taxonID	type	description	language	source
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17F548E32FA9AFB65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Bivalved crustaceans, with diverticula of midgut and gonads in carapace. Body generally with 11 free trunk segments, first six with biramous thoracopods, seventh with biramous or uniramous penis in both sexes (vestigial in females), last with moveable unsegmented furcal rami. Antennules four- to six-segmented, with claw guard and claw on terminal segment. Conical labrum surrounds piercing mouthparts. Parasites of echinoderms and anthozoans.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17F548E32FA9AFB65.taxon	discussion	Comment: Grygier (1987 a) provided a comprehensive review on the taxonomy of the Ascothoracida.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17F9589D0FA8FF9A3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Soft-walled carapace partly fused and enlarged in females; females vary from plesiomorphic morphology to being extremely reduced; antennules with four or five segments, subchelate either present at some stage of development or reduced to vestigial; proximal sensory process of terminal antennular segment reduced to separate aesthetasc and seta. Mandibles and maxillules, if present, with reduced armament. Thoracopods leaf-like, biramous or uniramous, without distinct ramal segments, or absent. Meso- or endoparasites of echinoderms.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17CE68BEAFB3AFD06.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Dorsal side of naupliar head shield and carapace of y-cyprid with reticulated external cuticular ridges, forming semi-symmetrical patterns of polygonal plates. Knob-shaped dorsocaudal organ on posterior part of naupliar hindbody. Carapace of y-cyprid univalved, partly covers larval body; antennules often with hook on segment 2; labrum unarmed or with 3 - 5 or more spines; six pairs of biramous swimming thoracopods; abdomen two- or four-segmented; elongated, plated telson with short, unsegmented furcal rami and multiple setae and pore-openings. Slug-like, unsegmented larval stage (ypsigon). Adults unknown.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17CE68BEAFB3AFD06.taxon	discussion	Comment: Many additional potential species are becoming known as morphological ‘ types’ (Fig. 1 A – K) and are presently also being characterized by molecular methods. A future taxonomy will therefore need new genera and probably also new families (Grygier et al., 2019).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17D1F895BFCDDF955.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Adapted from Høeg et al. (2009 b). The taxon is monophyletic by molecular analyses, but see Petrunina, et al. (2014) on the possible inclusion of the Tantulocarida. No post-maxilular limb buds in nauplii; the larval development terminates with a cypridoid larva; the cypridoid with prehensile antennules is used in attachment; well-developed frontal filaments and compound eyes, whenever present, with three crystalline cones; the cypridoid larval carapace with five pairs of lattice organs.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF17D1F895BFCDDF955.taxon	discussion	Comment: Owing to the morphological diversity among the adults, the taxon can be diagnosed morphologically only by larval characters; those listed here are synapomorphic for the class; the adult stages are permanently sessile in the most of Ascothoracida and in all Cirripedia and are suspected to be so in Facetotecta.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF27F978BAFFF32FCA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Parasites of ophiuroids living in cysts within genital bursae. Females with bivalved, swollen, usually rounded carapace, with dorsal brood chamber. Antennules five-segmented, fourth segment usually with bifid preaxial chin, fifth segment with moveable or fixed claw or fused with claw completely. Long, setiform mandibles ending in brush of distal setules. Anterior thoracomeres with various dorsal processes or ridges. Six or five pairs of thoracopods; first thoracopod reduced in size, uniramous or absent. Abdomen fivesegmented, furcal rami elongated. Cypridiform males accompanying females with oval, bivalved carapace; thorax without dorsal processes; antennules and mouthparts resembling those of females; six or five pairs of thoracopods, uniramous or with reduced endopods on pairs 2 – 5. Carapace with four pairs of lattice organs.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEBFFF27F978BAFFF32FCA1.taxon	discussion	Comment: Kolbasov & Petrunina (2019) concluded that there are no diagnostic differences between the monotypic Parascothorax Wagin, 1964 and Ascothorax Djakonov, 1914 and proposed that Parascothorox is an invalid genus. Parascothorax synagogoides Wagin, 1964 was reassigned to Ascothorax.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF27CFE8EACFD44FA9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mesoparasites of sea stars, forming cysts. Ovoid or subspherical carapace, with short posteroventral or ventral aperture. Antennules minute or absent. Labrum with short frontal side; mandibles absent; maxillae bifid, non-hooked. Thorax big, elongated, with dorsal projections or long horns. Six pairs of large, leaf-like, simplified thoracopods, mostly biramous, sometimes uniramous. Abdomen four-segmented. Penis vestigial or absent. Adult males unknown.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF27CC588A6FD4CF8F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Endoparasitic in sea stars or sea urchins. Carapace of females with large, soft-walled lobes or branches, often with bizzare extensions. Antennules four-segmented, subchelate. Mandibles and maxillules absent or morphologically reduced. Five pairs of short and uniramous thoracopods, absent in advanced forms. Abdomen to- to three-segmented or absent in advanced forms. Furcal rami present as unarmed lobes or entirely absent. Dwarf males found in advanced forms.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF27FB08DF4FAB7FEF3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Adult morphology highly variable (see detailed diagnoses below); parasites of anthozoans.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF27FB68C68FADDFCB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Meso- or endoparasites of zoanthids. Univalved, enlarged, often coiled carapace in females; dwarf males bivalved. Antennules with reduced segmentation; claw rudimentary or absent in females. Oral cone developed. Cypridiform males with generalized antennules and oral cone. Four to six uniramous thoracopods with short, spine-like setae in females; six pairs in males, some biramous. Abdomen four-segmented. Penis uniramous in both sexes (i. e. penis vestigial in females); often long in males. Telson and furcal rami usually with spines and dense ctenoid scales. Furcal rami with up to four terminal setae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF27F9D8E81FB05FA91.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Endoparasitic in scleratinian corals. Carapace with two thick valves covered by spines and / or papillae, without brood chamber. Antennules fivesegmented, not subchelate, with developed armament on distal segment. Mandibles and maxillules rarely unarmed and with short, cutting edge; distal parts of maxillae reduced. Thoracopods uniramous, with few or no setae; first pair absent or reduced. Enlarged abdominal segment 1. Simultaneous hermaphrodites.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE8FFF37F9F88A7FDACFE52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Ecto-, meso- or endoparasites of alcyonaceans, antipatharians and stalked crinoids. Carapace and main body have generalized morphology. Females with bivalved or dorsally fused carapace. Antennules six-segmented; terminal segment with claw and proximal sensory process. Lanceolate mandibles with one or more longitudinal setal rows and complex or simple teeth. Hypopharynx modified to long languette (absent in Waginella Grygier, 1983). Six pairs of setose, biramous thoracopods. Large epaulets on thoracomere 6 (absent in Synagoga Norman, 1888).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37CC189BFFEA4F969.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses. Minute, burrowing females found primarily in calcareous substrates (corals, molluscs, barnacle shells, bryozoans etc.), with soft carapace, accompanied by dwarf males. All female and male calcareous shell plates are a single pair of largely chitinous plates (opercular bars) guarding the aperture, three to five pairs of terminal cirri, gathering in the posterior elongated portion of the thorax, single pair of developed or reduced cirri located at the side of the mouth, caudal appendages present or absent, abdomen reduced in adults. Borings probably made by acrothoracicans are known as far back as the Lower Devonian, but do not provide morphological information; these are trace fossils and have no taxonomic validity.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37F928B40FB3FF90F.taxon	discussion	Berndtia Utinomi, 1950 (six species) Weltneria Berndt, 1907 (12 species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37CFE8CFEFE47FB86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Following Høeg et al. (2009 b). Permanently sessile crustacean; nauplii fitted with frontolateral horns of complex morphology; settlement by means of adhesive cement; the cypris larvae are without an abdomen or the abdomen is reduced to a tiny rudiment; four-segmented antennules, with the first segment divided into two articulating sclerites (Lagersson & Høeg, 2002); multicellular cement gland with muscular sac and terminating on attachment surface of the third antennular segment; the second pair of lattice organs in the cypris carapace with large terminal pore located anteriorly (this character is shared with other ascothoracidans).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37CFE8CFEFE47FB86.taxon	discussion	Comment: Owing to the reduced morphology in the parasitic Rhizocephala, the taxon can be diagnosed morphologically only by means of larval characters. All those mentioned are synapomorphic for the three cirripede infraclasses.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37CD78BEEFB85FDCF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic group in molecular analyses. Females with bottle-like mantle; operculum with elongated neck; aperture small, crown-shaped opercular bars occupy the complete apertural length, lateral and reinforcing bars developed, long and thin; labrum elongated, tongue-like; mouth cirri rudimentary; thorax with one or two whip-like, long dorsal processes, sets of thoracic lappets with cuticular border; intestine with gizzard (gastric mill); caudal appendages absent. Dwarf males with elongated posterior end having circular cuticular ribs. Cypris larvae with rudimentary thorax and thoracopods. Boring aperture rounded.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37F2A8F63FAC4FD1F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As for the Order.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37F618A3BFA95F8A6.taxon	discussion	Kochlorine Noll, 1872 (seven species) Kochlorinopsis Stubbings, 1967 (one species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37FB18E2BFB00FB9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic in molecular analyses. Females with sac-like mantle; operculum without neck, with wide aperture, opercular bar less than aperture length; labrum big, saddle-like; mouth cirri developed; thorax without long dorsal processes, sets of thoracic lappets without cuticular border; gastric mill absent. Cypris larvae with developed thorax and thoracopods. Burrow aperture elongated, slit-like.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE9FFF37F678983FB6AF9D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic in molecular analysis. Females with developed opercular bars and comb collar, operculum with rows of massive multifid scales, often associated with opercular pores and papillae; protopod of mouth cirri two-segmented, mouth appendages developed, terminal cirri multisegmented, biramous; caudal appendages present or absent; thoracic lappets developed; intestine with anus. Dwarf males without a pair of lobes at the base of attachment antennules; posterior end with apertural slit.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47C8788E3FD23F97D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47C8788E3FD23F97D.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Balanomorpha.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47CCE8A34FB74FED9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020). Host: Paguroidea and Caridea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F598C64FB36FD36.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F598C64FB36FD36.taxon	discussion	Comment: Monophyly rests on morphology alone because no species has been sampled for molecular analyses. The family shares several potential apomorphies with the Chthamalophilidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F598C64FB36FD36.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Isopoda (including Epicaridea) and Cumacea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F3B8E02FADFFB69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F3B8E02FADFFB69.taxon	discussion	Comment: Originally hosted in the now abandoned ‘ Akentrogonida’; molecular analyss now places Mycetomorpha within or as sister group to the Peltogastridae, and thus widely separated from the other akentrogonid-type rhizocephalans.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F3B8E02FADFFB69.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Caridea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F2F89E6FAE7FA52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47F2F89E6FAE7FA52.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Calianassidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47CD98E6DFD87FA57.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Here given in abbreviated form after Høeg et al. (2020). Monophyletic by molecular analyses. All parasitic stages without segmentation, appendages and alimentary canal. Specialized cypris antennules; parasites on Crustacea; with parasitic phase starting with an initial internal phase. The adult parasite consists of an internal ramifying and nutrient-absorbing root system and an external reproductive sac (externa). Separate sexes, with the female externa hosting and nourishing one or several dwarf males reduced to sperm-producing tissue and a few somatic cells.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47CD98E6DFD87FA57.taxon	discussion	Comment: Høeg et al. (2020) provided diagnoses of all the families; these can only exceptionally be characterized as monophyletic by morphology alone, but the molecular analyses support the monophyly of all almost presently recognized families.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF47CF28C4CFD90FCDC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic in molecular analyses. Females with thin, unclear opercular bars, comb collar reduced, operculum without rows of massive multifid scales; protopod of mouth cirri unsegmented, mouth appendages reduced in size; three pairs of uniramous terminal cirri; caudal appendages absent; thoracic lappets reduced; intestine without anus. Dwarf males with a pair of lobes at the base of attachment process; posterior end without apertural slit. Inhabit columella of gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF57F7688F4FD37FDED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF57F7688F4FD37FDED.taxon	discussion	Comment: The family includes most members of the former Lernaeodiscidae, except Triangulus galatheae (Norman & Scott, 1906), which is now in the Triangulidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEEFFF57F7688F4FD37FDED.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Anomura Galatheoidea and Paguroidea; Gebiidea; Caridea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CB38F58FD43FBCA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CB38F58FD43FBCA.taxon	discussion	Comment: All species have multiple (colonial) externae attached to the same root system. The externae are lost after one reproductive event and then replaced by a new generation of externae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CB38F58FD43FBCA.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Paguroidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CD3890BFDB3FA7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CD3890BFDB3FA7F.taxon	discussion	Comment: Monophyly rests on morphology alone because no species has been sampled for molecular analyses. The structure hosting the males (spermatogenic islet) might be homologous with those in Duplorbidae and Chthamalophilidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CD3890BFDB3FA7F.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: On the galatheoid species Galacantha (syn. Munidopsis) rostrata A. Milne Edwards, 1880.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CDA88D6FF20F8AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CDA88D6FF20F8AA.taxon	discussion	Comment: This family was recently separated from the Sacculinidae by molecular evidence. Future analyses might well see the transfer of additional species from the Sacculinidae to the Polyascidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57CDA88D6FF20F8AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Brachyura and Gebiidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F508DF4FA81FEB0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F508DF4FA81FEB0.taxon	discussion	Host: Callianassoidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F928C91FA89FCA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F928C91FA89FCA0.taxon	discussion	Comment: This large family is in need of a generic- and species-level revision based on molecular data. Future transfer of species to the Polyascidae is likely.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F928C91FA89FCA0.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Brachyura and Callianassidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F428EACFAEDFAE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F428EACFAEDFAE0.taxon	discussion	Comment: As for the Peltogasterellidae, these parasites have obligatory colonial externae that are lost and replaced after a single reproductive cycle.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F428EACFAEDFAE0.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Brachyura, Anomura, Caridea and Stomatopoda.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F4A886CFB24F9A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F4A886CFB24F9A7.taxon	discussion	Comment: The family was placed with high confidence as sister to all remaining Rhizocephala.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF57F4A886CFB24F9A7.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Anomura, Galatheoidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF67F868B93FF30FE52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic in all molecular analyses. Body consists of a capitulum raised on a flexible peduncle, or the peduncle secondarily lost; capitulum armed with at least paired scuta – terga; plates may be lost secondarily.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEFFFF67F868B93FF30FE52.taxon	discussion	Comment: None of the morphological characters is necessarily an apomorphy compared with the remaining Cirripedia. In the subsequent taxonomic ranking, taxa containing both fossils and extant species are indicated with †. Taxa with fossil species alone are indicated with ††.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F748ED5FA4BFB4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eolepadomorpha that possess a rostrum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F788E2DFC5DFC66.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Phosphatothoracica in which a carina is present.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67D0A88B3FD4CF98D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Buckeridge & Newman (2006).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67D0A88B3FD4CF98D.taxon	discussion	Comment: The characters characterizing the family cannot at present be verified as apomorphies.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67C8E8EB4FE07FAF7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As the Ibliformes by Buckeridge & Newman (2006); with paired phosphatic scuta and terga; the scutum adductor muscle is positioned postorally; a comb collar (Buckeridge & Newman, 2006) surrounds the edge of the mantle opening.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67C8E8EB4FE07FAF7.taxon	discussion	Comment: We change the name only to have thoracican order-level taxa with the same ‘ - morpha’ suffix. The morphological characters are likely to be plesiomorphic, but the two species are sister species and form a sister group to all other extant thoracicans based on molecular analyses.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F248DF4FAF4FE51.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As provided by Buckeridge & Newman (2006).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F248DF4FAF4FE51.taxon	discussion	Comment: The characters characterizing the family cannot at present be verified as apomorphies.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67CBA8CD4FE71FC89.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Thoracicans with phosphatic shell plates; the number of shell plates formed is between four (paired scuta and terga) and six (rostrum and carina added). The primary mineralogy of living taxa was discussed by Reid et al. (2012), and the plates are composed of a hydrogen phosphate-like calcium phosphate biomineral.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67CBA8CD4FE71FC89.taxon	discussion	Comment: The extant forms possess only four plates (paired scuta and terga).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F4489FBFAF4FAB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eolepadomorpha that lack a rostrum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF67F408895FABAF94D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As described by Gale (2015 a); extant taxa are monophyletic by molecular analyses. Thoracicans with five or more plates composed of calcite, or secondarily lost; living taxa with a pre-orally positioned adductor muscle and no comb collar around mantle aperture; first pair of thoracopods modified into mouth cirri (maxillipeds).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF77F508B8CFD2AFEF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Robust forms, in which the peduncle is armoured with eight to ten columns of broad, strongly imbricating plates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFECFFF77F508B8CFD2AFEF6.taxon	discussion	Comment: The phylogenetic position of calcareous forms with few lateral capitular plates and strongly armoured peduncles was discussed by Gale (2015 a), who argued that these are basal to Thoracicalcarea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CF48C5AFE1DFD43.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Lateral plates absent; peduncle plesiomorphically with ten columns of plates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77F8E8973FB2FFA9B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eight capitular plates comprising paired scuta – terga, carina, rostrum and paired carinolatera; peduncular scales small.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77F8E8973FB2FFA9B.taxon	discussion	Comment: The peduncular scales are used to scrape the calcareous substrata and form a boring.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CF68F8FFE12FBC3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Capitulum robust, constructed of two scuta, two terga, carina, rostrum; no lateral plates; short internal spur at rostrobasal margin of scutum carries ridges and grooves for insertion of large rostroscutal muscle.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77F998CFEFBFEFC3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small accessory lateral plates present on basal lateral surfaces of capitulum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77F998CFEFBFEFC3A.taxon	discussion	Comment: The family is possibly paraphyletic but convenient for housing the genera contained here. The selachian parasite Anelasma is by molecular analyses sister taxon to Capitulum mitella (Linnaeus, 1758) and placed here, but has secondarily lost all shell plates; the Anelasmatidae Darwin, 1852 is therefore abandoned.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CFB8B8BFBC7FE52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Capitulum includes a large number (20 – 40 +) of imbricating, secondary lateral plates, which decrease in size towards the basal margin.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CFB8B8BFBC7FE52.taxon	discussion	Comment: This group was abundant and widespread in the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous (Zeugmatolepadidae; see Gale, 2014 a, 2020 a). Extant Pollicipedidae (Capitulum and Pollicipes) extend back into the Cretaceous and, with Lithotryidae, form a group that always cluster closely together in the molecular analyses.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CFF890FFEA1FAC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Oval, laterally compressed forms that possess a carinolatus, an upper latus and a peduncle, which is covered by eight columns of strongly imbricating plates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77CC288DAFD50F947.taxon	discussion	Angulatergum Hauschke, 1994 (three species) Leweslepas Gale, 2015 (five species) Parastramentum Gale, 2015 (four species) Stramentum Logan, 1897 (seven species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFEDFFF77F4A88A7FB48F991.taxon	diagnosis	D i a g n o s i s: C a p i t u l u m p l e s i o m o r p h i c a l l y w i t h numerous imbricating lateral plates, which form a wall around the basal margin.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87F928CA3FC5AFAEF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Number of plates highly variable (Jones & Hosie, 2009); usually with three pairs of larger laterals (rostrolatus, upper latus and carinolatus), often with subrostrum and subcarina; inframedian latus probably absent.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87F928CA3FC5AFAEF.taxon	discussion	Comment: Monophyletic in molecular analyses.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87CCE8FB9FD22FBDA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Capitulum with three to five pairs of larger lateral plates; subrostrum and subcarina usually present; smaller laterals variably developed, often absent.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87CCE8FB9FD22FBDA.taxon	discussion	Comment: Calanticomorpha are a paraphyletic assemblage of pedunculate forms, which are sister taxa to the Cretaceous – Recent Scalpellidae; only the Calanticidae survive to the present and represent a morphologically diverse group, which is shown to be monophyletic from molecular analyses (Lin et al., 2015).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87CB38966FD44F9E6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eighteen plates in capitulum (paired scuta, terga, upper latera, rostrolatera, inframedian latera; carinolatera (two pairs), one subcarina.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87CB38966FD44F9E6.taxon	discussion	Comment: Cretiscalpellidae form a sister group to the Scalpellidae, which evolved from them by loss of the subcarina and lower pair of carinolatera (Gale et al., 2019).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF97F5A8B8EFF2AFED9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses. Plesiomorphically, five plates present (paired scuta, terga and carina); base of carina highly modified for articulation with scuta. Monophyletic by molecular analyses, including diverse forms that have no plates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87F49885BFB3DF941.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses (except in the study by Herrera et al., 2015). Plesiomorphically, 14 plates present (carina, rostrum, paired scuta, terga, upper latera, carinolatera, inframedian latera and rostrolatera); plates reduced in some taxa, lost in many Lepadoidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE2FFF87CA88B52FAF5FE97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Twelve plated capitulum (paired scuta, terga, rostrolatera, inframedian latera, carina, subcarina, rostrum and subrostrum). Tergum and scutum possessing interlocking apical processes; scutal umbo subapical to central, all other umbones apical.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CBD89B2FD95F95E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses. Capitular plates much reduced and often with large part of uncalcified capitulum exposed.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CBD89B2FD95F95E.taxon	discussion	Comment: All contained species are devoid of shell plates, or (Koleolepas) only cuticular rudiments (Hosie, 2014), but such reduction also evolved convergently within some species of the Poecilasmatidae. Based on DNA data provided by Yamamori & Kato (2020), we include the Koleolepas from the now abandoned Koleolepadidae Hiro, 1933.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CD98C64FDC2FB86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses. The morphological characterization is as for the superfamily. The subfamily Lepadinae Darwin, 1852 is hereby redefined and elevated to family status.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CD98C64FDC2FB86.taxon	discussion	Comment: Species of Conchoderma von Olfers, 1814 are completely naked or near-naked forms and form a clade with a sister relationship to species of Lepas and Dosima. The monotypic Dosima is nested within species of Lepas. The plate arrangement of Hyalolepas Annandale, 1906 is basically the same as in Lepas, with the only difference being the extension of a long fork at the base of the carina, which reaches the basal margin of the scutum. At present, no molecular information is available for Hyalolepas; we tentatively allocated it inside Lepadidae owing to its high morphological affinity with Lepas.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97F9889EFFB2FF9F3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Parasitic inside bivalves; without shell plates; orifice large; first and second cirri short, and mandibles with six or seven teeth.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97F9889EFFB2FF9F3.taxon	discussion	Comment: Arcalepas and Malacolepas are found attached to the inside of the shells of the bivalves Arca navicularis Bruguière, 1789 and Cucullaea labiata, (Lightfoot, 1786) respectively.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CDA8BD2FB3EFC5D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses; five shell plates, but often reduced in size or partly or completely lost. Epibiotic species.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97CDA8BD2FB3EFC5D.taxon	discussion	Comment: The family cannot be diagnosed at present by morphological apomorphies. The family includes members of the abandoned Oxynaspitidae Gruvel, 1905 because its members are nested among the Poecilasmatidae. Yamamori & Kato (2020) showed that the former Microlepadidae Hoek, 1907 is nested within species of Octolasmis; therefore, this family is abandoned. The monophyly and relationships of most genera remain unanalysed.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97F988EE0FB07FB6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Parasitic on polychaetes; without shell plates; cirri reduced and non-functional; a gut exists but is non-functional; the peduncle extends as a ramified, nutrient-absorbing root system into the host.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFF97F5F8B57FACFF905.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As for the family Scalpellidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFFA7F408A30FD0EFE31.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses. Fourteen capitular plates, but some have been secondarily lost in some species. All species have dwarf males, which are attached in special confined receptacle areas along the edge of the mantle opening.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE3FFFA7F408A30FD0EFE31.taxon	discussion	Comment: By the molecular study of Lin et al. (2015) and the morphologically based one by Gale (2015 b), the species analysed fall into two clusters, which Gale (2015 a) erected as the subfamilies Scalpellinae and Amigdoscalpellinae. The remaining extant subfamilies are at best without any clear phylogenetic support.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFA7F258981FAE8F963.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eight-plated capitulum comprising paired scuta, terga, upper latera, rostrum and carina. Asymmetry commonly involves loss of the upper latus on one side of the capitulum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFA7F258981FAE8F963.taxon	discussion	Comments: The group forms a well-defined clade based upon molecular analysis. All living species inhabit hydrothermal vent or seep habitats. There is remarkable morphological convergence of some taxa with Brachylepadomorpha (Gale et al., 2020), and the neolepadomorphs were probably derived from a form close to Pycnolepas. Gale (2019) included the Balanomorpha, Brachylepadomorpha, Neolepadomorpha and Verrucomorpha in the clade Unilatera, characterized by possession of only two latera (upper latus pair).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFA7F7E8E47FC62FBBF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As amended by Gale (2014 b).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFA7F7E8E47FC62FBBF.taxon	discussion	Comment: The asymmetry in this family evolved convergently with that seen in the Verrucomorpha and the Neoverrucidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFA7CC7882CFD2FF92A.taxon	discussion	Comment: Until now, the species analysed molecularly form a monophyletic taxon, but in Gale’s (2015 b) definition these species form a paraphyletic ladder towards the Amigdoscalpellinae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFB7F298BE0FCD1FD69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eight-plated capitulum comprising two scuta, two terga, two upper latera, a carina and a rostrum. The large rostrum articulates with the rostral margin of the scutum, and the carina with the lower carinal margin of the tergum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE0FFFB7F298BE0FCD1FD69.taxon	discussion	Comment: The number of shell plates has evolved secondarily from forms with additional lateral plates. In the amended diagnosis, the family does not include Neoverruca and Imbricaverruca. Note that we do not here consider †† Litholepas klausreschi Nagler, Haug, Glenner & Buckeridge, 2017 as a member of this family.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7F4B8DF4FB89FD10.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As for Order.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CAD8B62FDB3F8AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Symmetrical, pedunculated and sessile forms, in which the large carina and rostrum are surrounded by alternating rows of imbricating plates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CAD8B62FDB3F8AA.taxon	discussion	Comment: The order is paraphyletic and includes s p e c i e s t h a t f o r m a s t e m g r o u p t o b o t h t h e Verrucomorpha and the Balanomorpha.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7F798EDBFC05FAC0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Basal verrucomorphs, in which the rostrum and carina do not articulate; imbricating plates surround the shell wall, fused with calcified basis (Gale, 2014 b, 2020 b).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CC889B4FF20F9D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Symmetrical shell, carina and rostrum large, surrounded by imbricating plates. The family superficially resembles Brachylepadidae, but the scuta and terga are similar to those of Neoverruca.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CC889B4FF20F9D6.taxon	discussion	Comment: The taxon falls within the Neolepadoidea from molecular analyses (Herrera et al., 2015) and is here raised from subfamily to family level.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CB58FD4FEE8FB89.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Asymmetrical Neolepadoidea, in which the upper latus is present, or enlarged, on one side of the capitulum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7CB58FD4FEE8FB89.taxon	discussion	Comment: The asymmetry evolved separately from that in Verrucomorpha (Gale, 2014 b).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFB7F948E3CFAB3FC68.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Body asymmetric; capitulum wall made up of carina, rostrum, fixed scutum and fixed tergum; moveable scutum and tergum form opercular lid.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFC7F8A8803FE39FDAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Verrucomorpha, in which the rostrum and carina articulate; monophyletic in molecular analyses.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE1FFFC7F8A8803FE39FDAB.taxon	discussion	Comment: The asymmetry evolved separately both from that found in the Neoverrucidae and in the extinct Proverruca. Gale (2014 b) traced the origin back to the Cretaceous Eoverruca.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CC98FA8FDBFFB75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic in molecular analyses. A peduncle is absent at all stages of development; shell wall made up of four to eight plates, plesiomorphically comprising rostrum, carina, rostromarginals, marginals and carinomarginals. The body is covered by an operculum formed by the paired scuta – terga; the operculum articulates with the wall plates and forms a watertight cover over the mantle cavity. The structure of the wall plates and articulation with the basis is often complex in more derived balanomorphs; the apicobasal (longitudinal) septa are composed of a frond-like array of calcite crystals in cross-section, called an interlaminate figure.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CC98FA8FDBFFB75.taxon	discussion	Comment: In some forms, the wall is surrounded by one or more whorls of small-sized imbricating scales, as also seen in the Brachylepadomorpha.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7F6F8FAAFA90F997.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall composed of eight, six or four plates, without any whorls of supplementary plates; mandible tridentoid or quadridentoid.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7F6F8FAAFA90F997.taxon	discussion	Comment: Pérez-Losada et al. (2012 b) conducted a multigene molecular phylogeny in Chthamaloidea and showedthatthesubfamiliesChthamalinae, Euraphinae and Notochthamalinae are not monophyletic groups. We did not retain these subfamilies and assign all these genera under Chthamalidae. Neither the number of plates nor the number of mandibular, cuticular ‘ teeth’ reflects any phylogenetic pattern in Chthamalidae, as reflected in previous subfamily assignments.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CA08A30FB47FD8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analyses; shell plates composed of rostrum, carina and one to three pairs of marginals (eight or six or four wall plates); the wall can be surrounded by one or more whorls of imbricating plates; wall plates and radii solid, internal surface of wall plates lacks uniform ribs; basis often membranous, when calcareous, solid but not forming complex interdigitations with walls; two pairs of mouth cirri; penis without basidorsal point; caudal appendages multi-articulate when present.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CA08A30FB47FD8D.taxon	discussion	Comment: The morphology of this superfamily is the most plesiomorphic within the Balanomorpha. The five families are all monophyletic by molecular analyses in the study by Chan et al. (2017 a).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CD38B0BFE6EF915.taxon	type_taxon	† † Pa ch y d i a d e m a Wi t h e r s, 1 9 3 5 (T y p e g e n u s) (Cretaceous) (one species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFC7CC389D7FD21F9CA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large, oval cirripedes, in which the wall is constructed of eight plates surrounded by imbricating whorls of solid smaller plates. All external surfaces of adult lateral plates, and the terga, display flat apical surfaces, where the young stages of the plates have spalled off. The operculum is of low profile, and a small upper latus is present between the scutum and tergum.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE6FFFD7F748BA3FE89FED9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell wall comprises eight distinct compartmental plates, including rostrum, paired rostromarginals, marginals and carinomarginals, and carina. Shell with or without imbricating plates. Rostrum compound with rostromargin but not entering sheath, parietes solid and radii absent. Base membranous or solid calcareous, not interdigitated with shell wall.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7CF0887AFAE1FE97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell consisting of eight solid plates fully integrated into sheath (rostrum, rostromarginals, marginals and carinomarginals, and carina); wall encircled by a few to numerous whorls of monomorphic imbricating plates; radii absent; opercular plates thick; mandible tridentoid; first two pairs of cirri as maxillipeds; caudal appendages when present multi-articulate.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7CF0887AFAE1FE97.taxon	discussion	Comment: The phylogeny provided by Chan et al. (2017 a), based on six molecular markers (both mitochondrial and nuclear), showed Catophragmidae as sister to Pachylasmatidae within the Chthamaloidea clade. Chan et al. (2018) sequenced the mitogenome of Catomerus and found that it is more closely related to Tetraclitodea rather than to Chthmaloidea. The molecular position of Catophragmidae might need further confirmation from additional molecular studies.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7F408CA3FAA6FCC5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell six plated, with single rostrum, carina, paired carinomarginals and rostromarginals. Shell with up to several rows of imbricating plates at base; imbricating plates including two pairs of dedicated latera. Sheath formed by rostrum, carina and carinomarginals only; rostromarginals do not enter sheath. Basis thin, calcareous.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7FB189C0FC48F985.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As for Elminoidea, upgraded from subfamily to family.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7F488E71FBACFB75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Six- or four-plated shells with solid parietes, without chitinous laminae or stringers and interlaminate figures; radii solid; basis membranous.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7F488E71FBACFB75.taxon	discussion	Comment: This superfamily contains only a single family but is created for formal reasons, because the Elminiidae diverge phylogenetically between the Chthamaloidea and the clade consisting of the Coronuloidea + Balanoidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7CD08F97FD7DFC7A.taxon	discussion	Atetralasma Newman & Jones, 2011 (one species) Eurylasma Jones, 2000 (three species) Eutomolasma Jones, 2000 (four species) Microlasma Jones, 2000 (four species) † Pachylasma Darwin, 1854 (Miocene – Recent) (eight species) Pseudoctomeris Poltarukha, 1996 (one species) Tetrapachylasma Foster, 1988 (five species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7CBD8EC6FE9DFADD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell symmetrical, with eight solid, weakly articulated plates; single pieces of wide carina and narrow rostrum, paired rostromarginals, marginals and carinomarginals; alae well developed, radii absent; shell with two or more whorls of imbricating plates; basis membranous; caudal appendages absent.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFD7CBD8EC6FE9DFADD.taxon	discussion	Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Miocene – Recent) (three species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFE7F608BB0FD1DFEB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall of eight (rostrum discernibly tripartite), six or four plates; plates tubiferous; tubes formed between inner and outer lamina, between internal buttresses or between external ribs; radii solid; basis membranous or weakly calcareous. First three pairs of cirri modified as maxillipeds.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE7FFFE7F608BB0FD1DFEB5.taxon	discussion	Comment: The presence of three pairs of mouth cirri is synapomorphic with the Balanoidea; the members seem originally to have inhabited the rocky intertidal zone, but many members have been both morphologically and biologically adapted to epibiosis on a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrates.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7F278907FA55F982.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall of six plates; parietes solid or tubiferous; when tubiferous, tubes uniformly arranged in single row; interlaminate figures simple; basis calcareous or membranous; when membranous, wall solid.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7F278907FA55F982.taxon	discussion	Comment: Jones (2000), based on morphology, classified Hexelasma Hoek, 1913 and Bathylasma Newman & Ross, 1971 under Pachylasmatoidea. Based on molecular evidence, Chan et al. (2017 a) showed that the clade containing Hexelasma and Bathylasma is sister to Tetraclitidae in the same clade. This suggests that Bathylasmatidae should be treated as an individual family and included in Coronuloidea.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7CF78C80FD33FD8A.taxon	description	Wall of eight or six plates, without median longitudinal sulcus; opercular plates weakly articulated; terga well developed; one row of confluent wall tubes formed between inner and outer lamina, basis membranous.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7CE78EE8FD41F9E3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall of six plates, without a median longitudinal sulcus; terga vestigial; opercular plates lacking in Xenobalanus; borders of mantle forming a hood over the cirri; single row of wall tubes formed by infoldings of outer lamina against the sheath.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7CF58B6FFA56FC3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall of six or four plates; parietes tubiferous or solid, permeated by chitin, or have one or more rows of tubes containing living tissue or secondarily filled with calcareous and chitinous material; radii well developed or obsolete; basis commonly membranous; first three pairs of cirri are modified as maxillipeds.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE4FFFE7CF58B6FFA56FC3B.taxon	discussion	Comment: Results of both multiple marker phylogenetic analyses by Tsang et al. (2014) and Chan et al. (2017 a) and mitogenome phylogenetic analyses Shen et al. (2017) and Cai et al. (2018) in Tetraclitidae, showed that the subfamilies Tetraclitinae, Tetraclitellinae, Newmanellinae and Epopella Ross, 1970 are clustered in the same clade. The genus Epopella (previously identified as Austrobalanidae) and all the three subfamilies above are grouped under Tetraclitidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7CBD8F3CFE9DFBDB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Four-plated shells with thin-walled parietes; paries smooth internally, lacking ‘ an inflected basal margin’; scutum without adductor ridge, articular ridge moderately prominent, adductor pits for depressor muscles absent; tergum with articular furrow wide, spur confluent with basirostral angle.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7CBD8F3CFE9DFBDB.taxon	discussion	Comment: Chan et al. (2017 a) conducted a molecular analysis of pachylasmatids, bathylasmatids and tetraclitids. Austrobalanus formed a basal relationship with the clade containing bathylamatids and tetraclitids. Molecular evidence therefore supports the family status of Austrobalanidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7D0C8B8FFABEFDEF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Monophyletic by molecular analysis. Wall of six or four plates; parietes tubiferous or solid; tubiferous shell, with tubes basically in a single uniform row formed between inner and outer laminate, although supplementary tubes may form basally; interlaminate figures complex, arborescent; radii either solid or tubiferous; basis commonly calcareous and tubiferous or membranous.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7D0C8B8FFABEFDEF.taxon	discussion	Comments: There are no clear morphologically based apomorphies for this family compared with the Pyrgomatidae. The genus Wanella is sister group to all remaining species as yet analysed by molecules, and this could argue for a separation within two subfamilies. Many genera are polyphyletic, and more low-level taxonomic revision is therefore needed.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7CF98967FDD2F943.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall composed of rostrum, carina and one to two pairs of marginals, or wholly concrescent; parietes solid or tubiferous; radii solid or tubiferous; basis commonly calcareous, solid or permeated by tubes, rarely membranous; when basis calcareous, internal surfaces of compartments commonly with uniform ribs and interdigitations with wall; mandible quadri- or quinquidentate; caudal appendages absent; penis with basidorsal point; first three pairs of cirri are maxillipeds.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7CF98967FDD2F943.taxon	discussion	C o m m e n t s: T h e s p e c i e s a t p r e s e n t a n a l y s e d molecularly form two distinct clades that are here recognized as the Balanidae and Pyrgomatidae. Relationships of the many species within each of these are much less clear and clearly in need of future analysis by molecular methods.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7F978F5BFA79FBDA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell complete, one-plated, depressed; orifice and shell oval shaped; only inhabit fire corals (Millepora spp.).	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7F978F5BFA79FBDA.taxon	discussion	Comment: From molecular analyses (Malay & Michonneau, 2014; Tsang et al., 2014), Wanella formed a separate clade, outside the pyrgomatid clade and inside the balanid clade. This argues for a subfamilylevel classification under Balanidae.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFE5FFFF7F978F5BFA79FBDA.taxon	type_taxon	Wanella Anderson, 1993 (type genus) (three species)	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFFAFFE07F9C8E78FC1DFA97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Wall of four or six plates or wholly concrescent; parietes solid or tubiferous; when tubiferous, tubes occur between outer lamina and sheath or between external ribs of wall; interlaminate figures complex, radii solid; basis calcareous, rarely tubiferous, membranous in Pyrgospongia.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
2C1887BDFFFAFFE07F9C8E78FC1DFA97.taxon	discussion	Comment: All species of this family are highly s p e c i a l i z e d t o s y m b i o s i s i n c o r a l s o r s p o n g e s (Anderson, 1992). This has affected many extreme morphological specializations in some clades. The existing subdivisions within the family may not always be based on monophyletic groups, but we have decided to retain them anyway. A future revised division is much needed.	en	Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A., Høeg, Jens T. (2021): The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 789-846, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160
