage’s burrowing frog Leptopelis bocagii), and 4 % birds (remains of eggs). Selous’s Mongooses are avid diggers and excavate for beetle larvae among litter or at the bases of tufts of grass. They move with the head low and nostrils close to the ground, which suggests that they locate their prey by smell. It is believed that they have good hearing, which may assist them in locating subterranean food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Reported to be nocturnal. During the day they rest in burrows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Normally solitary, although sometimes recorded in pairs. They excavate burrows in sandy ground. Burrows may have one or two entrances, which are often under the shelter of a low bush, but at other times are out in the open. In Kwazulu-Natal, a burrow had passages and chambers down to a depth of 1 - 5 m. Under stress, Selous’s Mongooses may go into any available hole and have been observed entering South African Spring Hare and Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) burrows. They can rise on their legs and hold their head high to look for danger.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Births may occur in the warm wet months, from August to March, and litter size appears to be up to four. Pregnant females with three and four fetuses have been reported in Botswana in February and September, and during August in Zimbabwe. Two juveniles weighing 450 g were found in December and January; another juvenile weighing 900 g was found in February. In Namibia, a pregnant female was captured in October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF87FF5A9896F9A7FB56.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Appears to be uncommon across its range, but its habitat is not considered to be vulnerable and there are thought to be no major threats to this species. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	materials_examined	“ Tette ”, Mozambique.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	discussion	Some authors consider the Sokoke Bushytailed Mongoose race omnivora as a distinct species. Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. B. c. crassicauda Peters, 1852 — DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. B. c. nigrescens Sale & Taylor, 1970 — Kenya (Lukenya Hill). B. c. omnivora Heller, 1913 — coastal forests of Kenya and extreme NE Tanzania. B. c. puisa Peters, 1852 — NE Mozambique and E Tanzania. B. c. tenuis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908 — Tanzania (Zanzibar I). A few recent records from Yemen, but these need confirmation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 50 cm, tail 18 - 30 cm, hindfoot 7.9 - 4 cm, ear 2.3 - 9 cm; weight 1 -: 3.2 - 1 kg. A medium-sized dark mongoose, with a bushy tail (about 60 % of the head and body length). The head and body are yellowish-brown or dark brown, with a grizzled appearance due to the white rings on the guard hairs; in some parts of its range this speckled appearance is not present. The guard hairs are 5 mm on the forehead; they increase in length towards the rump, where they reach about 45 mm. The underparts are sparsely haired, and the hairs are not annulated, except under the throat, and to a lesser extent, on the belly. The underfur is dense and grayish-buff; in some specimens, it tends to show through the guard hairs, particularly on the flanks, which gives a paler gray appearance to these parts. The muzzle is blunt, with a large rhinarium divided by a naked median groove that continues downward and divides the upperlip. The ears are short and wide and the eyes have a horizontal pupil with a grayish-brown iris. The tail is covered with long dark hairs (up to 60 mm). The limbs are black or dark brown. The foreand hindfeet have four digits; the hallux and pollex are missing. The digits have stout, curved claws, which on the forefoot are 8 - 9 mm long and usually show considerable wear; on the hindfoot they measure up to 10 - 11 mm. The hindfeet have hairs up to the back of the plantar pads; the forefeet have a short naked section behind the pads. There are two pairs of teats and the baculum in the male is 15 mm long. The skull is elongated, with the zygomatic width 50 % of the total length. The braincase is ovoid and broadest at the level of the jaw articulation; it narrows to the postorbital constriction, which averages 85 % of the inter-orbital width. The post-orbital bar is never complete. The rostrum is long (31 % of the length of the skull), but the nasal bones are well behind the incisors. The supra-occipital crest is welldeveloped, reaching 4 mm in adults. The sagittal crest is high at the back of the braincase and the zygomatic arches are heavily built. The anterior chambers of the auditory bullae are not inflated. Dental formula: 1 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The upper canines are nearly straight, with sharp cutting edges; the lower canines are recurved. The first premolars are small and peg-like, the second premolars have a normal shape, and the third and fourth premolars are broader than in other herpestid species. The two molars are broad and rectangular. The dentition clearly indicates an adaptation to crushing rather than to slicing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wooded grasslands, Acacia and Brachystegia woodlands, montane and bamboo forests, coral-rag thicket, and groundwater forests. In Kenya, it is recorded at the base of hills with rocky outcrops and boulders, where the vegetation is grassland with scattered shrubs and trees (especially Acacia sp. and Commiphora africana), and also rambling herbs on the hillsides (Cissus quadrangularis, Sarcostemma spp., and Ficus spp.). Along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts, the Bushy-tailed Mongoose is found in thick rainforest; in Kenya, one individual was observed approximately 300 m from the forest edge, along a dirt road, between a large open grassland area (with bush and small patches of forest) and a plantation of pine (Pinus caribaea). Also found in lowland forest (between 300 and 750 m) and montane forest (up to 1850 m) in the Udzungwa Mountains (Tanzania). In Mozambique, it occurs on the floodplains of the lower Shire and Pungwe Rivers, where on the drier, raised areas, there is an association of Acacia woodland. In NE Zimbabwe, it is found on granite koppies up to 1500 m, and in the eastern regions, on the fringes of lowland forest at 230 m. In Zimbabwe, it occurs in Brachystegia woodland, low-elevation riverine associations, and mopane woodland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Appears to be predominately insectivorous, but also eats other invertebrates, small mammals, and reptiles. In seven stomach contents from Zimbabwe, the frequency of occurrence of food items was: 86 % insects (termites, Macrotermes falciger, Odontotermes badius, Trinervitermes rhodesiensis, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera), 57 % reptiles (variable skink Mabuya varia, Kirk's rock agama Agama kirkii, and the brown house snake Lamprophisfuliginosus), 29 % amphibians (red toad Bufo careens, the striped toad B. pusillus, Bocage’s burrowing frog Leptopelis bocagui, the savanna ridged frog Ptychadenda superciliaris, and the Mozambique ridged frog P. mossanbica), 29 % murids (Mastomys sp.), 29 % millipedes, 14 % spiders (baboon spider Harpactira sp.), 14 % scorpions, 14 % gastropods (Laevicaulis natalensis), and 14 % grass. Other reports have stated that this species feeds on insects, particularly ants and termites, and that the diet includes caterpillars, crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, dragonflies, and spiders. In Kenya, an individual was observed foraging on either queen termites or male driver ants (Dorylus sp.). On Zanzibar Island, it is said to prey on large land snails, which it smashes against coral outcroppings, stones or tree trunks. Beetle and crab remains have been found in a specimen stomach and scats in East Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Camera-trapping data indicates nocturnal activity. An individual was spotted in Kenya walking along a road at 18: 50 h.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solitary, although pairs have been photographed by camera-traps.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Kenya, newborns and a female with a fetus were recorded in November and December.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC1FF84FA259EE2FBF5F6B2.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List, Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose B. ¢. omnivora is classified as Vulnerable and is considered Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. B. c. tenuis has been placed on the list of species that are illegal to hunt on Zanzibar Island. The Bushy-tailed Mongoose is said to be rare with a patchy distribution; the causes of its rarity are unknown. However, it was the most photographed carnivore species in a camera-trapping survey in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. In Kenya, the population in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is under threat from habitat loss due to illegal logging, and the Shimba Hills population is potentially under threat from afforestation with non-native pine species. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	materials_examined	Mianzini, Masailand, Kenya.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	discussion	Some authors consider B. jackson: conspecific with the Black-footed Mongoose (B. migripes), but others believe that there are sufficient skin and skull differences to consider them as two separate species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Kenya (Aberdares & Mt Kenya), Tanzania (Udzungwa Mts), and SE Uganda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 50.8 - 57. 1 cm, tail 28.3 - 32. 4 cm, hindfoot 8.6 - 10. 8 cm, ear 2.3 - 3. 5 cm; weight 2 - 3 kg. A large mongoose with a bushy tail. The long, dense dorsal pelage is grizzled black and white; the legs are dark brown or black, and the tail is white. The dorsal hairs have black and white rings and are 20 mm long. The underparts are light gray and the under fur is dense and woolly. The muzzle and chin are brownish-white, and the cheeks, throat, and the sides of the neck are yellowish. The muzzle is blunt and the ears are round and broad. The rhinarium is large with a median groove running down to the upperlip, which is divided by a naked groove. The foreand hindfeet have four digits: the hallux and pollex are missing. The claws are thick and strong, and the soles are naked. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane forest and bamboo zones, but also lowland forest. Found up to 3300 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and feeding. Rodent remains of rodents of the genera Dasymys and Otomys have been found in stomachs. In the Aberdare Mountains (Kenya), the volume of food items in 40 scats was over 50 % rodents (Otomys sp., Dasymys sp., and Praomys sp.) and 40 % insects (army ants Anona sp., beetles, caterpillars, and weevils), with millipedes, snails, lizards, and eggs also part of the diet. About 80 % of the juveniles’ diet was rodents (Otomys sp., Lophuromys sp., Mus sp., Praomys sp.), but beetles, lizards, birds, and a few ants were also included.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be nocturnal. In the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania), 25 camera-trap photographs were recorded during the night; 73 % of these were taken between 19: 00 h and midnight.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and social organization. Possibly solitary, but often seen in pairs and occasionally in groups of four.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF84FF149245F77EFBF4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened in The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Occurs in isolated populations and appears to be rare. Given its apparent dependence on forest habitat, the main threat to this speciesis likely to be ongoing forest loss within its range. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of any threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	materials_examined	Gabon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	discussion	Some authors consider B. nigripes to be conspecific with Jackson’s Mongoose (5. jacksoni), but others believe that there are sufficient skin and skull differences to consider them as two separate species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and PR Congo. Also reported from Angola, but this is rejected by some authors.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 46 - 63 cm (males), 45 - 65 cm (females), tail 30 - 38. 5 cm (males), 29 - 40 cm (females), hindfoot 9.4 - 11. 5 cm (males), 9.4 - 11. 3 cm (females), ear 3.3 - 9 cm (males), 3 -: 3.3 - 7 cm (females); weight 2.4 - 8 kg. A large, short-haired gray mongoose, with dark-colored legs. The pelage is usually grayish-white, but can sometimes be brownish-red; the hairs have white and brown rings, tipped with white. The color of the underparts varies from grayish-white to dark brown. The underfuris dense and short with yellow to brown hairs 10 - 12 mm long; the guard hairs are 20 mm or less in length. The forehead and muzzle are short-haired and are lighter colored than the body. The muzzle is blunt, with a large rhinarium divided by a median groove that continues on the upper lip as a naked strip. The ears are short and wide. The color of the throat and belly varies from grayish-white to dark brown. The tail is white to yellowish, moderately bushy, and slightly tapering. The legs and the feet range from light brown to brownish-black. The foreand hindfeet have four slightly webbed digits; the hallux and the pollex are missing. The soles are hairy up to the pads. There are two pairs of teats. The skull is the largest of all West African mongooses and is long and relatively narrow, the zygomatic breadth being almost exactly half of the condylobasal length. The braincase is ovoid and has a sharp sagittal crest; the occipital crest is broad and flange-like. The frontal region is slightly elevated and smoothly rounded, and the post-orbital constriction is markedly less than the inter-orbital breadth. The posterior part of the skull is notably short. The front section of the auditory bulla is small, the posterior chamber is well inflated. Dental formula: 1 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The molars are as broad as long, giving a squarish appearance, and are low-cusped, suggesting that they have a crushing rather than slicing function.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary rainforest, up to a least 1000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. In the Central African Republic, 86 % of scats contained arthropods; the frequency of occurrence of other food items in scats was: 48 % mammals (including 19 % insectivores, 14 % rodents, and 10 % squirrels), 14 % reptiles and amphibians, and 5 % fruit. Termites and driver ants (Dorylus and Myrmecaria sp.) were found in three out of nine specimen stomachs collected from the PR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Said to be nocturnal, but there are some reports of diurnal observations. Rests in holes between the roots of big trees and in the dens of African Brushtailed Porcupines (Atherurus africanus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Believed to be solitary, but has been seen in pairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In West Africa, breeding may occur at the beginning of the dry season: three capturedjuveniles were born between early November and earlyJanuary. According to the Mbuti pygmies of the DR Congo, there are usually one or two young; a female and one young were collected in early December in the Ituri Forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC2FF85FA109F85FAEEFECE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Numbers may be declining as a result of forest loss and fragmentation (from logging, mining, and slash and burn farming), and to a lesser degree from bushmeat hunting. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of threats are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	materials_examined	Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory, Tanzania.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. m. melleri Gray, 1865 — DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, N & C Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly NE Botswana. R. m. langi Roberts, 1938 — S Mozambique, Swaziland, and South Africa (Limpopo & Mpumalanga Provinces).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 44 - 50 cm, tail 28 — = 41 - 2 cm, hindfoot 9.5 - 10. 6 cm, ear 3.1 - 4. 3 cm; weight 1.8 - 2. 8 kg. A medium to large brown mongoose with a bushy tail. The general coloration is grayish to pale brown, the head is paler, and the feet are darker. The pelage is coarsely grizzled; the hard, wiry, guard hairs have white, buffy, brown, or dark brown rings. The underparts are generally lighter in color than the dorsal pelage. The underfur is dense and fine; the hairs are gray, gray-brown, or ashy-gray at the base, tinged with brown at the tip. The hairs are 8 - 10 mm long on the head, increasing in length toward the rump, where they reach 40 - 45 mm long. The muzzle is blunt and swollen, the rhinarium has no central groove and the upper lip is not divided. The color of the tail is variable: in black-tailed individuals the tail is white or brownish-white at the base and the remainder is black, and in white-tailed individuals the tail hairs have black and white rings, with white tips. At the tip of the tail the hairs are up to 12 - 5 cm long in black-tailed forms, but in white-tailed forms the hairs barely reach 9 cm. The tail length is slightly less than 50 % of the total body length. The lower parts of the limbs are darker than the dorsal coat and are not grizzled. There are five digits on each foot, but the hallux is much reduced. The claws on the forefeet are short, curved, sharp, and about 8 mm long; the claws of the hindfeet are heavier and less curved. The sole of the hindfoot 1 s hairy. The anus and anal glands open into a circular pouch that closes with a transverse slit. There are two pairs of teats. The skull is lightly built and elongated; the width is half of the total length and is highest at the midpoint of the zygomatic arches. The ovoid braincase is widest just behind the glenoid articulations and narrows forward to the post-orbital constriction. The post-orbital constriction is broad (70 % of the braincase width). The skull is enlarged at the point where the sagittal crest divides, and the eye sockets are set in a forward position. The post-orbital bar is not closed; the post-orbital processes are long, but do not reach each other. The zygomatic arches are thin and weak, and the coronoid process is of medium height, suggesting that the jaw muscles are not very large. The supra-occipital crest slopes backwards, rising to about 5 mm in height; the sagittal crest is low. The rostrum is short and broad. The anterior chamber of the auditory bulla is much smaller than the posterior chamber, which is round and rises to a high apex. The palate is broad and the cheeck teeth are set in a curved row. Dental formula: 1 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 4 / 4, M 2 / 2 = 40. The upper canines are thin, sharp, and curved; the lower canines are more curved and heavier. The first premolars are very small. The upper carnassials are broad and molariform and the fourth lower premolars are broad, with high cusps. The trigonid of the lower carnassial has three high cusps; the second lower molaris similar, but with lower cusps. The teeth appearto be adapted to grinding more than slicing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savannah, open woodland, and grassland (with termitaries). Recorded in Mwanihana bamboo forest at 1850 m in Tanzania. In Zimbabwe and Malawi, it is found in open Brachystegia woodland and is associated with open grassland and vlei areas where particular species of termites are found. Recorded from mountainous areas and on low-lying granite soils in the Kruger National Park (South Africa).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Mainly insectivorous, particularly termites. In Zimbabwe, 23 stomachs all contained termites (Macrotermes falciger, M. natalensis, and Hodotermes mossambicus). The frequency of occurrence of other food items was: 13 % Orthoptera (grasshoppers), 4 % Myriapoda (a centipede Scolopendra morsitans), 4 % Coleoptera (black beetles), 4 % reptiles (Peters’s thread snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons), and 4 % amphibians (a frog). Most of the stomachs contained small pieces of grass. In eastern Zambia, a specimen stomach contained termites and two centipedes. Fruits were reported in stomachs collected in Malawi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Nocturnal activity has been recorded by camera-traps in Tanzania.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Believed to be solitary.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Births may take place in November and December. Litter size appears to be to up to three: a female with three fetuses was found in November. In Zimbabwe, a female and two young were taken from an Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) burrow in January. In Zambia, in December, a litter of two newborn young was found in a cave and a pregnant female had two fetuses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFC3FF85FF5D996BF591F814.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Considered uncommon, but is present in several protected areas and its preferred habitat is extensive. There are no obvious major threats. However, in Tanzania and Zambia, there has been considerable expansion of the human population and domestic dogs, which could represent a significant local threat. Field surveys and ecological studies are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. suricatta Schreber, 1776 — Botswana, South Africa, possibly Lesotho, and Kalahari Desert in Namibia. S. s. iona Cabral, 1971 — SW Angola. S. s. marjoniae Bradfield, 1936 — Namibia (Namib Desert).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 24.5 - 29 cm (males), 26 - 285 cm (females), tail 20.5 - 24 cm (males), 19 - 23 cm (females), hindfoot 6: 3.7 - 4 cm (males), 6 - 5 — 7 - 4 cm (females), ear 2 - 1 cm (18 - 26) (males), 1 - 8 cm (17 - 20) (females); weight 626 - 797 g (males), 620 - 969 g (females). Females become significantly larger and heavier upon assuming dominantstatus, averaging 750 g; nondominant females average 710 g. The Meerkat is a small mongoose, with a relatively large pointed muzzle. It has coarse, pale-gray, tan, orsilvery-brown fur, with dark transverse bands across the back, and black eye patches. The underparts are paler than the dorsum; the coat color is darker in the southern part of the species’ range. The fur on the tail is short, sparse on the underside, and yellowish with a black tip. The guard hairs are 15 mm at shoulder, increasing to 30 - 40 mm at the rump, decreasing to 20 mm at base of the tail and tapering to 12 mm attail tip. The dorsal guard hairs are light at the base, have two dark rings separated by a light band, and a silvery tip. The small, rounded ears can close to keep dust out while the animal digs: the posterior and superior ear ridges move forward and down. The tail is slender, not bushy, and the legs are thin. The muscular forelimbs have four digits, each with long claws (15 mm). The hindfeet also have four digits, with shorter claws (8 mm). The feet are naked to the wrist / ankle. There are three pairs of mammae. Meerkats lack cheek glands. The skull is high, broad, and rounded. Hindchambers of ear bullae larger relative to anterior. Closed orbital space. Relatively large eye sockets (more than 20 % total skull length). Supra-orbital crest represented by low ridge. Saggital crest not present. Light zygomatic arches. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1 /, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36. Outer upper incisors larger than other incisors. Upper canines straight, slightly flattened on inside. Lower canines distinctly recurved. Broad molars with sharp cusps. Poorly developed carnassial shear adapted for insectivory.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open semi-arid areas, scrub, rangeland, and grassland. Subterranean dens are used, which tend to be extensive, with multiple entrances and chambers. The temperatures within dens are more stable and comfortable than the hot and cold extremes on the surface. Meerkats are good diggers, and are likely to excavate some dens themselves, but usually occupy dens dug by other small mammals. Dens may be shared with South African Ground Squirrels or Yellow Mongooses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Insectivorous diet, especially Coleoptera (beetles), Arachnids (scorpions and spiders), and Myriapoda (centipedes) larvae. Occasionally vertebrates (including lizards and small snakes) are consumed. Frequency of occurrence of food types from 23 stomachs collected from Botswana: Coleoptera larvae (91 %), Scorpiones (35 %), Coleoptera adults (17 %), Orthoptera (17 %), Myriapoda (13 %), Reptilia (13 %), and Isoptera (9 %). Frequency of occurrence of prey items in 98 stomachs collected from Orange Free State (South Africa): Coleoptera (58 %), Lepidoptera (pupae and larvae) (43 %), Isoptera (40 %), Orthoptera (34 %), Diptera (pupae, larvae) (23 %), Arachnida (21 %), Hymenoptera (15 %), Dermaptera (12 %), Chilopoda (10 %), Dictyoptera (10 %), Diplopoda (9 %), Amphibia (5 %), Reptilia (5 %), Aves (2 %), and Hemiptera (1 %). Meerkats move as a loose group, with individuals foraging independently. Individuals generally walk, sniffing and scraping at the ground surface, and often stop and dig intensively for prey — sometimes disappearing from view in the deep hole they have dug. Potential food items, foraging holes and scrapes, are generally defended from approach by others, except for adults sharing food with young pups.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal. A group sleeps together overnight in a subterranean den, emerging in early morning and returning before sunset. During the day the group forages together, usually resting in a shady area around midday. They usually start the day by sunbathing at the den and end the day relaxing by the den. Their behavioral repertoire includes foraging, resting, vigilance (including standing erect), self and allogrooming, social play, scent marking, and vocalization.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Meerkats live in social groups that share a home range, which theyjointly defend. Mean group size is 4 - 2 to 8: 5 individuals (range = 3 - 20), with up to 49 recorded. Mean home range size is 5 km? * (range = 2 - 10 km?). Population density varies from 0 - 32 - 1 - 69 individuals / km?. Home ranges are defended, with larger groups usually displacing smaller groups. A group can cover up to 6 km in a day. Groups have around five dens within their home range; they generally occupy a different den every few days, but may use a den for longer periods when pups are present. Groups also have up to 1000 boltholes on their territory that they run to when danger threatens. Group encounters often result in chases or fights. When a fight occurs it is usually accompanied by piloerection, erection of the tail, tiptoe body stance, and a “ war dance ”. Groups are highly social, with grooming and marking utilized to maintain group bonding. Groups contain adult males and females, and the young of the dominant pair; the adult sex ratio is approximately equal. Within a group, most subordinate adults are related to the dominant female, but immigrant males are also commonly present. There is evidence of a dominance hierarchy, with dominant males and females regularly displacing subordinates from disputed sites, and marking four to five times more frequently. In addition, subordinate approaches and allogrooming are characterized by “ creeping ” behavior. Aggression over food items is common, but usually settled in favor of the owner. The group works as a whole in rearing young and repelling predators. Vocal communications include contact calls, emitted every few seconds, which maintain group cohesion while foraging. Growls and spits are used to defend resources from approach by another group member. Short, sharp alarm calls elicit rapid evasive behavior. These are most frequently given by individuals who are “ on guard ”, standing erect on a raised mound or dead tree. Group members take turns going “ on guard ” and give a “ watchman’s song ” to inform the group that they are sentries. Alarm calls carry specific information on predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and urgency. “ Worry ” calls warn group members of lower intensity danger. Pups emit two types of begging call, a constant repeat call and a highpitched “ give-me-food ” call when an adult finds a prey item. Olfactory communication is used for both intraand inter-group communication. Group members scent-mark by wiping each other and objects (e. g. rocks) with their anal gland. Such marking is often done communally, with all group members involved in synchronous bouts of scent marking. Urine and feces are also apparently used in communication, with individuals overmarking excretion sites. These “ signals ” from other groups often elicit excited and aggressive responses. Communal latrines are used to mark territory. Dominant individuals usually mark a territory.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females rarely conceive before they are two years old. The Meerkat is believed to be an induced ovulator and births are restricted to the wetter, warmer months (presumably correlated with invertebrate prey availability). Mating is rarely observed, occurring in the subterranean den, but mate-guarding by the dominant male has been observed. The Meerkat exhibits a despotic social system of high reproductive skew: generally only the dominant pair breeds. Dominant females produce 75 % of litters and dominant males father 80 % of pups within the group. In some cases this is due to inbreeding avoidance. When a second or subordinate female conceives, it is usually followed by infanticide or den desertion. Non-pregnant subordinate females are often evicted by the dominant female during the late stages of her pregnancy, but are allowed to return to the group after the birth of the dominant female's pups. The number oflitters per female per year varies from one to three, with dominant females producing more litters per year (mean 2 - 8) than subordinates (mean 0 - 9). The gestation period is approximately 70 days. Mean fetallitter size is 4 - 1 (range = 1 - 8); litter size at birth is three to seven. If more than one female gives birth within a group, the births usually occur within one week. The interbirth interval can be as little as 73 days, indicating that females can conceive within 4 - 12 days of parturition. The young are born with eyes and ears closed and short hair. Pup weight at birth is 25 - 36 g. Eyes open at 10 - 14 days. Following birth of the litter, pups are retained in the subterranean den until they are three to four weeks of age. The sex ratio of the pups at emergence from the den is approximately equal. During the period in the den, one or more individuals will remain at the den to “ babysit ” the pups, while the group forages. The babysitter usually changes every day. These babysitters guard the pups from predators and also probably help keep the pups warm. Breeder adults do relatively little babysitting; nonbreeding subordinates (helpers) make higher individual contributions. Allosuckling occurs: pups suckle milk from numerous females, including females that have not given birth. Weaning occurs at around two months of age (49 - 63 days). When the pups emerge from the den and begin accompanying the foraging group, helpers provide care by carrying and provisioning pups and defending them against predators. Provisioning involves dropping or leaving whole or partial prey items. In contrast to the social behavior of the Banded Mongoose, there is no pup escorting system and pups move between group members begging for food. Nevertheless, pup survival is higher in groups with more helpers. Although many litters fail completely within the first month (21 %), 70 % of pups are estimated to survive from weaning to independence. Annual survival rate for pups is 0 - 20, with adult annual survival rate a low 0 - 68. Annual survival rates of group members older than pups are dependent upon predator density. Predators likely include snakes (e. g. cape cobra Naja nivea), mammalian carnivores (e. g. Black-backed Jackal), and raptors (e. g. martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus, tawny eagle Aquila rapax, and pale chanting-goshawk Melierax canorus). In addition, pups are killed by neighboring Meerkat groups. There is no sex-bias to dispersal, but dispersal mode differs between the sexes. Subordinate females are forceably evicted by the dominant female, but males tend to leave voluntarily and prospect for females in other groups. Meerkats can live to over eight years in wild, and over twelve years in captivity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDEFF99FF0E9AE7FAB7FB8C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITESlisted. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red List. A common species that appears to be unthreatened. Historically killed in rabies control efforts that mainly targeted the Yellow Mongoose. May be beneficial to farmers in controlling pest Lepidoptera species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	materials_examined	Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies were recognized by Goldman in 1984, who proposed minor as restricted to eastern DR Congo and Uganda. However, subsequent research has discounted the subspecies status of this population and returned this species to monotypic status.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. DR Congo and Uganda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 35 - 44 cm, tail 22.5 - 31. 7 cm, hindfoot 7.5 - 9. 1 cm, ear 1.9 - 2. 8 cm; weight 1 - 2 kg. Largest member of the genus Crossarchus. Dark thick shaggy fur. Crest from head to tail (6 - 8 cm long between neck whorls). Conspicuous whorls of hair present on neck. Dorsal guard hairs 40 - 50 mm, gradually lengthening from nape to rump. Crest and whorl hair length similar to surrounding guard hairs. Snout-like nose is longest of the cusimanses (rostrum 34 - 36 % of condylobasal length). Face has short fur. Five digits on foreand hindfeet. Well-developed claws on forefeet. Ectotympanic bullae inflated less than entotympanic bullae. Alexander's Cusimanse is sympatric with the subspecies nigricolor of the Angolan Cusimanse in the DR Congo, but is larger (head-body more than 36 - 4 cm, condylobasal more than 74 mm, post-dental palate length subequal to width). Condylobasal 74 - 81 - 1 mm. Rostrum 25 - 7 - 31 - 9 mm. Zygomatic breadth 35 - 4 - 43 - 4 mm. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 236.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland and montane rainforest, damp valley bottoms, and seasonally flooded swamp forest. Said to utilize cultivated and inhabited land (in contrast to Angolan Cusimanse). Relict population believed to live on Mount Elgon (1500 - 2900 m).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Believed to feed on invertebrates and vertebrates of the forest floor and in rotting logs, feeding mainly on earthworms, slugs, snails, and beetles, with some fruit.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Believed to be diurnal, although reports of at least some nocturnal activity at Kivu (DR Congo).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social. Up to 20 animals in a group. Groups believed to rove, with no fixed dens. Contact calls with grunts and twitters whilst foraging. Will climb trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5B9E5DFB34F3E8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Not endangered, with the exception of a relict population on Mount Elgon (possibly threatened by hunting). Heavily hunted for bushmeat in the DR Congo. Very little is known about this species and scientific studies, particularly on ecology and behavior, are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	materials_examined	Ndalla Tando, Angola.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. a. ansorget Thomas, 1910 — N Angola. C. a. ngricolor Colyn & Van Rompaey, 1990 — DR Congo (Congo River Basin).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 32 - 36 cm, tail 20 - 8 cm (male), 22 - 1 cm (female), hindfoot 7 cm (male), 6 cm (female), ear 2: 4 cm (male); weight 0.6 - 1. 5 kg (males). Dark shaggy fur with dense brown underfur. C. a. ansorgei is reddish-brown, with annulated hairs, a dark crown and pale face, but lacks a facial stripe. C. a. nigricoloris black and has white flashes on the cheeks from the corner of the mouth to the neck below the ear. The face is pale. There is some white or yellow speckling on the upper body and a dark dorsal line from the nuchal crest to the base of the tail. Its snout-like nose is the shortest of the cusimanses (rostrum 31 - 5 % of condylobasal length, compared to 34 - 36 % for other cusimanses). Short, rounded ears, capable of closing via movement of posterior ridges. Pupils are horizontally elongated. Relatively short tail and short legs. Five digits on foreand hindfeet. Well-developed claws on forefeet. Area between digital and plantar pads naked, with naked heel on hindfeet. No obvious sexual dimorphism (except male tail more bushy than female). The subspecies nigricolor of the Angolan Cusimanse is sympatric with Alexander’s Cusimanse in DR Congo, but is smaller (head-body <34 - 2 cm, condylobasal <67 mm, postdental palate length half width). Skulls show no sexual dimorphism in size. Condylobasal 59 - 4 - 65 - 9 mm. Rostrum 18 - 1 - 21 mm. Zygomatic breadth 31 - 2 - 35 - 2 mm. Ectotympanic bullae inflated less than entotympanic bullae. Skull bullae more inflated than Alexander’s Cusimanse. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous rainforest. Apparently nevervisits agricultural or human-inhabited land (in contrast to sympatric Alexander’s Cusimanse).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Believed to be strictly carnivorous (based upon captive observations). Feeds on invertebrates and vertebrates of the forest floor and in rotting logs, eating mostly insects, larvae, eggs, and small vertebrates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Believed to be diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social. Groups of up to 20 or more appear to rove, with no fixed dens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF99FF5F9784F8C9F7A6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Data Deficient in The IUCN Red List. In the [IUCN / SSC Action Plan for the conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids (1989) listed as “ known or likely to be threatened ”. Appears to be locally abundant, but is commonly hunted and consumed, and is frequently found in bush-meat markets. Most frequently killed mammal (6 % of all hunted mammal species) in the Ubilo River region (DR Congo). In Angola only a single specimen has been collected, in 1908, north of the Cuanza River. Least known species within the genus Crossarchus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	materials_examined	Sierra Leone.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	discussion	Separation from C. platycephalus is based upon skull morphology, but with some doubts. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 - 37 cm, tail 14 - 621 cm, hindfoot 6.7 - 3 cm, ear 2.2 - 6 cm; weight 0 - 45. 1 kg. Similar in size to Flat-headed Cusimanse, but lacks crest of hair between the ears and neck on the midline (in Flatheaded Cusimanse), and lacks whorls of hair present on the neck of Alexander’s Cusimanse. Dark shaggy brown to black fur; pale underfur. Fur on head and face is shorter and lighter. Dense underfur is lighter than the dorsal guard hairs. Dorsal guard hairs 10 - 15 mm at nape, gradually lengthening towards rump (30 - 35 mm). Long, snout-like nose ends substantially beyond lower lip. No longitudinal groove on upperlip. Short, rounded ears, capable of closing via movement of posterior ridges. Pupils are horizontally elongated. Relatively short tail and short legs. Well-developed claws on forefeet. Five digits on foreand hindfeet. Hindfoot soles naked except last third toward heel. No obvious sexual dimorphism. There are three pairs of mammae. Cheek glands present. Skull long and narrow with elongate rostrum. Condylobasal 64 - 8 - 75 mm. Rostrum 22 - 2 - 26 - 7 mm. Zygomatic breadth 32 - 2 - 37 - 9 mm. Ectotympanic bullae inflated less than entotympanic bullae. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense undergrowth of rainforest and riparian forest, but also in logged forest and plantations. Ranges from sea level to 1000 m (in Sierra Leone) and 1500 m in Mount Nimba (Guinea).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Feeds on invertebrates and vertebrates of the forest floor and in rotting logs. Invertebrate prey includes snails (Gastropoda), earthworms (Oligochaeta), spiders (Arachnida), crabs (Decapoda), woodlice (Isopoda), centipedes (Chilopoda), millipedes (Diplopoda), grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera), cockroaches (Blattaria), beetles (Coleoptera), mason wasp larvae (Eumenidae). Vertebrate prey includes frogs, snakes, lizards (including eggs), birds (including eggs and nestlings), and small mammals (up to size of Greater Cane Rat Thyronomys swinderianus). Fruits and berries are also consumed. Forages by scratching and rooting using claws and snout. Small mammals are killed with a bite to back of the neck. Invertebrate prey apparently shaken before consumption.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Believed to be mainly diurnal, but some night activity reported. Forages in dense vegetation. May excavate own burrows. Has been observed to spend the night above-ground in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social. Groups of up to 20 or more appear to rove, with no fixed dens, sleeping in burrows, under logs or in dense vegetation. Some climbing and shallow water foraging observed. Said to wander through their home range, rarely seen for more than a few days in the same place. Elaborate vocal repertoire; group members keep in contact with contact chirps, churrs, and twitters. Substantial difference in chemical composition between male and female anal sac secretions (female secretions contain compounds absent in male). Both sexes scent-mark using cheek and anal glands. Play behavior said to be common in captivity and wild.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Polyestrous in captivity. Apparently induced ovulation. The male initiates copulation by first mounting the female with his forelegs forward of her pelvic region, then grasps the female at back of the neck and begins thrusting. Littersize two to four (usually four). Up to three litters per year in captivity. Mean gestation for three captive litters was 58 days. Altricial young, born with underfur, but eyes closed (head and body 9 - 10 mm). In captivity, eyes opened at twelve days and weaning occurred at three weeks. Young are probably sexually mature at approximately nine months. Longevity nine years in captivity. Predators likely include large carnivores and raptors (e. g. the crowned hawk eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDFFF9EFA259351FADEF9FC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Apparently common within its range, but heavily hunted and vulnerable to hunting dogs. The Common Cusimanse is one of the least known of the social mongooses and field studies are required (current information principally based upon captive animals).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	materials_examined	Eseka, Cameroon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	discussion	Some uncertainty regarding differentiation from C. obscurus. Differentiation based mainly upon skull morphology (broader skull in C. platycephalus). Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Benin and Nigeria to Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, PR Congo, and probably Gabon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body estimated 30 - 36 cm, tail 15.6 - 21 cm, hindfoot 6.1 - 7. 6 cm, ear 2.2 - 6 cm; weight 0.5 - 1. 5 kg. Dark shaggy brown to black fur. Dorsal guard hairs 10 - 15 mm at nape, gradually elongating towards rump (30 - 35 mm). Long, snout-like nose. Short, rounded ears. Well-developed claws on forefeet. Short legs and relatively short tail. Flatter (broader) skull than the Common Cusimanse and nuchal hair crest on midline between ears and neck (30 - 40 mm long hair). No obvious sexual dimorphism. Condylobasal 65 - 2 - 75 - 6 mm. Rostrum 22: 8 - 26 - 8 mm. Zygomatic breadth 34 - 8 — - 41 - 7 mm. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical rainforest and associated riparian forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Feeds on invertebrates and vertebrates of the forest floor and in rotting logs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Believed to be diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social. Groups appear to rove with no fixed dens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Two females collected in Cameroon had three and five embryos.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF0D9DB8FD63F3AE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red List. Apparently widespread, but patchily distributed. Hunted as bushmeat. Almost nothing is known ofits ecology and field studies are needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	materials_examined	Gabredarre, Kebridar, Ethiopia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	discussion	Previously considered by some authors to comprise two subspecies, hirtula (Somalia, Ethiopia, N. Kenya) and percivalli (C & W Kenya). However, a lack of specimens to support subspecific designations makes these doubtful and this species is considered monotypic here.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Djibouty, S Ethiopia, S & C Somalia, N & C Kenya, and NE Tanzania.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 20 - 27 cm, tail 15 - 18 cm; weight 220 - 354 g. Overall grizzled gray color with yellowish face and underparts. Compared to Common Dwarf Mongoose, the coloris less red, and Ethiopian Dwarf Mongoose has brown-black digits and its coat is longer and shaggier. The head is short but pointed, with small, rounded ears. Elongated, low body on short legs. Long claws on forefeet. No obvious sexual dimorphism. Dental formula: 13 / 3 C 1 / 1 P 3 / 3 M 2 / 2 = 36. Cheek teeth relatively heavy compared to those of Common Dwarf Mongoose.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Principally arid, semi-desert grassland, scrub, bush, and dry open woodland, but not closed forest. Occurs at elevations up to 600 m in Ethiopia. Not water-dependent. Uses termitaria and rocky outcrops for dens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Said to be social.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9EFF09960BF9FDF9A9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red Last. Distribution believed to be patchy and densities are unknown. Due to its small body size, open habitat, and diurnal lifestyle it is likely vulnerable to a wide array of predators. There is no quantitative data on its behavior or ecology and field studies are needed. Sympatric with Common Dwarf Mongoose throughoutits range.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	materials_examined	Transvaal, South Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized, but a revision is needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. p. parvula Sundevall, 1847 — NE South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. H. p. wore Thomas, 1919 — NE Mozambique and Tanzania. H. p. mimetra Thomas, 1926 — NW Botswana and N Namibia. H. p. nero Thomas, 1928 — C Namibia. H. p. ruficeps Kershaw, 1922 — Zambia (Southern Province & Kafue area). H. p. undulata Peters, 1852 — N & E Africa from Ethiopia and Sudan to Malawi. H. p. varia Thomas, 1902 — C Africa from Angola to Uganda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 16 - 22. 7 cm (males), 18.5 - 23 cm (females), tail 15 - 2 — 18: 3 cm (males), 14: 2 - 18. 8 cm (females), hindfoot 4.1 - 5. 1 cm (males), 4.1 - 4. 9 cm (females), ear 1.5 - 2. 1 cm (males), 1.4 - 2. 1 cm (females). Weight 223 - 341 g (males), 213 - 341 g (females) for Botswana population; Serengeti (Tanzania) population heavier: weight 265 - 415 g (males), 221 - 395 g (females). No obvious sexual dimorphism. Smallest of the mongooses. Body covered with smooth hair. Uniform coat color varies geographically from yellow to dark brown. Hair on head is short (2 - 3 mm), gradually increasing towards tail, reaching 15 mm on rump, 18 mm on tail. Individual guard hairs are dark with whitish annulations, one near the tip, and the other closer to the body. Dense underfur; dark at base, lighter near tip (in lighter morphs). Hair on underparts is sparser than on upper body, but similar in color. Domed head with pointed muzzle. Ears small and rounded. Rhinarium tiny with shallow depression between nostrils. Tail approximately half overall length. Five digits. Foreclaws elongated (up to 10 mm) and strong for digging, hindclaws shorter (up to 8 mm). There are three pairs of abdominal mammae. Anus and anal gland openings enclosed in anal subcircular pouch. Pear-shaped brain case. Postorbital bars incomplete. Supraorbital crest well-developed. Low, ridged sagittal crest. Relatively heavy zygomatic arches. Front chambers of ear bullae slightly larger than hind. Short rostrum (1 / 4 total skull length). Eye sockets relatively small in diameter (one fifth of total skull length). Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 236. Sharp, strong teeth, especially canines. Carnassials not adapted for slicing. Relatively large upper canines reaching below base of lower canines. Molars have high cusps, an adaptation to insectivory. Outer upper incisors larger than inner.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in a wide range of habitats, principally in savannah, tree savannah, woodland, and dry bush. Also occurs in forests. Associated with termitaria, which are used as dens. In Zimbabwe, not found above 1100 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Predominantly insectivorous diet, especially Coleoptera (beetles) and termites, but also Myriapoda (centipedes), larvae, and occasional small vertebrates (including small mammals, geckos, snakes, and birds). Common Dwarf Mongooses move as a group, but individuals spread out to forage while the group is moving. Examination of 160 scats from Natal (South Africa), found the following frequency of occurrence of food types: Coleoptera (79 %), Orthoptera (64 %), Myriapoda (34 %), Arachnida (21 %), Seeds (12 %), Isoptera (8 %), Hemiptera (8 %), Lepidoptera (4 %), and Mammalia (1 %). Frequency of occurrence of food types in 27 stomachs collected from the northern area of southern Africa: Insecta (undetermined) (44 %), Coleoptera adults (37 %) and grubs (33 %), Orthoptera (33 %), Isoptera (33 %), Araneae (11 %), Muridae (4 %), Myriapoda (4 %), Reptilia (4 %), Scorpiones (4 %), and Solifugae (4 %). Observed to crack crested francolin (Francolinus sephaena) eggs by grasping the eggs in their forelimbs and throwing them backwards through the hindlimbs onto a rock or other hard surface. Small vertebrates (e. g. mice or snakes) are killed with a bite through the back of the head. Large insects are generally eaten starting with the head.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal. Groupssleep together overnight in subterranean dens (usually termite mounds), emerging in the early morning and returning to the den before sunset. During the day, the group forages together, often resting around midday. Their repertoire of behaviors includes foraging, resting, vigilance (including standing upright), self and allogrooming, social play, scent marking, and vocalization.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lives in cohesive groups. Group size averages 8 - 9 (range = 2 - 21) in the Serengeti (Tanzania), and 12 - 3 (range = 2 - 32) in the Taru Desert (Kenya). Group members forage and sleep together, and share a home range. Termite mounds (Macrotermes and Odontotermes species) and rock crevices are commonly used as subterranean dens for sleeping at night and for shade and protection during the day. Up to 200 termitaria are available within a territory, and groups favor areas with high termitaria density. Groups generally occupy a different den every night, but use a den for longer periods when babysitting pups. Mean home range size varies from 0 - 27 to 0 - 96 km? and mean population density ranges from 3 - 9 to 30 - 9 individuals / km? ®. Daily foraging distances of up to 1 km have been recorded. Larger groups travel farther than smaller groups, but reduce foraging distance when travelling with small pups. Home ranges are defended. When two groups meet, the smaller group will generally retreat, without any physical aggression, but skirmishes can occur. Groups are highly social, with heterosexual mutual grooming common. Groups contain adult males and females and young of the dominant breeding pair. There is no consistent sex ratio bias amongst adults or pups. Intragroup aggression is rare, but there is an age-related dominance hierarchy in males and females. The dominant female dominates all other group members in access to food and frequency of anal marking, and can displace others from a foraging site. The male dominance hierarchy becomes obvious during estrus, when males compete for access to females. Subordinates exhibit a submissive crouching stance on approach of a dominant. Group members cooperate in rearing young, repelling predators, and rescuing group members from predators. They communicate vocally. Short nasal “ peeps ”, emitted every few seconds, serve to maintain group cohesion while foraging. Lead or “ moving out ” calls, given by the dominant female, elicit the group to follow. Shrill “ tsiii ” war cries are used to alert group members to a rival group and makes the group bunch and charge; a standard deployment has the dominant male leading and the dominant female at the rear. Alarm calls convey information on predator type and urgency. Repeated “ tchee ” alarm calls warn the group of a predator, and a close approach of a predator is signalled with an alarm “ chitter ”, as they run to cover. Alarm calls are shorter and higher in pitch, the more immediate the danger. Group members, principally subordinate males, take turns standing guard, and give a “ watchman’s song ” to inform the group that they are on duty. Guards use posts (elevated objects). Group members follow a predictable rota of guard duty. Common Dwarf Mongooses are known to form mutualistic associations with hornbills (Zockus flavirostris and T. erythrorhynchus), which prey upon disturbed invertebrates. The mongooses benefit from the hornbills’ alarm calls for raptors. Interestingly, the hornbills give alarm calls to raptor species that prey on mongooses, but not hornbills. Olfactory communication is also used in intraand inter-group communication. Group members scent-mark each other and the den site with their anal or cheek glands. This marking is often done communally, particularly after intergroup encounters. Male anal gland secretions contain vitamin E (absent in female secretions), suggesting they play a sex-specific role.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In seasonal climates, births are restricted to the wetter months, which is likely to be correlated with invertebrate prey availability. Dominant females can produce up to four litters per year. The age offirst conception for femalesis rarely under two years. Estrus in a group is synchronized and occurs for one to seven days. Estrus can occur within two to four weeks of parturition, enabling females to conceive and gestate while suckling the current litter of pups. During estrus, males compete for access to females and females solicit copulation from males. Early in the dominant female’s estrous cycle, the dominant male guards her, maintaining exclusive proximity and copulation access and aggressively repelling subordinate males, who attempt to sneak copulations. Later in estrus, the dominant male will mate with subordinate females. The dominant female then mates other males. Almost all individuals mate, virtually everyday during estrus. However, in spite of the fact that all group members copulate, the Common Dwarf Mongoose is a classic example of a species exhibiting a despotic social system of high reproductive skew: dominant females produce 73 % of all litters, despite being outnumbered by subordinates 1: 2. Subordinate reproduction is suppressed both behaviorally and hormonally. There is no evidence of inbreeding avoidance; individuals mate randomly without regard to relatedness, even though most males and females within groups are usually closely related. The gestation period is approximately seven weeks. Litter size varies from two to six, with two to three being the most common. When subordinate females do breed, they are usually synchronized with the dominant female, giving birth on the same day. Most offspring born to subordinate females fail to survive, probably due to infanticide by the dominant female. Following birth of the communal litter, pups are kept in the subterranean den until they are approximately three to four weeks old. During this period, one or more individuals (usually subordinate females) will remain at the den to “ babysit ” the pups while the group forages (the babysitter changes daily). These babysitters guard the communal litter from predators and groom and warm the pups. Some subordinate females nurse the dominant female’s pups without giving birth themselves, lactating due to a physiological pseudopregnancy. Weaning occurs around 40 - 45 days. When the pups emerge from the den and begin accompanying the foraging group, adults provide care by carrying, grooming, guarding, and provisioning pups. Subordinates (mainly females) usually provide more care than the parents. Pups beg for food from adults. Provisioning involves carrying food to young and dropping or leaving whole or partial prey items. There appears to be an escort system, where each pup forms a one-to-one association with an adult (its escort) that it closely follows and who feeds it, similar to the system seen in the Banded Mongoose. Pup survival is higher in groups with more helpers, principally because efficient vigilance reduces predation (of both adults and pups). With its small bodysize, open habitat, and diurnal lifestyle the Common Dwarf Mongoose is vulnerable to a variety of predators. Annual survival rate of emergent pups is 0 - 41 and adult annual survival rate is between 0 - 68 and 0 - 74. Pup predation is likely driven by snakes (e. g. cobra), monitor lizards, larger mongoose species (Banded Mongoose and Egyptian Mongoose), and raptors, in particular the eastern chantinggoshawk (Melierax poliopterus) and brown snake eagle (Circaetus cinerus). Predation is 260 % higher in smaller groups, with guards suffering the highest predation rate. In the wild, males can live up to ten years and females 14 years. In captivity, an individual is recorded to have lived for over twelve years. Invalid care has been recorded, where the group remains in proximity to and provisions a sick or injured adult. Males and females commonly transfer between groups voluntarily or via takeovers. Females are more likely to remain in their natal group than males. Voluntary dispersers are usually young adults, who increase their probability of attaining a dominant breeding position via emigration. Single-sex and mixed-sex transient groups also occur. In contrast to the Banded Mongoose and Meerkat, emigration from groups does not appear to involve intra-group aggression (excluding takeovers).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD8FF9FFA149D44F99DF83F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red List. A widely distributed species that can occur at high densities. Unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ubangi, Congo Belge ”, Central African Republic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	discussion	Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central African Republic, NE DR Congo, S Sudan, and W Uganda. Possibly also occurs in the PR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 25 - 33 cm, tail 16 - 23 cm; weight 300 - 400 g. A very small grizzled mongoose, with short, fine fur. The head and neck are black, grizzled with grayish-white; the back, legs, and tail are paler, being more brownish. The underparts are reddish or pale gray. The muzzle is not elongated and does not have a groove on the upperlip. The throat displays a prominent reverse “ cow-lick ” of fur. The claws are robust. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36. The teeth are weak.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savannah-forest mosaic, montane forest grasslands, and the thicketed shores of Lake Albert. Said to rest in holes in trees and termite mounds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The digging claws and unspecialized teeth suggest that the diet may include fossorial invertebrates and small burrowing vertebrates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Said to be at least partly diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The few records are of single individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A litter of four was reported from the DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFD9FF9CFA2593BFFDCFFEC1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient in The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the [IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids (1989). This species is known from just 31 museum specimens and a handful of possible sightings; there have been no positive records for more than two decades. Field surveys, ecological studies, and assessments of any threats are urgently needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	materials_examined	Kpeaplay, NE Liberia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	discussion	Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ivory Coast and Liberia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 43.2 - 46. 8 cm, tail 19.7 - 20. 5 cm; weight 2 - 3 kg. No sexual dimorphism has been reported. A medium-sized mongoose, with a dark brown pelage, a pale throat, and two dark stripes on the sides of the neck (bordered by faint white ones). Head elongated, with a long snout; ears small and round. The tail is bushy, gradually tapering towards the tip. Legs are gradually darker toward the extremities. Dental formula I 3 / 3 C 1 / 1 P 4 / 4 M 2 / 2 = 40. Teeth are relatively small and mandibles weak.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary evergreen forest, and swamp forest; found near streambeds with deep sandy soils.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Field observations and scat analyses suggest that the Liberian Mongoose is an earthworm specialist, primarily eating large species of the family Megascolecidae. In the Ivory Coast (Tai National Park), 32 scats all contained earthworms. However, remains of caecilians (subterranean amphibians) were found in four scats, suggesting that small vertebrates may also be taken if encountered while digging for worms. Insect larvae and fruits were also consumed. Foraging is restricted to riverine wetland areas and swamp forest. Individuals dig for earthworms and other soil invertebrates by alternately using the front feet to excavate the earth, and then sticking the muzzle into the soil. Sand is often ingested with food items. Foraging activities in a streambed or swamp forest may result in considerable disturbance of the soil. Groups return to the same area to forage approximately once every three to four weeks. Has been reported to climb palm trees to forage for beetle larvae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Appears to be diurnal. Group members sleep together at night in hollow logs, underfallen trees, or occasionally in termite mounds; den sites are rarely used on consecutive nights.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range, and Social organization. Terrestrial and social. Individuals travel and forage alone or in groups of four to six animals, though larger groups have been observed. Adult males are often observed alone; a radio-collared male frequently travelled between three stable groups, joining them for one to three days at a time. Groups are very quiet, communicating with soft grunting sounds. They are often found in association with Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and respond to the monkeys’ anti-predator warning calls by quickly dispersing and running into thick vegetation or underfallen trees. In the Ivory Coast, an aggressive encounter was observed with a group of Common Cusimanse; four Liberian Mongooses initiated the encounter and displaced the larger group of ten Common Cusimanses by advancing and giving threatening growls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Limited observations suggest that births coincide with the middle of the rainy season (May to September), when invertebrates are probably most available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF04996FFBBCF42E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable in The IUCN Red List. Listed as Threatened in the 1989 IUCN Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. This species was unknown until recently; it was first described in 1958 from eight skulls and the first live animal was caught in 1989. Possible threats include deforestation from agriculture, logging, and mining. It is heavily hunted for food throughoutits range with dogs, shotguns, and snares, and may also be vulnerable to the heavy use of pesticides in forest plantations, as worms are known to accumulate toxins at levels dangerous to mammalian predators. Although it is found in secondary forests, it is thought that the lack of suitable den sites may restrict its distribution. Field research is urgently required to determine its distribution and to understand the threats facing this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Herpestes gambianus Ogilby, 1835, Cape St. Mary, Gambia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	discussion	Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W Africa from Senegal and Gambia to Nigeria.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 - 45 cm, tail 23 - 29 cm; weight 1.2 - 2 kg. No obvious sexual dimorphism. Short face. Brownish-gray fur with a distinctive black streak at the sides of the white neck from ear to foreleg. Fur coarse. Bushy tail that tapers at the black tip. Five digits on feet, with strong claws on the forefeet. Three pairs of mammae. Dental formula: I 3 / 3, Cl 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-moist savannah and grassland, semi-desert, and woodland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Mainly invertebrates (with some vertebrates).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Senegal, mixed-sex groups average 6 - 7 individuals (range = 1 - 40). Twitters continuously while foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nothing known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9CFF059789F736FB07.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The [UCN Red List. Apparently widespread and common, but almost nothing known of its ecology and field research is needed. Sometimes considered a pest to farmers and is sold as bushmeat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	materials_examined	origin uncertain (later attributed to Gambia, but subsequently suggested to be Cape Province, South Africa).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	discussion	Up to fifteen subspecies have been named, but a revision is needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Senegal and Gambia E to Eritrea and Somalia and then SW to PR Congo, Angola, and NE Namibia, and S to E South Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 - 40 cm (males), 33 - 38. 5 cm (females), tail 17.8 - 31 cm (males), 19 - 245 cm (females), hindfoot 5.3 - 9 cm (males), 5.3 - 8. 4 cm (females), ear 2.1 - 3. 6 cm (males), 2.2 - 7 cm (females); weight 0 - 89.1 - 88 kg (males), 0 - 99.1 - 74 kg (females). No obvious sexual dimorphism. Medium-sized; body covered with coarse hair. Coat color varies geographically from whitish-gray to dark brown, with 10 - 15 dark bands across the back from the shoulders to the base of the tail. The guard hairs are short on the head (6 mm), lengthen toward the rump (45 mm in eastern specimens, 35 mm in western specimens), and are shorter on the tail. The individual guard coat hairs are light-colored at the base, with two broad black bands interspersed with light bands and a narrow dark tip. In reddish-brown mongooses, the lighter-colored bands are red-brown. The underfuris fine and short, with a dark base and light tip; there is apparently no undercoat on the rear. Long head with a pointed muzzle. Rhinarium short and lacks split. Ears small and rounded. Five digits on foreand hindfeet; hallux and pollex reduced. Front claws are elongated (20 mm — exceptfirst digit, which is 8 mm) and strong for digging. Hindclaws shorter (14 mm) and less curved than front claws. Three pairs of mammae. Pear-shaped braincase. Postorbital bars incomplete. Zygomatic arches thin. Short, broad rostrum. Supraoccipital crest not well-developed (less than 1 - 5 mm high). No sagittal crest. Dental formula: 13 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 3 / 3, M 2 / 2 = 36. Sharp strong teeth, especially canines. Outer incisors larger than inner. Upper canines slightly recurved. Lower canines distinctly recurved. Cheek teeth possess low, rounded cusps. Carnassials adapted to crushing, not slicing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Found in a wide range of habitats, principally in savannah and woodland. Also seen in towns and villages. Absent from desert, semi-desert, and montane regions. Preferentially use termitaria as dens; otherwise dens are sited in gulleys or thickets. Dens have multiple entrances and chambers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Insectivorous diet, especially Coleoptera (beetles) and Myriapoda (centipedes) larvae. Occasionally vertebrates (including eggs, mice, rats, frogs, lizards, and small snakes) are consumed. Frequency of occurrence of food types in 120 scats from Uganda: Diplopoda (96 %), Coleoptera (88 %), Formicidae adults (69 %) and pupae (23 %), Gryllidae (44 %), Isoptera (33 %), Dermaptera (23 %), larvae (unidentified) (20 %), Blattidae (13 %), Acrididae (10 %), Acarina (8 %), pupae (unidentified) (7 %), Hemiptera (6 %), Tettigoniidae (5 %), Lepidoptera (2 %), Araneae (3 %), and Gastropoda (2 %). Frequency of occurrence of food types in 113 scats from Natal (South Africa): Myriapoda (70 %), Coleoptera (92 %), Orthoptera (57 %), Isoptera (33 %), Hemiptera (29 %), Arachnida (21 %), Seeds (20 %), Mammalia (7 %), Lepidoptera (7 %), and Blattodea (5 %). Frequency of occurrence of food types in 14 stomachs from Zimbabwe and Botswana: Insecta (71 %), Reptilia (43 %), fruits (36 %), Amphibia (7 %), Araneae (7 %), Myriapoda (7 %), Scorpiones (7 %), and Solifugae (7 %). Human garbage dumps also utilized. Banded Mongooses move as a group, but individuals forage independently within the moving group. Individuals generally walk, sniffing and scraping at the ground, and often stop and dig intensively for prey. Dung of large herbivores (especially African Elephant, Loxodonta africana) is popular for foraging, due to the relatively high density of beetles. Individuals often crack hard-shelled prey (e. g. dung beetle, pill millipede, or egg) by holding it in their front paws, whilst balancing on their hindlimbs, and throwing it between the hindlegs onto a rock or other hard surface. Prey and foraging sites such as holes, scrapes, and dung are generally defended from conspecifics, except for adults provisioning or sharing food with young pups. There is a report of a group stealing food regurgitated by a pair of Black-backed Jackal for their pups.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Diurnal. Groups sleep together in subterranean dens, emerging in early morning and returning before sunset. During the day the group forages together, usually resting in a shady area around midday. The behavioral repertoire includes foraging, resting, vigilance (including standing on the hindlegs), self and allogrooming, social play, scent marking, and vocalizing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Banded Mongooseslive in cohesive groups, which share a home range. In Uganda (Queen Elizabeth National Park), mean group size is 15 individuals (range = 9 - 28), mean home range size is 0 - 9 km * (range = 0 - 6 - 2), mean population density is 18 individuals / km? * (range = 7 - 36), and daily foraging distances are 2 - 3 km. In Tanzania (Serengeti), mean group size is 15 (range = 4 - 29), mean population density is two individuals / km?, and daily foraging distances are up to 10 km. A group size of 41 was recorded in Somalia, and 75 from South Africa (Kruger National Park). Group size, home range size, population density, and daily foraging distances depend upon habitat type and food density, and therefore vary geographically. Groups have up to 40 dens within their home range. They generally occupy a different den every few days, but use a den for longer periods when babysitting pups. Concentrated food sources (e. g. garbage dumps) can support larger groups and smaller core areas within the home range. Home ranges are defended. A smaller group will generally retreat, without physical aggression, but skirmishes can occur and individuals have been killed during such encounters. Groups respond more intensely to scats of neighboring groups than to scats from more distant groups, suggesting that neighbors pose a greater threat. Groups are highly social. Grooming and marking maintain group bonds. Groups contain adult males and females and their young. The adult sex ratio is male-biased. Within a group, males are closely related and females are closely related, but the breeding adults are not related to each other. There is generally little evidence of a dominance hierarchy. However, a male dominance hierarchy becomes obvious during estrus, when males compete for access to females. Aggression over food items is usually settled in favor of the owner. Group members cooperate in rearing young and repelling predators; one group was seen rescuing a member from the talons of a martial eagle. One case of invalid care has been reported. Group members communicate vocally. Contact calls, emitted every few seconds, serve to maintain group cohesion while foraging. “ Lead ” calls are used by individuals to elicit the group to follow them; “ pup-follow ” calls encourage pups to follow the adults. Shrill chirruping “ war ” cries alert group members to a rival group and encourage them to charge at the invaders. Growls and spits are used to defend resources if another group member approaches. Short, sharp alarm calls elicit rapid evasive behavior; “ worry ” calls warn group members of lower-intensity danger. A “ lost ” call indicates distress when an individualis separated from the group. Individuals also respond to the alarm calls of other species, in particular plover (Vanellus spp.). Olfactory communication is also used in intraand inter-group communication. Group members scent-mark each other and objects (e. g. rocks), by wiping them with the anal gland. This marking is often done communally, with all group members involved in an orgy of scent marking. Urine and feces are also apparently used in communication, with individuals overmarking excretion sites. An olfactory “ signal ” from another group often elicits an excited and aggressive response. In addition to allogrooming, Banded Mongooses in Uganda and Masai Mara, Kenya, have been seen grooming Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus); they are probably removing ectoparasites, which they eat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In seasonal climates, births are restricted to the wetter months (presumably correlated with invertebrate prey availability). Females in dry regions have one or two litters a year; females in wetter equatorial regions can have up to five. The age at which females first reproduceis also geographically variable, recorded at two years in the Serengeti and under one year in Uganda (the earliest record being just over eight months). Estrus can occur within six days of parturition, enabling females to conceive and gestate while suckling the current litter of pups. This minimizes the interbirth interval, so females can produce four or even five litters per year. During estrus, males compete for access to females. Dominant males guard females and aggressively repel subordinate males who attempt to sneak copulations. There is no sign of female competition for access to males. However, there is a hierarchy in mate-guarding, with older females mate-guarded first, and younger females mate-guarded later. Each female is guarded for two to three days. Females may escape their mate-guard and mate with other males within and outside their group. The overall result is that most males and females copulate with numerous partners. About 75 % of the females in a group give birth. Gestation lasts approximately nine weeks. Mean litter size is 3 - 2 (range = 1 - 6). Litter size and fetus size are smaller in younger, smaller females. Abortion and miscarriage are rare. Banded Mongooses are truly communal breeders, with up to ten females in a group giving birth, often on the same day, in the same den (there is rarely more than a few days between births). Such birth synchrony may reduce infanticide by reducing the ability of males and females to discriminate between offspring. Although infanticide occurs, it appears to be a rare event. Alternatively, synchronous parturition may be a strategy to economize pup care, by enabling communal care of the young for a minimal period. A female may either abort her litter or give birth to it over different days — an extremely unusual behavior for a mammal. Birth weight of pups is 20 - 50 g. Pups are born blind and with short fur. Their eyes open at around ten days. The sex ratio of pups at emergence from the den is male-biased. Pupsstay in the subterranean den until they are weaned, at around three to four weeks of age. During this period, one or more individuals will remain at the den to “ babysit ” the pups while the group forages. The babysitter usually changes every day. These babysitters guard the communal litter against predators. On the rare occasions when pups are observed out of the den during this period, pups suckle from numerous females. When the pups emerge from the den and begin accompanying the foraging group, adults provide care by carrying, grooming, playing with, and provisioning pups. Provisioning involves dropping or leaving whole or partial prey items. Adults also provide protection: pups shelter under the belly of the nearest adult when frightened. Most pups have an adult escort, who cares forit for four to eight weeks; this escort is unlikely to be the pup’s parent. The pup closely followsits escort, fending off other pups, and begging for the food items the escort provides. Pups that associate most often with an escort are more likely to survive. Males generally do more babysitting and escorting than females. Due to their relatively small body size, open habitat, and diurnallifestyle, pups and adults are vulnerable to a wide array of predators. In Uganda, pup mortality is high, with 20 % of litters failing completely within the first month. Only 18 % of pups are estimated to survive from birth to independence. Adult survival is substantially higher (annual survival rate 0 - 86). Comparable annual survival rates from Serengeti are 0 - 46 for pups and between 0 - 65 and 0 - 69 for adults. Pups are heavily preyed upon by marabous (Leptoptilus crumeniferus) and Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus); predators on adults include snakes (especially the rock python Python sebae), mammalian carnivores (e. g. Leopards) and raptors (e. g. martial eagle). Dispersal can occur via forced eviction of single-sex sub-groups by group members or via voluntary emigration (also of single-sex sub-groups). Dispersers are usually young adults. There is no clear sex bias to dispersal, although females appear to be evicted and males appear to voluntarily emigrate more often. Banded Mongooses can live to over ten years in the wild, and twelve years in captivity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
143F87B3FFDAFF9DFA0C9FF5F7CAF58E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not CITES listed. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. As a species with wide habitat tolerance and distribution, and one that adapts well to human habitation, itis unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Herpestidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 262-328, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676639
