taxonID	type	description	language	source
C56787D82F16FFDAFF0AFBACFEC2FC69.taxon	description	Among the six species of Monoeca examined (see Biology of Monoeca haemorrhoidalis, above), females of the four species mentioned here have a large, wax­extruding area at the base of T 6 (figs. A 7, A 8). The specimens of M. haemorrhoidalis from Piraquara, especially the males, vary considerably in color of the body pubescence and in the distribution of the pubescence on the metasomal terga. The females are less variable; most of them have the marginal zone of T 2 and entire T 3 – T 4 covered with bright yellow setae, while only a few females have the metasomal terga covered with dark pubescence. The males vary from having very light colored (pale yellow to light orange) to entirely black pubescence on the head, thorax, and legs, including all sorts of combinations. The setation on the metasomal terga also varies from very dense, with broad marginal bands on the terga, to very sparse, with only a few scattered setae along the tergal margin.	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F16FFDAFF0AFBACFEC2FC69.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Female type of Melissodes haemorrhoidalis, ‘‘ Type H. T. ’’, ‘‘ B. M. Type / Hym / 17. B. 858 ’’, ‘‘ Melissodes / haemorrhoidalis / S. Amer. Sm. ’’ and ‘‘ F. Sm. coll. / 79.22 ’’; female type of Tetralonia reversa, ‘‘ Type B. M. ’’, ‘‘ B. M. Type / Hym / 17. B. 8111 ’’, ‘‘ Tetralonia / reversa / Type Smith’ ’ and ‘‘ TEJUCA / Jan 1. 1857 / J. Gray’ ’; male holotype of Tetrapedia piliventris, ‘‘ Santos / Brasilien / Dr. Brauns. / 18.10.97 ’’, ‘‘ Tetrapedia / piliventris / det. Friese 1898 / n. sp. ’’ (?) and ‘‘ Holotype’ ’; 1 female (DZUP), ‘‘ Tijuca — R. J. / 16. I. 56 / Moure leg. ’’ and ‘‘ Monoeca / reversa / (Smith, 1879) / Det. Moure 1980 ’’; 1 male (DZUP), ‘‘ Floresta da Tijuca / D. Federal BRASIL / I­ 1954 / C. A. C. Seabra Coll. ’’ and ‘‘ Monoeca / brasiliensis / Lep. Serv. / Det. J. S. Moure 1957 ’’; 1 female (DZUP), ‘‘ Praia Lagoinha do Leste / Florianópolis, SC, Brazil / 27. XII. 2002 / A. Zillikens leg. ’’ and ‘‘ In nest aggregation of / Monoeca sp. ’’; plus numerous males and females collected at the nesting site, as well as additional older specimens collected in the same locality and deposited in the DZUP collection.	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F14FFDAFF2DFBB6FCFAFB2E.taxon	discussion	In order to properly identify the material from Piraquara, we also studied the type material of M. schrottkyi (see Comments under M. haemorrhoidalis). Friese described this species based on females collected by Schrottky in a nest aggregation found in Jundiaı´, São Paulo. To help stabilize the taxonomy of the genus, we designate here as lectotype one of the syntype females (see label data below).	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F14FFDAFF2DFBB6FCFAFB2E.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Lectotype female (ZMHB), ‘‘ Brasil / Jundiahy / 16.11.1899 / Schrottky’ ’, ‘‘ Pachycentris / schrottkyi / 1900 Friese det. / Fr. ’’ (/) and ‘‘ Typus’ ’; 1 female (MZSP), ‘‘ 1.374 ’’ and ‘‘ PARATYPE / Monoeca / schrottkyi (Friese, 1902) / J. S. Moure 1993 ’’ (the registry book of the MZSP contains the following data under the number 1.374: ‘‘ Pachycentris schrottkyi Friese (cotipo), 16. xi. 1899, Jundiahy, Schrottky’ ’); 1 female (MPEG), ‘‘ JUNDIAHY / E. S. PAULO’ ’, ‘‘ Brasil / Jundiahy / 18.11.1899 / Schrottky’ ’ and ‘‘ Pachycentris / schrottkyi Friese’ ’ (Ducke’s handwritten label); 1 male (DZUP), ‘‘ São Paulo / cidade / Melzer leg. / 1914. ’’ and ‘‘ Tetralonia / (Thygater.) ’’; 1 male (DZUP), ‘‘ Barueri / São Paulo — Brasil / 8 ­ IV­ 61 / K. Lenko col. ’’ and ‘‘ Monoeca / schrottkyi / (Friese, 1902) / Pe J S Moure 1993 ’’; 1 female (MZSP), ‘‘ Est. Biol. Boracéia / Salesópolis, SP / W. Wilms, col. / 14.12.1992 ’’ and ‘‘ Monoeca / piliventris / (Friese, 1899) / det. W. Wilms, 1994 ’’; 1 female (DZUP), ‘‘ Caiobá / XII­ 1942 ’’ and ‘‘ Fiorentina / schrottkyi / P. Moure det. 1947 ’’; 1 female (DZUP), ‘‘ CORUPÁ / S. Catarina BRASIL / XI­ 1953 A. Maller’ ’ and ‘‘ Monoeca / schrottkyi / (Fr.) / Det. J. S. Moure 1957 ’’ (on the reverse ‘‘ C. W. cotype / MZ­USP / Pe. J. S. Moure / XII­ 1954 ’’).	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F1BFFD6FF03FB75FE00FBF6.taxon	description	Figures A 9 – A 21	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F1BFFD6FF03FB75FE00FBF6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS AND DIAGNOSIS: The genus Protosiris contains four described and a few additional undescribed species (Roig­Alsina, 1989; Shanks, 1986; Melo, unpubl.). The new species proposed here, Protosiris gigas, is most similar, both in size and structure, to P. caligneus (Shanks) (comparisons based on male and female paratypes from the type locality deposited at AMNH and MZSP). Protosiris gigas can be separated from P. caligneus by its abundant yellow marks (uniformly reddish to dark brown in P. caligneus), lower paraocular area covered by plumose pubescence (mostly simple in P. caligneus), slightly longer decumbent hairs on middle portion of upper frons, mesoscutum strongly protruding on its midanterior portion (more pronounced in the female), and with a corresponding deep sulcus along the midline (fig. A 18), posterior portion of male scutellum more evenly convex, medial sulcus only weakly indicated (scutellum more bulging in P. caligneus, medial sulcus more deeply marked), basal depression of metaposnotum smooth and without rugulae (fig. A 12) (finely microreticulate and with lateral rugulae in P. caligneus), tergal setal punctures relatively sparse (very dense in P. caligneus, punctures about 1 – 2 puncture diameters apart) and lateral portions of terga 2 – 4 with only erect setae (in P. caligneus, with abundant short, decumbent hairs, similar to those of tergum disc).	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F1BFFD6FF03FB75FE00FBF6.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Holotype male. Body length: 14 mm; maximum head width: 3.1 mm; forewing length: 11.5 mm. Color: head and thorax mostly pale yellow, with many reddish to dark brown areas, as shown in figures A 9 and A 10; scape, pedicel, and 1 st flagellomere dark brown, remaining flagellomeres dark reddish brown. Wing membrane brownish yellow infuscated, veins brown, pterostigma reddish brown. Metasomal terga 1 – 5 pale yellow at base and broadly brown apically; T 6 – T 7 entirely dark brown. Sternum 1 dark brown at base and apically, its middle portion pale yellow; S 2 – S 4 largely pale yellow basally and with triangular­shaped, apical brown band (in middle, band occupying about half of sclerite’s length); S 5 – S 6 mostly dark brown. Pubescence: lower paraocular area covered with plumose pubescence. Longest erect setae on lateral portion of mesepisternum about as long as width of 2 nd flagellomere (0.3 – 0.32: 0.31). Lateral ventral portions of metasomal terga with only erect setae; S 5 with a distinct apical band of plumose pubescence, setae directed to the middle portion of sclerite. Integumental surface: integument very smooth and polished. Setal punctures fine and inconspicuous, except for a few relatively strong punctures laterally on the clypeus and posteriorly on lateral portion of mesepisternum (weaker than those on clypeus). Metapostnotum mostly smooth, microreticulation almost imperceptible, basal depression well developed, its surface without longitudinal rugulae and only with a few transverse, inconspicuous rugulae laterally at the base (fig. A 12). Setal punctures on posterior halves of discs of terga 1 – 4 about 3 – 4 puncture diameters apart transversely and 5 – 10 diameters apart longitudinally, slightly denser on basal halves of sclerites. Structure (measurements in mm): head about 1.33 wider than long (3.10: 2.40); inner orbits nearly straight and parallel (upper to lower interorbital distance, 1.69: 1.70); eye 1.83 as long as width at eye’s midlength (1.85: 1.02); mandible bidentate apically, about 2.93 longer than its outer basal width (1.58: 0.55); clypeus about 2.43 wider than long (1.69: 0.71), distinctly protuberant, midapical portion of disc with relatively flat, triangular­shaped area; supraclypeal area about as protuberant as clypeus, its middle portion relatively flat. First flagellomere conical, about 0.83 as long as its maximum width (0.24: 0.31), and about 0.613 as long as 2 nd flagellomere (0.24: 0.39). Labial palpus 4 ­ segmented, apical segment about as long as third. Hindtibia, in posterior view, about 4.33 longer than wide (2.56: 0.59). Forewing M and Cu diverging distinctly distal to cu­a; proportion of lengths of submarginal cells on posterior margin 1.7: 1: 1.7 (1.18: 0.71: 1.18). Midanterior portion of mesoscutum distinctly protruding (as in fig. A 18), median line forming deep sulcus; mesoscutum as long as wide (1.97: 1.97). Pygidial plate narrowly truncate apically. Female. Body length: 14 – 16 mm; maximum head width: 3.35 – 3.62 mm; forewing length: 11 – 12 mm. Agreeing with male in color, pubescence, sculpturing and structure, except as follows (measurements taken on two females, somewhat representative of size variation): head about 1.27 – 1.293 wider than long (3.35: 2.60 / 3.62: 2.84); upper to lower interorbital distance, 1.89: 1.97 / 2.05: 2.13; eye about 1.9 – 23 as long as width at eye’s midlength (2.01: 1.04 / 2.21: 1.10); mandible simple apically, about 2.8 – 2.93 longer than its outer basal width (1.69: 0.59 / 1.77: 0.63); clypeus about 2.6 – 2.73 wider than long (1.93: 0.71 / 2.09: 0.79). Pygidial plate well developed, about as long as its basal width (1.14: 0.98 / 1.22: 1.10). VARIATION: Some specimens have more extensive darker areas, especially on the thorax and propodeum (fig. A 11).	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F1BFFD6FF03FB75FE00FBF6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype male, ‘‘ Brasil, Parana´, Piraquara, / Mananciais da Serra, / 258289400 S 488589040 W, / 1140 m, 20. xi. 2002, / Melo, Aguiar & Rozen’ ’. Paratypes: several males and females, from the same locality as the holotype, but specific dates and collectors varying (20 November – 13 December 2002, and 3 – 11 December 2003); 1 female, ‘‘ UCAD / Florianópolis, SC, Brasil / 23. XI. 2002 / A. Zillikens leg. ’’ and ‘‘ Neoregelia laevis / (Mez) L. B. Smith. / Bromeliaceae / flor’ ’; 1 female, ‘‘ Praia Lagoinha do Leste / Florianópolis, SC, Brazil / 27. XII. 2002, A. Zillikens leg. ’’ and ‘‘ In nest aggregation of / Monoeca sp. ’’. Holotype in DZUP and paratypes in DZUP and AMNH.	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
C56787D82F1BFFD6FF03FB75FE00FBF6.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: This species is named for its relatively large body size, compared to other Protosiris, from the Latin gigas, giant.	en	ROZEN, JEROME G., MELO, GABRIEL A. R., AGUIAR, ANTÔNIO JOSÉ CAMILLO, ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL (2006): Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages of the Tapinotaspidine Bee Genera Monoeca and Lanthanomelissa and of Their Osirine Cleptoparasites Protosiris and Parepeolus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). American Museum Novitates 3501 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)501[0001:NBAISO]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)501%5B0001%3ANBAISO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
