taxonID	type	description	language	source
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: Madagascar. Analanjirofo Region [Toamasina]: Nof Soanierana-Ivongo, near village of Antanambao-Ambodimanga, 16 ° 45 ′ 28 ″ S 49 ° 42 ′ 59 ″ E, 19 May 2003, G. McPherson 18970 (holotype, G [bc] G 00341881!; isotypes, MO- 6481571 image!, P [bc] P 04398085!, TAN n. v.). Figure 1.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Vitex mcphersonii Callm. & Phillipson differs from V. oscitans Moldenke by its smaller unifoliolate leaves (4 – 12 × 1 – 5 cm vs. 11 – 14 × 6 – 8 cm), dark brown to mid-brown on both surfaces in sicco and not shiny (vs. bright green, very shiny below); smaller, tubular calyx, 3 – 5 × 2 – 3 mm, with short, straight lobes ca. 0.5 × 1 mm (vs. broadly campanulate, 5 – 7 × 3 – 4 mm, with larger, spreading lobes, ca. 1 × 3 mm); and tubular, curved corolla, densely pubescent in bud becoming sparsely pubescent at anthesis (vs. short, broad infundibular corolla, densely villous-hirsute outside, more densely so toward the apex, with long dull-brownish hairs). Tree up to 20 m tall. Young vegetative parts and the inflorescence branches generally with a somewhat obscure, puberulous, gray indument. Leaves unifoliolate; petiole 0.5 – 2 cm; blade obovate to elliptic, coriaceous, 4 – 12 × 1 – 5 cm; dark brown to mid-brown on both surfaces in sicco; base attenuate; apex generally rounded, sometimes emarginate or occasionally acute; margin entire, revolute; both surfaces glabrous, abaxial surface with midrib, secondary, and tertiary venation prominent, adaxial surface with midrib impressed and venation obscure. Inflorescence axillary (generally in opposite pairs), a divaricating, 2 - to 4 - times branching dichasium or sometimes reduced to a monochasium, and sometimes having a sterile basal portion; bracteoles paired, conspicuous, elliptic to lanceolate, 6 – 15 × 2 – 6 mm, somewhat naviculate and wrapping around the pedicel of the subtended flower; with terminal flower usually present; peduncle 5 – 10 mm; branches 3 – 8 mm, <1 mm diam.; pedicels 2 – 5 mm, not elongating in fruit, puberulent. Calyx campanulate, 3 – 5 × 2 – 3 mm, 5 - lobed, lobes triangular, ca. 1 × 1 mm, covered by a similar indument as the pedicel, enlarging in the fruit and splitting irregularly. Corolla tubular, curved, ca. 15 × 4 mm, tapering to 2 mm diam. at base, densely pubescent in bud becoming sparsely pubescent at anthesis, bright orange-red, zygomorphic with the lowest lobe ca. 3 mm, the lateral lobes ca. 2 mm, the upper lobes separated by a 1 - mm-deep sinus. Stamens 4, curved, exserted by ca. 5 mm; filaments ca. 20 mm, the portion within the tube with scattered patent trichomes; anthers <1 mm. Style ca. 20 mm, shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, globose-subcylindric, maroon, ca. 8 × 6 mm, wrinkled when dried, cupped by the accrescent calyx for ca. 1 / 4 of its length.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet honors our colleague Gordon McPherson, who made more than 2300 plant collections in Madagascar during his eight visits between 1989 and 2003. Gordon was the Principal Investigator on the Missouri Botanical Garden project “ A Botanical Survey of Madagascar’s Endangered Littoral Forest ” between 2001 and 2005 supported by the National Science Foundation. This project provided an important leap forward in our understanding of the rich biodiversity of threatened littoral forests of Madagascar, and eventually the measures to protect them (Consiglio et al., 2006).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular names. “ Sakondranto ” (Service Forestier 16198).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Vitex mcphersonii is known from littoral forests on sands of the east coast of Madagascar from Manombo in the Atsimo-Atsinanana Region in the south to the Masoala Peninsula in the SAVA Region in the north. The new species grows from sea level to 50 m. s. m.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Vitex mcphersonii is known from eight subpopulations in littoral forest along the east coast of Madagascar, three of which are encompassed in the protected area network (Agnalazaha, Manombo, and Tampolo). At the five other sites (more than 60 % of its AOO), the species is subject to threat from deforestation (Consiglio et al., 2006), and the populations of the species are severely fragmented. On the basis of its AOO of just 52 km 2, V. mcphersonii would easily qualify as “ Endangered ” on this criterion; however, since it is known from more than five locations it is correctly assigned a status of “ Vulnerable ” [VU B 2 ab (iii)] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012). The two northernmost populations on the Masoala Peninsula are not protected and if these were extirpated, this would lower the AOO and drastically reduce the EOO of this new species and the number of localities, and the species would then be assessed as “ Endangered. ”	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	discussion	Notes. Vitex mcphersonii is similar to V. oscitans in having unifoliolate leaves and a pair of bracteoles wrapping around the pedicel of the subtended flower. The latter species has larger leaves, which are green and shiny below in sicco. As indicated in the diagnosis above, the flowers of the two species also differ in several respects. Unfortunately, the corolla color of V. oscitans is not known for certain, but we suspect that it may be pale pink or yellow, whereas the corolla of V. mcphersonii is bright red. Other species from the eastern littoral forests in Madagascar have unifoliolate leaves and bracteoles wrapping around the pedicel of the subtended flower. Vitex bracteata Scott Elliot and V. tristis Scott Elliot, both endemic to the southeastern region, show this morphological character. Vitex bracteata can be easily recognized by its pubescent leaves, its pauciflorous inflorescences borne on a long (ca. 3 – 5 cm), narrow peduncle, and its long (ca. 1 cm), thin-textured calyx (Fig. 2 A). Vitex tristis is distinctive in having a long (ca. 2 cm), red, tubular, membranaceous calyx with five ovate lobes ca. 2 – 3 mm long (Fig. 2 B).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307ADE6AFD37FA77606336DA.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypes. MADAGASCAR. Analanjirofo [Toamasina]: Nof Manompana, forêt d’Antanambao-Ambodimanga, 16 ° 45 ′ 03 ″ S 49 ° 42 ′ 26 ″ E, 16 m, 6 Oct. 2003, Andrianarivelo et al. 46 (G, MO, P, TEF); Tampolo AP, à 10 km au Nde Fénérive Est, 17 ° 17 ′ S 49 ° 25 ′ E, 0 – 5 m, 12 May 1997, R. Randrianaivo et al. 89 (MO, P, TAN); Distr. Soanierana-Ivongo, forêt de Menagisa-Pointalare, à 3 km vol d’oiseau au Sde Tanambao-Ambodimanga, 16 ° 46 ′ 39 ″ S 49 ° 41 ′ 42 ″ E, 12 May 2011, Randrianaivo et al. 1840 (CNARP, MO, P, TAN); Tampolo PA, along the “ Grand Layon ” towards the ocean, 17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E, 5 m, 31 June 1996, A. Randrianasolo 453 (MO, P, TAN); Baie d’Antongil, env. du village de Tenina (au Sde Rantabe), [15 ° 44 ′ 00 ″ 49 ° 39 ′ 30 ″], Mar. 1954, Service Forestier 9174 (G, K, MO, P [2 sheets], TAN, TEF); Tampolo AP, [17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E], 1954, Service Forestier 9199 (P [2 sheets], TEF); same loc. [17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E], 24 Mar. 1954, Service Forestier 9598 (P, TEF); same loc. [17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E], 10 May 1954, Service Forestier 10071 (G, P, TEF); Tampolo-Fénérive, [17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E], 10 Aug. 1955, Service Forestier 15161 (G, P, MO, TAN); Tampolo AP, 17 ° 17 ′ 05 ″ S 49 ° 25 ′ 22 ″ E], 21 Mar. 1957, Service Forestier 16895 (P, TEF); Tampolo SF, 10 km Nof Fenoarivo, Station Forestière de Tampolo, 17 ° 17 ′ S 49 ° 25 ′ E, 10 m, 11 May 1991, Zarucchi et al. 737 6 (MO, P, TAN). Atsimo- Atsinanana [Fianarantsoa]: Manombo AP, plage de Tsaratanana, 23 ° 02 ′ 53 ″ S 47 ° 46 ′ 11 ″ E, 12 Jan. 2001, Rabenantoandro et al. 755 (MO, P [2 sheets], TAN); Mahabo-Mananivo, 23 ° 10 ′ 37 ″ S 47 ° 43 ′ 00 ″ E, 10 m, 25 Sep. 2002, Rabenantoan- dro et al. 985 (G, P, MO, TAN); Manombo, [23 ° 02 ′ S 47 ° 46 ′ E], 27 July 1955, Service Forestier 13989 (P, TEF); Analazaha, [23 ° 02 ″ S 47 ° 46 ″ E], 19 July 1956, Service Forestier 16198 (G, MO, P, TEF); Manombo, [23 ° 02 ′ S 47 ° 46 ′ E], 21 June 1956, Service Forestier 16221 (P, TEF); same loc., 23 June 1956, Service Forestier 16272 (P, TEF); Manombo AP, Antakohandra, parcelle II, forêtlittorale d’Analazaha, 23 ° 02 ′ 21 ″ S 47 ° 46 ′ 11 ″ E, 23 Sep. 2005, Razakamalala et al. 2240 (MO, P, TAN); Mahabo-Mananivo, 23 ° 11 ′ 13 ″ S 47 ° 42 ′ 27 ″ E, 22 m, 26 Aug. 2003, Razakamalala & Rabehevitra 719 (K, P, MO, TAN). Atsinanana [Toamasina]: Ambila-Lemaitso, [18 ° 49 ′ S 49 ° 08 ′ E], 28 Aug. 1954, Service Forestier 12594 (P, TEF); same loc., 4. Dec. 1954, Service Forestier 16857 (P, TEF); same loc., 17 Aug. 1963, Service Forestier 21216 (P [2 sheets], TEF). SAVA [Antsiranana]: Fiv. Antalaha, Com. Ambohitralanana, 15 ° 17 ′ 30 ″ S 50 ° 17 ′ 00 ″ E, [90 m], 21 May 2001, fl., Antilahimena et al. 731 (G, MO, P, TAN). Vatovavy-Fitovinany [Fianarantsoa]: Manampana, [21 ° 23 ′ S 48 ° 19 ′ E], 18 June 1955, Service Forestier 14838 (P, TEF). S. loc.: forêts côtières de l’E, s. d., Louvel 88 (P).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: Madagascar. Atsimo-Atsinanana [Fianarantsoa]: forêt à Iabomary, 40 km au SW de Farafangana, 23 ° 03 ′ 34 ″ S 47 ° 40 ′ 23 ″ E, 0 – 50 m, 6 Feb. 2001, J. Rabenantoandro, R. Rabevohitra & Ratiana 409 (holotype, G [bc] G 00341873!; isotypes, MO- 6039865 image!, P [bc] P 02866503!, TAN n. v.). Figures 2 C, 3.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Vitex rabenantoandroi Callm. & Phillipson differs from V. chrysomallum Steud. by its (2 - to) 3 (to 5) - flowered cymose inflorescence (vs.> 10 - flowered), its long and large calyx (9 – 13 × 4 – 7 mm) covered by a very fine dense orange velutinous indument (vs. small, ca. 4 × 4 mm, with a scarce fawn puberulent indument), and its wide (6 mm) golden yellow corolla (vs. narrow [3 mm], bright yellow). Tree up to 15 m tall. Young vegetative parts and inflorescence branches with a fine mid-brown pubescence, glabrescent. Leaves palmate, (2 - to) 5 - foliolate; petiole 2 – 9 cm; leaflets obovate (sometimes narrowly so), petiolulate (petiolule 0.5 – 1.5 cm), subcoriaceous, the largest (median) leaflet 4 – 15 × 1.5 – 6 cm; blade dark brown above and mid-brown below in sicco; base attenuate; apex generally rounded, sometimes emarginate; margin entire, usually at least somewhat revolute; abaxial surface glabrous, with midrib prominent, and, together with secondary veins, with a brown pubescence when young, glabrescent; adaxial surface glabrous, with midrib impressed. Inflorescence axillary (generally in opposite pairs), a (2 - to) 3 (to 5) - flowered cyme comprising a single terminal flower and 2 or more lateral flowers; peduncle 1.5 – 2 cm; terminal flower borne on an ebracteolate pedicel ca. 0.8 cm; lateral flowers subtended by small paired caducous bracteoles and borne on pedicels 0.2 – 0.4 cm; pedicels with a very fine dense orange velutinous indument that becomes brown in fruit (appearing glabrous without magnification), not elongating in fruit. Calyx campanulate, 9 – 13 × 4 – 7 mm, truncate but splitting at anthesis to form irregular lobes of a variable number, with an indument similar to that of the pedicel. Corolla tubular, slightly curved, ca. 20 × 6 mm, tapering to 3 mm diam. at base, golden yellow sericeous outside, yellow, glabrous inside (except the sericeous proximal part); lobes triangular, ca. 1 × 2 mm but their outline almost completely concealed by the indument. Stamens 4, slightly curved, exserted by ca. 6 mm; filaments ca. 26 mm, the portion within the tube villous; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 26 mm, shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, globose-ellipsoidal, 15 – 20 × 10 – 12 mm, wrinkled when dried, cupped by the accrescent calyx for ca. 3 / 4 of its length.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet honors our colleague Johny Rabenantoandro, who made more than 1100 plant collections working with Gordon McPherson on the littoral forest project (see above). Johny collected all three new species presented in this article, including the type material of both this eponymous species and Vitex zigzag.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular name. “ Vombirimbarika ” (Birkinshaw et al. 1649).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Vitex rabenantoandroi is known mostly from littoral forests of the east coast of Madagascar, but a few collections are from lowland evergreen forest (e. g., at Ankarabolava). Its distribution spans more than 850 km along the east coast of Madagascar from the Anosy Region in the south to the Analanjirofo Region in the center. The new species grows from sea level to ca. 100 m. s. m.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Vitex rabenantoandroi is known from 18 subpopulations in littoral forests along the east coast of Madagascar and hasan EOO of ca. 11,600 km 2 and an AOO of 76 km 2. Seven subpopulations are encompassed in the protected area network (Agnalazaha, Agnakatrika, Analalava, two within Ankarabolava, Manombo, and Tsitongambarika) where they are at least afforded legal protection. At the other sites in which the species occurs it is threatened by forest clearance for grazing, agriculture, and urbanization (Consiglio et al., 2006). With these threats and its restricted EOO and AOO, but with more than 10 known locations, V. rabenantoandroi is assigned a status of “ Near Threatened ” [NT] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	discussion	Notes. Vitex rabenantoandroi is clearly distinguished from other Malagasy Vitex species by its inflorescence with only two to five flowers borne on pedicels covered by a very fine, orange, velutinous indument, and with its golden yellow corolla that is sericeous outside. Specimens have frequently been identified in the past as V. chrysomallum. This species, which also occurs in littoral forests of Madagascar, can be easily distinguished from the new species by its bright yellow corolla andinflorescencesalwayswith> 10 flowers (Fig. 2 D).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307EDE68FFD1FD2E61F63262.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypes. MADAGASCAR. Analanjirofo [Toamasina]: Fenerive, [17 ° 17 ′ S 49 ° 23 ′ E], 25 Sep. 1954, Service Forestier 10817 bis (G, MO, P, TEF). Anosy [Toliara]: Iabakoho, Antsotso Avaratra, Ivohibe, 24 ° 34 ′ 10 ″ S 47 ° 12 ′ 26 ″ E, 105 m, 24 May 2006, Birkinshaw et al. 1649 (MO, P, TAN). Atsimo-Atsinanana [Fianarantsoa]: Mahabo, forêt de Analazaha Mananivo, 23 ° 12 ′ 38 ″ S 47 ° 43 ′ 47 ″ E, 25 m, 19 Feb. 2003, Ludovic et al. 253 (P, TAN); same loc., near village of Mahabo, 23 ° 10 ′ 36 ″ S 47 ° 42 ′ 01 ″ E, 3 Nov. 2001, McPherson & Rabenantoandro 18309 (MO, P); Mahabo-Mananivo, 23 ° 10 ′ 20 ″ S 47 ° 42 ′ 23 ″ E, 29 m, 23 Sep. 2002, Rabenantoandro et al. 966 (P, MO, TAN); Mahabo, 23 ° 10 ′ 12 ″ S 47 ° 41 ′ 54 ″ E, 5 Feb. 2001, Rabevohitra & Rabenantoandro 3795 (MO, P, TAN); Mahabo, forest block of Ampanasanay, along trail going to Anosiala, 23 ° 10 ′ 58 ″ S 47 ° 41 ′ 44 ″ E, 13 m, 19 June 2004, Randrianasolo et al. 861 (P); 1 km à l’E de Vohipaho, AP Ankarabolava, 23 ° 31 ′ 16 ″ S 47 ° 29 ′ 55 ″ E, 75 m, 18 Feb. 2016, Ratovoson 2179 (MO, P, TAN); 3 km Sde Tsianofana, AP Ankarabolava, 23 ° 27 ′ 03 ″ S 47 ° 30 ′ 29 ″ E, 95 m, 22 Feb. 2016, Ratovoson 2259 (MO, P, TAN); le long de la rte. entre Farafangana et Vangaindrano, 23 ° 03 ′ 32 ″ S 47 ° 43 ′ 29 ″ E, 14 Jan. 2009, Razafindraibe et al. 211 (MO, P, TAN); Mahabo- Mananivo, ca. 3 km à l’E du gîte MBG, 23 ° 10 ′ 58 ″ S 47 ° 42 ′ 27 ″ E, 12 m, 13 Aug. 2006, Razafitsalama & Tsimahely 959 (MO, P, TAN); forêt de Mahabo, 23 ° 11 ′ 13 ″ S 47 ° 42 ′ 27 ″ E, 22 m, 26 Aug. 2003, Razakamalala & Rabehevitra 706 (P); Manombo AP, parcelle II, 23 ° 05 ′ 23 ″ S 47 ° 45 ′ 13 ″ E, 20 m, 20 Sep. 2005, Razakamalala et al. 2154 (MO, P, TAN). Atsinanana [Toamasina]: forêt d’Analalava, à 6 km Wde Foulpointe, 17 ° 41 ′ 33 ″ S 49 ° 27 ′ 29 ″ E, 45 m, 9 Mar. 2005, Lehavana et al. 295 (MO, P, TAN); Fir. Ambodibonara, Fkt. Ambalavontaka, forêt de Nankinana, 20 ° 21 ′ 15 ″ S 48 ° 36 ′ 26 ″ E, 18 m, 10 Feb. 2004, Rabehevitra et al. 778 (MO, P, TAN); Antetezana, [17 ° 47 ′ S 49 ° 28 ′ E], 5 – 25 m, 21 June 1950, Service Forestier 1985 (P, TEF); forêt d’Analalava, àl’Wde Foulpointe, [17 ° 41 ′ 30 ″ S 49 ° 27 ′ 30 ″ E], 22 May 1969, Service Forestier 28881 (P, TEF). Vatovavy-Fitovinany [Fianarantsoa]: à 13 km env. au Nde Manakara, 22 ° 01 ′ 41 ″ S 48 ° 04 ′ 10 ″ E, 8 Feb. 2001, Rabevohitra & Rabenantoandro 3841 (MO, P, TAN); Nosy Varika, forêt d’Ambolo, 20 ° 48 ′ 59 ″ S 48 ° 27 ′ 09 ″ E, 16 June 2004, Ranaivojaona et al. 831 (MO, P, TEF); Fkt. Marohita, forêtlittoraled’Alimamba, 21 ° 28 ′ 04 ″ S 48 ° 17 ′ 43 ″ E, 13 m, Oct. 2004, Razakamalala et al. 1660 (MO, P, TAN); Belambo Manakara, [22 ° 02 ′ 15 ″ S 48 ° 00 ′ 45 ″ E], 14 Feb. 1955, Service Forestier 13599 (P, MO, TEF); forêt E du village Ambohitsara, Nosy Varika, 20 ° 33 ′ S 48 ° 30 ′ E, 20 May 1961, Service Forestier 19952 (P, TEF). S. loc.: s. d., Service Forestier 2120 (P, TEF).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: Madagascar. SAVA [Antsiranana]: Vohémar, forêt littorale sur sables d’Ambondrobe, 13 ° 42 ′ 49 ″ S 50 ° 05 ′ 13 ″ E, 5 m, 1 Mar. 2003, fl., J. Rabenantoandro, R. Rabevohitra, R. Razakamalala & Ismael 1402 (holotype, G [bc] G 00341725!; isotypes, MO- 04803544!, P [bc] P 04397710!, TAN n. v.). Figure 4.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Vitex zigzag Callm. & Phillipson differs from its congeners in Madagascar by the combination of its abaxial leaf surface covered by a very fine beige velutinous indument, its divaricating, 3 - to 5 - times branching dichasial inflorescence with a zigzag pattern with the terminal flower often missing, and its pale yellow corolla that is sericeous outside. Tree up to 15 m tall. Young vegetative parts and inflorescence branches generally with a somewhat obscure puberulous, mid-brown indument. Leaves palmate, (2 - to) 3 - to 5 - foliolate; petiole 3 – 14 cm; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, petiolulate (petiolule 0.3 – 1.5 mm), chartaceous, the largest (median) leaflet 5 – 15 × 2 – 4 cm; blade dark brown or grayish above and beige below in sicco; base attenuate; apex generally rounded, sometimes emarginate or acute, often finely apiculate; margin entire; abaxial surface covered by a very fine beige velutinous indument, with midrib prominent; adaxial surface glabrous, with midrib impressed. Inflorescence axillary (normally in opposite pairs), a widely divaricating, 3 - to 5 - times branching dichasium, with the terminal flower often missing, giving a zigzag aspect; peduncle 1 – 2.5 cm; branches ca. 1 cm, <1 mm diam.; flowers borne on 5 – 8 - mm pedicels with a pair of small caducous bracteoles; pedicels elongating in fruit, with a very fine beige velutinous indument. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 6 – 7 × 3 – 4 mm, 5 - lobed, lobes rounded, ca. 1.5 mm, covered by a similar indument to the pedicel. Corolla tubular, curved, ca. 15 × 4 mm, tapering to 1 mm diam. at base, pale yellow sericeous outside, purple to brown and glabrous inside (except the sericeous proximal part); lobes broadly triangular, ca. 1 × 2 mm. Stamens 4, curved, exserted by ca. 7 mm; filaments ca. 22 mm, the portion within the tube villous; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style ca. 22 mm, shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, obovoidal, ca. 1 × 0.5 cm, wrinkled when dried, cupped by the accrescent calyx for ca. 1 / 2 its length.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Vitex zigzag is named after the characteristic divaricate “ zigzag ” branching pattern of its inflorescences.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Vitex zigzag is known only from two small patches of littoral forest in the SAVA Region of northeastern Madagascar from sea level to ca. 50 m. s. m. Two collections (Miller 4267 and Service Forestier 27708) probably represent a single subpopulation from “ Ampandrozonana ” south of Sambava adjacent to Sambava airport, probably in a small fragment of secondary peri-urban littoral forest. This remnant of coastal sand forest was dominated in 1989 by Afzelia Sm. (Fabaceae) and Barringtonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Lecythidaceae), and the understory had mostly been cut and planted with vanilla (Miller 4267); but recent satellite imagery shows this area to have no signs of any remaining forest. The new species is most likely to have been extirpated from this location during the past 30 years. The second subpopulation is represented by four relatively recent collections from Ambondrobe Forest, situated ca. 60 km to the north of the first subpopulation and some 40 km south of Vohemar, where it was collected during Missouri Botanical Garden’s littoral forest inventory project (Consiglio, 2006). This site, a narrow, isolated strip of unprotected littoral forest on sand approximately 9 km 2 in surface area, is believed to be still largely intact.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. As stated above, Vitex zigzag probably only survives at a single site, Ambondrobe Forest, between the cities of Vohemar and Sambava. It is likely to have been present in other littoral forests in this area, such as around Sambava where it was previously recorded, but the demand for land for cultivation, notably for vanilla plantations, and for habitation has destroyed almost all littoral forests in this area of Madagascar. While Ambondrobe remains relatively intact, it is believed to have once been part of a much larger area of forest which has now been destroyed (Consiglio, 2006), and it is likely only a matter of time before pressure on the remaining area causes loss of viable habitat and eventually destruction of the forest unless adequate conservation measures can be put in place. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of Vitex zigzag are both less than 10 km 2, and the range consists of a single known extant location. Continuing decline has been observed and can be inferred, and is also projected in terms of the species’ extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and quality of habitat. We therefore assign a status of “ Critically Endangered ” [CR B 1 ab (iii) + B 2 ab (iii)] using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	discussion	Notes. Vitex zigzag is very distinctive among the Malagasy Vitex species and can be easily characterized by its divaricating, 3 - to 5 - times zigzag branching inflorescence. Vitex zigzag is a rare and threatened species, and although it is adequately represented by herbarium specimens, a search for the species in any sites containing remnant littoral forest species between Vohemar and Sambava, even extending south from Sambava as far as the Lokoho River mouth, may reveal other sites at which it occurs. However, apart from the Makirovana Tsihomanaomby Reserve, which is the nearest protected area to the area of occupancy of V. zigzag, but which lies ca. 10 – 30 km inland, this zone lacks any protected areas. We judge this to be a significant shortcoming to the existing protected area network.	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
B72987E0307CDE66FFD1F9DA652E359A.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypes. MADAGASCAR. SAVA [Antsiranana]: Ampandrozonana, ca. 2 km au Sde Sambava, 14 ° 16 ′ S 50 ° 11 ′ E, 0 m, 28 Feb. 1989, Miller 4267 (MO, P, TAN); Fkt. Manakana, à l’E du village d’Ambondrobe, 13 ° 43 ′ 06 ″ S 50 ° 05 ′ 52 ″ E, 15 July 2003, fr., Rabehevitra et al. 339 (MO, P, TAN); same loc., 13 ° 41 ′ 57 ″ S 50 ° 05 ′ 19 ″ E, 29 Oct. 2002, fr., Rabevohitra et al. 4239 (G, MO, P, TAN); same loc., 13 ° 41 ′ 48 ″ S 50 ° 05 ′ 18 ″ E, 53 m, 14 Mar. 2004, fl., Rabevohitra et al. 5163 (MO, P, TAN); Vohémar, forêtlittoraled’Ambondrobe, 13 ° 42 ′ 46 ″ S 50 ° 05 ′ 25 ″ E, 20 May 2004, Razakamalala & Rabehevitra 1351 (G, MO, P, TEF); forêt littorale au Sde Sambava, 1 – 10 May 1967, fl. & buds, Service Forestier 27708 (G, P, TEF).	en	Callmander, Martin W., Phillipson, Peter B. (2021): Towards a Revision of the Genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) in Madagascar. II: Three New Species from the Littoral Forests. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 29: 38-47, DOI: 10.3417/2021653
