taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C36F2EFFFA347FFDF74172F84E0404.taxon	diagnosis	• Small to medium mammals with round head, short muzzle, large and pointed ears, and bushytail; muzzle, lips, cheeks, and edges of ears white, eyes with small dark patches, and tail with alternate red and buff colored rings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFA347FFDF74172F84E0404.taxon	distribution	• 79 - 122 cm. • Mountains of Central Asia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFA347FFDF74172F84E0404.taxon	distribution	• Forested mountainous areas; typically deciduous and coniferous forests with bamboo-thicket understory.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFA347FFDF74172F84E0404.taxon	synonymic_list	• 1 genus, 1 species, 2 taxa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFA347FFDF74172F84E0404.taxon	conservation	• | species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	materials_examined	Nepal. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. f. fulgens Cuvier, 1825 — E Himalayas in Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim; China (S & SE Xizang & NW Yunnan), NE India (Meghalaya), and N Myanmar. A. f. styani Thomas, 1902 — China (W Sichuan & N Yunnan).	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 51 - 73 cm, tail 28 - 49 cm; weight 3 - 6 kg. Head round, muzzle short, ears large and pointed. Muzzle, lips, cheeks, and edges ofears white, eyes with small dark patches. Dorsal pelage chestnut brown, ventral pelage and limbs black. Tail bushy, with alternate red and buff colored rings. Feet with hairysoles, and claws semi-retractile. Females have eight mammae. Forepaw with elongated radial sesamoid. Skull robust, with broad zygomatic arches and large occipital condyles. Teeth heavily cusped, with elaborate crown patterns. Compared with fulgens, styani is distinguishable by its longer winter coat, darker bodycolor, larger skull, and more robust teeth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Temperate forests of mountains at elevations of 1500 - 4800 m. In Meghalaya of India, in tropical forests at much lower elevations, between 700 - 1400 m. Typically in forests with bamboo-thicket understory. High bamboo cover, bamboo height, and canopy cover are important; preferred habitats have a high density ofshrubs, fallen logs, and tree stumps, yielding easy access to bambooleaves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet largely vegetarian, 80 - 90 % consisting of bamboo leaves, new shoots important in spring, fruits eaten in late summer and autumn. Usually feeds on the most nutritious bamboospecies in its habitat. Also eats roots, lichens, small vertebrates, birds eggs, insects and grubs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Captive animals are nocturnal and crepuscular, and exhibit a polyphasic activity pattern throughout the night. In the wild, the Red Panda was thought to be most active at dawn, dusk, and at night, but several recent studies have consistently shown it is more active in the daytime than at night. In Wolong Nature Reserve, China, a subadult female, a female, and a male were reported to be active 36: 5 %, 49 %, and 45 % of the time, respectively. In Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, bordering the former reserve on the north, six radio-collared Red Pandas had an average dailyactivity rate of 48 - 6 %, with two peaks from 7: 00 h to 10: 00 h and from 17: 00 h to 18: 00 h. Generally, numerous periods ofrest are interspersed with frequent activity periods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. A subadult female in Wolong Reserve occupied a home range of 3 - 43 km, with a mean linear daily movement of 481 m. Subsequent research in the same area showedthat a female and a male possessed home ranges of 0 - 94 km * and 1 - 11 km? ®, with a daily distance movedof 235 m and 325 m, respectively. In Fengtongzhai Reserve, the daily movement distance was 461 m and the home range covered 2 - 34 km ” for six collared individuals. Intrasexual and intersexual overlapping of home ranges occurred extensively. Perhaps due to difference in habitat quality and population density, both the females and males in Langtang Nature Reserve, Nepal, had larger home ranges (1 - 02 to 9 - 62 km *) than those in Sichuan, China. Several studies reported that Red Pandas live in groups ofthree to five individuals with blood relationships. Other studies found the Red Panda solitary outside the breeding season, with territories well posted by scent marking. Olfactory communication is the primary methodof conveying social signals, through the secretions from anogenital glands deposited in the environment. Secretions from foreskin glands and glands on the soles of the feet can impart an individual’s information, too. Red Pandas leave droppings in groups, and their repeatedly-used defecation sites (latrines) probably facilitate communication among neighbors.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Both sexes sexually mature at 18 - 20 months and breeding behavioris strictly seasonal. Mating seasonis from early January to mid-March. Females are considered polyestrous, ovulation is induced. Mean gestation length in captivity 135 days, with range of 114 to 145 days. Births occur in June and July in hollow trees or rock crevices. Litter size one to four with a mode oftwo, extreme value offive. Neonates weigh 110 - 130 g in captivity. They remain essentially immobile in the first 7 - 10 days except when nursing. Eyes open by day 18, first excursions out ofnest at approximately 90 days. Adult size is reached at twelve months ofage.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
03C36F2EFFFB347EFF11441DF6EF0C5F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Apendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Global population estimatedat 16,000 - 20,000, in estimated area of 69,900 Km?. In China, the population decreased byup to 40 % due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, trade, forest fires, road construction, and otherdisturbances during the past 50 years, and became extinct in Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Qinghai provinces. Protected in all countries where it now occurs with 43, 20, 5, and 7 protected areas established in China, India, Bhutan, and Nepal, respectively.	en	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2009): Ailuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-503, ISBN: 978-84-96553-49-1, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5646537
